The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, December 11, 1898, Page 18

18 THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, SUNDAY, DECEMBER 11, 1898 C000WOO0O0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 (] © 2 (] Q Qo o © (] [ Special to The Sunday Call. P ASHINGTON, Dec. 10.—No more important or more in- teresting legislation will come before the present Congress than that bearing upon Hawaii, the new mid- »n of the republic, and legislation none will attract serious attention than that relat- to the employment of contract la- or there. The contract labor problem, indeed, has been one of the greatest stumbling blocks in the way of Hawaiian annexa- tion for years. The employment of ct, or coolie labor, which is in ef- imited” slave labor, is not only ntrary to the spirit of American in- stitutions, but is specifically forbidden by the constitution and written laws of the republic. Yet the major part ot Hawaii's material prosperity has been It up on this system and it has been bu E: in considering the e islands that its con- umed X by ation of an tinuance would be urged by the Ha- waiian planter: This fact has arouse¢ the bitterest opposition to annexation in several quarters, especially among trade unionists, and the discussion of the anticipated Hawaiian fight against compliance with the law will take up a considerable part of the time of the Federation of Labor Convention to be- gin at Kansas City on Monday next. As long ago as 1892, when annexation under the Har n administration was thought to be as good as accomplished, the planters foresaw that the end of the system there must come as soon as the islands were made a part of the repub- lic. Ever since then they have been studying the problem of its abolition in 1 ngs, and last summer when sent to Hawali that annexa- tion might come at last, as a war meas ure, they renewed their diligence. To- day their preparations to substitute free for contract labor are well under way ccording to Robert W. Shingle, Hawaiian Commissioner to the recent Omaha Expos tion. is a native of the United but his relations with the au- thoritie s and the planters of Hawaii are of the most confidential nature, as is abundantly shown by his official po- sition. “It is not only true to-day that all the planters are preparing to obey the contract labor laws of the United States,” said Mr. Shingle in a talk with the correspondent, “but it is also a fact that the majority would prefer free labor and would have put it in the place of contract labor long ago had such a course been thought feasi At the same time, it is only right to say that there are pla 2 est trouble fr They are i and are natu men on the ands. larger party of those who beli it might be a good thing to introduce free labor once. These hold that while free white laborers demand and must be paid at least one-third more than virtually enslaved Orientals, the change would in the long run be profit- able. One white man, they say, will ordinarily do as much work as two and if this should prove true 1 ii there would be an actual money gain in th ubstitution. Be- sides 1000 Anglo-Saxons would be pre- ferable as residents to 2000 Orientals in any part of the nds. “One of the greatest objections to bor in the past has been the dan- S, Sugar is not like coal. > dug out one time as well but when sugar cane is st be cut. A delay of two or might cause total loss. This fact has always been considered of great weight in considering the substi- tution of f labor for contract la- bor on the Hawalian sugar plantations. aturally efforts will be made to pro- - against danger of enforced stop- > of work in displacing contract la- borers with free men, and it is believed that this will be possible under the United States Government, though it would have been impracticable under the Dole administration and still more #0 under the monarchy.” ““As a matter of fact, there are now thousands of free laborers in Hawaii. Rice, taro, coffee, pineapples and bananas are all among Hawaii's staple crops and few contract laborers are employed in cultivating them. The great majority of these are to be found on the sugar plantations, though thou- sands of free laborers (both natives and white—Germans, Scandinavians - and Portuguese chiefly) work in the cane also. The contract laborers are all Japs and Chinamen. I cannot make an accurate statement as to their num- b but I should say that there are about 20,000 Japanese and -as Chinamen, or 40,000 in all.” get $15 a month gold, the la- finding themselves in food and and their employers furnishing living quarters and fuel. Every month 0 is deducted from the pay of each man and deposited in the Government Postal Savings Bank, where it is al- lowed to accumulate for the three ¥ (thirty-six months) comprising the term of the contract. The $54 thus placed to each man’s credit is used to pay his passage back to his native many Discussed by Cormissioner Robert W. Shingle. land. As the average Chinaman or Jap can live on $2 25 a month, most of them save up from $300 to $400.in gold while in Hawaii, and this being changed into Chinese or Japanese yen (silver) be- comes from $600 to $800. Either of these sums is large enough to support a low- grade Oriental for the remainder of his natural life. As & matter of fact, thers are large numbers of returned contract laborers, both in the Flowery Kingdom and the Empire of the Rising Sun, who are now subsisting on the interest of their savings in Hawaii, put away in three ye: “You can see, therefore, that the lot of the Oriental contract laborer In Ha- waii is far from hard, according .to hia view point. He may undergo some pri- vations, to be e, but thev are of his own choosing, since he is not obliged to save as he does, and when his contract is up he is ready to go home and pass the rest of his existence In idleness, like any other capitalist, retired on his money. It should alse be understood in considering the pay of the Chinese laborer in Hawail that he averages a better net income than any officer un- der the rank of captain in either the Japanese or Chinese army. Such offi- cers get about the same gross sum as the laborers, but out of it they have to bear many special expenses, such as the keep of horses, club dues, showy uni- forms, etc. “It would be altogether impracticable for the Hawallan sugar planters to de- pend on the Orientals as free laborers, for the simple reason that were they privileged to work or not as they please at any given time they might easil, ruin a planter through sheer laziness. The Oriental contract laborer is un- questionably the most indolent, most obstinate human being alive. He does not propose to work at all if he can help it, and when he does go out he does as little as he possibly can. The treat- ment that is accorded him in Hawaii may be harsh according to the ideas of American laborers, but the adoption of other tactics with the coolies would cer- tainly result most disastrously. “The quarters furnished contract la- borers on the sugar plantations of Ha- waii are much better than the homes they would provide for themselves, and are quite as good as those furnished to the free laborers. They consist of low, one-story frame buildings, inclosed with rough boards as a rule, and white- washed. Each building will accom- modate five or six men. They sleep in bunks and cook for themselves. They live chiefly on chea- rice, imported from China, which can be laid down in Hawaii at from $2 to $3 a hundred pounds, about $1 a hundred less than the going price of the Hawaiian srain. The free laborers are better paid than the others, say from $18 to $20 a montn, and planters prefer them, as a rnl‘fl, since they do more work for each dol- lar of wages than the Orientals. They do not make as much net for them- selves, though, for it costs them more to live. “The employment of contract labor in Hawaii began in 1876, and has, there- fore, been in force for twenty-two vears. It is attended by many draw- backs, not the least of which is the fact that quite two-thirds of the earnings of the laborers is hoarded and taken out of the country for expenditure. Thus each of the 40,000 laborers virtually takes $10 in gold from Hawali every month, That is "the equivalent of $400,000 a month- in the aggregate, or $4,800,000 a year. In twenty years this would be $96,000,000. Under the system of free labor the vast sums of which Hatvaii is being drainsd would remain right there and contribute to the de- velopment of the islands. This circum- stance alone is enough to make all thoughtful Hawaiians welcome the comins change. “The Hawaiian Commicsion consists of Senators Cullom and Morgan and Representative Hitt for the United States and President Dole and Judge Frear for the islands,” said Mr. Shingle. “These men are all now in Washington. They will recommend that the entire contract labor system be wiped out within a reasonable time, and as I have said the sugar planters themselves are preparing as rapidly as they can for the change. “Perhaps the most interesting steps are being taken by the .Hon. J. B. Atherton, president of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters’ Association, and also president of the Ewa (pronounced ¥Ev-a) plantation, unqguestionably the largest single tract of land under sugar cultivation in the islands. Under his direction W. J. Lowrie, manager of the plantation, recently spent some time in California, where he arranged with twenty-five' Americans to go to Hawaii, taking their families with them, for the purpose of working the Ewa planta- tion on the co-operative or percentage plan. Under this plan the c.rporation will allow each man a certain number of acres for cultivation. All cane raised under this arrangement will be ground at the Ewa plantation mill, the farmer receiving a percentage of the proceeds in payment for his cane. The plan has been very carefully wrought out, and it is estimated that tle net éarn’ngs of the best men will be not less than $40 a month; the most indolent and unfor- tunate cannot easily drop below $20, while the average will be not far from $30. Th: twenty-five Americans ar- rived in Hawail late in November, and are probably now beginning their work. This experiment will be watched with o :American Plan of Labor in Hawaii} 00000 000000000000 000000000000000000000000000000000000000 the greatest interest by all the Ha- ‘walian planters, and if it works well on the Ewa plantation the same plan will be adopted in other parts of the islands.” Some of the sugar-growers favor the importation of Italians and Portuguese to work on the plantations, but, of course, such laborers would have to be ately the magnitude of ‘ the Interests involved in the Hawaiian contract labor problem, for the planters have always been extremely reticent as to the money value of their holdings. The Ewa plantation, largest on the islands, employs about 2000 hands; the yield last year was 18,000 tons of sugar. It will be 25,000 tons this year. The is- land of Hawali, largest of the group, has hitherto raised.most of its sugar, but Molokai will perhavs lead in fu- ture. It was chiefly owned by the estate of Berenice Pauai Bishop till re- cently, but is now in possession of a syndicate of Boston capitalists repre- sentel by Arthur M. Daggett. This syndicate will put nearly all the island into sugar and it will then be by far the greatest sugar plantation in the world. ——————— The growth of the great wheel of Paris is a reminder that the exhibition of 1900 is steadily drawing near. The exhibition has been planned and erected entirely STRANGE GUARDIANS OF THE I i HE traditional site of the tomb in which Christ was laid after his crucifixion as fixed uppn in the fourth century by the Empress Helena, the mother of Constan- tine the Great, has ever been the spot most sacred and interesting to Chris- tian pligrims and other visitors to Je- rusalem. It isin a cave now inclosed in marble within the pile of buildings taken to Hawail from the - United States and not from their own coun- tries. There is also a plan, according to Mn. Shingle,-to bring. laborers from the Philippine Islands to work on the sugar plantations. - The Filipinos are said to be industrious and faithful and sturdy and generally, desirable. It would be hard to estimate accur- I il known as the “Church of the Holy Sepulcher.” This edifice, begun by Constantine in 326 and finished in 335, was destroyed in turn by the Persians under Chosroes in 614 and the Fatimite Caliph Hakim in 1010, each time being rebuilt by the Christians. It was enlarged and im- proved by the Crusaders on their con- quest of Jerusalem and its keeping in- trusted to an order founded for the English supervision and is exciting of whomg have ever seen anything of the Kind. I8 appearance the wheel does mot differ materially from the one with which Londoners are familiar, but it has the distinction of being the largest in the ;V‘urlrl,t its diameter, being 328 feet, and the height of the topmost car from the ground 347 feet. When fully laden it will carry 1600 persons. 00000OO0000000000‘000000000000000000000000000000000000 P iHad Greatness Thrust Upon Them: cg) Famous Cases Where Persons Unwittingly Helped Science. é 0000000000000000C0000000000000CO00000OCCO0 O ancient is :e aphorism relating to the several ways in which great- ness is attained that its repetition here is unnecessary. Greatness, in one respect at least, consists in per- forming or being the subject of some action by reason of which -~ individual is brought prominently before the pub- the age of 18, pursued the even tenor of his way “far from the busy world’s ignoble strife.”” Ile was a hunter and trapper in the employ of the American Fur Company, and being robust, hearty and of good constitution, would, m'n‘b- ably, have lived out his u: ‘ventful life in happy obscurity but for an accident which occurred upon the 6th of June, HOLY SEPULCHER. especial purpose by Pope Alexander III, the Knights of the Holy Sepulcher, which is still in existence, though not numerous. The members are appointed by the Pope as guardian father and by the Patriarch of Jerusalem. The Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem is grand master, and it is reasonable to suppose that being directly under his eye, as it were, and those of the Greek and Ar- menian patriarchs, who also have lic and has his or her name transmitted to future generations. The greatness to which this article refers was, without doubt, a gift un- willingly thrust upon its subjects. Alex- is St. Martin, whosé name is familiar to every student of physiology, was a young Canadian, who until he reached B o e oy ¢ P L C U e e S S G B U Y chapelg within the precincts of the church, the care of the holy place would be most assiduous, reverend and cleanly. Not s« however. The grardianship is intrusted to the soldiers of the Sultan, and it is & matter of no small surprise to vilgrims and tourist visitors to see these seated on cushions in a recess at the entrance smoking their pipes, lolling at ease or sleeping as if they were in a bazaar or cafe. 1822. On the morning of the day in question, the sky being bright and clear and circumstances appearing favorable for sport, St. Martin concluded to go duck shooting. While thus engaged his fowling piece w; accidentally dis- charged. The arge, consisting of powder and duck shot, entered his left side, carrying away the skin and mus- 000000000000000 cles from an area as large as the hand; fracturing and-removing the anterior half of the sixth rib, fracturing the fifth rib, lacerating the lower part of the left lung and diarhragm and per- forating the stomach. Dr. Beaumont of the United States army saw the case in thirty minutes after the accident, and under skillful care the patient, in the course of a year, recovered his general health. St. Martin, after his recovery, per formed all the duties of a common la- borer, and remained in the service of Dr. Beaumont for some years. He mar- ried in due time, became the father of several children, and finally died at the ripe old age of 80 years. Tke fame of St. Martin rests altogether upon the fact that the wound in his stomach healed in such a manner as to leave an opening about two inches in circumfer- ence, ‘over which a valvular fold of membrane formed, and through which, by pushing aside the fold, the process of digestion could be observed. Dr. Beaumont was thus enabled to perform’ many experiments, and to add much to our knowledge of digestive processes, the ideas of which were, at that time, indefinite and confused. St. Martin was presented before medical assoclations at Washington, D. C., and other large cities, where the experi- ments of Dr. Beaumont were repeated and his conclusions verified. No doubt this humble Canadian lad, who had greatness thrust upon him in such a violent and painful manner, has contributed more to the good of hu- manity than many whose names are familiar in the annals of history. ‘We will now turn our attention to another eminent character, Phineas T. Gage. In the year 1855 Phineas T. Gage, 25 vears of age, met with an accident which has placed his name above that of plain, everyday individuals, and given him a permanent position in sur- gical records. Young Gage was employed in stone blasting, and by the premature explo- sion of a charge a crowbar, three and a half feet long, weighing thirteen pounds, was shot through his head. The implement entered the mouth at the angle of the left jaw, passed up- ward and backward, and made its exit through the superior cranial vault. It was picked up some distance awa covered with blood and brains. In its course the crowbar passed through the optic nerve, the anterior portion of the corpus callosum, carrying away more than two ounces of brain matter. Strange to say, that although stunned for the moment by the accident, Gage was shortly able to walk home and up a flight of stairs, still retaining his senses so that he could give an intelli- gent account of the occurrence. He ultimately recovered his health and normal mental condition, and was en- gaged in hard labor up to the time of his death, twelve years later. His wonderful recovery attracted uni- versal attention, and Ranney remarks (Lectures on Nervous Diseases, pa 1): “The American crowbar case at once became famous. It startled the minds of the reading public and con founded the medical fraternity. * * This case may be said to have been the starting. point of a new epoch in medi- cal science. "It rendered untenable all previous hypotheses that had been ad- vanced regarding theé~ orgmm O the mind. - It proved conclusively that lit- tle or nothing was known at that time respecting the architecture of the brain of man and the functions of its com- ponent parts.” And so Phineas T. Gage has become famous as the hero of/ the ‘““American Crowbar Case.” Alexandrine Labrosse was a Frencl, child, who died at the age of 11. He name is associated with our knowled of the functions of the cerebellum. She was unable to stand alone until five years old, she walked, but unsteadily, at the age of seven, and was always i secure on her legs. She was deficient in intelligence and could not speak di tinctly, merely mumbling incoherentl She spent the greater part of her sh> life in a recumbent position. It would appear at first thought v improbable that this pitiful imbe: could contribute anything to the we fare of humanity, and it would seem that, since she had been born, her early death was most fortunate. §till, a though we may marvel at it, perver- sions of nature sometimes teach truths of value, both to present and future generations. The notable fact which perpetuates the name of Alexandrine Labrosse is that upon dissection she was found to have no cerebellum. Deductions from this peculiar abnormal condition es- tablished the function of the cerebel- lum in presiding over equilibrium and other important features. Laura Bridgeman of Boston Ilost every special sense save that of touch as the result of a severe attack of ill- ness. By this sénse alone she was taught to read, write, sew, knit, con- struct fancy articles and perform many other tactile functions. She was ably to recognize those with whom she was acquainted by grasping a sleeve or some part of their garments. Truly, greatness, such as has been acquired in the ways related above, is not an honor to be sought; and if so be, may we live in obscurity rather than have our memory perpetuated by our infirmities.—Lyman-Watkins, M.D., in California Medical Journal. le COOOO000000000000000000VWOCO000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 “SUNDAY LAWS" AND WHY OUR CLERGYMEN ARE UNITING TO PASS THEM, Promises That the Propes'd Laws 'Won’t Be as Stringent as the Famous Connecticut “Elue Laws,” and That They Will Fe a Foon to the Laboring Men. IMBER of our Oakland and San Francisco clergymen have united to form a Sabbath Ob- servance oclation, the ob- ject being to influence public opinion and through that th legislative body of our State in favbr of the enactment of a “Sunday law.” According to their plans this law shall provide for at least outward observ- ance of the Sabbath by all who are privileged to live within the borders.of California. Th~ reason for this action are here given by some of the clergy- men most interested in the movement: . . REV. E. R. DILLE, President Sabbath Observance As- soclation, and REV. N. R. JOHNSTON, Corresponding Secretary Sab- bath Observ- ance Assocla- tion. WILL give, very briefly, my rea- I 1 needs such a law of California: sons for thinking a Sabbath law desirable for our well-loved State| secular theory 'of government prevail, dividual and the family owes obedi- | ence to the moral law of God: and the | fourth commandment positively for- bids work on the Sabbath day. 3. The people need the weekly rest | and one day in seven for religious wor- ship; and so the divine lawgiver, our all-wise and merciful Father, has made most benevolent provision for our wants. A State law should secure the | opportunity for both. 4. Men and women, especially those who depend upon their labor, are en- titled to such opportunity to rest and to worship; and the State owes it to the laboring classes to protect them in their rights. In San Francisco there are at least 1500 bakers whose em- ployers require them to work seven days in the week all the year round. | Other similar illustrations are abund- | ant. | 5. Christian morality and the Chris- | tian religion tend powerfully to pro- | mote- the best interests of the State: | but no institution tends so much to | foster both religion and morality as the Christian Sabbath when properly ob- served. If religion and morality be di- vorced from the State, that is, if the the latter will soon be ruined. A State The presumption is that our State | without a Sabbath is in a very dan- about as much as| gerous condition. Let all the peopls do other States, nearly all of which have | on the Sabbath day whatever is right Sabbath laws. 2. In civil affairs the law of God is| tion will soon reign. in their own eyes, and moral desola- All this {s mani- supreme. The State as well as the in- | fest from the fact that in proportion as nations sanctify the weekly rest day as God requires they are high in| the scale of Christian ctvilization, sub- | stantial prosperity, and tne security of civil and religious liberty. If an illus- tration be asked it will be found in| contrasting Scotland or New England with Spain or pagan Africa. 6. Where there is no law there is no transgression. On this principle the masses of the common people, especial- | ly the uneducated foreigners, learn 1o think that all the seven days of the week are alike, or that no day is holy, and thus in California our Christian or American Sabbath is likely soon to be- come only a holiday or a “Continental Sunday,” and so a good day for bull- fights, and horse races and all kinds of sports. From the multitudes of testimonials by men whom all good people delight to honor, hear only a few. Dr. Blakie says: “The Sabbath 1s God’'s special present to the working man; and ona of its chief objects is to prolong his life and preserve effielent his workinz tone.” Do you believe that the Chris- tian churches are desirable in our land? Then hear what the great Dr. McLeod wrote: “It is not too much to say that without the Sabbath the church of God could not, as a visible society, exist on earth.” Not long before his peaceful death the great English Premier, Gladstone, said: “I owe my * health and vigor through a long and busy life to the Sabbath day, with. its blessed surcease of toil.” After what I have now written the kind of law I.would . desire must be manifest. I may add, though, that would have a law to prohibit all un- necessary manual labor, and especially such as would disturb the people who wish to spend the day quietly in re- ligicus worship, and prohibit all noisy and wholly secular and harmful sports that war against the sanctity of the day that Jehovah has hallowed—e. g., the law should prohibit parents | from compelling their children to work | seven days in the week and make it impossible for employers to compel or require employes to labor without the weekly rest. I would have a law that on the Christian Sabbath would forbid circuses, close all theaters, stop all shooting matches, horse racing, football and baseball games, close all business houses, and especially all liquor sa- loons, those legalized “Gates of Hell,” as the women call them. Nor is this all. If California had power to control the Federal Government I would be glad to see a law that on the Sabbath would stop every mail train and close every postoffice in the State. By its Sunday mails -and Sunday trains the Federal Government is not only the foe to free labor, but also the greatest enemy to morals and pure religion. You give me space to say cnly this. I would have a new law much like the one the Democratic Legislature re- pealed some years ago—a law simi- lar but better than most of the Sab- bath laws of the other States. It would not ‘“compel people to go to church,” nor would it be an effort to “make men religious by law.” And it should be so framed that it could not be used to do harm to any class of citizens who re- ligicusly and conscientiously observe or keep sacred the seventh day of the week or the Jewish Sabbath. With such nearly all the friends of the Lord's day 1a law, accepted and voluntarily obeyed by the people, California. would rise to greater heights of excellence and pros- | perity than ever before. . PR JOHN 4. B. WILSON, D, D., Pastor Howard Street M. E Church. FAVOR a Sabbath law and a very strict one. I think the criminal statistics will furnish a sufficient Jjustification for this position. we are to be healthy and strong phys- ically we must meet the conditions con- | ducive thereunto; if we are to be moral, upright and law-abiding time must be taken to meet the conditions of instruc- tion, companionship and inspiration thereunto. After six days of seculariza- tion we need one day in which to un- secularize or to unanimalize ourselves; to put ourselves under the discipline which pertains to a higher life. A Sab- bath-observing people are always a law-abiding people, with a very small percentage of crime. The blue laws of Connecticut, of which so much is said, never had an existence. There were strict laws, with severe penalties, which kept the con- scienceless from trespassing on the rights of their neighbors with con- sciences. And when and where has such a stalwart, upright, liberty-loving, prosperous people .been found on the face of the earth? Compare any popu- lation trained under Sabbath laws with. a people trained without them and the contrast will furnish a sufficient argu- ment for a Sabbath legally protected. I think no other State in the Union is without a legal Sabbath; certainly no other in w!flch I have resided, and I | the comparison is by no means in favor of California. I would not make men religious by law, nor would I make them honest by law, or non-murderous by law; but I would place legal safeguards about the right to be moral and religious if one wants to be, with severe penalties for any infringement of these God- given and constitutionally guaranteed rights, which are included in the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of hap- piness mentioned in the declaration of rights upon which this republic was founded. But what right has the poor man, the employe, to a conscience, and how does the State guard his interests? T meet men every day who deplore the fact that they must violate the sanctity of the Lord’s day or lose their posi- tions. ‘“Work on Sabbath or get your time.” ‘When the workingman consented to let his holy day be a holiday he lost both, and what little remains will be taken from him unless he makes a fight for its sanctity. s ey E. McCLISH, A. M. D. D., President Uni- versity of the acific. “The Sabbath is made for man. By this statement from our Lord I under: stand that man is so made and the world in which he lives is so made that he requires periodic rest for the fullest and most wholes@ne realization of his nature. This I believe can be shown to be required by the natural laws written in man’s constitution, but ‘natural law,” says Agassiz. “is only the con- stant method of the divine activity.” 1. For health of his body man needs a periodic rest. In the long run man and beast can accomplish more by rest- ing one day in seven than by working every day. 2. For the cheerfulness and greatest clearness and sanity of the mind man requires periodic rest, or change whicn is mental rest. 3. For the cultivation and exercise of those higher sensibilities reverence, hope, love and faith in worship, and for religious instruction and benevo- lent activity man needs periodic rest. 4. For the cultivation of the ameni. ties of home—the domestic affections, the laborer who spends the hours from 6 in the morning to 6 in the evening from home needs periodic rest to re- main in the circle of his family. The family is the unit of society. On its love and purity depends the strength and beauty of the social-fabric. As for the law or ordinance for gov- erning in the affairs of such a day, I suppose it would determine: enld When the day should begin and 2. The exceptions to ghe rule for ceas- ing all kinds of work.‘ % 3. The hour at which death traps— saloons and low and dangerous resorts —close and open. Say at 7 o'clock on Saturday evening and at 6 o’clock Mon- day morning. At present many -men spend during these hours their week'’s earnings in these traps. 4. A penalty for violation of the law. The object of such a law is not to make men good, but *o prevent their being ground down by constant toil till they lose courage and ideals, and to closs the death traps that open for the care- less or thoughtless when they are free from toil.