The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, May 5, 1904, Page 8

N FRANCISCO CALL, THURSDAY, MAY 5. 1904 ! i B | | | | | i R AL S e Jderlin scientist i sounded a ning agair > | widespread of parents and| teachers in Imposing nerve wi ing | musicai exercises 1 chitdren has spoken none too soon. The evil almed »t uniy in ite bearing ng of the | and far atis a re sthoritative protest | practice” required of mu- | students s but to emphasize fects of the entire system education” in rves America to-day. It ie fundamentally | faulty. It fails to recognize the func- | tion of the mind, and substitutes a | based upon Ordinarily f excelle al dexterity false standar mere mecha the pupil unched into the sea of | .anusic by being required to pamctice | “finger exerc This is entirely | wrong. It is like requiring a student learning 4 spoken language to practice repeating the words of the languag: until he can propounce them very rap- allowing him to learn | | | language music has its | &iphabet (tones), its vocabulary | (chords), its parts of speech (nouns, ® tives, verbs and adverbs), its phrases and sentences, its motives and cadences and in- themes, its accenis, flections, its prose and poetry, figures of spee grammar and rhetoric, its | syntactical and idiomatic forms, and one of the greatest literatures in ex- | istence. That the structure of music as a language be mastered in every de- 1ail is the first ential of artistic ex- wvoution on the or other instru- ment The mind nnot be ignored in an at- { tempt t ain the fingers. The mind | of the musfc teacher cannot reach the | fingers of the student except through the mind of the student. The fault of current methods lies in the failure to | recognize this simple psychological | principle. 1t is only another case of | the “cart before the horse.” Josef Hofmann, the taiented young t criticism of the American cently said: “‘They uch and study too little.” In- stead of requiring the student to prac- ce hour after hour a series of mean- gless exercises, mentally pernicious, d be taught the use, function and history of notes, rests, sharps, | flats, lines, staves clefs, measures, bars, scales and other elements of mu- sical notation. The beginner should | attempt 1o execute nothing which he has not first mentally assimilated. This 15 the t method based upon the laws of education. If it is faithfully followed the study of music, which now possesses absolute terrors for thou- sands of youthful minds, will be ren- dered attractive, intelligible and val- uabie beyond measure as a means of real culture. There is & great army of music teach- ers in the United States engaged in the instruction of millions of pupils. These teachers as & class are to be commend- “ed as falthful, conscientious workers within narrow limitations not of their own making. If they fall far short of ideal resuilts in this most important branch of education the system should be held accountable. A teacher can teach no move than he knows. . Abllity to read notes, coupled with a knowledge of diacritical marks, is not knowledge of music. The bulk of mu- sical instruction consists of teaching notation and so-called velocity exer- cises. The science of music is not even | suggested. This is not the fault of the | teacher. The teacher teaches as he has been taught. The fault is indirectly imputable to the conditions that sur- ound the study of music. Young wo- men finish a course of instruction along mechanioal lines in the conservaiories and become music teachers. They have never studied harmony, counterpoint or musical form, except, perhaps, in a desultory way. The result is a musiocal mechanie. Students whose instruction is super- wvised by mechanics cannot become mu- siclans; canuot obtain sufficient in- sight into this most fascinating of all studies to see and appreciate the extent of its beauty. Yet ail over this country to-day, in thousands of towns and vil- lages, as well as in the great cities, verents and guandians are spending their money for musical instruction of this superficial character. Is it any wonder that under the strain of these false and dangerous methods new instead of music students. B - = It is to be deplored that thousands of j£nd to see with the ear. It is not neces: { press them because he has not master- | Mozart | garded as a genius were he not able | ? prac- | ¥ | | | | of a person able to read English intel- ligently, and yet unable to write it? The case is inconcelvable. What one can Interpret one can analyze and con- struct; what one cannot analyze and construct one cannot interpret, There is a large class of music teachers who have undertaken the important task of educating minds in music who are un- able to analyze or phrase a single pe- riod of a standard composition; Indeed, there are many who do not even know that such compositions have periods or phrases. These teachers quite natural- 1y assume that “playing pieces” sofe end and ahn of music stud have no concention of music as means of expression, a language. a In the true study of music the instrument | is & mere incident; #he music itself :s the essential. In point of fact, it is not even necessary that the student have en instrument. The composer, Robert Schumann, was upable on account of | a deformity of the hand, to perform on | the piano, but was able to write some | of its best music. Berlioz, who wrote | one of the finest works on instrumen- | tation in existence, was unable to play anything but a guitar. N e S To be able to think In music Is the | of true cultuve in music. This olves ability to hear with the eye to read aloud in order to under- and English, and any person unable ! » put in writing what he hears is ill ipped in general culture. That a iifferent idea shouid prevgll when music is considered surpasses under- standing. It is due to the lack of gen- uine music culture that persons of un- doubted ability close their minds when they close their planos. No person is worthy of being called a musician until he can render his thoughts and emo- tions in musical terms. To the musi- clan, the world and its experiences are simply musical ideas unexpressed. To | acquire facility in transforming thoughts, reflections, experiences and emotions into musical terms, it is necessary to master the technicalities | of music. It is not impossible for any | one to learn this. The impossibilities lie not in the mind, but in the methods. | 1s not the condition of that persop to ! be deplored who is able to originate great ideas, and is yet unable to ex- ed the English language® Full many an idea in music is allowed to waste its sweetness on the desert air simply | | because the possesscr is unable to re- duce it to writing. . Genius is defined by ability to create. would never have been re- | | to create music; and it was just as | necessary for Mozart to master the technical elements of music as for any other person. There is a prevalent notion that at | times nature casts up out of the sea ! prodigy | of humanity "an known as genius: products can cation indefinable that these erratic without effort or app create masterpieces of music, sculpture, painting or literature, and that they spring into being intellectual- 1y mature, like Minerva, bristling with armor, from the head’ of Jupiter. There | » greater fallacy. Men are differ- ntly endowed with those physical qualities which make intellect possible, but, after all, genius is nothing more nor less than an intelligent application of the mental faculties. Wagner could not have written his magnificent music dramas without a complete and thorough knowledge of the technicalities of music. Goethe, | than whom there was none better qua ified to speak, says: “It is precisely” genius that learns the laws of art and pays them the readiest obedience.” No healthy mind lacks the musical faculty. It is & great mistake to-as- sume that because a child shows no “talent” for music it should be de-| prived of the inestimmble benefit of | correct teaching in music. If one gen- | eration of American chiidren were to be | truly educated in music—were to re- | ceive training addressed to the head | instead of to the hand—the benefit to | the nation at large would be incalcul- | able. It would appear in a vastly im- | proved physical condition: public and private morality would be comserved and penal statistics would show a gratifying decrease in all forms of | erime. Incidentally one effect would | be that our great permanent orchestras would no longer face annual dencn-] s a result of failure to educate the musical taste of the public. | R } | Dr. Bartholomew, In his “Relation | of Psychology to Music,” says: “Wha-‘ ever you may be, you have the musical | facuity, and you may achieve com-| mendable success in the line of your desires. Application will tell the! story. * * * Every normal hu-| man soul has capacity for learning arithmetic, history, languages, sciences, literature, the arts, business, sten- ography, banking, locomotive engi- neering, typesetting, house-building, stonecutting, etc., but not every one | may be a master in each of these lines. | So each and every soul has ca- pacity for appreciating and learning music. * * * The musical faculty is not an exclusive gift of the favored few. Let the mischievous delusion | that has so long held sway be dispelled once for all. Musical science and musical art rest on the same psycho- logic basis as everything else that may be learned.” o O The living organism experiences de- light in growth. The right kind ofl musical instruction reaches the intel- ligence of the pupil and he is attracted and interested by the sensation of | growth from the very beginning. In| teaching the mind the mind teaches | the fingers: no other method musical instruction is rational and no other method ever was or ever will be The importance of music as an in- fluence in our lives cannot be overesti- mated. It is not only one of the finest | Its relation to nature is funda- | It is more important than' and motion. 14 | raphy, extent and important physical conditions. THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL JOHN D. SPRECKELS, Praprietor . .. . ... ... ddress All Communications to JOHN McNAUGHT, Manager .Third and Market Streets, S. F. THE CARMEN’S VOTE. T is gratifying to lhe’public that the street carmen voted by such a large majority not to strike. To the public the reasons for a strike and all of its serious I consequences seemed lacking and brought face to face the the public. The result demonstrates that a balance has been estab- lished in the community. Organization is not all on one side. Public opinion is organized, and there is a grow- g disposition of both parties to a labor dispute to look on both sides of the issue, and the result is a greater Formerly an unorganized public opinion, secing the employer yield, concluded that surrender was an acknowledgment that he was wrong, when in fact he surrendered to an unbalanced force, Now that organized public opinion supplies the balance that was lacking, we bave an industrial equilibrium, in which both parties to an industrial dispute are more apt to get their rights because they do not have to surrender them to force. In these new conditions the sentimental belief that an employer is always wrong will wear away, and be re- placed by the conviction that a man does not become an outlaw when his enterprise makes him an employer. In with sitnation the carmen themselves agreed with conservatis | this better atmosphere labor will be freer than it has been, and the prompt and reasonable and cheerful de- cision of the carmen will probably mark a new depart- ure in the industrial policy and history of San Francisco, in which neither employer nor employe will be subject to the arbitrary will of the other, but each will realize that there are bounds that he must not pass, for organized public opinion, the third party, the community, calls a halt. The carmen have felt that first of all they are citizens, and not members of a separate and distinct class to which the public interest is of no importance. They have taken good counsel because they took their own, m good American fashion, and their wisdom is vindi- cated by their decision. The threatened strike has hung for wecks like a cloud over the immediate future of San Francisco, but now it has passed, and we enter the activ- ities of the season under an industrial sky that is clearer than for many years. In connection with the accomplishment of this happy result credit is due to Mayor Eugene E. Schmitz, whose conciliatory energies were given with such marked suc- cess to a peaceable solution of the difficulty that threat- ened so much of discord, distress and disorder to San Francisco. At a time when mediation seemed hopeless Mayor Schmitz submitted his good offices, labored with both sides in the controversy and assisted in winning not only for them but for the great third party in interest, the general public, a signal triumph. The marshals appointed by the Board of Education to secure a census of the school children of this city com- plain that unusual difficulty attends their task because of the law requiring signatures of parents. It should be | emphasized at once that no difficulty will be permitted to. interfere with so important a service as this to San Francisco. The public schools need all the money they | can secure and no dereliction on _the part of the officials should reduce the sum FORESTS AND CLIMATE. E recently commented upon the report of Ger- W man climatologists in which the effect of for- ests upon chmate was greatly minimized. The report appeared to be a complete reversal of the conclu- sions heretofore reached by foresters in this country and in Europe. The observations of the Germans appear to have included temperature only, and temperature is un- doubtedly an important element in climate. We dis- trusted the utility of generalizing from the facts of the report, since the observations in a country llke Germany might not apply to other regions, differing in topog- For- esters base their claims upon the function of forests in controlling the penetration of the soil by water, and its slower delivery into streams and drainage channels. Foresters in this country and Europe have demon- strated the more constant humidity in forests due to slower evaporation. Trees protect the soil from the evaporative effect of the winds. The wind break of trees is of great importance in all arid and semi-arid re- gions. Its importance on the plains in the great valley of California is not to be over-estimated. If fields and orchards are protected against our desiccating north wind by frequent and dense wind breaks of forest trees its often distressing effects will be mncl; mitigated. In France observations of the_ effect of forest upon evaporation have been carried on for a third of a cen- tury, and have recently been collected and published by M. Raoul de Drouin de Bouville, in his “Observation de Meteorologie Forestiere.,” His summary is that during the months of November, March and April, for which data are available for the entire time covered by the re- port, the evaporation on open ground was twice as great as in the forest. During the summer months the differ- ence is greater, owing to the presence of foliage in the deciduous forests. Outside and inside the forests the proportion of evaporation is, in May, 3 to I; in June, July and August, 5 to 1; in September, 4 to I, and in October, 3 to 1. Where snow fall occurs the forest protection from wind and the leaf litter cause a slower melting and the water goes into the ground. Another interesting thing observed is that in forests less moisture reaches the ground because it is interrupted by the forest cover, and an appreciable percentage is arrested by the limbs and foliage. But this in turn preserves the equilibrium of moisture between the atmosphere and the soil surface and retards evaporation. The observagions of M. de Bouville are supplemented by those of American foresters. In the bulletins of the Bureau of Forestry of the Agricultural Department at Washington, it is shown that in the formerly wooded sections of the upper Mississippi Valley the crust of the earth is drying out, though the actual rainfall remains the same. The foresters report that while it cannot be safely asserted that forest destruction has produced any diminution in the annual rainfall, the amount of water which finds its way into the streams—that is the rainfall minus the evaporation—is less than when primeval for- est conditions were undisturbed. The power of the soil to hold and store water has been greatly impaired by destruction of the forests, This causes a more rapid run-off and great fluctuation in the flow of streams, alternating between destructive floods and a very small flow or none at all. The streams become torrential. Their channels become narrower and deeper and the water they carry loses its value for any economic use. These evils are not due to any lack of rainfall, but to destruction of the storage capacity of the soil. When this process has gone far enough to in- flict serious economic losses the people affected will probably turn to artificial storage as a remedy. Another, or a supplemental, remedy is available by planting trees on all lands that have an agricultural value below their value as forest tracts. Experiment has shown that improved agricultural processes may increase the storage capacity of tilled land. The Campbell system is in operation in the dry region of Western Kansas. It consists in fallowing the land in rotation. After every rainfall the surface is im- mediately pulverized by alternate harrowing and rolling, furnishing a mulch which retards evaporation and pre- sents an absorbent surface for the next shower. By this process all land that has a clay subsoil is made a reser- voir for water, and when cropped the stored water reaches the rodts of the crop by capillary attraction. After many efforts large areas in Western Kansas had been abandonéd as unfit for agricuiture on account of aridity. These are being reoccupied by the Campbell system and are producing paying crops of all varieties suited to the region. About ten inches of rainfall is saved from evaporation and stored in the soil. It is found that where this system is practiced springs appear and drainage channels have an increasing and steady flow. It will be seen that this is a substitute for forest cover, as far as it affects the moisture of the sub- soil and the run-off of streams. We conclude from ali this that the data of the German climatologists was in- sufficient as a premise for the conclusions they reached. The practical lesson for California farmers on our plains i3 to arrest evaporation caused by wind action by plant- ing dense and frequent wind breaks. This is just as es- sential where water for irrigation is plentiful as where it is scarce, for the sudden evaporation of water from an irrigated soil leaves it hard, crusty and unfavorable for the production of crops. A suggestion has been made that the United States take the initiative in creating an international congress to discuss the possibility of arbitration and perhaps re- duction of armaments among the great nations of the world. For reasons, personal, private and imperative, it is extremely likely that Russia and Japan will plead a previous engagement. THE DUTY OF THE PRESS. A with eminent pecple from all parts of the world, who lzad come here to attend the missionary con- vention of the Methodist Episcopal church, the Rev. George B. Smyth, D.D., chairman of the executive com- mittee, took occasion to make some very pointed re- marks on the manner in which the press handled the news of the big convention. He said: “All have worked nobly and unselfishly toward the success attained and we are deeply indebted to the San Francisco Call for the generous manner it has given its valuable space for the publication of the important matters which have come before the great missionary convention. The Call has done well by us indeed, and I cannot understand why it is that all the press has not shown the same appreciation of the presence in San Francisco of men of world-wide importance, men from afar over the seas, from India and Africa, from China and Japan, from Korea and other parts. When so dis- tinguished a people come to our State, what better means of advertising could we have? P6 The Call then I pro- pose a vote of thanks and to the editors personally.” Why should not all the press, if united as it should be on every proposition relating to this city's interests, properly recognize the presence here of such eminent gentlemen as those comprising the convention? What better opportunity could San Francisco have to spread a knowledge of her advantages to the ends of the earth than to send away as her emissaries people so distin- guished in letters and in the high calling of the church? This city has been trying to establish a reputation as a convention city, and has been so far largely successful. If the treatment of convention news by the press be half-hearted, what encouragement is there for other or- ganizations to meet here in the future? This paper neither courts nor expects compliments for doing its obvious duty in printing the news. It simply gave to the missionary convention the news space it merited. Here was an illustration where, instead of sending out agents to tell of our advantages, men of the highest cul- ture and intelligence came to us to be impressed by the object lessons here shown. If, instead of taking advan- tage of such a chance for the dissemination of a knowl- edge of this city and State, we accept everything with- out recognition, what can be expected in return? We have many associations striving for the city’s advance- ment and the press should do its share. To a certain ex- tent it is the mouthpiece of the people, and if it speak T a meeting in Epworth Hali on Monday, crowded not in welcome, our boasted Western hospitality will | not count for much. With The Call singled out from among the five daily papers of this city as the only one officially recognized for having done what it should do in ordinary courtesy, it is hardly to be expected, to say the least, that the 4000 people attendant upon the mis- sionary convention will return to their homes tingling with pleasure because of San Francisco’s hospitality. Every person in California who takes pride in the progress and prosperity of the State and contributes what he may to her advancement has reason for con- gratulation in the display that has been made at the St. Louis Exposition. We have been exploited there as we would have the world know us. Let nothing be left un- done to secure the greatest possible attendance in the California building during the life of the fair. " A girl, innocent of offense, was arrested without cause a few days since and submitted to the humiliation and degradation of an appearance in one of our police courts. The peace officer guilty of this outrage has given proof of an incompetency that makes him a positive menace to any neighborhood in which, by the mistaken confidence of his superiors, he may operate. FE A SRS LA 'chuflwuhhneplmdfilumyaumpthubeen ,made by anybody to break out of the County Jail. This concession on the part of the interesting beings there confined should be highly appreciated by the officers in charge. A serious effort to get out of the ruin would be disastrous to our reputation as a city able to confine its offenders. 3 —_—— This city was the scene recently of a ceremony of ex- ceptional interest. It was a celebration in honor of the fiftieth anniversary of the organization of one of our pub- lic schools. The fact should be heralded abroad to cor- 3 . | ing all; TALK OF - Miscellaneous Mischief. Judge Murasky has great difficulty at times maintaining a stern face such as is necessary during a session of the Juvenile Court. The urchins that come before him are, as a rule, street Arabs with wits sharpened to a degree that renders them hard subjects to deal with, and quite frequently they give answers to the Judge's questions that would bring a smile to the face of a misanthrope and just when the least semblance of a smile on the face of the { Judge would spoil the good effects of the Judge's lecture. It was only the other day that a youngster barely 12 years of age was | before the Judge on a charge of mali- clous mischief. “Well, Willie,”” said the Court when the urchin boldly marched !up in response to his name, “What brings you here?’ | The boy hesitated for a moment and then blurted out: “Miscellaneous mischief, sir.” The Judge frowned, but it was no- ticed that he quickly covered his mouth with his hand. Later, in telling of the incident, the Judge had a hearty laugh. “The boy was right, too,” he said. “When I hunted up the record 1 found | he was arrested for being out after s‘ o'clock, for throwing stones, for play- | {ing ball in the streets, for breaking d window, for jumping on and off cars, | and for almost everything else that a | boy does to bring himself under my | jurisdiction.” The Great Calm. When Sergeant of Police Michael Joseph Conboy, known the length and breadth of San Francisco, gained as- pirations to advancement there was great ado In the Conmboy household. “Joe,” as his familiars style him, went off watche one morning and informed his better half that he purposed to become a lieutenant; to shake his non-commissioned chevrons for the shoulder straps of the higher rank. .To attain the honor it was neces- sary for the ambitious sergeant to pass an examination under the law of municipal charter. That did not feaze “Joe,” but it caused ructions at home. One morning a friend of the Con- boys called. Mrs. Conboy went to the door. “Is ‘Joe’ at home?” was the query. “Don’t speak a word,” whispered the lady of the house. “Don’t breathe,” she insisted. “What's the matter?"” demanded the puzzled visitor. “We can't talk. We can't do any- thing but walk on our tiptoes.” ex- plained Mrs. Conboy. *‘Joe's’ up- | stairs studying grammar, geography | and heaven only knows what for his examination. Since he began we can only think we are alive. We all feel as if we were neighbors to a ceme- tery.” Nevertheless “Joe” won the shoul- der straps. The Battlefield. e grew no kindly A desert place w! herb; waste of sand where splintered rocks lay dead, Where rivulets flowed not, nor flowers swayed— And smiting rays fell from the sun o'erhead. A One lonely figure, robed in ashen gray, THE OWI;J/ T of i shown in thé comparative statistics of past years. In 1871 the street and e vated railways carried 138,867,000 pas- sengers; in 1882, 252,800,000; in 1892, 453 - 200,000; in 1899, 28,437; In 1901, 550 - 610,435 1 and it is estimated that it will approximate $00,000,000 this year. Korea's Haunted Palace. The tragedy which deprived the Em- peror of Korea of his Queen occurred less than ten vears ago. She was said to be much stronger mentally than her espoused lord, and to control his Acts One night, according to the story that is told among the Europeans in the Korean ecapital, a Japanese girl, who had been employed in the court, con- ducted a band of murderers, said to represent Japanese interests, through the labyrinth of paths, lanes and one- story structures which comprise the buildings on the palace grounds to an unostentatious pavilion. Here, remote from the entrance and close to the outer wall, the Queen and some of her ladies were found and foully murdered. In a neighboring grove, in the glow of the early morning sunlight, the phy: cal evidences of the evil deed of the darkness were wiped out by cremation —all save a finger of the Queen, which was formally taken several miles be- yond the city walls and buried. Over the slender remnant of the royal lady was erected a stately pagoda, and be- fore it, on a tablet of stone, are burned propitiatory offerings to the evil spirits. Would one see the spot where the Queen's life was taken it is impossible to enter it, the Korean guard says, and it is locked and barred, but persua- sion, accompanied by the universal “passport,” will sometimes work won- ders for those who desire to put their heads inside the one-story pavilion where the grewsome crime was com- mitted. Before its doors dailv is burned incense by wayv of propitiating the evil spirits supposed to be hovering abouts The silent palace grounds are entered by way of a great. triple gateway, guarded by huge stone Korean tigers. Not through any of these three great arches, however, enter foreigners, for these are closed to all except royalty. A side entrance must serve for Ameri- cans. Far around to the right, past a band of Korean supernumerary soldiers, who guard the postern and the deserted courts within, is the way they must take. Leading back from the inner side of the gate, across the walled rectangle comprising the deserted pal- ace grounds, is a wide avenue of stone guarded by a marble balustrade. On the balustrade rise many posts, the top Whose patient eyes saw nothing, see- Nor marked the shadows’ slow-revolving of each the throne of some carved bird or beast. Here is a donkey asleep, there a speechless parrot with closed eyes. At the end of the avenue rises a triple tier of marbie steps. Beyond this is the stately pagoda inclosing the kingless throneroom. Here, amid a forest of red pillars, the diminutive Korean ruler once sat before that carved sereen on a raised platform of red lacquer. course, The flush of dawn, the purple dark- ness’ fall. | There rode no hosts, led on by warrior kings; No trumpets sang; there waved no banners gay; No flerce assaults nor routed quick re- treats, But silent hou wore out the night, the day. Alone against a world the leader stood— Alone where ages met the parting ways, To guide aright whoever seeks the light, To shame from wrong with level, lov- ing gaze. There was the battle waged, the victory won, That conquered conquerors, that high above All greatness, glory, power and all law Forever fixed the empery of love. There triumped He, our conqueror and . ‘Who won for us, and made all earth his prize; ‘Who gave his life for victory over death, Who fell that mankind evermore should rise. TUDOR JENKS, in the Century. New York's Subway. The rapid transit subway in New York, begun four years ago and involv- ing an cutlay of $35,000,000, is nearing the finish and will be opened for busi- ness early next fall. When first pro- jected it was thought to afford ample means of transit from the Battery to Harlem River and relieve the conges- tion of the lower district of the city. Yet so steady has the congestion grown that another and vastly more extensive underground road is to be undertaken at an estimated cost of $30,000.000. The Mayor has approved all the bills neces- a lower level than the one now nearly completed. At some points in its course The palace grounds, which contain perhaps twenty acres, are covered with a grove of trees, among which nestle the various pagodas. Inner intersecting walls form a labyrinth of sun flecked courts and streets.—New York Tribune. Answers to Queries. CRIBBAGE—Subscriber, City. In cribbage four fours and a seven count twenty-four. SCHOOL VACATION — Constant Reader, City. The summer school va- cation in San Francisco, during the current year, will commence on June 10 and continue for six weeks. HOLOGRAPHIC WILL—N., Win- ters, Cal. A holographic will is one wholly in the handwriting of the tes- tator. It does not have to be witness- ed. Such a will is valid in California. PROGRAMME—M. T. E., City. Pro- gramme is derived from programma. a Greek word meaning a law proposed to be adopted by the Athenian Senate, but which was exposed on a tablet for inspection before being vroposed to the general assembly of the people, as confirmation of law. LICENSE—H. S, City. The wie- cision rendered by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1887 exémpting certain individuals from paying =« license refers only to drummers a1 agents who sell goods by sample a: 1 mthw peddiers, who go from house to house and deliver the goods as they sell them, MILLS OF THE GODS—Subscriber, City. “The mills of the gods.” as it is often printed, is from Longfellow's “Retribution.” The full and correct CIRCULATION — Subscriber, City. From the report of the United States Secretary of the Treasury it appears that in 1860 the circulation of coin and paper money in the United States, with a population of 31,443.321, was $1385 per capita. In 1833, with a population estimated at $0.487,000, it was $29 42 per capita. Townsend's California Glace fruits in artistic fire-etched boxes. 715 Market st.®