The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, August 21, 1898, Page 18

18 BISMARCK. THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, FROM HIS VERY LATEST PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN LAST YEAR . RINCE BISMARCK the builder highest order and test of statesman- of the’German Bmpire, aisUHon f1==— o ww o SHIPEN0 man July 30, in the eighty-fourth | approachec year of his age. He was born | NEW YORK HERALD. ! {‘dxmzn.mlém:: in Schonhausen in 1815, a few | | pare Glad- months before the battle of gtone with him. Gladstone created Waterloo. He studied law at the uni- nothing, destroyed much and would versities of Goettingen and Berlin, and was subsequently elected a member of the United Diet and became one of the chief orators of the Junkers, or Con- servative party. His first experience in diplomacy was in 1851, when he was sent to Frankfort as first Secretary of Legation, with the title of privy coun- selor to the Prussian Embassy. It was here that he conceived the idea that Prussia could not fulfill its political mission in Germany until Austria had been expelled from the Bund. In 1859 he was sent as Embassador to St. Petersburg, and before going he made a visit to Paris for amusement. For a short time in 1862 he represented Prussia at Paris. But Bismarck's policy was reaction- ary from the beginning, and it con- tinued to give great offense to #e Lib- erals. He had tolerance neither for individuals nor garliaments that op- posed his views. © In October, 1862, he dissolved the chamber (the majority of which voted against his measures) and declared that the Ministry would gov- ern on their own responsibility. In 1864 Prussia, with the aid of Austria, con- quered Sleswickand Holsteinfrom Den- mark, and in August, 1865, signed the treaty of Gastein In relation to those duchies. Bismarck wanted to annex Sleswick and Holstein to Prussia, but could not obtain the consent of Aus- tria. The long rivalry between these two powers was now brought to a crisis. A majority of the German Bund having voted for Austria, Prus- have broken up the United Kingdom it England had not shaken off his rule. He was a man of words, Bismarck a man of deeds. Yet neither had the lat- ter his equal in diplomacy. “He was an expert in statecraft as well as in statesmanship. He knew how to make a king do his will. He knew how to inspire in the souls of a great but divided people that sentiment of unity without which no German em- pire was possible. He crushed Particu- larism. He taught Bavaria to look to Prussia as her natural leader. He made Catholic and Protestant lie down together. Not merely the German em- pire, but Germany is the creation of this single will. Before his time she was, like Italy, only a geographical ex- pression. To-day she is a nation, and as a nation she mourns for him who out of some fifty-odd powers and prin- cipalities and contending peoples brought the German nation and a Ger- man national life into being. “No higher eulogy than that is pos- sible, but it is the simple verdict of history. Yet there is still something to add. He has been a tremendous in- fluence not in Germany only, not in Europe. only, but throughout Christen- dom. He set himself like a rock agalnst the advancing flood of Socialism and of all those lawless forces which all the world over seek to disturb the existing order of things. “There has grown up of late,’ said Bismarck at Jena, ‘a notion that the world can be governed from below. That can not be. He found the kingly principle in Germany the efficient principle of government and he strengthened it and left it so. He found the principle of authority, of liberty regulated by law, the basis of modern society. His example has made sia seceded from the Bund and formed it gtronger. The world owes him much an alliance with the King of Italy. In as well as Germany.” June, 1866, war was declared. The . s Prussian armies immediately occupied Hanover and Saxony, and advancing into Bohemia, they encountered the Austrian army near Sadowa on the 3d of July and gained a victory so de- cisive that the Emperor of Austria forthwith made overtures of peace; and a treaty of peace was signed In August, 1866, by which Austria was ex- cluded from the German Bund. over, Electoral Hesse, other small states were annexed to Prussia. Bismarck then negotiated se- cret treaties of offensive and defensive alliance with Bavaria, Baden and Wur- temberg, which were made public in April, 1867, and by which the King of Prussia was made the commander of the armies of said states. This brief. and momentous war, which united. Han-+ Holstein and4 “Bismarck humbled Aus- | tria_and made | the North Ger- = ! man Union. He conquered France and founded the German empire. His shadow lay over the states and statesmen of the conti- O R R R b R N R N o e s STRANGE WAY T IS now a settled fact that the north pole dances at a lively rate. Of course the earth does not twist 80 as to cause this phenomenon, nor 4 < does the axis of the earth move. + But the center line of revolution +4+-does, so that the effect is the same. NEW YORK SUN. + + + + nent for full thirty years. In it reputa- tions withered and powers waned, small men grew great and nations were cre- ated. The Hapsburgers were thrust aside and the Bonapartes were de- throned. The laurels of the Metternichs and the Schwarzenbergs died away and the Gagerns, Manteuffels and Camp- hausens were forgotten. Mere associa- tion with him, mere opposition to him was fame, and the names of Crispi, sc Kalnoky, Andrassy and own to all the world. His vas felt in every cabinet His life became the history and court. of modern Europe.” . e i “Bismarck | was neither a Cromwell nor |a Pitt, but if you could im- agine a happy union of the best quali- ties of each you would go near finding a popular likeness of the Bismarck we know and just the personality we re- quire for England’s needs at the pres- ent time. Prince Bismarck was a man who knew exaetly what he wanted and directed his course straight ahead. What a world of meaning lies in that! If 1 were to fill pages I could not con- vey to you the whole of my admiration for Bismarck. As a leader of men he was above all living men. As & man he was altogether lovable for his direct- ness, his honesty and simplicity. If we could only compress some of his moral strength and courage into a bottle and could hearten our statesmen with a minim or so of the wonderful extract, we should soon have reason to be proud of them. As there is no likelihood of our being abie to follow up this truly African idea—we must walt until some one will make a text-book of his char- acter for the special benefit of weak- kneed and degenerate statesgen—then we may hope that Britain y begin to reap some of the advantages that have made Germany universally re- spected.” H. M. STANLEY. s . “Broadly speaking, and NEW YORK TIMES | in terms of English poli- z s LIS, Glad- stone was a Liberal and Bismarck a Tory. The one steadily sought to broaden the basis of governmental power by the extension of the suffrage and the gradual abolition of privilege. The other yielded to the people only the rights he dared not withhold and D e R R R R R R R R e R R R e R T T T T T POu IN WHICH THE NORTH POLE Keeps Moving Around : SUNDAY, 1898. AUGUST 21, THE MAN WHO MADE THE GERMAN EMPIRE o & & & BISMARCK as He Appeared to Mer{ Who Knew Him and to Men Who Studied Him, ot ot s retained in the class to which he be- longed the utmost possible supremacy. The ideal of the one was such growth throughout the empire of common rights, interests, responsibilities as should create national unity and not only permit but stimulate general progress, his conception of Providence being that its beneficence would ad- vance with the advance of freedom. The ideal of the other was the growth of a mighty nation, guided unquestion- ably by Providence, but by Providence acting through the agency of the throne, surrounded by the class of which he himself was the leader. The one believed himself a representative, the other believed himself a ruler. Thus the one sought to disarm discontent by reforms, the other to crush it with the mailed hand. The one labored to ex- tend British prosperity and influence throughout the world by opening all markets to the trade in which he trust- ed his nation to get its share. The other planned a policy of commercial extension by colonization and exclusive privileges. “It must be sald, however, In making this comparison, that Gladstone de- veloped the application of a national policy and principle though to a limited degree recognized, while Bismarck was compelled to deal with novel conditions and few will question that the genius of the latter surpassed that of the former or that the impress of Bis- marck’s individuality on the history of his time was more distinct and deeper. We may hold that the tendencles of the human race which Gladstone rep- resented are more potent and enduring homely summing up, but it expressed with unusual simplicity the popular es- timate of his character. He was big —in every way one of the biggest men of his time. Great, Mr. Gladstone did not call him, because greatness in his estimation implied a moral element chiefly conspicuous for its absence in the politics of Prince Bismarck. But he was as big as he was unscrupulous. “The Ttallan, Chevaller Nigri, de-, scribed him more elaborately than Mr. Gladstone, as a ‘kind of embodied Shakespeare, a continent of humanity, embracing every variety of mind and, mood.” This early Goth, with the cul- ture of our time, is the most interest- ing and most incomprehensible figure in modern history. No wonder that Emilio Castelar, the supreme rhetori- cian of Europe, himself the embodiment of all the antitheses of the great Ger- man Empire maker, remarked that ‘the species of men to which Bismarck belongs is fading out and becoming ex- tinet.” “He was great, he was unique, a weariless worker, who never feared the face of man. The initial quality of greatness was born with him. Born with him, also, was that tireless en- ergy, that marvelous initial force which never failed, which made him the power-house of the German race. Time brings not back the mastodon, and another Bismarck is not to be ex pected in the twentieth century. “These tributes of foreigners hardly keep us to the right realization of the secret of Bismarck’'s character. We shall find a more helpful clew in the pregnant phrase by the University of PRINCE BISMARCK'S BEDROOM, SHOWING THE end, I have used those within my reach for want of others.” ” ap e g (AN L : dispute that HARPER'S WEEKLY. the Germans | & a right i _— be proud of Bismarck. He was sc Lnl !:?ufl.\‘ man and he avoided so many of the d fects that commonly go with the Ger- man qualities. He was under no illu- slons, sentimental or otherwise, about the world he lived in. He knew the levers that move men, and he kne how to operate them. His direct, pra tical bus inglish the erick the G ser; ct an adaptation of m Nobody has thought or will think of praising Bismarck as a f d of hu- manity. He himself woulc ' the first to reject such s to ends. The epitaph he compcsed for own tombstone shows in what lig is life appeared to himself. He w a “faith- ful German.” That he W a patriot. German, according to his lights not be doubted. His life-long de¢ that his Prussia should be aggr: and the great work of his li bringing of all Pr cluding even some States which are not nominally Protestant, Into one power- ful confederation under the primacy of Prussia. Even now, looking back over a gen- eration, it is hard to see how the uni could have been brought about if Bis- marck had not been. The dreams of BED IN WHICH HE (From a photograph.) of admitting the right of the people to govern them elv 1y . When it came to let it be understood was at the door of the ccordingly individuali ; paternalism was sut stituted; and in respect to political civ- ilization, the last state of the German people is worse than the first. s the | that Bis: elf & hed at y of fate ould have per: It w marck him the hands of the monster which he had built up. There is a human pathos in his appeal to the constitution and te public opinion the masterful- ness of his youns ma. " but there 5 a political retribution. The Kaiser tr 1 this when it was made by Bisme marck had taught him to tr s Bismarc himself had been ustomed to tr s made the representa The world L no de not better or freer or happier b e he has lived in it. What even lany owes to him it must be left for the future to determine, but it is already plain that against this debt there are heavy offsets and abate- ment In spite of the enormous space he filled in his own time, and of the enor- mo force he displayed, he can scarce- ly be ranked among the great men of the world. The ‘measure of the great- of these men was the extent of r ‘“‘co-operation with the real ten- v of the world.” The measure of ck’'s strength was the extent to which he succeeded in obstructing this tendency. The most powerful cham- DIED. than the forces of which Bismarck so superbly availed himself, but we must see that the work of Bismarck, which we can imagine no other man doing, was essential and wag tremendous. The German nation he called into being, the people to whom he gave unity, will in due time take their rights and achieve the destiny for which their great quali- ties fit them. They will not forget, they will just be proud to remember the wondérful man who made possible the first great stage of advancement.” « .0 e e M G ad s stone, his only rival, never l(‘un(‘(»*:\]e(l his — _dislike and distrust of Prince Bismarck. ‘A very big man, no doubt.’ he once exclaimed, ‘but .very unscrupulous.”’ It was a W. T. STEAD. nearly all of Germany, made Prussiay In reality what takes place is similar one of the great powers of Europe, ,to what would happen If a needle were overshadowing a great’ state like pushed through an apple so that the France and arousing the jealousy of fruit could spin around. The needle Napoleon IIL would be the axis and as long as it re- In 1867 Count Bismarck organized the% mained in the one place it would cor- North German Confederation, com_prm-#,.esp‘md to the earth if the north pole ing some twenty-two States with a4 yere fixed. But if the needle were population of some 29,000,000, and in they moyveq ever so little to one side of its same year became the forelgn m’"“‘”#posltlon there would be a change in of this great alliance. In the Franco- tne center of rotation. This is the- Prussian war of 1870-71 Bismarck ac- /oretically what has been happening at companied King Willlam through the¥ipe north pole ever since the world be- campaign, and dictated the terms of . peace at Paris, which were ratified by~ mpe pole is dancing around and con- the assembly then sitting at Bordeaux. Thus he suceeeded in organizing all the | Stantly causing a change in lines of German states Into one compact fed-¥latitude. eration, and in January, 1871, he had+ In the year 1890 the change was so the supreme satisfaction of seeing hisg great that if people had bought their o0ld King erowned Emperor of Germany , sont yards according to latitude and in the Palace of the French Kings al'longltude on January 1 by June 1 they Versailles. The same month his mas-4 v ter appointed him Chancellor of thes Would have been living on their neigh- German Empire, and in the following_ bor's property. In this year the pole March he was raised to the rank of shifted around over a curve of nearly Prince. +ninety feet. This, of course, made a big Bismarck presided over a congress of4 change in all reckoring of latitude and the great powers at Berlin, in 1878, at, longitude, but not enough to change which a {reaty of peace between Rus-% the position of a large island on a map. sia and Turkey was signed. He held¥ This movement of the north pole has the Chancellorship with undiminished4 been known for some time, but just grip, running roughshod over Parlia- how it moved and how much has only ments, and generally doing as he will-T just been ascertained. ed till 1890, when the young Emperor+ with a jealous eye for hisown new-made. shadow began to curtail the giant’s official prerogatives, and Bis-T of astronomical instruments. marck stepped outside before his official ORQIpAC To find out this one fact occupled 4-seven years and the work of hundreds irony of men and millions of dollars’ worth The re- +sultsof the work have been compiled by house fell in. He was succeeded by Vong Theodore Albrecht of Berlin and pub- Caprivi. ‘Whatever of praise or censure is ren-4 tional Geodetic Society. dered to Bismarck by conlemporarlesd*zlvcs the results of observations made his commanding personage an Occasionally he has growled jjshed under the title of *‘Investi; N vesimant retiemient. add, theY b oanaerne tile Dvpstizatione world has always deferentially listened. ’Cuncernlng Variations of Latitude.” The report just issued is one of the 4valuable publications of the Interna- Dr. Albrecht at twenty different observatories in dif- FLUCTUATIONS IN THE POSITIONS OF THE NORTH POLE FROM JANUARY, 1890, TO JULY, 1897. Dr. Theodore Albrecht of Berlin has just completed observations and calculations which show that the poles of the earth continually This report shows that since 1% the north pole moves ing their positions. shift- achievements in map-changing are of¥ferent parts of the world, determines common knowledge. Here are some of4-their relative position and combines the leading estimates of his characterythem so as to deduce a curve showing and life work offered to the world since” the motion of the north pole of the he passed away: 4earth’s axis from January 1, 1890, to “By common consent Bismarck’s wasy July 1, 1897. In the accompanying the master-mind of Europe. In that flgure this curve is shown, 90.0 being constructive capacity which is the%the point for January 1, 1890, while 90.5 in an erratic course In an eighty-foot circle. The center of the above fig- ure i{s the mean position of the north pole for the seven and a half years under consideration. In 189 the pole made about seven-eighchs of a cir- cuit around its mean position; {n 1891 but little more than three-fourths of a circuit, while in 1892 nearly the entire revolution was effected. The two circles drawn at 0.3 and 0.4 seconds of latitude from the mean pole flve the scale of the figure, the radif of these circles being 0.5 and 40.7 eet respectively. % . Giessen in the document conferring upon him the degree of doctor of divin- ity. Therein he is addressed as ‘the great, unique man, who never wearies, never loses courage and fears no one but God."” That is Prince Bismarck as he looms gigantic before the German. “Some years ago Bismarck said: ‘In Germany we have no national church, but might not the idea of the nation be the sanctuary round which all parties should gather? He served his count as Loyola served the church. His sen: of the service he owed to Germany was supreme. ‘He who reproaches me for being a statesman devoid of conscience does me a wrong.’ And he explained how he reconciled his unscrupulosity in politics with the good conscience which he undoubtedly enjoyed. ‘I follow out a plan with a perfectly calm conscience which I consider useful to my country and to Germany. As to means to this is the point for July 1, 1890, and so on. The center of the figure is the mean position of the north pole for the seven+ THE CRADLE IN WHICH BISMARCK WAS ROCKED WHEN A BABY :l{ld a half years under consideration. In 1890 the pole made about seven-eighths of a circuit around its mean position; 4 From a photograph from the original in the possession of Frau von Bismarck- Kniephof. ;n 18:1 but little more than three- ourths of a circuit, while in 1892 nearl “ " the entire revolution was effected: ThL ) acher o Conact have bemn two circles drawn at 0.3 and 0.4 sec-, gy i - riew hi e onds of latitude from the mean Dols* way uermieen PRt of yiew his success give the scale of the figure, the radii¢not higher 'mgme m\h"m éfiec?x‘;?‘?f 255;’;‘;‘2?\5,‘;”*5 being 30.5 and 40.7 feeugxgo;;egn ;lul;w[grs. It would be hard to Tt Jahanln” Be notel that thetnori it nHe e b e e ot an o monld ad pole, which may be defined as the north+ond, S end of the earth’s axis, does not really4 This was not a success that came of move, since the axis remains parallel, any of the modern political forces that to itself throughout the year, but it is*have come Into the world, Tt was not the earth which moves with respect to¥the result of free discussion or (I.f:(r’.“ the axis; it Is more convenient, how-+stitutional government. It was a suc- ever, to speak of the pole as in motiony cess of “blood and iron.” Tt was a suc and the figure shows its path relative cess of diplomacy, 100, in !imk Bi : to the earth surface. marckian sense. No stlwtesmzm ever The practical consequence of this*knew better how and when to appeal strange phenomenon is to cause a con-4 10 the interests or evep the sentiments tinual variation in the observed lati-4O0f others, nor, when it suited him, to tudes of all points of the earth’s sur-, Manage their susceptibilities. But in face, for latitude expresses the angular®the last analysis German unity was distance from a point to the equator,achieved under Bismarck by the same and of course the equator moves withyMeans by which the Prussian mon- the pole, the plane of the equator being, 3TChY was built up under Frederick, by always perpendlcular to the axis. For'having not oniy the best-disciplined example, suppose that a certain point$2Imy, but the best-disciplined nation in our office had the latitude 40 degrees4 !N Europe. The scattered principalities 42 minutes 58.93 seconds on January 1,, Were welded into one powerful empire 1891; if observations had been taken'! PY the same means by which the great throughout the year it would have been+¢™Pires of history were established. found that this slowly decreased until4 It Was not to be supposed that a in August it became about 40 degrees 4.,_’stat}:esmnn Wwhose method had achieved minutes 58.41 seconds, and that an in- SUCh & success would abandon it when crease then followed until at the begin-¥ (¢ success had been achieved. And. ning otbmsz the observed latitude be-#!B fact, the German e npire under Bis- ca about 40 degre: minutes 58.67- Sl Ltk s:fi?gsinn monarchy. He could skill- The lines radiating from the centery cp caJOle the leaders of parliament of the figure show the directions to the¥ . go:efi-nedol? P“t In the last resort citles whose observatories furnished thed ecsme mersonriCboe prnich it never ata for deriving the curve. Of course.4yga. Tha knowledee th l’“ha“"‘:‘ 2 Ed all these directions are south. The 1arge . it was enough hoin for him and for number of observatories taking part in¥ those who opposed him andn:)buusi!lun the work indicates the importance of4was not carried beyond the danger the subject to astronomers and geod-4point. ““The consent of the governed’ esists. The observations at Honoluluy was of no more necessity in Bismarck's were conducted simultaneously by the” scheme of polities than in Julius Cae- International Association and by the®gar's, Accordingly, paternalism took United States Coast and Geodetic Sur-4the plgce of individualism, and took the vey from June, 1891, to July, 1892; sim-J form of “state sociallsm.” What in ultaneously others were made by the more modern communities are held to Naval Observatory at Wasmniton and*be the rights of the people came to marck followed the traditions of the by the Coast Survey at Rockville, Md.4+them in Bismarck’s Germany as Those at New York were made at they ‘“‘graces” from the throne. He was observatory of Columbia University in_ anxious to allay popular discontent in 1893 and 1894. Yevery way except the one needful way pion of reaction is not a great man. He is only a “big fellow.” - The origin of the most fa- | mous phrase Bismarck ever used. which sinister also, throws new G. W. SMALLEY. s for being the m scribed in a w light on its meaning: “This invocation was made at a time when the national Liberals, who to- day prostrate thems: before him, ‘d'une obeisance de cadavre,’ sought to prevent his reforming the army, while asking him a]l the same to effect the union of Germany. The man who felt the far-off thunder of Sadcwa and of Sedan even then shaking his own soul flung at these rhetoricians the challenge he Has since but too well made good: ‘It is not by speechmaking that you will bring about the unity of Germany. That unity is to come by blood and iron." " I know not who will attempt to write Prince Bismarck’s life, nor when it will be possible to write it. Some of the necessary materials for it are state papers not accessible nor likely to be accessible, at least during the present Emperor’s life, to any biographer or to any friend of the Minister whom he dismissed. He dismissed him—I will repeat what I said before—with rather less ceremony than a gentleman would use in discharging his servant. He was jealous of him, and he wanted to gov- ern Germany in his own way and to garry out a foreign policy of his own. He has had to readopt almost every one of the measures of domestic policy he discarded because they were Bis- marck’s, and to reverse his foreign policy on those vital points in which he departed from Bismarck’'s. Of course he does not like him the better. Of course, also, he will not be apt to put into anybody’s hands the means of proving by public documents what the course of events and the known facts of both careers sufficiently prove al- ready. Bismarck has held his peace, But he has ordered it to be inscribed on his tomb that he was “the faithtul servant of Willlam the First.”