The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, May 3, 1903, Page 26

26 »THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, SUNDAY, MAY 38, 1903. | PICTURES TAKEN I/ THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL. f— DARWIN LETTERS ] . WITH LENS FROM EYE || it ounwatos S W.E IV ngy | COVER LONG YEARS OF | OF BULLOCK. 4 S ....................Thlrdmdxarkntltrnt-,l.r..L CONTROVERSY. —-;; r 1 THE GOSPEL OF WORK. ‘IT s | oA CRYSTALLINE, r2A Aok o T i MADE Wi . LENG OF A BULLOCKS vE D AND AINED BY PHOTO- USE OF i | | oA sAsE WMADE " ITH TRE Cg;oc g.u./,v k:r 3 orF 4 _svLrLock v, ~- J R NDER the tit periments W a recent € ‘Photographic Ex Nature's Lenses tific American has rticle describing the ing photographs of bullocks’ h & number of which are here ma possess various de- of light and the the a cornea appea mportant of these. lens from a bul- 1 a pasteboard pill holes top and bottom gms Mr. Watson made ographs which would h credit for the work of a good 5. Two of these pictures are a wasp and the the 1ced one of the crystalline lens ess is laid on the be kept moistened, living eye is kept lid, and that the e wae found Lest nses of an insect’s cyc, were found quite diffi- ography, but neverthe- n succeeded in get- clear and remarkable re 1 of a single as many as es have each le duces a e e image of the object, making many images as there are Watson took & very small e's eve and mounting it s he describes got a nm of a man's e hundred figures. le image, with the magnified mage of P of the beetle's eye ing it, is given with his arti- tior directions for taking the t eloping the plates. The re of the apparatus used in makin above experiments is given erew The newly disco d metal, radium, continues to be the bject of interesting y and experiment on the part of both emists and physicists. Professor Curie and Mme. Curie, the discoverer, in a late communication to the French Academy of Sciences, stated that radium possesses the extraordinary proper:y of continuous emitting heat without any change of any kind, and without any change in its molecular structure, which remzins spectroscopically identical afier months. They found, further, that radium main- tains its own temperature at a point 15 degrees centigrade above its surrcund- nge, which is equivalent to saving that the actual quantity of heat evolved such that the pure radivm salt will melt more than its own wejght of ice every hour, and belf ‘a pound of radium will evolve in one hour heat equal to that pro- duced by burning one-third of a cubic foot of hydrogen gas. Yet despite this constant activity the sait remains at the end of months just as potent as ever. It also emits rays that have the quali- | ties of the X-ray and of cathodic rays, and is as active in vacuum as in the open air. Its rays are analagous to those of thorium and uranium, but incomparably more intense. Its rays penetrate through certain opaque bodies, ard act on sensi- tive films inclosed “in wooden boxes to take impressions of maetallic objects inter- posed as in case of the Roentgen rays. The radiations from radium also react chemically and physically on certain oth- er bodies, changing oxygen into ozone, for instance, and the colors of glass or por- celain to dark violet or brown. Another extraordinary property of ra- dium is to throw off rays not only of heat, but of light like those of the glowworm or firefly. Indeed, the light rays of ra- dium are so powerful that it has been sug- gested by French scientistz that in this mysterious metal may some day be found & means of lighting cities without loss of energy or waste of force. The rays of chemical nd explode like minute 1 tive surface: properties are puzzling property as has yet been and aste 1ding adiu a of emitting h ustible. The t mystery is how and where the am- | s needed to produce heat and are absorbed by u According | laws of the conse ces. on and cor- , light and motion neither Professor nox Mme. Curie, Willlam Crookes, nor any of the scientists of France, England or Germany who have foliowed in Profes- | ) footsteps, has yet been able at the incessant continuity in n of rays of light and heat any exhaustion,. ex- ition of the properties » the ation of are convertib and or dimi stored in apparentiy in- | in finite this metal dium, moreby quantitfes extraordipary has startling effects | rs of human be- animals. A glass tubo ’ or two milligrams of radi- | m when carried in the walstcoat pocket nful wound in the flesh that six months to heal. A glass | aining & few milligrams of ra- | introduced beneath the skin | near the vertebral column | ath by paralysis In three | causes 2 requi col ck of the necks of guinea pi alyze the animals in a few rs, according to the length of expo- its fatal radiations. M. Curle vs that death to man would probably ue upon entering a room containing a | pcund of radium. Radium is, indeed, an | Lnknown quantity. Each week brings to light startling additions to its mysterfous | properties, which, as far as is yet known, | emanate and originate in itself. i “The world is thus made acquainted,” says the report alluded to above, “with | a heat sufficient to raise the mercury in | a thermometer 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit, the | output of which is maintained indefinite- Iy without visible compenation to the | heat giving substance. “Physicists do not doubt that the phe- nomenon observed by the Curies has a cause and the investigation of that cause | is regarded as being full of promise for { the future.” { Two German physicists, Runge and | Precht, have been studying the relations | of radium to the other eclements with a | v to determining to what chemical group It belongs and what is its position | i the so-called “periodic system,” Into which all the elements have been ar- ranged They have ‘already found that the most ntense lines of the spark spectrum of ra- dium are exactly analogous to the strong- st lines of barium and to the correspond- |ing lines of its congeners, magnesium, calclum and strontium. The atomic weight of radium is now given at 2578, a | much greater value than that assigned by its discoverer, Mme, Curie. ‘What Radium Is. ‘What is this wonderful substance called vadium that science is talking so much about? We only know it, as we know all other matter, by its manifestations. According to its discoverer and Sir Wil- liam Crookes, it is a substance which ra- iates heat indefinitely. But it is so val- uable that a ton of it would pay the whole | national debt of Great Britaln, | A Dbit as big as a grain of sand sends out | rays enough to blister the skin, | Radium is supposed in some mysterious way to govern the motions of the uni- | verse. It bas been isolated in minute quanties with the most wonderful results. It is | the latest scientific puzzle. | But it is found in such small quantities | that it cannot be cornered for profit. It | will mever-be quoted in the Stock Ex- change. Let us be thankful.—! resg Boston | 1§ | —— | Strangest Bridges in the World. | Perhaps the most remarkable bridges in the world are the kettle bridges in | Russia and Siberia, of which Cossack sol- | dlers are expert builders. They are built | up of the soldiers’ lances and cooking kettles. Seven or eight lances are placed under the handles of a number of ket tles and fastened by means of ropes to form a raft. Each of these rafts will bear the weight of half a ton.—Exchange. Townsend's Cal. glace fruits, 716 Mrkt. ——— *Townsend’s California glace frult ang candies. 50c a pound, in artistic fire-etcheq boxes. A nice Ppruent for Eastern friends, Moved from Palace Hotel building to 715 Market st.; two doors above Call byllding.* ————— Special information supplied daily to ;uslnegnho‘uuflnnnd plz\illl;: men by the TESS pping Bureau en’s), Cali- fornia street. Telephone m)fl? e HE idea that work is a curse, put upon man for the Edenic transgression, and uttered in ths phrase: “Cursed is the ground for thy sake; in the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread, surely does not apply to modern man. Work is the blessing that produces all blessings. In work is health, and in health is happiness. Wealth is an incident, and by itself is not the cause of happiness. In its pursuit often health and happiness are sacrificed, and are lam_:ntzd when they are gone beyond recovery. In work is length of days, the opportunity to apply exP?“,e“c‘e,.?"d $0 teach the true philosophy of life to those who are to follow. “The world owes me a 11Ymg, 13 t}fe vicious motto of laziness and unthrift. The world owes man only what he earns, by his hands, his head or his genius. President Roosevelt is the American apostle of work. His own life is an examp!c o_f work, that all of his countrymen may well follow. In this he is not singular, for he shares hxs' 2 i o thought and action with a vast majority of his countrymen. But it is well that a cit}zen in hl's sta- tion should frequently emphasize the gospel of work. “In his address to the Y. M. L: A. at Kansas City he did this in plain and impressive fashion. He said: “Nothing can be done with a o o will not work. \We have in our scheme of government no room for the man who does not .\\’lsh to pay his way through life by what he does. A rich man is bound to work in some way that will make the community better for his existence. Capacity for work is absolutely necessary, and no man can be said to live in the true sense of the word if h'e do not work.” < That may be studied with profit by the social philosophers who continually present work as a curse, which men should escape by some plan that will divert all of their time and energy to what that school calls “improvement of the mind.” The best results of thought have come from physical work and not from physical idleness. Work is the means and the beginping of all reform of the vicious. In penology it is hopeless to 1e§d men back to virtue except by honest work, which would have kept them virtuous. The prison statis- tics of all nations show that a very great majority of convicts had in freedom learned no calling that would yield them an honest li\'ifig. 'I‘he:\' ac;;uix‘Cd no skill with head or hands to earn llhEiT bread, and naturally sought to get it by dishonestly preying upon the labor of pthers. But few skllleq mechanics are guilty of crimes against property or person. The idle are the recruits of the ranks of crime. True, there are those who seé in the idleness of men the elysium of the race, but such a con- dition would be intolerable to a majority of men, and, immersed in it, the race would rapidly dete- riorate and fall from the high estate to which it has been lifted by work. The President is correct in his inclusion of the rich in the general obligation of all to work. There is no more vicious example than that which is set by the idle rich. They are a class who, as a rule, have inherited the accumulations of the honest toil and enterprise of their ancestors who were workers, and they use it like drones in the human hive. Instead of being active stewards of their in- heritance, and using it so that it may supply work to others, and in its administration make work for themselves, they make it pander to their selfish indulgence and set an example of idleness which makes them the teachers of evil to their fellow-men. What people are who do not feel the spur of necessity to work may be seen in the tropics, where nature does not impel to toil, and where even the hardiest races soon degenerate, lose their arts and their energy and cease to be an influence in the on- ward movement of the world. Without, worl: there is no true leisure, no grateful rest. no satisfying sleep. Those who dream of life as one long holiday ‘dream of it deprived of its zest and its pleasure. Rest is the reward of toil, and otherwise has no-significance and no satisfaction. When the President is extolling the pioneers who won the West he is preaching the gospel of labor, for the virtue of the pioneer was that he must earn before he could eat or be sHeltered. Let the idea be enforced that each generation is made up of the pioneers of life. No matter. under what conditions, they begin as the frontiersmen of their career. For them the ground is not cursed but blessed, and the bread they eat, earned in the sweat of their faces, is the real bread of life. ARNEGI gift of $1,500,000 for the erection of a courthouse and library, a temple of peace, as a permanent home of the Hague High Court of Arbitration, will doubtless ha the effect of giving the court a permanent existence as an international institution. There a certain force in property that tends to conservatism. Mankind does net willingly fet anything die that has a stately and enduring home. A noble building impresses the imagination and the memory. Residents of the locality take a pride in it. Visitors delight to inspect it and to talk of it ‘when they return to their homes. In that way the building adds to the fame and dignity of the organization that maintains it, and so tends to increase at once its prestige and its vitality. It is a foregone conclusion that when once the Temple of Peace is completed it will be one of the most noted show places in Europe. The possession of a famous home will moreover incline the members of the Hague Court to hold assemblies more frequently ;han they would etherwise do, and accordingly the court will be more prominently before the public and exert a more constant and a stronger influence. Called into existence by a Czar representing the mightiest of the surviving despotisms of the earth, and gifted with a magnificent palace home by the generosity of a man who represents the democracy of American labof, opportunity and law, the High Court will go down to future genera- tions as fairly representative of the age that created it and of the forces now in operation. America and Russia stand as its sponsors. Despotism and democracy have united to uphold it. A vast field of work lies before it, and it is not impossible it may grow to be an institution of first-class power in the world of the future. ¥ By the forces of steam and electricity the nations of the earth have been drawn so closely to- gether and their relations have been so interwoven in a common warp and woof that to-day the affairs of far-off Manchuria in the wilds of Northeastern Asia are matters of public and popular con- cern to both Europe and America. So also the industrial and commercial conquest of South America and of Africa is bringing far separated nations into alliances’or agreements for joint action. These problems of international relations will increase in frequency as the commercial conquest goes on. The higher interests of humanity will not admit of their settlement by war, for that would mean the begimning of an era of conflict that would not terminate until the globe had been brought under the virtual domination of a single power. By onie means or another solution for most of the conflicting interests of the nations will have to be arranged by negotiation, and in that work the Hague Court, if properly directed, will have an ever increasing authority and power. It is therefore probable that the Temple of Peace will become something like-an international capital—a building in which all the world will have an interest. Great questions will be debated within its walls and mighty issues settled by the judgment of the best statesmanship of the time. Mr. Carnegie then has bestowed wisely this gift out of his vast fortune, for it has larger opportunities for growth and usefulness than any other institution he has yet endowed. THE EASTERN FROSTS. HE spring is backward, cold and destructive, frdm the Rocky Mountains to the great lakes. The fruit crop of all kinds in that vast region is much shortened, and in the most important centers of production destroved, by freezing weather. This throws the burden of the supply on California, and our fruit-growers must prepare as best they can to meet the emergency. Last year several millions of dollars were lost to this State through lack of labor to harvest and market the fruit. In the orghards and vineyards, next to white labor, the Chinese have always been the most reliable workers. But our rigid exclusion Jaws are rapidly reducing their numbers, and their places are being taken by the Japanese, who are far less reliable and desirable, yet they are free to come and go, and no exclusion blocks their way. The fruit-growers will gladly seek any 'substitute for them. By the time the harvest is well on it is probable that at least 40,000 new immigrants from the East will be in the State, and that number will furnish many people who will want to earn some money, while looking about them for a location. In our orchards and vineyards they will not only have a chance to earn it, but also the opportunity to learn the way in which our rural industries are carried on, the differences in methods compelied by tie difference in seasons and climate, and so they- will find a double profit in the opportunity that is open to them. The orchardists should at once organize to get hold of this form of labor. When the fruit is ripe it is too late to go searching for people to harvest it. They must be secured in advance. It will be well for those interested to provide, now, the means of reaching this form of labor and prepare for taking care of it. Then, Eastern people are accustomed tg a different class of accommodations from _those usually furnished on California ranches. Most of them are family people and have wives and children with them. We hear of one fruit-planter at Acampo who has a fruit plantation of nearly a thousand acres, who is prepared to shelter such laborers in good tents, and to provide a good summer school for their children. Such facilities seem to us tg be the model which others should follow, for they will be very attractive to Eastern people and will make the summer’s work seem like a vacation to all the members of a family. Other large planters will adopt this plan to their advantage. ! ‘ROM A A it POBSESOION OF LK DRAWING MISS WEDS UBLIC interset in the services ren- | dered to science by Charles Dar- | win is attested by the fact that, notwithstanding the publication of his Life and Letters” in 1887, it has been found advisable to publish two additional " | volumes of biographical matter under the | Argyle, Frane title, “More Letters of Charles Darwin.’ The new compilation is hardly less in- teresting than the former, for the letters cover the whole peried of the long con- troversy over the doctrine of evolution, and include parts of correspondence with such men as Sir Joseph Hooker, Sir Charles Lyell, Asa Gray, Fritz Muller._ John Morley H. Huxley, the Duke of Galton, Herbert Spencer | A consider- and Alfred Russell Wallace. | able number of letters, from those gen- | | ale. tlemen to Darwin are also included in the volumes, so that the work is a valuable contribution not o the life of Darwin only, but to a critical period of the his- tory of science from 1340 to 1882, Perhaps the most Interesting feature of the book is a short sketch by Darwin 0!1 his childhood. It was written in 1838 and | was evidently designed as a record of hlsi early development, intended not for pub- on, but for the reading of some fa-| miliar friend, for the references to vari-| ous persons are made without explana- tion, evidently upon the assumption that the reader would know them well enough. In the course of the paper, which was never revised by the author and is but a hasty sketch, Darwin shows that he studied his early development with as much scientific interest as any other sub- ject that engaged his attention. He notes in the first place that his earliest recollection is of an incident that hapoened when he was 4 years old. Sit- ting ome day on the lap of his sister, | who was cutting an orange, he was| startled by a cow going past the window, which made him jump suddenly, so that he received a bad cut, the scar of which remained all his life. Of the scene Dar- | win says: “I recollect the place where I sat and the cause of the fright, but not the cut itself. My memory here is an ob- scure picture, in which from not recol- lecting any pain, I am scareely conscious of its reference to myself.” Another incident of his early childhood shows that even in comparative infancy his powers of observation had begun to | develop, for after recalling that he re- members going once to a shop in which a man gave him a fig, that to his delight turned out to be two figs, he adds: “This fig was given me that the man might kiss the maid servant.” A recollection of that kind shows that grown people should be careful of young scientists, for there is no telling how far they observe facts and how capable they are of de- ducing conclusions from them. From the time he was 8 years old his recollections cease to be obscure pictures and become quite clear. Of that period of his life he says: “I remember how much afraid I was of meeting the dogs in Barker street and hew at school I could not get up my cour- age to fight. 1 was very timid by nature. I remember I took great delight in fish- ing for newts in the quarry pool. I had thus young formed a strong taste for cel- Jecting seals, franks, pebbles and miner- I believe shortly after this I had smattered In botany, and certainly when at Mr. Case’s school I was very fond of | gardening and invented some great false- hoods about being able to color crocuses as I Nlked. It was soon after I had begun ccllecting stones, that Is when 9 or 10, | that I distinctly recollect the desire I had of being able to know something about every pebble in front of the hall door. It was my earliest and only geological as- piration at that time. I was in those days a very great story teller for the pure pieasure of exciting attention and sur- prise. 1 scarcely ever went out walking without saying T had seen a pheasant or some strange bird. I recollect Inventing a whole fabric to show how fond I was of speaking the truth. I do not remem- ner any mental pursuits excepting those of collecting stones and gardening; and | about this time often going with my fath- | er in his carriage, telling him of my les- sons and seeing game and other wild birds, which was a great delight to me. I was a born naturalist.” Such was the childhood of the great dis- ccverer of the methods by which the processes of evolution are carried on. It is to be regretted that the sketch is sq brief. A sclentific study of the intellee- tual development of Darwin written by himself it is evident would have been a masterpiece. The frankness and sincer- ity with which this fragment is written i$ a convincing proof that a complete an- tcbiography would have been a genuine human document of the first importance, both to science and to literature. The letters relating to the controversy over the theory of evolution will appear to readers of our time as something like emanations from the days of troglodytes. Tt will be with something of amazement | that readers will learn that the opponents of evoiution went so far as to explain the exunction of the mastodon by saying the | ST N THE WOOD oF LEFTH HiLL PLACH - 1 FRONTISPIECE OF NEW VOL- | UME, “MORE LETTERS OF f CHARLES DARWIN.” o+ beast was so large it could not enter the door of the ark, and yet such an expla- | ration was actually put forth by a man of eminence as a means of combating what was called “Darwinism.” In Dar- win's own family the doctrine of the sur- vival of the fittest was soon familiar even to the children. A story is told of one of them saying to his father: “If every one would kill adders they would come to sting 1 Darwin replied: “Of course they would. for there would be fewer.” The child replied indignantly: “I do not mean that; but the timid adders which would run away would be saved, and in time they would never sting at all.” Darwin's use of the phrase, ‘“natural selection,” gave rise to a good deal of confusion and put the sypporters of his doctrine at a disadvantage in the con- troversy with their opponents, and Wal- lace wrote urging him to adopt the term of Herbert Spencer, “the survival of the fittest.” In advocating the change Wal- lace wrote: “This term is a plain ex- pression of the fact. ‘Natural selection’ is a metaphorical expression of it, and to a certain degree indirect and incor- rect, since, even personifying nature, she does not so much select special varfations as exterminate the most unfavorable ones.” In reply Darwin stated that had he received Wallace's argument on the point earlier he would have made use of Spencer’s phrase, but the revised edition of his book was then ready for publi- cation and it was too late to alter it. He then went on to say: “As in time the term must grow intelligible, the objec- tions to its use will become weaker and weaker."” The discussion concerning the power of nature to ‘“‘select” raised, of course, the older, problem of the extent to which in- tellighnt “‘design” is evident in nature. On that point Darwin wrote to Hooker: “Your conclusion that all speculation about preordination is idle waste of time, is the only wise one; but how difficu®® it is not to speculate. My theology is a simple muddie; I cannot look at the uni- verse as a result of blind chance, yet [ can see no evidence of beneficent design, or indeed of design of any kind in the details. As for each variation having been preordained for a special end, I can no more believe in it than that the spot on which each raindrop falis has been specially ordained.” To any one interested in the develop- ment of science, every letter in the two volumes has something of instruction. Even casual readers will find a fund of entertainment in the famillar interchangs of thought among men of such eminence and no one will have occasion to grudge the time spent in reading what was write ten either by Darwin or by his friends, “More Letters of Charles Darwin.” D. Ap= leton & Co., New Yori. Two volumes. Priee net. ADVERTISEMENTS. NOW READY. ANGELO, -« THE - - MUSICIAN, BY HARRIET BARTNETT. An exceptional novel by a new writer, who tells a love story in- teresting from the first to the last chapter. Frontispiece 12mo., Cloth $1.25. GODFREY A. 8. WIENERS, At the Sign of the Lark, New York. in photogravure,