The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, March 1, 1896, Page 25

THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, SUNDAY, MARCH 1, 1896. 25 HE latest invention for the benefit of mariners is an apparatus called the eophone, by which pilots and sieersmen on ocean crafts are en- abled to hear the signalsof vessels eitherin a fog or heavy blow. One has been attached to the Government tug Daniel 8. Lamont, in New York hartbor, says the Journal. The eophone has been successfully tested ina wind. Theinstrument which re- ce he sound looks like an anvil, and is placed on the roof of the pilot-house. m it extend two tubes, which pene- trate the roof and reach a point just abaft the wheel. Atthe end of each tube isa transmitting-pipe. These fit into apertures on eitherside of a mask, which is placed ! lution of india rubber before vulcaniza- | and applicable in almost all cases now treated by spreading or coating water- proof woven fabric. This improvement consists in covering the suriace with a coat or coats of shellac. Woven stuff is se- lected of the sort desired and produced in the pattern preferred, and the back coated with one or more coatings of india-rubber substance in an ordipary spreading ma- chine and in the ordinary way; a film or coat of shellac dissolved in ammoniacal solution is next applied, in any design re- quired, =0 as to leave a portion of the sur- fabric, after vulcanization, is ornamented by printing upon it in a suitable medium and in such colors as may be appropriate | the pattern or design. To vrotect the | printed surface the printed fabric is cov- | ered once or twice with a transparent so- | INVENTOR face uncovered; next, the shellac-coated | AND exaggerated.” Carlyle’s cardinal blunder Was that he took the distance from Paris to Varennes to be only sixty-seven miles, whereas it is 160. I should imagine that he confused Varennes-en-Ar- gonne with Varennes-Jaulgonne, a village not lying far off the route, now sixty-six miles by rail. From tbis blunder flowed a whole catalogue of errors, for which 1 must refer the reader to the Historical So- ciety’s transactions. Mr. Browning's pa- per is_evidently not so well known as 1t should be, inasmuch as the Marquis of Ri- pon, at the London meeting for the pur- | chase of the Chelsea house, cited the flight to Varennes as an example of Carlyle’s historical gifts. Suffice it to say, that the | pace of the royal carriage in Carlyle’s nar- | rative became three miles per hour instead | of six and a half, and that the carriage it- | self becamc a huge lumbering vehicle, | Whereas it was a well-constructed post- | chaise, going at an ordinary pace on an | occasion, however, when the pace should | | have been unusual, 2 _Mr. Browning is thorough almost mer- | ciless in his exposure of errors. He could | not, indeed, be expected to pass over Car- lyle’s description of Drouet as in his night- | gown, instead of dressing gown, as ludi- crous a mistake as that with which Car- lyle twitted a translator of “‘Faust,” who made the fainting Margaret ask her neich- bor at church for her dram bottle in lien of her smelling-bottle. But he might have been a little less severe on the town of | Varennes being styled a paltry little vil- lage; on Drouet being described as still in the prime of life, when he was only 28; on couchee for coucher; on Pont-de-Somme- TORRE’'S EOPHONE. izvice, by which the hearing of pil ots is intensified in a fog or storm, is affxed to the roof of the pilot-house and connected by tubes with the pilot’s quarters.] head of the man usi the appa- s, and connect directly ) his ears. this ephone was tried down the recently half a gale was blowing, and e was a sharp squall of snow coming town. The experimenters who tested the k were the inventor, Della Torre, and Inspector of the National Board of Underwriters R. M. Hanna. Not- tanding the conditions of _the weather the experimenters heard with - the noise made the blowing of stles and the em of exhaust steam by other tugs fully half -2 mile to ceward. They could not see the other tugs, but unfailingly succeeded in point- ged for the purpose of wheelman, directly to ' the pied by the vessels which ed in the trial. nventor eays he has heard a whistle tee niles off, and in a fog, when there no wind, he can hear a greater distance. ne echoes of the eophone can be heard hen they strike apy solid substance, and t is said that a small spar buoy has been cked up in this way. i an eophone had been in use on the een the other. morning the disastrous with the Strathdon would have oided. Needles of Art. The microscope in the hands of a pains- taking German scientist has shown that nature has things down to a much finer point than man. The scientist looked long and patiently at the point of a needle, which goes to show how thorough is the search that Ger- man scientists are making to know the world about them. He found that the needle point, instead Polnt of rose thorn. 8. Point 1. Needle point. 2. PO 5 wasp sting. of being smooth and round and sharp, as everybody has supposed, is clumnsy, rough a biunt. Under the microscope it lookea. like the end of a crowbar. This was one of the finest cambrie needles, The wasp can give points to the best needle-makers, for his stinging needle has not only a delicately taperin, end that 1o artificial product can equal, but it is barbed for a long part of its length with other points that are invisible to the naked eve, but quite perceptible in the epider- The thorn of the rose, on the other hand, < rone of the barbs that make the sting the wasp so formidable. Itis, however, corrugated throughout its whole length by minute channels. It seems that it is impossible for man to put a verfect point on any instrument. “This is accounted for by the unevenness of the grain of iron and steel, for the finest steel under the microscope seems to be a mass of molecules of different sizes and densities.—Philadelphia Record. A New Kind of Fabric. A new kind of fabric has been devised— an ornamental india-rubber waterproof material of little more weight than the or- dinary single-texture waterproof fabric, 1 tion or after; it is then ready to receivea coat of arrowroot or other suitable sub- stance for producing a shot or other lumi- nous effect. Development of Human Flight. Otto Lilienthal contributes to the Aero- nautical Annual for 1896 an exhaustive and very interesting article on “Practical Ex- pe: ents for the Development of Human Flight.” Human flight, he maintains, is proceeding toward verfection by gradual development. The laws of atmospheric resistance, upon which all flying'depends, | and regarding which, until very recent years, the greatest uncertainty has ex- isted, have now been defined to such an Lilienthal’s Air-Sailer. extent that the different phases of flight can be treated mathematically. Besides this the ¥hysicnl processes of the natural flight of the creatures have become the subject of minute investigation, and in most cases been satisfactorily ex- plained. The natureof the wind, also,and its intiuence on flying bodies, have been derstand several peculiarities of the bird's flight hitherto unexplzinable, so that one can apply the results thus obtained in pe: fecting human flight. Only by actual fly ing experiments can a practical insight into the practice of flying be obtained. The accompanying illustration shows Lilien- thal’s idea of a flying macnine, and is an exact picture of the construction of the ap- paratus. It is a double apparatus. The upper surface is separated from the lower by a distance equal to three-quarters of the breadth of the lower surface, and it has no disturbing influence whatever, but creates only a vertically acting lifting force. With such an apparatus one always cuts the air quickly, so that both surfaces are met by the air current, and therefore both act as lifters. The whole management of such an apparatus is just the same as that of a single sailing surface. Steering is brought about by simply changing the center of ravity, shifting the position of the body. While Maxim builds machines of several tons’ weight, and depends upon screw pro- pulsion, Litienthal’s apparatus is just heavy enough to hold the operator, and is propelled by flaps. Flight of Louis XVI. Carlyle probably died without any con- sciousness of his gravest mistakes, his account of the king’s flight to Varennes. It was not till March, 1886, that Oscar Browning, who in the previous autumn had been over the ground, showed in a paper read before the Royal Historical Society that the account, while “a very vivid picture of the affair as it occurred, in its broad outlines consistent with the trutb,” was *‘in almost every detail inex- act,”” “almost every statement false or carefully studied, thus enabling us to un- | ville for Pont Sommevesle—both forms seem to have been used; and on the pres- | ence of sunshine. This last correction is : rather strained.—Westminster Review, ‘ Paragraphs for the Curious. Thirty-nine of the fiity-six men who | signed the Declaration of Independence | were college graduates. Between the years 1860 and 1882 more | than 15,000,000 bison (buffalo) were killed | within the limits of the United States. The great breakwaterat Plymouth, Enz- land, contains exactly the same quantity | of stone as the great pyramid—3,800,000 be latest (1895) statistics show that | there are 252,745 hlind persons in the | United States and Europe, or about eighty- one per 100,000 inhabitants, The Scotch have the heaviest average | brain weight—fifty ounces. The Eskimos of East Greenland have the lightest—43.9 | ounces. The “‘water pail” forge is a new mode | of heating iron to a white heat in water | | that has been subjected to electrical ac- tion. Dr. Eitiot Coues, the discoverer of the | ‘‘true source of the Mississippi,” says that | it is a *branch” 8 inches across and 2 inches deep. - The naked arc light is one of the most | deadly enemies of bacteria, and on that | account is being largely used in hospitals. | In Mexico they have a plant called the | “herb of prophecy.” One who eats of it is said to everafter be able to predict comirg | events, Atlantic sea water contains only eighty- one pounds of salt to the ton; that from the Dead Sea 187 pounds to the ton. The oak provides home and food for 309 species of insects and ‘‘occasional lodg- | ings’ for about 150 others. { M. Pouchet, an eminent French biolo- | gist, gives 1t as his opinion that the very Towest forms of are not subject to | | death, as are the higher forms. hepherd. | The natives of Venezuela and adjoining Amazon often avail themselves of the | services of a native crane to care for their poultry, and also, in the place of collies or shepherd dogs, used by North Americans | {and Europeans to guard and herd their | i domestic animals. This remarkable bird, which tbe Indians call yak-a-mik and or- | | nithologists Psophia crepitans, is found in | | a wild state in the great forests that lie | | between the northern coasts of South | | America and the Amazon River, particu- | larly in Venezuela and British Guiana. | { The birds never leave the foresis unless i shot or captured. They travel about | in flocks of from one to two hundred, | in search of the berries, fruits and insects | upon which they sub: | ~Their usual t is a slow and stately | mareh, but they enliven themselves from | time to time by leaping up into the air, | | executing eccentric and fantastic waltzes and strikineg the most absurd and prepos- terous attitudes. If pursued they en- st. their flight is so weak, according to Schom- | burgh, that when they attempt to fly over a body of water of any - considerable width they are often obliged to drop upon it and | save themselyves by swimming. When alarmed they utter the peculiar cry which has obtained for them their name of | trumpeters. The sound is something like that produced by a person endeavoring to shout the syllables “tow, tow, ‘ow; iow, | tow,” with his mouth shut, or the doleful | noise made by children on New Year's | with their ‘trumpets. The yakamiks | usually deposit their eggs in a slight hol- | Jow in the ground, often at the foot of a | tree. i The yakamiks are very readily tamed, | and prove valuable servants to the In- | diang, who domesticate them, as they are | very courageous, and will protect animals intrusted to their care at every risk to themselves. Even dogs are obliged to yield to their authority. They may be trusted with the care of a flock of sheep or | domestic fowls, and every morning wiil drive the ducks and poultry to their feed- | ing places, and, carefuily collecting any | | stragglers, brinz them safely home at night. A yakamik soon learns to know and to obey the voice of its master, follows him when permitted wherever he goes, and appears delighted at receiving his casesses. It repines at his zbsence and welcomes his return, and is extremely jealons of any rival. Should any dog or | cat appronch it flies at it with the utmost fury, and, attacking it with wings and beak, drives it away. It presents itself regularly during meals, from which it chases all domestic animals, | and even the nezroes who wait on the table, if it is not well acquinted with them, and only asks for a share of the eatables | countries on the north side of the river | | deavor to save themselves by runaing, for | — after it has driven away all who might aspire te.a favorable notice from the fam- ily. It appreciates favorsin the same pra- portion as it is jealous of sharing them with others, and manifests joy and affec- tion by the most extravagant capers and gesticulations. When the animals of which he has charge are shut up for the night, the yakamik roosts upon some shed or tree near at hand, to be ready to takeits place as keeper as soon a3 they are let out in the morning. One quality which makes it valuable 15 its sense of location, which is perfect; however far it may wander with the flocks or herds it guards, it never fails to find its way home at night, driving be- fore itall the creatures entrusted to its care.—J, Carter Beard in Popular Science News. A Pocket Electric Lamp, A German inventor, Herr Bohwinkle, has devised a form of electric incandescent lamp, with accompanying battery, com- pact enough to be carried about in the pocket. We translate a descrivtion of the device from der Stein der Weisen (Vienna, Janaary 1), and reproduce the accompany- ing pictures: “Such a lamp as shown in Fig. 1, Figs. 2 and 3 represent the corresponding light- tubes of two different dimensions. These last, like that represented in Fig. 1, consist of two principal ts; that seen at the lower half, whi iz. 113 made as a flat flask, but in Figs the bottom, and tt the upper half, the b by means of a screw is 1 airtight to the other part. vhich is called a ‘revolver’ it of its likeness to the olver, consists of three ements * * * capable rent of six volts and four to five amperes. Fastened to the wires of a glow lamp whien in Fig. 1is covered with a globe of thick glass and in Figs. 2 and 3 with a frame and lenses, and also fitted with re- flectors, which increase the power of the lig t. When the lampis to be used the bottle or tube is tilled with a patent bat- tery fluid and then screwed tight to the battery. By tipping up the lamp the fluid is brought into contact with the elements, generating a current and ca ng the fila- the poles are (see Fig. 3), | ment to elow with a bright white light, | which with the lamps shown in Figs. 1 and 2 will Jast continuously for an hour and a half and with Fig. 3 for three-quar- ters of an hour with one filling. If the lamp be heid upricht the fluid tlows back into the bottle or. tube, away from the bat- tery, and the light goesout. * * * Qne quart of the fluid is enough to fill the lamp sixteen times. * * * The lamp may be carried either in the pocket or in a leather case_fitted with straps.”—Translated for | the Literary Digest. Curiosities About Colns. Herodotus says that Creesus was the first ruler to order gold coins made. In the year 450 B. C., round copper coins were first made. Each weighed twelve ounces, The most valuable United States cents are those of 1793, 1799, 1804, 1809, 1811, 1813, 1823 and 1827. The rarest and most valuable United States coin of what is cailed the “regular mint series’ is the silver dollar of 1804, A silver half-dime of the year 1802 is worth $30,if in good condition, and from 10 to §25 if in only fair shape. The only valuatle nickel 5-cent piece is THE YAEAMIK OR BIRD SHEPHERD, and 3 as tubes closed at | that of the year 1877, which the collectors purchase at $1 each. The little silver 3-cent piece was first coined in 1851. It was discontinued in 1873. One of the first date is worth a dime, one of the last $1. The face on the silver dollar is that of a young lady residing in Philadelphia. Her name is Anna W. Williams, and she is a teacher of kindergarten philosophy. The very oldest ¢on in the British Mu- seum is an ZEgian picce of the year 700 B. C. Itisnot dated, of course, dating being a modern innovation, extending back only 500 years. An Arch®ological Discovery. An interesting archzological discovery has, says a Brussels correspondent, just been made at Bruges. Some workmen who were constructing a sewer in the neighborhood of the Church of Notre Dame unearthed a subterranean chamber, the walls of which were decorated with paintings of sacred subjects, dating from the latter end of the fifteenth century, all of which were in a state of perfect pr ervation. Some Notable Dwarfs. According to Pliny, Tullia, 2 niece of Augustus, had a maid in her employ “who was.scant two feet and a hand’s breadth in height.” Count Borowlaski, a Polish gentleman, born in the first half of the last century, was only twenty-five inches high on his twenty-eighth birthday. He lived to be 98 years old, dying in England in 1837. Bebe, the favorite dwarf of the court of King Stanislaus of Poland, was thirty-three inches‘high. Jeffery, or Geoffry Hudson, England’s most famous dwarf, | was efghteen inches in height. Scientific Notes. The London Chronicle is of the opinion that although much has been written about argon, no one has seen his way to suggest a use for it now that it has been discovered. An ingenious suggestion in this direction has been made by W. R. Quinan in the “Journal’’ of the American Chemical Society. The suggestion is that in argon we have an ideal thermometrical substance for the measurement of high temperatures. An objection which can be raised to the use of the ordinary gases in air thermometers for high temperature measurements is, that being diatomic they may at these temperatures become dissoci- ated. whereas argon, on the other hand, being monatomic, or ‘presumably so, is in- capable of dissociation at a high tempera- ture. By the use of argon in this manner, it is possible we may be able to detect and measure at high temperatures the dissoci- ation of permanent gases, and thus attack aproblem at present beyond our reach. The weak spot about this suggestion of course is that it is not yet certain that ar- gon is a monatomic gas. If, however, this | point should be absolutely proved, it is probable that some valuabie and interest- ing work may be accomplished somewhat on the lines indicated. In a recent communication to a German medical paper Messrs. Reute and Enoch give the resultsof a series of experiments on the air of schoolrooms, for the purpose of ascertaining the average number of germs present, and whether any of them were pathogenic. The windows were closed an hour before the samples of air were taken, and measured quantities were then passed through gelatine. The maxi- mnm number of germs amounted to over 3,000,000 per cubic meter, and minimum to 1500 per cubic meter, the average being about 268,000 per cubic meter of air. The experiments were conducted from Sep- tember to March and the results were very | variable. The authors describe eighteen | different s ecies of bacteria, but of these | they found on!y one to be pathogenic to mice, rabbits, or the guinea-pig. Some interesting work bearing on the igin of our atmosphere hasrecently been | blished by Mr. T. L. Phipson. Assum- ! ing that the chief constituent of the primi- | tive atmosphere was nitrogen gas, the author believes that the oxygen now pres- ent has been added chiefly by the aid of | vegetable life. Experiments which have | been made upon plants show that they can exist without free oxygen. Thus convol- | vulus arvensis, gmwmralor three months | in an atmosphere of damp nitrogen, in which a certain amount cf carbonic acid gas was present, eventually converted this highly nitrogenous atmosphere into air, such as we know it now. Continuing the experiment further, the amount of oxygen was still more increased. An important | point discovered was that inferior plants, | such as protococcus and conferva, gave out | about fifty times as much oxygen, weight | for weight, as those of more recent zeo- logical periods. Any theory which, with any degree of probability, will account for those mys: terious tails attached to comets, stretching in some cases for many hundred thousand miles across the heavens, is sure to excite | interest. Professor Fessenden has sug- | gested in_a recent number of the Astro- | pnysical Journal a possible explanation, wiich, although somewhat hypothetical, | is yet'a possible explanation of many ot the observed facts. It has been shown by | several investigators that when ultra-violet I light is aliowed to fall upon an unelectrfied | body the surface of the body disintegrates, | the " particles which fly off being cliarged | negatively, while the body itself becomes | positively charged. Starting with this cb- | served fact, Professor Fessenden suggests | that negatively charged particles are em | tea from that side of a comet which is turned toward the sun, whilst the nucleus of the comet becomes positively charged. { Erom evidence derived from- the solar spectrum, J. J. Thomson has shown the probability that the chromosphere of the | sun is negatively electrified, which is one | of the forces, acting with others, tending | to repel and drive the comet particles away from the sun, We are told by scientists that in four- teen days at the most after decease the dead are beyond recognition, and thatin | three months sl trace of the human face | divine has disappeared. Potash deposits are commonly found associated with deposits of rock salt. Of the latter vast beds existin New York, Kansas, Michigan and otlLer parts of the TUnited States, and stores of yaluable fer- tilizers may yet be discovered on tuis con- tinent, according to geologists. It has hitherto been the custom of the children attending the public schools of Austria and Hungary to kiss the bands of the teacher on arriva! and departure. This has now been forbidden by an order from the Imperial Board of Education, which bases its action on the fact that sanitary investigation has shown that kissing is unhealthy, and should not be practiced when absolutely unnecessary. ‘The practice of twining creeping plants over masonry is increasing. Beyond the fact that the growths retain dampness, which is injurious to framework, there is another danger. An ivy plant with a three-inch stem once raised a wall pier from its setting and pushed it out bodily, while another une grew between two ver- tical stones and split into pieces three stones above it. 5 One of the most curious of the many na- tural barometers consists of a half-pint glass half full of water, a piece of muslin and a leech. The leeca must be put in the water and the muslin tied over the top of the glass thut the creature cannot get out again, When fine weather is to be the or- der of the day the leech will remain at the bottom of the water, coiled up in spiral shape, perfectly motionless. Ifrainis to be expected 1t will creep to the top of the lass and remain there until thers isa ikelihood of more settled weather. If there is to be a storm of wind it squirms about in’ the water with violence. For some days before thunder' it occasionally moves its body in a convulsive fashion. In frosty weatherit behaves in the same man- ner as in fine weather, and it foretells snow in the same manner. Sir Robert Ball, Astronomer Royal of Ireland, in his recentlecture to children on “The Wondersof Astronomy,” made some astounding and interesting statements, a great many of which are new to old as well as the young. Among other things he said that there are stars so remote that they would not have vet received a telegraphic message aanouncing the birth of Christ nad it been started from Nazareth on that first Christmas morning almost 1900 years ago! And electricity travels about 16,000 miles a second. Double-Wind Wheels. A rather striking type of English wind- mill 18 shown in the cut helow, taken from the London Engineer. It consists of a wheel thirty-five feet in diameter, mounted on a steel tower forty feet Ligh, situated onone of the most elevated positions on the estate. The engine actuates a treble- barrelea pump, raising water from a well which was specially sunk 150 feet in the chalk. A capacious reservoir has been | X Automatic Windmill. formed in close proximity, and an ample supply of water for all purposes connected with the estate has been provided. The sail is kept head to wind by a smalier wheel, and consists of a_large number of vanes stretched on iron. The num- ber of revolutions can be perfectly controlled by means of a lever at the base of the tow When the engine is work- ing 1n a fair wind the vanes are inclined to the wind at their maximum angle—i. e., 45 | degrees. If the wind is very high, or it is { desired to work at reduced speed, the vanes can be set at an angle of 32, 20, 10 or even 5 degreesto the wind. But whatever the | angle there is no danger of a sudden in- crease of wind veloeity carrying away the whole structure—a catastropha not un- known with some wind motors. Indeed | the machinery would not even travel ata | dangerous pace, for any abnormal pressure | of wind antomatically opens the sails, and | when they are completely open, whether | by the pressure of the wind or by the movement of the lever the wheel ceases to | revolve. | The engines will do the work with as | little as four or five mile wind, but there is practicaily no necessity to work out the table to this point, because the returns specially compiled demonstrate that there is alw: sufficient wind per month at the pressure tabulated. g 2 The engine is made in varions sizes. The energy costs nothing and the original outlay, with wear and tear, spread over few years, amounts to so little that the wind-engine is an inexpensive motor. For water supply and drainage the wind-en- gine has long 2go achieved distinction. It is now coming to the front for electrical purposes. BLADES OF TOLEDO. The Most Famous Swords Were Tem- pered in a Peculiar Sand. The Spanish towns were celebrated throughout the civilized world for the ex- cellence of their swords, and among them all Toledo stood unrivaled for the temper of her steel. The Toledo blade, famous in song and story, was so keen, so flexible, and withal so strong, that its fineness be- came proverbial. When the Moors over- ran Spain in the ninth century, they were already masters of many of the arts, and especially were they adepts in the working of metal. Their swords were highly “valued for their delicate temper, and their special decoration, which we still call damascening, was also justly prized. It was from these conquerors that the. Span- iards learned much of their skill in forging and tempering steel. And that the completeness of the no- blest weapon men ever made should not be marred by the lack of any element, natural or artificial, the fairy godmother, nature, contributed one more gift. On the panks of the Tagus there is an abun- dance of fine sand. In the process of forging the metal is taken white-hot from the furnace, and is subjected to a cooling process. 1t was to the peculiar properties of this white Tagus sand, in which the cooling blade was buried, that the Toledo biades owe their unequaled hardness and | great flexibilit; 3t. Nicholas. In Italy there are more theaters in pro- portion to the population than in any other country. NEW TO-DAY. For the Teeth and Breath. An absolutely safe dentifrice, popular with refined people for over fifty years. All Druggists. onr PURE AND FRAGRANT. A small sample bottle free, if you mention.the San Francisco CALG. Address the Proprietorsof Sozodont, HALL & RUCKEL, Wholesale Druggists, w York City. Heres anoth er thing = : & you cant beat JOHNNIE 3itle The largest piece of GBOBD {obacco ‘ever sold for IO CENTS N Choice Bulbs and Plants. 7=\ We prepay the postage and guarantee safe delivery of the Plants. 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