The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, June 8, 1901, Page 6

6 Che =0k Call. SATURDAY ccnnessson JUNE 8 1901 THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, SATURDAY, JUNE 8, 1901. ‘ STATUS OF THE FILIPINOS. HE San Francisco Chronicle advocated free | l trade with the Philippines'on the ground that the | constitution followed the flag and Congress was | estopped from restricting trade. The Republican Na- JOHN D. SPRECKELS, Proprietor. T Ataress ANl Commusications to W. 5. LEAKE, Manager. MANAGER'S OFFICE... ..Telephone Press 204 ;EILICA'I'IOE OFFICE. . .Market and Third, S. F. Telephone Press 201. EDITORIAL ROOMS. ....217 to 221 Stevemson St. Telephone Press 202. Delivered by Carriers, 15 Cents Per Week. Single Copies. 5 Cents. Terms by Mail, Including Postage: DAILY CALL (including Suncay), one year.. $6.00 DAILY CALL (including Sunday), 6 mpnths. 3.00 DAILY CALL (including Sunday), 3 monthe. 1.50 DAILY CALL—By Single Month. e, WEEKLY CALL, One Year.... -00 All postmasters are nuthorized to receive sabscriptions. Sampie coples will be forwarded when requested. Mall subscribers in ordering change of address ehould be particular to give both NEW AND OLD ADDRESS in order to insure & prompt and correct compliance with their request. OAKLAND OFFICE C. GEORGE KROGNESS. Mavager Foreign Advertising, Marquette Building, (Long Distance Telephone *Central 2618 .1118 Broadway hicage. ) NEW YORK CORRESPONDENT: C. C. CARLTON.......... +++...Herald Square NEW YORK REPRESENTATIVE: STEPHEN B. SMITH. . ..20 Tribune Building NEW YORK Waldor{-Astoria Hotel; Murray Hill Hotel EWS STAND! A. Brentano, STANDS: Great Northern Hotel; CHICAGO Eherman House; P. C. Fremont House: = we Co.; Hotel. WASHINGTON (D. C.) OFFICE...1408 G St., N. W. MORTON E. CRANE. Correspondent. BRANCH OFFICES—527 Montzomery, corner of Clay, .open 1 9:30 o'clock. 3% Hayes, open until 9:30 o'clock. 633 McAllister. open uptil 89:3 c'clock. 615 Larkin, open until £:20 o'clock. 1! ssion. open until 10 o'clock. 2261 Market, open until 9 o'clock. 1096 Valencia, open 106 Eleventh, open until 9 c'clock. NW. and Kentucky, open until § o'clock. until 9 p. m. corner Sixteenth, until & o'clock. AMUSEMENTS. r Bonnie Prince Charlie.” Opera-house—*"La Tosca." corner Mason and Eddy streets—Spect. Zoo and Theater—Vaudeville every af con and AUCTION SALES. By street Fred H. Chase & Co.—This day, Horses, at 1732 Market < 10 SUBSCRIBERS LEAYING TOWN FOR THE SUMMER. ©Cal: subscribers contemplating a change of residesce during the summer months can have their paper forwarded by mail to their new addresses by notifying The Call Business Office, This puper will also be on sale at all summer ®esorts and is represented by a local agent im il towss en the coast. Pf‘iEVALENCE OF SMALLPOX. S.\}ALLPOX is prevalent all over the United States. Every large city has, or has recently had, many cases of the disease. It is due to our in- creased intercourse with our tropical islands. tropics tk as much as we fear the measles. is terror of the temperate zone is not feared It is 2 common thing iny the Philippines to see women covered with small- pox pustules selling fruit on street stands, and men and chi h the disease going about as if nothing dren wi were the matter. It is practically impo: le to mingle with the population in the tropics without getting smallpox germs in one’s clothing. Several out- breaks in this country have been traced to the use of old army tents from the Philippines, sold to people who d e them for czmping or for use as playhouses by child In of the disease transmitted - by souver nd articles for personal use sent home by and others from Manila. The most consider- the disease in this State was in the d Blind Asylum at Berkeley. Among and others there have been seventy-nine cases of smallpox and varioloid, and there are now cases was sofdier abie outbreak of Deal, D the student: under det n two cases. The State Board of Health & ust inspected the situation there, and finds such skillful 2and creditable management by the of- ficers e institution and the local health officers that no death has occurred and none of the remain- ing cases will result fatally. The institution has no hospital facilities, and the care, labor and caution re- quired to manage such an epidemic are almost beyond computation. That the management has been so skillful and the results so satisfactory is the highest praise the officers could have. Where so many defec- tive children are massed together there should be ample hospital accommodations. An invasion of the juvenile contagious diseases, measles, scarlet fever and mumps, is always to be apprehended, and an epidemic can be prevented only by isolation in a hospital. One incident of the presence of smallpox there has been the mistake of confusing the Blind Asylum at Berkeley with the Adult Blind Home, several miles away, in Oakland. In the latter there has been no smallpox or other contagious disease, but the people have been almost afraid to pass it in the street cars. As the Adult Blind Home is 2 manufacturing institu- tion its commerce has suffered somewhat from this error of confusing it with the Blind Asylum. As the actual sufferers and the adult blind victims of the mis- take are all deserving objects of the humane purposes of the people, the press and health authorities should take some pains to correct the erroneous impression. The remote cause of these smallpox epidemics should put every one on guard against handling army tents and other articles from the Philippines, and the quar- termaster should especially guard against the sale of old tents, This is the camping season in California, and the romance that hangs about an army tent that has seen service, prompts many to buy one, only to find that romance and the smallpox share it between them. ———— The red men of Wyoming evidently share the opinion of many white men of what constitutes a good Indian. The savages are planning an uprising, and there is nothing to indicate that they do not thor- oughly understand the consequences. The gentle Illinois pastime of shooting peace of- ficers in the back appears to be growing into a habit which ought to be eliminated from the social code of the State. 31 Union Square; In the | Efional Convention antagonized that position, and has | been afiirmed by the Supreme Court. Under the | court’s decision Congress may commit the entire gov- | ernment of the islands to the President, or it may jenact restrictive laws. It will be seen that the policy iOf this country toward the islands is to be governed .by expediency only, as the court says expressly that | the constitution omitted to provide any authority in | the premises, and we are to act simply as a sover- ieignty, just as other nations have acted under similar Jcircumstances, no matter what the form and limita- tions of their home government. Discussing, then, the question of what it is expe- dient to do in the Philippines, it is found that there are certain physical limitations that no human power |can pass. The climate is tropical, and white labor cannot exist there. The natives are industrious only | up to-the point of self-support, but are without com- mercial ambition and will not toil to produce a sur- | plus for export. The only productive labor there im- portant to commerce is Chinese coolie labor. No census has been taken that shows how many coolies | are domesticated there, but they are doing all the pro- ductive work in the field and forest. The large ex- | ports of hemp and other Philippine products of which our people read with pleasure are the result of this i coolie laber. Is it expedient to give the product of such labor free entry into the American market? We think not. To do so is to exploit American labor for the benefit of those who speculate in the richness and low wages of the islands. Is it expedient to deport the Chinese ppines? That is to be answered by those who are interested in the Chinese trade. The coolies are there under a right acquired from Spain. We have inherited the shoes and the -troubles of Spain, and it is for those who were responsible for it to say how far we can go in dealing with China in the mat- ter without repelling her commercial friendship and injuring our trade. As far as The Call is concerned it is opposed to Chinese labor in the Philippines com- | peting with American labor, as it will under free trade. We gave ample warning of the situation in Hawaii, but were not heeded at the time. Hawaii is now a | Territory, and white labor is not domesticated there | and never can be. If the servile labor from Asia and Porto Rico were deported from Hawaii to-morrow the commercial prosperity of that Territory would cease. | It is well to look facts in the face, and indulge in no | misrepresentation. - The San Francisco Chronicle, de- | feated by the Republican National Convention and the Supreme Court, now declares free trade with the Phil- ippines to be immediately expedient. It declares that “the only possible source of profit from our political :rcfa:ions to the islands is in unrestricted intercourse between them and the mainland.” We deny that there will be any profit out of the islands unless coolie labor produces it, and that profit will go to the exploiter, and will finally come out of competing American labor. The Chronicle says: “That American enterprise will develop the islands is to be hoped, but the result- | ing labor belongs to the native inhabitants under fis- | cal conditions which will prevent that labor from un- | derbidding the labor of the mainland.” | How is that precession of words to be interpreted? “\\'hat “fiscal conditions” can prevent labor under- | bidding? | In discussing such a serious issue of expediency exact terms should be used. Labor in Hawaii now un- derbids that of the mainland, and our commercial union with that Territory is exactly what the Chron- icle demands for the Philippines. t is well also to be truthful in such a discussion. The Chronicle, referring to The Call, says that we | “desire to prevent exploitation of the country by Americans, but to use our army to hold the poor | natives in subjection while they are exploited by the Chinese.” There is no justification of such a statement. We | desire no such thing. The uncontroverted testimony of the leading Filipinos is that they want admission | into the Union as seli-governing States, and liberty to ! do as they please within the limitations of States. This the American people will never permit. The islahds are of no commercial importance without coolie labor. - Coolie labor and free trade are inimical to American interests. There is the problem. We make no pretense of solving it. We simply stand by American interests in opposing statehood and citizen- | ship and free trade. e e cr— The Pacific Mail Steamship, Company shas again been sued by the Federal Government for the escape | of Orientals from the detention shed. A pleasing novelty might be intioduced into ‘the situation by | holding the offending company responsible for some of its derelictions. | | | SEEKING A NEW PARTY. HILE the abler Democratic leaders of the W South are trying to rid their party of Bryan- | ism and bring it back to conservative policies { and the better elements among the Democrats of New | York have organized for a determined fight against | Tammany, there has arisen a new set of organizers in Kansas and Nebraska whose programme is radically different from that of the South or of the East. In the judgment of the Kansas and Nebraska men the chief objection to the Democratic party is the |'name it bears. That name is associated with so many political diseases in their minds that they doubt whether anything can live that bears it. . Therefore they propose the adoption of a new name, leaving the title and the traditions of Demogracy to anybody who may choose to take them up. One of the reorganizers in a recent letter to the Nebraska Independent said: “The proper thing to do is to form a new party right here in Nebraska for the State only, and call it the American party. The platiorm should contain money, transportation and a plank against trusts, against imperialism, favor the out any fusion. When Abraham Lincoln was elected President the Democrats were in two, and had they not been the Republicans would have been snowed under forty feet deep. Lincoln was a mindrity Presi- dent. If there is a new party formed it means that. there will be two parties in the field that fayor the ‘gold standard’ and all that it contains. This will place about 4,000,000 votes for the Democrats,. 4,000,000 for | the Republicans, and the remainder for the reformers. | This would be the casiest way to win, and the best way. But to talk that the Democrats or Populists can ever win a national election is foolishness—that is, un- der their present organizations.” § The view thus set forth can hardly ‘be clear even to the most penetrating observation. The writer be- | existing roads than to that of constructing new ones. ownership of the telephone and telegraph, and with-_ gins by proposing the organizatic;n of a party with'a | new name for Nebraska only, but straightway pro- ceeds to outline a national platform for it and to point out how it can elect a President without the support of a majority of the people. It would seem that such a view exaggerates the importance of Nebraska, for it is hardly credible to cutsiders that a Nebraska State party even if called “the American party” can carry the Union. The Kansas men are a little more rational. They do not dream of carrying the Union by the organization of a new party for their State only. They suggest the reorganization of Democracy and Populism as the Union party. By the adoption of a new name they argue their organization will get rid of the perplexi- ties of fusion and at the same time get rid also of all those Democratic traditions to which Populists ob- ject. They point out that when voting as separate parties the Populists polled in Kansas 107,000 votes to 115,000 Republican and 71,000 Democratic, and they insist that if the Union party be formed Kansas will be safe for the new organization; nor do they hesitate to predict that if the movement be followed elsewhere as Kansas goes so will go the Union. . All these plans for reorganization are interesting evidences of the confusion that exists among the ranks of the opposition to Republicanism. Bourbonism and radicalism are struggling for supremacy in the camp of a disintegrating organization, and the results are | likely to have an important effect upon our politics. No such fusion as that suggested in Kansas and Nebraska can be carried opt except in a comparatively few States, and yet it may have sufficient strength to nominate a Presidential ticket and make a strong third | party in the campaign of 1904. The Oakland Board of Education is said to be looking in the East for an educator worthy to suc- ceed J. B. McChesney as principal of the Oakland High School. It certainly seems timely to suggest to the Oakland Board of Education that all the wise men in the world-do-not come from the East. S ————— THE WORLD’S RAILWAYS. ROM the convention of Railway Commissioners Fin this city there will result not only pleas- | ure for all the delegates and their friends but also much that will tend to a solution of | some at least of the many problems involved in rail- road management and in the relations of the roads to the public. The world is full of talk about aifships and of electric lines, but it is certain our transporta- tion facilities on land for many a year yet are going | to be mainly dependent on steam railways, and con- sequently the proper supervision of ‘such roads is a matter of highest importance to all. The Prussian Ministry of Public Works, which keeps a record of the steam railway mileage of the world and its increase from year to year, has recently issued a summary on the subject, with the figures brought down to 1809. The mileage and the per- centage of increase by continents for four years ex- pressed in American measurements is thus given: Per cent Miles of increase road sinca 1865, | Europe 172,621 10.5 Asia . 35,938 23.3 Africa L 12501 5.0 Australasia . TV s3- | United States i1 All North Am: 4.9 South America 16.8 | The world ...... 152 The entire increase of railroad in the world for.| 1898 was 13,166 miles, or about what had been con- structed in the United States alone in 1887. It will | | morial .to . Congress, | ied for the support of the scnools. PAPERS ON CURRENT TOPICS. In the Great Scheme Has Been By J. L. XVIIL—-SCMETHING In February, 1380, the trustees of the ' Peabody education fund presented a me- accompanied by a masterly argument, which proceeded from a committee composed of Mr. Stew- art, Chief Justice Waite and Mr. Evarts, inviting attention “to the vital necessity of national aid for the colored population, and especially to the great masses of col- ored children who are growing up to be voters under the constitution of the United States.”” At other sessions the subject was presented anew to the coun- try. The gereral agent of the fund has presented two petiions to Congress, ap- peared three times before the Senate and House committees on education _and urged the matter before assemblies North and South. At the late Soutnern Educa- tional Association in Richmond, Va., the very aple and accomplished head of the Bureau of Education, Dr. William Harris, felt constrained to call the atten- tion of the country again to this vital subject, this paramount issue. Hitherio the Government has not concurred in tie views of tne trustee, but has cruelly and suicidally turned a aeaf ear to arguments which seemed to be irresistible, and this refusal only makes more obligatory tne patriotic sacrifices of theSouthern States. ‘What the Peabody Fund Has Done. Three results from the Peabody educa- tion tund may be indisputably claimed: First—State school systems have been permanently established, are growing in efliciency every year and are more secure- ly imbedded in ‘the hearts of the people. Kdueation is now regarded as a funcuon considered more legitimate than that lev- leading normal schools are the direct re- | suit ot the personal influence and effort of the general agents and of timely as- sistance rendered from the fund. Second — Hostility to _or prejudice against the education of the negroes has been largely removed or greatly softened, as entitled with the white people to the benefits of the system, to which by tax- ation they contribute only a trifle. In thirty years the Southern States have giv- en about $110,000,000 to the education of the late slaves and their descendants. ‘What Mr. Winthrop forcibly said has grown into a politicdi maxim, that “slav- ery is but half abolished, emancipation is but half completed, while millions of free- men with votes in their hands are left without education.” Tiurd—In Mr. Peabody’s devotion to his country there was something beautiful] touching and assimilating. Such expres- sions as “beloved and common country, “our great country,” ‘“the whole of our dear country which I'have loved so well,” were frequently on his lips, and his matchless gift initiated an era of good feeling, for it ‘‘was the earlier manifesta- { tion of a spirit of reconciliation toward those from whom,” said Mr. Winthrop, “we have been so unhappily alienated, and against whom we of the North have beer so recently arrayed in arms.” The indebtedness of the Northern man, the laborious efforts of trustees and agents, the enlarging and elevating influence of the general education of the masses, the reflex influence upon higher institutions of learning, have tended to efface sec- tionalism and bring the lately belligerent periicns of our common country into Closelr relations of friendship and fra- ternity. Career of George Peabody. be noted in the table that in the per cent of increase since 1895 Africa has led the other continents. The | rate of increase there is, moreover, likely to be large for some time to come, as the development of the ; possessions of the different European powers in that continent will necessarily entail a considerable rail- way extension in the near future, even if Cecil Rhodes should fail to carry out his great enterprise of build- ing a road from the Cape to Cairo. In the United States the absolute mileage is so large the per cent of increase is of course small. We are still far short of the railway facilities which are | needed in our vast territory, but it is not likely we shall ever see again any such extensive railway build- | ing as marked our development in the past. As Africa led the continents in the per cent of in- crease in railway mileage during the last four years, so Siberia led the countries of the world with an in- crease of 244 per cent to 223 per cent in China, 35 | per cent in Turkey, 25 per cent in Denmark, 22 per | | i cent in Russia, 17 per cent in Austria-Hungary, 13 per cent in Roumania, 1T per cent in Norway, 10 per cent in Sweden, and 8.8, per cent in Germany, against | cnly 4 per cent in the United States. Great Britain's | increase was only 2.4 per cent. 4 i At the present time our railway magnates are more | attentive to the task of combining and co-ordinating t Our capital and our energies are being directed now to other things, and we can well afford to so em- ploy them. In fact, our main railway problem now is how to make best use of the existing roads, and in | that work the distinguished visitors to the conven- tion in this city can be counted on to accomplish | Debt D much. o —— Belgium has reversed in a remarkable degree the | general order of things and has demonstrated the ad- vantage of being little. Because she is a pigmy the big nations of Europc have solemnly agreed to per- petuate her independence. _— The lawmakers of the State of Washington appear to be making a bid for the immigration of murderers. Late legislative enactments make it extremely diffi- i cult if not impossible to hang persons guilty of capi- tal offenses. The susceptible widow of this city who parted her- self from considerable money to advance the balloon schemes of a confidence operator ought to charge her losses to “hot air,” a new phase of operative scoun- | dreliem. The messenger boys of Los Angeles are to receive double pay for carrying trays of food. This may mean that patrons of these followers of Mercury are to pay double rates for the privilege of starving to death. It is to be hoped that the local undertakers who quarreled the other day for possession of the dead body of a man share the disgust which their action created in the minds of everybody else. Sir Alfred Milner has been made a peer by King Edward, and if that ‘mean that he is to be promoted °u§°i his job in South Africa it will doubtless be satisfactory to all concerned. éi\isu. the other day Island had at least knowing that by the cannibals of St. Ma the melancholy satisfaction o ‘rmbcd the inside of things, = e —— ¢ The twelve scientists who E L% George Peabody was born in Danvers, Mass., now Peabody, Mass., February 18, 17%. 'His parents were humble, but re- spectable, and his educaticn was obtained n a_common village school. In his early life he was compelled to work for his sup- port. This necessity took him to different places until he found himself at George- town, in the District of Columbia. He rcmoved to Baltimore and as the result of great energy and business capacity soon_established houses in Philadelphia ana New York. In 1837 he took up his abode permanently in London as a mer- chant and money broker, where he rose to respect and distinction, and established a character for business shrewdness and integrity surpassed by none in the worid’s metironolis. Living the rest of his life in England, he was intensely an American ithout loss of local attachments and per- sonal_friendships. During the troublous period of the war he was ardent in his patriotism, and a devoted friend of the Union. When peace was made he was deeply sympathetic with those who had svifered most during the privations and =sorrews of the terrible struggle. His Great Gift to the,South. Mr. Peabody became renowned for his beneficence, which was never spasmodic nor the result of hasty action, but con- ducted on fixed principles, after mature and most thoughtful examination. Before he decided upon his munificent gift, which made him the greatest benefactor the South ever had, he considered what he purposed with the utmost care and delib- eration, and called to his council promi- nent men whom he had known intimately in public or business life. Among these were Bishop Mcllvaine, Mr. Corcoran and Mr. Winthrop. To the last of these he unfolded confidentially his plans with full- ness and clearness, stating that from the carilest years of his manhood he had con- tcmplatéed a disposition of his property which would do great good to his fellow- men. The letter of gift finally agreed up- on shows in evew line the persuasive in- fluence of Mr. inthrop’s statesmanlike and comprehensive suggestions. The ani- mating principle of the gift was inscribed upon the seal of the fund and was given by kim as a sentiment at the bicentennial celebration of Danvers—‘Education, a jue from Present to Future Gener- € ations. The gifts of private persons in the United States for education have sur- passed in number and amount any made in other parts of the civilized world. Rockefeller, Stanford, Carnegie, Clark, Smith, - Armour, Cupffles. Brookings, Hearst, Slater, Johns Hopkins, Colgate, Vanderbilt, Morgan and others have en- rolleé their names ameng the immortals by their large contributions, but these have been mainly for universities, for ad- vanced education, for those able through parents or guardians to accomplish their honcrable ambitions. Peabody, with a big heart, broad American and humanitarian views, fiave to the poor, the destitute, and declared that it was for the promotion “of the intellectual, moral or industrial educa- ticn among the young of the more desti- tute nortions of the Southern and South- western States of the Union—those por- tions of our beloved and common country which have suffered from the destructive ravages and the not less disastrous conse- quences of civil war.” ¥ The Value of His Gift. He required that the benefits of his gift should be “distributed among the entire pepulation, without other distinction than their needs and the opnortunities of use- friness to them.” In order to appreciate the timeliness and value of this immense contribution to the needs of the peaple it is necessary to recall the fact that at the tirne of the gift the South was in a state ot apparently hopeless impoverishment. At the close of the war corporations were suspended, banks were closed, railways were dismantled, securities were depre- ciated or made valueless. business was paralyzed, wives were widowed. children were orphaned. Academies and colleges had been closed. The young had been ar- rested in their educational vlans. The country was In a state of stagnation, ex- hanstion, poverty and bankru 2 ; For the administration of the trust Mr. Peabody _selected fifteen _distinguished men, =t the head of whom was Mr. Win- throp, who devoted with unrelaxing zeal and hovefulness the greater part of his time to the successful management of wkat he sald was the greatest honor of his life. Among the men chosen were Governor Fish, Bishop Mcllvaine, Gen- eral Grant, r. Ev. gt e e T from duty, their places have been of government, and no tax op property is | ard this dependent class is recognized | Admiral F it, Mr. Rives, | Fenne: M arts. Governor Granam, Govemes ——— PREPARED BY EXPERTS AND SPECIALISTS FOR THE SAN FraNcisco CALL. of the Government to Improve the People the Colored Race Neglected. M. Curry, EX-MINISTER TO SPAIN AND GENERAL AGENT OF THE PEABODY AND “ SLATER FUNDS. (COPYRIGHT, 1901.) THE GOVERNMENT FAILS TO DO. by men of equal distinction and ability. These {rustees fortunately selected as geveral agent Dr. Barnas Sears, a ripe scholar, an exnert in education, of un- failing tact, courtesy and common sense. With a full mind and the personal sug- gesticns of Mr. Peabody—for he lived nearly three years after the gift and at- tended two of the meetings—Dr. Sears per- formed with consummate discretion and {ability his delicate duties, and under hiz supervision the trust was inau; ted and began its career of wide usefulness. Establishing Commeon Schools. The first step under Dr. Sears, growing out of his study of the situation, was to iay fcundations for the establishment of bublic school systems. It needs to be borne in mind that under the ancient reg- ime no public school system providing universal education existed at the South. There was no system adequate to the ed- ucation at public expense of the white youth and the peculiar social system for- bade the education of the negroes. Sparse population made permanent systems diffi- cult, if not impossible. Slavery was now fortunately abolished and by the four- teenth amendment national citizenship Wwas created and co-occupancy of the same territory by two distinct races, with the same civil rights and privileges, mad= the education of the negroes a social, po- litical and industrial necessity. The South had had academies and colieges of high order, equal to any in the land, tumins out products in manhood and womanhoo rot inferior to those in any civilized coun- try, but there was no system on the stat- ute book adapted to the needs of the en- tire Populzmon. Free schools for all the people was the only sufficient scheme to carry out Mr. Peabody's clearly expressed intentions and to put the South on a plane of equality, in capability and men- tal attainments, with States which had had for years well devised common schools. Obviously, the first indispensa- ble step was to create a healthy and sus- ta‘ning public opinion and to organize that opinion for legisiative and commun- ity action. Dr. Sears chose his residence at Staunton, Va., visited every Southern State, spoke in cities and towns, addrsec- ed Legislatures, utilized the public press, | stiulated the establishment of schools by giving to them liberal aid from the Peabody fund, always on the simple and wise principle of helping those who help themselves. é Difficulties That Were Overcome. The difficulties in the way of using the income effectively, according to the fixed plan, are not easy to realize. Soon the applications for "aid _ were numerous, urgent and annoying. Some were worthy, some were dishonest, many were wildly utopian, and the half if granted would have exhausted the whole fund in less than a year. Ingenuity and invention were put actively at work to devise schemes for getting hold of some of the money, which had been magnified into untold millions. Theorists, visionaries, sects, crazy people, were among the persistent applicants Fixed rules had to be established and ad- hered to with firmness, lxl)anence. wisdom and good temper. Work was begun by selecting in the States a few schools at radiating centers, to illustrate by exam- ples the best methods of teaching and to exert a healthful diffusive influence in favor of free schools for all ecitizens. To use the apt words of Professor Har- ris of Richmond College, the idea was to supplement judiciously and helpfully so as “‘to secure the just mean between con- centration for strength and diffusion for relief.” A part of current expenses was contributed to stimulate the people to self- exertion in the good cause, and this amount was determined in some degree by the amount of money raised by a State tax, local tax or voluntary con- tributions. The aided schools were to be graded, to have at least 100 puplls, to continue in session nine or ten months, and to have free tuition. Teachers, disci- pline, text-books and all such questions were left to the State or local authori- ties, yet while disclaiming all purpose of interference with the school authorities the trustees claimed ‘‘absolute discretion’ in giving or withholding funds, refused to distribute according to population or in prorcruon\ to destitution, and were guid- ed in their action by what would be pro- ductive of beneficial results and con- tribute to the furtherance of the purpose, which was frankly avowed and always kept prominently in view. All alo it | was declared that this aid to independent schools was a temporary expedient and | that the schools must become a part of the general system of State controlled in- stitutions, or the help would be with- drawn. Results of the Work. Schocls—excellent, well taught, well managed—sprung up throughout the South, and the experiment was so satis- factery, good schools became so popular and such a recognized necessity, that in the covrse of a few years every State had in organic law or on statute books and in practical operation a system of public schools modeled with some neces- sary changes upon systems which had worked well in_sister States in the North and West. AVhen these systems were established, as had been assiduousiy worked for, the trustees no longer helped inaependent schools. but gave their aid only to free schools, carried on under State auspices, and acted in co-operation with State educational authorities. For twerty vears or more not a dollar has been given to any school which has not been, in whole or in part, under State administration and alded by State reve- nues. The imorovement of State systems of public schools was the next logical step. Excellence has been rewarded and the income of the fund is now almost exclu- sively vsed in teacher training. The Pea- becdy Normal College at Nashville, in which all the Southern States are allowed a defirite number of free scholarships, has grown to be a great institution, with thirty-one teachers and 600 students, mala and female, and receives the major part of the annual income of the fund. %} = der the wise and masterly management of President Pavne, this college now renks among the best of its kind in the Union. Through the active influence of the agents and the timely pecuniary co- operation of the fund, normal schools have been established in nearly all the Scuthern States, and to these schools, 1f of a high order and supported and con- trolled by the State, liberal aid is given. Tegchers’ institutes, held annually in the different States under the management of Stete Superintendents, are encouraged so as to furnish to the public school teach- ers, especially to those who have not en- Jjoyed pedagogic training, instruction from experts and the most successful teachers who can be obtained. Some of the States have now several normal scheols and in this effort to increase the qualifications of teachers and to require an advancing standard the negroes ve largely shared. Men Who Administered the Fund. Since the origin of the trust i have been \mf;'l two general lt-nn lx{n‘hfi! tween whom there was unbroken and inti. mate friendship, and often cl - fidential conference. The mntn‘:&?.:: familiar from the first with iAo policy and plans and acts of DF. Sears, has feit it a duty and a privilege to follow in the footsteps of his predecessor and thus ac- complish most effectually the beneficent and patriotic purpose of the great founder of the trust. He visits once or twice a ear the schools receiving help ‘has the honor and flfllm of ad, ore Legislatures than an; - s "ersfl r 'y other Amert. Besides chci x:;mo: mentioned in the “ni:m trust, the trustees, chosen from sections, now include such men as 0D W‘higple. Dr. Greene, Governor LA emnll» Morgan, Willlam A. Somerville, Embassador Choats, have this world-renowned benefaction, had a happy and unifying influence upon the sections that cannot be overestimated. The fund was reduced to $1,000.000 by the rflusg of Mississi and Florida to pay their bonds. The income from the remainder is used in the work which has been described. Sinee 1857 nearly $3,000.000 has been paid out by the treasurers, main- Iy on recommendation of the general agents. When it is sald that that most eminent and experienced financier, J. Pierpont Morgan, is the treasurer, “one may know that the finances are managed without diminution for salary and with consummate and unparalleled skill PERSONAL MENTION. R. E. Hyde, a banker of Visalia, is at the Palace. F. O. Hibn, a banker of Santa Cruz, is a guest at the Grand. J. Wertheimer, a Pittsburg woolen mer- chant, is staying at the Palace. R. H. Herron, who represents an exten- sive ofl syndicate, is here from Los An- geles. J. R. English, a merchant of Vallejo, is here on business and is staying at the Lick. George Morrice, a mining man of So- nora, is in the city and is making the Lick his headquarters. W. L. Holmes, a well-known mining man, arrived here from Mexico yesterday and is at the Palace. W. P. Thomas, a prominent attorney, and Alf Pannington, both- from Ukiah, are staying at the Grand. A. L. Levinsky, a prominent attorney of Stockton, is in the city on business. He is staying at the Palace. . M. Couglan, secretary of the State Bgan)idnl Em!;alrutlon. i5 at the Lick. He arrived from Sacramento yesterday. A. A. Van Voorhies, a harness manu- facturer and cxtensive real estate owner of Sacramento, is at the Grand for a few days. J. W. Hoyt, proprietor of the White Star Laundry, arrived from an extended tour of the East yesterday and is at the California. Robert Graham, the coast representa- tive of the Armour Fruit Car Company. arrived from Los Angeles yesterday and registered at the Palace. —_———————— CALIFORNIANS IN NEW YORK. NEW YORK, June 7.—The following Californians are in New York: From San Francisco—A. W. Brown, at Plaza; Mrs. C. A. Farnum, at St. Denis; C. P. Hanen- gerth, at Raleigh; N. Hess, at Empire; A. Mantener, at Cadillac; J. A. Merrill, Mrs. J. F. Merrill, Miss M. Merrill, at Holland; Dr. C. B. Pinkham, at Grand Union; Dr. G. Fuller, at Hoffman; A. Phinney, at Cosmopolitan; N. Stern, Miss A. J. Stern, J. Stern, at Holland. —_——————— CALIFORNIANS IN WASHINGTON WASHINGTON, June 7.—The following Californians have arrived at the hotels: Raleigh—N. F. Wilshire and wife: D. F. Ainsworth, Los Angeles. Shoreham—John B. Eldridge, San Francisco. Willard's—W. H. Jacobs, San Francisco. ANSWERS TO QUERIES. GERMAN EMPIRE—J. C. W., City. The figures of the latest German census show the population of the German empire to be 52,219,201 GLASGOW EXHIBITION—S., City. The anncuncement relative to the Glasgow ExFibition was that it would remain open frcm May 1 to October 1, 1901 PHILIPPINE SCHOOLS—E. E. D, Valparaiso, Ind. To secure a position as a teacher in the public schools of the Philippine Islands send an application to the Superintendent of Public Schools, Ma~ nila, P. I : FISHING INDUSTRY—H. 8., City." For information relative to the statistical bul- letin of the fishing industries of the Pa- cific Coast, by George M. Bowers, call at the office of the Fish Commissioner, in the Mills building. TUBERCULOSIS—D. M. K., Oakland, Cal. In every State of the Union there are in the cities and towns thereof local regulations that exclude from the pablic schools pupils or teachers who may be affected with tuberculosis. It is a sani- tary regulation. MORTGAGE—F. M., City. In the State of California a piece of property may be set aside as a homestead. the value of which must not exceed $5000 at the time of declaration of homestead. A piece of property that is mortgaged may be set aside as a homestead, subject to the in- cumbrance upen it. JOINT NOTE—J. D. M., Westside, Cal. If three parties give a note bearing the words “We jointly and severally Tomise to pay,” reither party can with- raw from the obligation by paying one- third of the amount. In case of g!flure to pay action may be commenced against the three makers collectively or against any one individually. INVENTION—O. 8., City. The fact that a man has invented and patented an arti- cle does not give him authority to sell the same without a license in places where a license is exacted. He may not in San Francisco sell the same without a license if he hawks the same from piace to place, but he is exempt from license if he sells the same at a fixed place of business. SIDE LAUNCHES—-J. F. M., Wads- worth, Nev. Several readers of thig de- partment have called attention to the fact that the Great Eastern was launched sid-- ways and that recently a five-masted schooner was so launched at Oakland. That, however, does not answer the ques- tion, ‘“Where 'in different parts of the world were vessels launched sideways?” The Great Eastern, built at Millwall, 1851~ 1857, because of her immense length was constructed with her keel parallel ta the river on a timber foundation of immense strength, with sloping ways or rails down to the water. Either the ship was too heavy (12,000 tons) or the slope was tou radual, for it required various attem rom November 3, 1857, to January 31, , to place her in the water, and that by the use of powerful hydraulic rams and the expenditure of $100,000. —_——— A CHANCE TO SMILE, Bill—A ‘ew davs ago, on a scientific test, & worker in metals succveded in drawmg a penny out into 5709 feet of wire. 1ll—And yet they sav a penny used- to o furthér than it does now.—Yunkérs tatesman. - Bill—You say Governor Odell used to be: an iceman? Jill—-Trat's what ke did. “Well, I hope he wasn't lying in weight for Platt then.”—Yonkers Statesman. Bill—lq’ld you say Gill had fought for his country ? Jill—Yes, T did. He marrled an Englishs woman, who frequently tries to run down American institutions.—Yonkers States- man. “The parrots are not the only birds that_ talk, papa, are they?” ¢ “I believe so, my son.” . “I thought you said the robins tell us when the spring has come?’—Yonkers Statesman. ——— e — Choice candies, Townsend’s, Palace Hotel® — Cal. glace fruit 50c per Ib at Townsend's.* —_—————— Special information supplied daily to. business houses and public. the' ipping Bureau (Ml-nmlo - D et Talophone Matt i "2 N In California there is a s0= clety co entirely of -wo 'who crossed plains In ox teams prior" to mm-{;me ‘are thirty names on the char- ter roll. <