The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, February 14, 1904, Page 11

was called nd is that of knowing, It was also the ige by means of its other powers, . considered briefly, at study, un- child. e memc , imagination, ment and reasoning. ect has v wish to operly train a child who has ain objects recog- as those perceived before. This is of memory. ser facul- e mind, except memory, may persistent acts of atten- t ts. Not so with the » of memory. Its four acts recaining, recalling rd recognizing are al ely self- ting and unconscious. of the will the acts of memory. We canhot by perform any of 1t is evident that - also acts unconsciously, for oes not note that it has re- >mething. any act the Memory ivated in ulties are be made t repetition. forget what the However, it it smells, frequently. roduced on the should not be for- looks like. child to re- ry that e the repe- d the dis- es ity of the not be expected t al images are his mind. This things learned For > re- peo- ral other ways by to the mind been rec- the ng ir alre: Imagination things will suggest each Images very much different will he same. 3. Events and thoughts which hap- pened about the same time will also suggest each other. Imagination is, in reality, another form of memory. We remember cer- tain things, and by an act of memory we recall the images. Sometimes we arrange them differently from what we have known them. When we thus group ideas in new forms, unlike oth- ers, we perform an act of the imagin- ation. Thus the child imagines that a man is as big as a tree, and he is scared by the mental picture of the giant. Thus a stick becomes a horse; a chair an engine upon which to ride; the dolls become alive and listen to all that is told them, and answer as the child desires them to. By this same power the child at school sees upon the map not merely black marks, but rivers, mountains, lakes, cities and other things which are not there. The power of tlinking depends on the faculties of conception, judg- ment and reason. Conception is the faculty which grasps and holds dis- tinctly the idea which has been re- called from memory. To have a dis- tinct conception of any object it must have been attended to closely and fre- quently. For this reason you are able to see clearly an image of an apple. It is not easy to hold in the mind a pic- ture of some fruit seen but once, un- less - it differs greatly from all others or is attended to very closely. Judgment is that activity of the mind which examines, compares and determines the likenesses or differ- ences between several objects or ideas and then draws a conclusion. Reason is that faculty of the mind which compares two or more judg- ments and then forms another judg- ment based upon the previous con- clusions. Conception From this very brief statement of the characteristics of conception, judgment and reason, it will be seen that they depend upon the previous developiment of other activities of the d. It is therefore unreasonable to expect that even an older child will have any considerable power of think- ing logically. Is it any wonder that parents who do not understand these fundamental truths make a most serious mistake in finding fault with a child for not being more thoughtful? We are apt to punish a child for the natural use of the senses and imagination, and are just as likely to find fault with him for not being-able to make use of faculties which the Al- mighty evidently did not intend should reach full growth until quite late in life. n most Parents should therefore not expect much in the way of the child’s reason- ing as to wkat is best to be done. They should cultivate and train this power, THE SAN I5 23 BIG RS R rrEE, > o FRANCISCO. SUNDAY CALL. which i3 destined to rule the child, but must not place much reliance on it un- til maturity. Many parents feel that they are treating a child kindly when they are permitting him to.decide for himself. Are such parents not generally mis- taken? Is it not true that it is much easier for a child to do what he does not like to do as an act of submission * to authority rather than ‘o do it as a result of his own determination? Many parents will keep a child in misery for half an hour, and resort to all sorts of arguments and bribes to try to get him to take bitter medicine. The better way would be to see that the child takes it at once. Afterward it might be well to express regret that it was necessary to compel ebedience, and the hope that it would soon not be necessary to take the un- pleasant medicine. ~ Reasoning ES Many parents will ask, “Shall I leave nothing to the judgment of my child?” The answer must be, “Cer- tainly, but care must be taken not to’ permit him to give final decision con- cerning those things which it is not safe to allow him to decide.” There are many things which may not only be left to the child’s judgment, but which should be left to him to decide for himself. He may be helped by advice or by Information needed, but should be free to decide. As he grows older he should be given charge of minor matters, and as he mani- " fests good judgment the number and character of the matters may well be advanced. If such a plan be taken, and encouragement be given for those decisions which are especially te be commended, every c<iild will develop betfer judgment than' such a child would -show under different treatment. It parents, will discuss with older children the principles involved in a number of cases, the children will gain most c=-ecllent ideas and be greatly helped in coming to correct conclusions. All 'such discussions should be carried on in a calm and kind manner. The parents should be careful to encourage the child to ex- press his own views, which should re- ceive most ¢ reful consideration. It is indeed a very serious error In the managing of children to permit them to argue "~ favor.of théir being allowed to do wlat the parents know is not only not best, but a thing which they must forbid. Havipg considered the intBilectual side of the mind, it is impertant that we also give attention to the emotional - side as\well. The mind not only knows, but it also feels and wills. Upon fthe cultivation of the feelings will depend, in great measure, the character of the child, as well as his future happiness. By “the feelings or the emotions is meant the excitement which accom- panies certain ideas. They produce either pleasure or pain. When emo- tlons become very strong and pass be- yond control they are called passions Among the more common phases of emotion may be mentioned love, faith, fgar. Joy, grief, anger, surprise and others. + Feelings — . Those feelings which are pleasant produce desires. When unpleasant they give rise to aversions. When the ex- pected pleasure becomes great enough to impel to toluntary action, it be= comes a motive. In this way arise mo- tives which will, and thereby determine action. One who is carried away by his emotions is apt to ber so impulsive as to be very hard te control. Most mental powers develop gradu- ally and do not arrive at maturity untfl quite late. Such iy especially the case with the power of reason. However, the emotions of children seem to be influence the strongest when they are young. Some- times children are so emotional that they are considered eccentric. Those of us who, for years, have schooled our- selves in the Jepression of our feelings should make every allowance for chil- dren who show their feelings. We should certainly make more allowance for them than for adults, as their emo- tions are characterized by greater in- tensity. When a child is overpowered by his feelings they are likely to have complete mastery of his mental facul- ties as well, and he appears stupid. ‘Where very intense, they even paralyze the bodily powers. How utterly sens less, then, the person who expects a child laboring under great emotion to think or act as would the child under normal conditions. Y ° do we parents not often expect this very thing? = 4 Emotions ! — The control of the emotions is such a difficuit problem that even adults flnd it a slow process. It is even more diffi- cult with children. A child of emo- tional nature cannot be cured of his displays of feelings, except through the affections. The parent who gives way to outburst of passion will only add fuel to the fire burning in the child’s soul. By diverting the mind with a story, by a display of love, by the use of tact, and in many other ways, much can be done to help the child gain a mastery over his feelings, In place of permitting his feelings to rule him. It must ever be kept in mind that the child of strong feelings not only has the power of loving intensely, but has also the capacity for great hatred. Unkindness to a child suffering from any strong emotion has a tendemcy to embitter him as such treatment would not, at other times. - ~ NY one who lives in a large town mupgt be | d and somfe- times oppressed with the mag- nitude of the work that remains to be done toward the soclal regenera- tion, or, as I should prefer to call it, the civilization of the people. In a right condition of society the ethical state of adults should be higher and more advanced than that of chil- dren, on the average; that is to say, training and experience of life should have improved them. With us at pres- ent I believe it is the reverse, and that children, on the average, are born into the world better than in a few years they become; the majority seem to have suffered deterioration, not eleva- tion, from thelr social surroundings; their training has on the whole been bad. 1 hope that this may be false, but If it be true it is a grievous indict- ment against the ccnditions under which we live. ¥ Fo + Begin With the Children. Our own children we scrupulously protect from thostile influences of all eorts and u’:e pains to place them where the ill receive good impres- ght suggestions. In the possible that free com- nature may partially ac- , but in the towns, and ecat mass of mankind at pres- of the kind is physically the people are too poor and busy 1o be able to give the neces- sary time and atiention to their young children born in a back street or in a sunless court; they must perforce be ught up amid those surroundings, and must suffer the contamination of overcrowded dwellings, oppressive at- mosphere, ugly c versation and some- of drunken neighbors and thoughtless if not vicious companions. A great responsibility rests, therefore, on those commercial requirements and those laws of landownership which have brgught large towns into being and crowded the population into dense tenements. The result of the ugly, squalid, bard- pressed 1if - which the majority of peo- ple have to lead is that a minority of them not ofly fail to advance, but go back in the scale of civilization to a dangerous and intolerable extent; so that an elaborate machinery of coer- cion has to be employed in order to deal with the vice and crime which misery has to a large extent created. times ¢ HOW WE ABUSE Waste of Raw Material. g At present. it is as though each forest tree were sc embedded in dark and un- wholesome vegetation at its root that it cannot hold up its head to the sun- shine ard fourish in its own heaven- intended manrer. The wastefulness of human life is analogous to the wastefulness of care- lessly burning crude coal in the midst of & town, so as to distill a great part of it into the atmosphere, thereby ex- cluding the more effective and vitaliz- ing rays of the sunshine by a cloud of pestilent smoke, which not only has cost much to produce, but also has the effect of diminishing the healthfulness of every human being who lives under it. And the remedies at presentadopted by society for dealing with its overty- stricken and criminal population ars analogous to the efforts which a com- munity might make laboriously to col- lect and control and. dissipate the smoke, which it never ought to have produced; thus taxing itself doubly— first, by the expense of producing the evil; next by the expense of coping with it; whereas the more economical and altogether pleasanter and happier plan would be %0 so organize matters from the outset that the evil should never have existed, except occasionally here and ‘there by an accident or by causes beyond our control. If the evils of large towns were really beyond our control we might well be content to sit still with folded hands and do noth- ing; but it is in the belief that these evils are largely man-created, and can most properly be dealt with by man— that remedial organizations exist. At present they seem to me to deal too much with palliatives; a more revolu- tionary reform is needed, and although no one individual can do very much, and although I myself am already so busy that it is hopeless for me to at- tempt to do anything, yet one who clearly perceives that there is some- thing to be done is bound to give ut- terance to the views he holds, in the hope that it may stimulate others, pos- sessed of leisure and wisdom, to take the matter up more vigorously and more lucidly than they do at present. - New Towns and Old. l —— Already something is being done by . A trying to start fresh towns in a clear stock area of country, undisturbel by the re- sults of previous demoralization; and with the property so owned as to con- S OUR SOCIAL RESP By Sir flvix_' Lodge PRINCIPAL OF BIRMINGHAM UNILVERSITY. g— tribute the benefit of /Il improvements to the general good of the community, instead of to the aggrandizement of in- dividuals and their descerdants. This 18 indeed a right and hopeful way of going to work, and I trust that in the future it may lead to extensive and re- spo:.sible improvemente. But there is much that may be done in existing towns also. At present a town i3 governed by a council of its citizens, and the principle nf‘lccal self-government has already been recognized to such an extent that it is not difficult for one town to ad- vance beyond another ‘n the letails of administration, and in the way it man- ages its affairs. A municipality can attéempt many experiments toward the improvement of human life in its own domain. A municipality at one time restricted its powers almost entirely to repression and to licensing; that is to say, to stopping certain things from be- ing done, and to pe-mitting other things to be done. d E2 e S 3 ! v Muflicipal Art. —_— This'may be regarded as carrying out the ancient idea of government, but it that were all it did it would iniliate and itself execute nothing; lt. would simply permit its citizens to -arry out certain undertakings for themselves, not helping them in any way or im- proving their enterprises ut only checking them when they stepped be- yond a certain border; so that, for in- stance, any form of entertainment may be licensed, however low in character, provided it does not fall beneath a cer- tain limit, at which it becomes repug- nant to the general feeling of th: com- munity. But fortunately, of late years, municipalities have learned that they can do more than that; that they can initicte and carry out positive enter- prises, and hence we have had great water schemes, and gas ma. 1ifactures, and electricity supply, and sanitation enterprises, carried out by the govern- ing body of a city; and likewise free libraries, picture galleries r.ad muse- ums, still more recently, technical and other schools. All changes to be heart- ily rejoiced over. And in these enter- prises it must be admitted that on the whole corporations have heen success- ful, «nd T hope that with growing ex- perience still more remunerative unde:- takings can be socially managed so as to contribute, not only to the common weal, but to the comm¢ 1] rse. I want to see municipalities go still further in the positive direction, and instead of merely licensing and repressing su.u things as entertainments and drink traffics, to take them over, or to take part of thém over, and manage them also in the best interests - ° the people. o 4 PIKES PEAR OR BUST (Continued From Page 8.) ingly. He had nerve. “Old man, I've got a big order from one of the biggest men in the street. Some important de- velopments are going on.” “Sally, are you sure you've got an order from some one else?” asked the unconvinced broker. His incredulity was obviously in the nature of an in- sult, but it was pardonable, for there was too much at stake. “Joe, come over to the office and I'll show you. Really, Ican’t tell you. But 1 can advise you, as a friend, to buy Sugar for all you are worth.” And as he uttered the lie he lookel straight into Thompson’s eyes. “Hayward, are you sure? Are you sure you're not making a mistake?” He wanted the commission of $100, but he did not feel certain of his friend. “Oh, hell, no. I've got a lot more to buy. It's all right. Go ahead, Joe.” And Joe went ahead. He bought the 5000 shares. The stock rose to 1193, and Hayward, warned by his experi- ence with Hartley and Thompse did not ask either friend or foe to buy an- other 5000 shares for him. What he did was to distribute buying orders for 10,000 shares in lots of 500. Brokers now ted hi for ‘were not “cash” stock—that is, stock for which he paid cash, had to pay cash outright, receiving the certificates forthwith, pre- sumably to hand over to some investor of millions. Everybody on the *floor” was talking about Hayward. The en- tire market had risen in sympathy with Sugar. ' . But at 124 it seemed as if the entire capital stock was for sale. He ceased buying. He had accumulated 38,000 shares. To pay for the stock necessi- tated about six and a half millions. But if he could unload on an average of only 122 he might “come out even” in his other troubles. ¢ He gave an order to sell 10,000 shares to a broker to whom he had always been a good friend. It was a fatal mis- take. The broker, Louls W. Wechsler, had previously sold 1000 shares to Hay- ward for “cash” at 122. He suspected what was coming, and, declining the order, he himself went to Hayward’s office and asked for & check. The cash- fer sought to put him off with excuses, and Wechsler, now certain af the true state of affairs, returned to the board and began to sell Sugar short for his own account. If a crash came he would make lnlt:et:' ‘:'tul lo:‘ll‘p‘,lc. Hayward was sure ‘ruined, and ‘Wechsler told himself sophistically that he was only profiting by the inevitable. In the meantime Sally had sold the 10, 000 shares through another broker, and the price had declined to. 121%. = But shares -+ it down to - 120%. And somebody else sold more, and the shorts recovered from their fright, and the fatal hour was ap- proaching when Hayward would Lave to settle. Pikes Peak or bust! He did, indeed, need a veritable Pikes Peak of dollars to pay for the 28,000 Sugar he had on hand. So he busted. “He threw up his hands. He acknowl- edged defeat to himself. The tension was over. He was no longer excited, but cool, almost cynical. On one of the little slips of paper on .which brokers Jjot down memoranda of their transac- tions he scribbled a message in lead pencil. It was his last official lle, and would cost Hartley and Thompson and other friends, as well as his customers, many thousands of dollars. It was as follows: “Owing to the refusal of their bank to extend the usual facilities to them, Hayward & Co. are compelled to an- nounce their suspension.” “Boy!” he yelled. And he gave the bit of paper to one of the exchange messenger boys in gray. “Take this to the chairman.” And he walked slowly, almost swag- geringly, out of the New York Stock Exchange—for the last time—as the o Puritanism. bk I Puritanism consists in the coercion of other people. So far as a person finds it necessary to coerce himself he is en- titled to do so; but if he tries to coerce average people into his own ideal of goodness he will fail, and he ought to fail; he will not only fail, but he will be doing harm by the attempt. People should be drawn, not pushed. I say there are good folk wiser than Provi- dence. I feel sure that if some folk had made the world they would not have filled it with people of both sexes and left them to themselves to arrange’ their own affairs and the system under which they chose to live; they would have preferred to put the men on one side of the planet and the women on the other, and would have ggrtainly re- stricted the conditions under which they should meet. So we find it in some churches, perhaps for good reasons, I am no judge: so we find it in some so- cial institutions and in schools. So we shall be likely to find it in any suggest- ed municipal institdtion. It is a diffi- cult question, and not one on which 1 wish to dogmatize, but it may be per- missible to throw out suggestions in a serious discussion like this. That men should prefer one sort of conversation or entertainment or game, and women another, is to some extent natural, and may be provided for by separate club- rooms and recreation grounds; but why should there not be one large room where both sexes could freely meet in public after the day’s work is done? ‘Why should not young people, with their families, have reasonable oppor- tunities for forming friendships other than those provided by loitering about in streets and lanes? Courtship is not prevented by making it difficult and uncomfortable; and why on earth should it be prevented? The more open and above board it is, the better. Nor do I see that anything is gained by the closing on Sunday of most places of public resort except houses specially licensed for the sale of drink. It is true that in many towns galléries and libra~ ries are partially open, but in ‘some they are not: and more might be done than is done at present in that direc- -~ [ ] - 1 would have social institutes with ONSIBILITIES ¢ | to the good sense and natural feelings of each other. Subject to actual expe- rience under good conditions in the op- posite directions, I should say: Let drink of every kind be provided for sane adults, but let there be food also, and let there be no profit on the drink, especially not on alcoholic drink, to those who retail it. Let it be ob- tainable, but not too easily and obtru- sively obtainable, nor In any way forced upon people. There Is no sense in the present system, whereby overdrinking is encouraged as the only way to se- cure good fellowship and comfortable housing during the hours of play. There are the theaters, it is true—where peo- ple are crowded, uncomfortable, rele- gated to back seats, and with the lla- bility to have to stand In queues for & long time before the doors are open. This is a horrible waste of time. If theaters are not crowded at the present day they do not “pay.” This necessity for “pay” is detrimental to any form of agt. — Government Saloons. f - o There ought to be at least ons municipal theater where there shall be room and comfort for all at low prices, without necessarily having to go In at the beginning, or long before the be- ginning, and where reasonable plays can be exhibited and songs sung, even if they do not attract constantly crowd- ed houses. The entertainment and recreation of the people after their day’s toil is too important a matter to be left wholly to private enterprise; it is not a thing that should be exploited by individuals for private gain: that is not the way to secure entertainments of a high class. The supply of intoxi- cating liquor also is not a matter that should be conducted for private profit; it is too serious a thing for the welfare of a nation. A man who has labored hard all day with his body is naturally thirsty; he requires liquid, and in this climate he imagines that he require$ some stimulant. I sympathize with him, but whether he fs right or wrong it is extremely little use coercing or re- straining his body without controlling or guiding his intelligence and will; un- less indeed he is already in a diseased condition. Too many are in that con- dition, but the young surely are not, and there lies our hope; a new genera- s |