The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, May 6, 1896, Page 10

10 THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, WEDNESDAY, MAY 6, 1896 NOBLE WOMEN CALL FOR JUSTICE Several Brilliant Papers Are Read at the Second Day’s Woman’s Session of the Congress. FORMS OF GOVERNMENT Family, Tribe, State and Nation Are Weighed in the Balance. TWO0 MEN GIVEN A CHANCE. Dr. Edward Allsworth Ross and Hon. Taylor Rogers Speak in the Evening. A greater crowd filled Native Sons’ Hail atyesterday’s session of the Woman’s Con- gress than on the opening day. Floor and galleries were thronged to overflowing, and the most lively interest was apparent. The yellow buttercups and the golden lupines and poppies of Monday had been exchanged for a wealth of roses. No color predominated, but all united to compose one grand and harmonious symphony of lovely tints. The bright hues of the roses were relieved and brought out by great bunches of ferns, while over the scene of beauty waving palm branches formed a | graceful verdant canopy. Mrs. William Keith of Berkeley, a grad- nate of the University of California, a law school graduate, a native daughter, an en- thusiastic suffragist and wife of the cele- brated local artist, was the first speaker of the morning and discussed leadership among civilized and barbaric nations in ancient and modern times. In her able paper, entitled “The Chief,” she said: There are savages, barbarians and civilized people. The savages do not wear clotnes and they have chiefs; the barbarians have kings, cities and plenty of clothes; civilized people have woman’s congresses. Here in San Fran- cisco we of course are the civilized, the Chinese are the barbarians and the savages—well they are those who laugh at the woman’s congress andwish 1t would rain so as to drown us all out. This paper deals mainly with savages, ancient and modern, and I have ranged from the glacial epoch to the present moment searching for chiefs. The first chiefs were accidenial military leaders, assuming & natural authority from superior ability. Even animals have such leaders. Writers on sociology divide mankind &s to culture into three classes—savages, bar- barians and eivilized. Among the barparians are classed such people as the Chinese, the Aztecs, the Turks and other races whom we do not eall civilized, but who have orderly politi- cal governments ruled over by monarchs, The highest form of savage government is one under the rule of a despotie chief, with a sup- port of nobles, siaves and priesthood. Ho- mer's kings were little more than leaders of chiefs and his cities little else than walled fortresses. The eriod of savagery on the earth, extend- ing over hundreds of thousands of years, slowly achie: the beginnings of govern- ment. Beginnings are always the most diffi- cult, and hence the savage is entitled to our profound gratitude and respect. Accepting the theory of the ascent of man & long time was required for developing the so- cial feelings, impelling men to associate in de- fensive groups. Savage society seems to have progressed through three stages. First, thesup- osed primitive, headless group; second, the lemnine clen, and third, the masculine clan. The first had no leaders worthy of the name, and though it is supposed that the human race must have long existed in this condition yet we find no traces of it existing smong any savages coming under observation. They could have had no assemblies and no({)olhiul func- tion and each man was his own defender. But with the supersession of the feminine clan system protection by the clan was given to its members, as_well as retaliation for wrongs done them. Though this form .of gov- ernment can scarcely be called such, it pre- vailed for countless ages, and plentiful traces of it remain to this dey. The basis of this sys- tem consisted in the recognition of common descent in the female line from an original female uncestor. Instead of all men being the busbands of sli women, a restriction upon promiscuous intercourse was gradually made. A man must marry out of his clan and he must become a member of his wife's clan. He could Mol marry any woman who was related to him in the female line. Under this system of society women seem to have owned the earth. At least they owned all the property. Husbands were often bought, and iraces of this latter custom are plentiful at the present day. Not only were the women themselves chiefs; they nominated the male chiefs and deposed them at will. They did not hesitate to ““knock oft the horns” of a chiet and relegate him to the ranks of the warriors, The office of ¢ f was at first unstable. Later it became permanent, but the system was not favorable 1o chiefly power. The chief simply advised, or else he issued mandates, which were heeded- or not according to the degree of his influence over his followers. Of course the chief who gave the most presents and feasts, or in the case of a female chief the one who gave the most afternoon teas, was the one who was the most popular; while & stingy or unpopular chief might suddenly find him- self without followers, they having all gone s in a body to the chief of a neighboring village. Later on the office of chief became perma- nent, and subsequently despotic. Chieis were sometimes elected and sometimes the office was hereditary. There not mach rivalry for the succession to an office where there was 0 little power. Probably in those times the office often sought the man, not the man the office. The eldest son of the eldest sister was oiten heir. Paternity was very doubtful. A man could always tell who his mother was, but father- hood was considered of little importance. In observing traces of the system amoung the He- brews it has been remarked that the use of a f rticle in their language to indicate physical herhood tended to show that the relation 'was considered of little importance, and could not have been the basis of any important social -ys"iem or have had much influence over their ty. wAfhwfia mentions that the most warlike na- tions, presumably the Thracians, the Lycians, the uthern Slavonians, the Scythians and the Teutonic were ruled over by women. There is no doubt at ail but that in those days women chiefs had “all the ClEmeCary” Editor of THE CALL---Dear Sir: Without the Press the work in the suffrage cause was almost a hopeless task ; with it we may expect to win. What the first gun fired at Fort Sumter did for the American people THE CALL has now done for California. Not only were the hearts of men stirred to loyalty, but women were called to the front, into the shops and factories, into the field at the plowshares and into the very smoke of battle, developing a spirit of courage and sacrifice ever since honored and revered by men. So THE CALL will arouse the spirit of loyalty in our men, renew the courage of rights they wanted.” The feminine elan sys- tem prevailed over the whole of Australia and also in North America. The Indians attained to the highest and most wonderful development of this system, ior they had a complete system of representa- tive government. Clans were united into tribes, and these into confederacies. Popular assemblies were held and delegates were chosen. But because the power of chiefs was never so great as under even the lowest form of the masculine clan system, the representa- | tive governmeut of the North American In- dians is assigned to a lower stage in the history of culture and in the development of govern- ment than the most brutal and despotic rule in the masculine clan. The reason, or rather the effect, of this fatal lack of power was thata chief could not rely, as he couid in the masculine clan, upon & strong body of warriors who were united by blood, who had grown up from childhood in the clan, and who.bad the same training, tra- ditions aud instinc: A man was often com- pelied to fight against his mother's or his sister’s clan. He was the udggwd son of the clan into which he had married. For these and similar reasons the feminine clan was eugeruded by the masculine cian system, which could give better protection to its members from its greater military strength. Under this eystem the chiefs are seen to have much more authority. Members traced de- scent from a common paternal ancestor, wives became exclusive property, and paternity, as regards chiefs, became certain. The office of chief became fixed, permanent and hereditary. As government appears to have had its ori- gin In war so the first assemblies must have been for the purpose of defense, either against ferocious beasts or still more ferocious men. When people came together for protection and defense they were compelled to yield certain of their natural rights. At first every man must avenge his own wrongs, but by combin- ing he has the help of his clan, whiie for the sake of the greatest good to the greatest num- ber the life of the individual becomes of no importance as compared with that of the com- munity. The despotic chief of the masculine clan in its highest develooment can command the death of any of his subjccts. His sway is lim- itless and he is worshiped as & god. There is very little freedom or equality among the sav- ages, though we are apt to think that such s the case. But now that the continued exist- ence of the race is assured, mankind naving so faithfully obeved the command which we are told was given to increase, multiply and re- vlenish the earth, individuals are resuming the rights which have for so many ages been in abeyance. Arbitrary power diminishes, and to the enlightened government the humblest person is an object of soifcitude. overthrow of the feminine clan system cannot be known with certainty, they may be sur- mised. When wives became exclusive prop- erty, probably through capture from hostile tribes, paternity in such instances became certain, and the feelings of fatherhood had n‘Fpor[umty to develop, thus leading on to the | idea of the modern family. Itis & truth es- | tablished by the study of sociology that the family is & very modern institution, and such we cannot prophesy what further modif. cation and development await it. Writers on government have started with the theory that that it is such at the present day. take has vitiated their conclusions. It has been pointed out that the masculine clan, tracing descent through the male line, further restricted the promiscuous relations of thesexes. This wasespecially thecase with the wives of the chiefs, whose power continued to increase. The system of human slavery de- veloped the art of agriculture. The savage dislikes steady, persistent toil. By securing slave labor men had time to devote themseives to the military art. Subsistence became more secure, and the conditior of women was im- proved as they became released from much drudging toil. This of course refers only to the possessors of slaves—not to the slave women themselves; and it must be confessed that when black women were brought to America even the white chivalry which objects to women work- ing alongside their fathers, brothers and hus- bands, in the sphereof government, was not extended to the daughters of Africa. We were told last year that‘‘home is woman’s limit,” but in the case of black women the sphere of home was thought slenv.y wide enough to em- brace the cotton-fields. Do you remember “Poor Nelly Gray” 7 One night I went to see her, But *'She’s gone” the neighbors say. The white man bound her with his chain. They have taken her to Georgia For to wear her life away, As she tolls in the cotton and the cane. In far-off Africa her mother was the daugh- ter of a powerful chief. Through the vicissi- tudes of war slie was brought to America, where she met comperatively the same fate hich befell the Swedish woman just the other day. InSweden she could vote. In the United Btates she found herself disfranchised. In Sweden her husband had taken it as a matter of course that women should have the right to vote. Coming here. he has become imbued with American ideas of liberty, and now he objects ! Ve are working for the franchise in Califor- ni 1, for one, feel much like saying, “Let us finish one piece of work before undertaking snother.” The results of the Civil War con- ferred the right of self-government upon the negro. His companion, sharing his sphere in every respect, working by his side, claimin; and recelying no immunities on account of sex, is still thought plenty strong enough for the cornfieid, but scarcely robust enough for the field of politics. Besides the improvements in agriculture and the military art, the masculine clan gave to the chiefs the support of a ummsJ nobility, based, of course, on slavery and a hereditar: priesthood. Strong tribal combinations an: compact political organizations became possi. ble. It had been e weakness of the feminine This mis- a clan, for reasons already referred to, that an unpopular chief might at any time be left without followers. This was not the case with & chief of the masculine clan. Religious feelings and superstitions were also developed and became more and more & powerful auxiliary to the secular authority. The offices of priest and ruler were often com- bined in that of the chief. There was naturally more contention and rivalry for the succession &s the power and emoluments of the office in- creased. A liberal amountof blood was shed, and it was a matter of course to wade through laughter to & tnrone. Rival sons by different mothers were all killed or imprisoned by the victorious brother. 5 Many Mohammedan states, such ss Turkey, Morocco and Persia, have also practiced this ‘custo; As examples of the highest grade of chiefs and the most perfect development of society under the masculine clan, may be mentioned the communities of Polynesia, which had despotic chiefs, with a complete system of tillage, slavery, hereaitary nobility and rflumood. Political organizations became such when based upon the 1deas of territory and property, 1-lml not Einl such ld&n are dnclop‘ed can we ave anything more than a loesna n contra- dhtlnl:tz:n to what we call civil Government. In the higher development of society under this system there are often military, indus- trial and political chiefs. The office is heredi- While the causes which led to the gradual | o4 the family was the original political unit, and | tary. Industrial chiefs control matters of trade, and no doubt & new chief was often in doubt as to whether it would be better to in- insugurate free trade or & proiective tariff. Chiefs often acted as brokers for the com- munity, and fixed the time for sowing and harvesting. At their death chiefs had, of course, a more honorable burial than ordinary men. Insome tribes the chief is buried in a very deep grave, and the warrior in a shallow one, but tke bodies of the women and children are thrown out to the dogs. The masculine clan substituted ancestral worship for soul worship, and from the worship of a dead chief may have evolved that of the gods. Of living chiefs, I might refer to the Apache Kid or to Red Cloud, the absolute ruler of the Indian of modern times. This venerable octa- genarian is the last of a long line of famous chiefs, ranking with such men as Powhattan, Osceols, Black Hawk and Geronimo. But it was not speaking of these men, great leaders though they be, that I have looked for- ward mlumflng here to-day, or to whom I would devote the few remaining minutes of my time. We proclaim fidelity to a white woman chief, and gled(e support to the theor: of government and to the moral ideal whic| she advauces. Susan B. Anthony is our chief and woman suffrage is inscribed on her banner. [Great cheering and applause.] Military. industrial and political chiefs, past and present, have wonderfully aided civiliza- tion; butthe spiritual chiefs of a Natian can awaken our enthusiasm, mold our opinions a These true philosophers do not point to nature as the end of all perfection, but they lead uson to the god of nature. They would have us profit by the experience of the past, butsearch the future only for examples of perfect social relations. The keen-d%hted, enlightened protestors and pioneer lefs of reform do not, for exam- ple, defend the present status of the sexes by erguments drawn from biology, citing certain facts to show that the existing relation of the scxes is & National one, anaiagous to that in like some scientists, make the false assumption of conservatism, that whatever is existing in nature is the best attainable state. On the contrary, they remind us that all true social progress is made by improving upon na- ture, and that, while, in one sense, ““Whatever is is right,” whatever is to be is right also. They are the apostles of true liberty, who, pos- sessing the capacily to grasp great social truths, perceive the wants of the many and de- vise means to supply them. They prefer that honor, justice and e?uny should prevail ratber than the instincts of brutes or the caprices of savages. Thei teach us that fmprovement in govern- ment keeps pace with improvement in the re- lation of the sexes, and that despotism in the family is but the reflection of despotism in the government. They tell us that improvement in government consists in advance toward true freedom, and that the sense of justice 10 ourselves is coexistent with a sense of jus- tice to our fellow creatures. Of such manuer of chiefs is our brave leader, | Susan B. Anthony. Applying to her the words | of another, she “withdrawing personalit; | and with the unfettered sword of logic, cleav- ing the warp of tradition, education, public opinion and self interest. is honored even by those whose fondly cherished errors have been | thereby assailed and destroyed.” May her following be greatly increased and may she not depart hence before she sees re- alized not only in California, but throughout the United States, a perfect system of repre- sentative Government, whose chiefs will wield a power undreamed of in ages past. Miss Sarah M. Beverance of this City, ris- ing for the free discussion of the sentiments | just expressed, started briskiy and humor- ously into the subject, and said that the Indian squaw who' follows her chiel, car- rying her papoose, is not his slave, but is really her own mistress. She is not the| | property of her chief who rides before her while she tradges behind, for that papoose she carries is her papoose; it is not his; ber life is not his—it is hers. When the Apache chief wants to go off on a great drunk the squaw takes personal charge of the househuld effects; for she does not participate in the debauchery. For the time being she is the ruler—the guardian of her lord's blankets. Miss Severance drew a very humorous comparison here between Apacue customs and those of our civilized classes, that might well adopt the hint offered by savagery. Sioux Nation, and unquestiouably the greatest | control our actions to astill greater extent. | the animal world below man. They do not, | Sacramento was still unfinished, a8 woman —Mrs. Norris by name—climbed two high ladders and fixed the National colors over the incomplete walls. i moman” exlaimed Mrs. Hyster, Lwas rst to raise the flag over State C-g“oL Gentlemen, take the hint!” ,'Bpeaking of women and the flag,” ob- served Mrs. Tole of Napa, “*if I am not un- der & misapprehension the first time the flag was placed at hali-mast for 8 woman Was about three years ago, when the Nation extended that courtesy to the widow of President Polk. And Mrs. Polk, be it re- membered, had to die before receiving the honor.” I have a little story sbouta woman and 2 flag. t00,” said Mrs. Van Pelt. “During the war we lived in a place where it was not safe to display the stars and stripes. My mother, Angeline Henry, granddaugh- ter of a revolutionary hero, vowed that the old flag should wave about our house on the Fourth of July. “We children were sent 'round to the stores after the cloth for making the flag, since a ready-made one could not be got for love nor money. At last we secured some white sheeting, a few strips of ma- roon calico and a yard or so of stifly g]nzed blue cambric. With these mater- als the flag was made, and then it was raised above our home. “The presence of tne Union standard called fortn many loud and threatening protests. My mother refused tolet it be hauled down, and, in order to guard the flag, she took her station in the garden on a chair and there she staved through that Wwhole Fourth of July, and since that day that same patchwork flaz has floated over my mother’s house on each recurring an: niversary of the Nation's independence. Mrs. Krebs called attention to the fact that a descendant of Barbara Frietchie was greunt. and begged Mrs. Eyster to ac- nowledge her relationship. Mrs. Eyster said that she herself was a grandniece of the woman made so famous bfi' ‘Whittier's beautiful poem. But even though Barbara Frietchie did not do what the poet attributed to ber, she did bring up and educate eleven poor orphan girls, and that was enough to make her a grand woman. Corer PH P er 4 - PRAISED BY Apa H. Van PELT. Fo T ey Ziaire T pfemediice B tterrrecesr, Aoy //l»o» Fh sroresmece~ o e fict e DAk P ¢ amecre //;;MA/ G W o ecccs oo fize, B el St 2 Vo P Mrs. Nellie Blessiug Eyster said that on August 11, 1865, when the State Capitol at MRS. VAN PELT. Miss Sarah M. Severance, Who Does Not Object to Being Called “the Warhorse of the Suffrage Movement,” Her Pungent Remarks and Ready Wit Are Features of the Extemporaneous Discussions. Has FIRED THE FIRST GUN. our women and lead us on to victory ! THE CALL has fired the first big gun for success ! ‘Most thankfully yours, HESTER A. HARLAND, Recording Secretary State Suffrage Association. San Francisco, May 5, 1896. Mrs. J. F. Swift—Patriotism is not taught in our public sehools. The stars and stripes are floated occasionally, but each year we have something different in the way of flag displays in the various na- | tions. We should hold continuously to | our own dear flag. The lady president read s telegram from Miss M. E. Conners of Oakland, who w: to have read a paperentitied *‘The King. In her message M’:e Conners stated that owing to the sudden illness of one of the teachers in her school, she had been pre- vented at the last moment from keeping Ler appointment. Mrs. Henry Krebs then read Mrs. Char- lotte Perkins Stetson’s vpaper, ‘“The People.” Tt was as follows: To-day is devoted to the consideration of various forms of government, as so far exem- plified in our history, and it falls to my share 1o present a study of the popular form of the people es a governing force. The appearance and growth of the demo- cratic ides in our social evolution is quite easily traceable, and its steady progress, wide range and lasting hold go to prove that it is the highest form of government yet known to us. Government by the peos}‘ requires and develops a high degree of individual growth. No race of ‘u can be self-governed, be- cause the savage himself is not seli-governed. Where you find democrecy you find art, in- dustry ‘and education, prosperity and peace. Tkose Indians whon\ln under democratic forms are comparatively civilized—the Pueb- los, for instance. with their wise communal customs and quiet lives. The negative unformed state of headless primitive tribes was not damocm‘v. Govern- ment by the people is just as sharply defined a form of executive social li fe as government by the king, and far more advan It is & comparatively simple matter fora lot tion currents of social habit, which soon gen- erate all the forces and traditions of xognhy. But for 8 lot of people to recognize the indi- vidual liberty and right of judgment in each | other and the wisdom of bending to the will of | the majority is not a simple thing. Itshows high social development. It shows enlargement of conscious: from its first field, the self, toward its natural goal— society. A highly developed social consciousnees is required before the people knows itself. | Here let me speak of & current misapprehen- sion of the real basis of democracy—a mean and false idea, yei commonly held. Many | speak of our acceptance of the judgment of the majority as if it were simple, because the majority could conquer the minority in filhflnf‘ That lies back of the ballot and bullet idea. But it is not the real reason at all; not the underiying principle—that principle for which our brave, wise, iar-seeing ancestors struggled 80 gloriously. It is not the secret of healthful power in the | Grecian republics, nor the Roman republic, nor the Venetian regublic. nor the Swiss re- public, nor any that has ever held. Minorities have never yet feared to fight majorities, and have frequently conquered them when the Krlnciple st stake was great enougn. Notto bend to the will of the ma- jority is & recognition of numerical justice. If three want to play whist and one to play euchre the one gives up, not because the others would make him play whist. They might, in- deed, solilely play his game if he stood out for it hard enough, but because he would be & pig and a fool to spoil three pleasures for one. He sees their right in the matter. That is the rrlnclple oi democracy—mutual recognition of each other’s rights—rot power, butright. 1 have said that democracy means ace. Look a little at history and a little at the lines of sociological development and see how true this is. The conditions which accompany Waer require so swift a concurrent action among the members of the warring society that there is no time for a consensus of opin- ion to be reached—democracy 1s slow. Each officer is kinf of those below him— must be by the necessity of his profession. A company of soldiers cannot stop to take a vote asto whether they shall advance or retreat. Government they must have. War in its com- pelling union and united action compels gov- ernment, but that government is limited within itself to & pure despotism. Wise it may be, kind it may be, but despotic it must be b; the underlying law—the good of all. The goo. gl (;?mmnn »in a state of war, demands e: sm. semi-civilized people of to-day recognize this. We maintain our milis tisms 0 night with; under the control of t! mocracy ‘we do business with this despotism. It is meek lnon%h and discontented enough in time of pesce, but in times of war it grows strong and proud, and in all history the suc- cessful general has finally become king. ‘A king is & good thing to fight with—a fierce, brave thing—and one to live and die for. But with peace and proiperlti' the people grow strong—rebellious, if you will, 1he king usually succumbs to the vices of inaction. whltdeln l!]le do? 3 2 A An 8s the people grow stronger and wiser and more in 1v15\u1 they inen‘:flngl’ resent the absolute power above thers, and it either weakens peacefully away, as in England; maintains itself by forcing war, as in many other monarchies, or precipitates its overthrow by an arbitrary enforcing of power no longer based on natural need. The ballot does not need the bullet behind it, but the king does. A king without an army is but one man meng many—only tra- dition supports him. No individual passions, however magnified by place and power, can maintain a form of social life after the time has come for its slow supplanting or swift ex- tinction. It is society which grows and develops its ever changing forms. The individuals com- ing soclety must act under its laws. The unter and fighter nceded only the leader, nd he was transient and exchaugeable. The keeper of sheep and cows needed the chief—the father—io adjudicate as well as lead, to decide claims "hitherto unkaown Then his headship descended in order of age— the law of primogeniture began. Agriculture, with its new enlargement of in- dividualism, its new output of weaith, its new sense of permanent possession, made ible the large self-feeding kingdom- d kiug- dom came. But with the growth of individual creation— ‘when human labor began to blossom into art and pear rich fruit in manufacture, when the individual soul found endless avenues of growth in these new forms of human expres- sion; and yet, with that towering individual- ism, learned the absolute interdependence of these arts and crafis—then man first knew himself—In kuowing his brother. Then the Eeopla Lcame to power. *I” can hunt, “I” can eep sheep, “I' can in some sort dig in the ground eat its fruit; but only “we” can raise hand and brain to their full scope of ex- of le to recognize the s lority of one and the wisdom of heedship. Having set him over them and begun to obey, they set in mo- quisite power and skill in working for each T. 1t all foliows as lung and inevitabl AL i nevitably as the | g:o\flh and changing conditions, and should follows the hunter, the farmer follows the shepherd, the craitsman follows the farmer, and the distributer follows the craftsman. That means trade and commerce. And just as surely as the industrial era demands National democracy, and gets it, so will the commercial erademand a universal democracy—and will get it. But the change in living always pre- cedes the change in governing—naturaliy—the governing is but one of the outer forms of liv- ing and must be altered by the life inside after it is strong enough. The people came to know their power, their own aud each other’s, when they became useful to each other through the division of labor and the exchange of product. Trade means close interdependence ; commerce means travel, knowledge, a wider and more slowly recognized interdependence. Interde- pendence means organic unity in proportion 10 its degree of development. A people as an organic whole must have s government to administer their common in- terest. Those interests are no longer confined to common action against a common foe; they | require a subtle baiancing of internal ciaims, & management of many conflicting and yet ultimately united forces, a representstion from each and all of these forces, therefore a representative government. No single head can hold the concerns of an industrial commonwealth, understand their individual and relative rights, justly adminis- ter their varied interests to the ‘common good. When the people come to be highly special- ized factors in an elahorate industrial social organism, they must rule, and they do. But rule by the people is the youngest form of government, therefore mnecessarily the least perfect in degree, though the noblest in kind. And the imperfect form of the higher thing is always open to destruction by the more periect | form of the lower thing. The well-trained savage horde, with its | fierce one-idead leader, easily conquered the | pastoral patriarch who was yet unused to his more varied duties. The nomad tribes under & highly organized patriarchate easily con- | 1u:lrsd the large, weak agriculture kingdoms. | - e the young industrial re; easily conquered by the solid old even the tribes and hordes belo A civilized child is far more Lelpless than vage child, but makes & more veluable man. Government by the people is new yetin the world. It rests on large faint lines of mutual love and for- bearance, of mutual usefulness and depend- ence, which our sturdy earlier individualistic passions continually overstep and destroy. Itis the slow triumph of the new tender child- worid of peace and justice and love over | the brute force of the old world-savage, barbaric and half civilized. It has come, and come to stay: but it is by no means yet in full possession of its powers. " Its dangers and its diseases are those incident always to new publics were ingdoms, or tenderly guarded against and bettered with- out even failing to recognize the divine idea under the feeble outer expression. Let us rec- ognize the people as the real world—the one thing to love and serve, to live and die for. Let us listen to the voice of the people, because in the very deepest sense the voice of 'the peo- ple is the voice of God. Let us strive to under- stand the needs of the people and to advance them as ouce we_strove to carry out the high- est wish of the king. Here is room for all the courage, the devotion, the splendid loyalty that has place in the human heart. NEW DUTY. Once to God we owed It all—God alone; Bowing in eternal thrall, giving, sacrificing all, Before the throne. Once we owed it to the king—served the crown; Luek;rm love and everything, in allegiance to the ng, Laying down. Now we owe It to mankind—to our race; Fullest frult of soul and mind, heart and hand and all behind, Now in place. Loving service, wide and free, from the sod, Up in_varying degree, through me and you, through you and me, Up to God. Mrs. Stetson’s paper was warmly ap- lauded, and Mrs. Cooper declared the SIscussion open. Miss Severance was on her feet again, and was greeted with applausein anticipa- tion of her bright remarks. She said: *“When [ came to this State in 1862 I heard that the Chinese merchants were con- sidered the best and most trustworthy creditors, and yet Chinese could not get | protection. You used to see boys running through the streets and pulling China- men’s queues, but you never see it now, and why? Simply because about 2000 Chinese are native sons of the Golden ‘West, and soon, as ‘males,’ to be given the ballot. The ballot is & tremendous power, and whoever are back of the ballot are sure to be protected.’”” S A resolution thanking Mrs. Stetson for her two able papers, offered by Mrs. Swiit and second by Mrs. Van Pelt, was unanimously carried and a telegram ordered sent to Mrs. Btetson notifying her *'3ire. Goo sved the grati rs. per expre: the gratitude of the whole audience for the mn‘nry beaatiful tlowers sent each day by florists and pri- vate individuals to make the stage and hall _g_nrucuhrly attractive, To-day the revailing color in the decorations and the owers will be red, Thursday it will be white, Friday yellow, Saturday pink, and Sunday, when "the Rev. Anna Shaw will speak, white. SIS R AFTERNOON SESSION. Able Papers by Misses Graydon and Kelth and by Mesdames Prag and Victor. Miss Catherine M. Graydon, one of the best-known teachers in the Oakland High School and an advanced student in special courses at the University of California, was the first speaker of the aflternoon ses. sion. Her paver, “The Family,” treated the unit of social life in a broad review of conditions in historic ages. She said: A few vears before his death Dr. book, “The Nation.” has been m’.“:ln':l.l"ific‘l'fl‘r’ro:} {nany s alesmen, wrote in a letter that he thought the constitution the United States ought 10 be upon the !nmu;f But such are the nature and place of the family ta the social order, o many and grave evils avise from its present legal and social conditions, and these matters are of such universal and ufgent 5_!:_:-;:1". that he thought, as he again twrote, i ::,:,"‘“g." the most important question that aros e before the American people since the war. The probable origin of government is & question of fact, to be settled not by conjecture, hu? by his- tory. The answer is to be found amidsi such iraces 8S remains of yrimitive peovle. Limited and con- fusing as such means or reconstructing may be, ihey repay patient comparison and analysis ricnl; m; of the or ly as do materiaig hilologist. The facts us to the origin story of government are at least facts concerning the growth and beginning and Bua or the Kuases, or th development of the Fully to understand the beginning of domestic and early. 85 available as | kinsbip of lan- archologist orf man. We have thus to begin with & conditiou in which the family, as we understand it, does not exist. Inloose croupsof men first formed there is no established order of any kind: everythingls indefinite, unseitied. As the relations of men (0 men are andetermined, so are those of men ana women. Two distinct theories are held as 0 this relationship of men and women: one, that com- munism was the archaic state; the other, that some sort of famlly existed from the very first. Arguments theie are on both sides. ‘The promiscuous manner in which certain Afri- can tribes and islanders of the seas have lived point to an early tirue when such customs must have been general. Lut more urgent is the fact that among primitive races kiuship is reckoned among women alone, which seems w0 polot back 10 & communisiic state and to polyandry. Legends and national sougs ulso testify (0 s matriacchal form of governmeni, where the mother was supreme—from her name and title were received, from ber property was inheri:ed. In the Eumen- ides of Aschyius some scholars have discerned & tragic conflict between two world epochs: the of mother kinship represented by the and the dawning of the age of father Lip are announced by Apollo and corrobo- raied by Athene in ber judicial acquiiial @f the matricide Orestes on the ground that he was no relative to his mother. The first historical pictures of the family are Semitic—an institution of that nomadic, mate- rially interested, mentally narrow, deeply religious race—and these pictures present a patriarchal form of government. Jacob, with his wives, his horde. of servants, his immense flocks and herds, with 1§ as sole ruler, is a Lype of the earliest family ally know it. Its foundation-stone is au- and obedience. ronous, with the Hebrew manner of living in Western lands, a different type. Wherev. r reath of Aryan life reaches, there strenszth and ation flourish. The archeiypal family ex- h races, but it is founded upon different The Semitic is patriarchal: the Arvan ual: one ma<es the father the unit, the mily itself: one is polygamous, in' the other the other monogamy prevails; one gives all duties to | women, the other gives some duties to men, and some rights to women. The patriarchal Semitic sysiem is the germ of monarchy: the Aryan fam- y is the beginning of a political commonwealth. In Greece and Kome the Indo-European family is the most highly evolved, both literatures fur- nishing lustng instances of woman and her domain. Homer gives an ideal type, based prob- ably on reality, where he pictures the Telationship | of "Hector and Andromache, of Odysseus and | Penelope. of Alkinoor and Arete. In historical imes woman’s position was not so advanced. In politics nor in military affairs did she share. In literaiure she iailed to win re- nown, save the Immortal Sappho. Taucydides NEW TO-DAY. [1YPARL WASHGOODS DEPARTHMENT! THE LATEST PRODUCTIONS. CHOICE DIMITIES AND LAWNS, 123, 15¢, 20c and 236 por Y. FASi:cth:fifi!D——B‘ATIETEB, 38 15¢ per Yard. GRASS LAWNS, colored stripes— 15¢ per Yard. FRENCH PIQUES, dotted, figured, striped and all plain colors— 40 per Yard. A llr%: and and select variety of FRENCH ORGANDIES, MARSEILLES, BA- TISTES, NAINSOOKS AND LAWN TISSUE! Also, an assortment of DOTTED SWISS, wita plain and colored dots, all being sold at POPULAR PRICES. ELEGANT WASH WAISTS, Made of the most delicate and up-to-date materials, from 60c, 75c, 83¢, $1.00 Upward. SE HABLA ESPANOL. G. VERDIER & CO., SE. Cor. Geary and Graat Ave. VILLE DE PARIS. e egg. The shepherd 1ife, we must go further back than the history of | BRANCH HOUSE, LOS ANGELES.