The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, October 2, 1895, Page 8

THE SAN FRANCISCO CAL L, WED ESDAY, OCTOBER 2, 1895. WINE AND BEER YEASTS. Important Discoveries in the Production of Pure Beverages. EXPERIMENTS AT BERKELEY. The Agricultural Station May Soon Be In a Position to Supply Ferments. of Europe are ms ferments. mence active work for hours and some- times days after being placed in the liguid Most of the yeasts, molds and bacteria exists in grapes in the resting-spore or in- active state, as we see by the length of time which the first crush of grapes takes in starting to ferment. Now the practical application of the method of fermenting with pure yeasts depends on the fact that they are put into the must in full activity. In this way they take complete possession of the fermenting mass before the “wild yveasts” and injurious organisms have awakened from their comatose condition. We thus obtain a good, clezn fermentation ard avoid the production of those unpleas- { ant odors and tastes which the undesirable organisms present usuvally communicate in a more or less marked degree. Next year the agricnltural experiment station of Berkeley will doubtlessbeina position to supply these ferments to a much larger number of wine-msakers. In the meanwhile an excellent method, prac- ticed already in some cellars, by which some of the advantagesof pure yeasts may be obtained, is the following: from the cleanest grapes in the vineyvard, | those having loose bunches and perfect | berries and uncontaminated by road aust, enougkh to fili a small vat. o ferment naturally, and when in full fer- mentation use the wine to start other vats, putting several bucketfuls into each and | taking care to distribute it equ: all parts of the vat. After t can be started from the most ac | menting vat previously filled, bei | ful to avoid using yeas: from vats contain- | ing grapes of poor quality. { T. BrorLerr. CALIFORNIA LECTURES. Interesting Subjects Selected for the Addresses at Atlanta. The State Development Committee in sending its lecturers to the Atlanta Expo- urnished them an ou of i elieved that if the plan Choose | Let these start | | { { ARCHITECTURAL TRIUMPH Improvements That Now Make Twenty-Story Buildings Possible. | REQUIREMENTS OF THE AGE. New York and Chicago Bulldings Fire-Proof and Architect- urally Perfect. terial in the United States in 1871, shortly after the great Chicago fire. Its peculiar advantages caused it to undergo many im- rovements in rapid succession affecting its use in floor construction and in the pro- tection of metal columns and beams from fire, and also adapting it to the needs of a lighter and more rapid construction throughout. Reduction in weight, great fire-resisting qualities, pecutiar adapta- bility to all conditions of position and form, its susceptibility to modeling, its readiness of manufacture in shapes con- venient for transportation and erection, and its enduring qualities, 1l combined to bring it into extensive use. The latest im- provement proposed isan enameled terra cotta, which would be of peculiar value in soot-infested cities like Chicago and Pitts- burg, as exteriors construcied of such ma- terial eould be readily cleansed. Everybody has noticed the extraordin- ary rapidity which the skeletons of the new buildings rise after the foundations bave once been laid. Two stories can gen- erally be erected in six daysof ten hours Some interesting facts about the con- struction of the new tall office buildings are given by Joseph Freitag Kendall in a book on “Architectural Engineering,” which has just been published by John Wiley & Sons. The plan of erecting the towering structures, now familiar with a framework of steel or iron encased in terra | cotta or brick, he calls the Chicago con- ction, because it was developed in Chicago. The beginnings occurred only ten or fifteen vears ago. and the plan is so new and untested ome respects that architects are still divided in opinion about it. The sanitary aspects of the question have received considerabdle attent: It pointed out that damp, un microbe-laden air must lu in the deep valieys formed by mountainous st ion the lower floo rk tures. are apt to be dark and ments fo or in ciu: s known to bota- nt) by the name of W we are 10 believe fluence use of certain on the qt of the res may be sai ave been d that by the use of pure and asts wines can be greatly improved in clearness, alcoholic strength, cleann: e and in quality generally. Whe claim of the most ardent a te< of pur easts, vis., that by the use of aprropriate inds any character, as for instance that of in de Bordeaux,” Champagne, B ndy, etc., can be produced with a ne ral grape may be considered as yet prob- lematic. However this may be the use of Jacguemin’s pure, selected yeasts is an ssured success. for, whereas, in 1831 only afew wine-makers experimented with them, in 1894 thousands of wine-makers all over France used them on an industrial scale. Jacquemin b tablished a laboratory, which he call: Institute la Claire,” in the Jura Mountains of Eastern Franceat an altitnde of more than 3000 feet. Here in an atmosphere free irom germs he selects the yeasts of all the finest vintages of France and other count: from all foreign and injur : and finally cultivates them ina pe: pure state and sends them in large qu: tities all over France and to other vine- growing countries. ies the spe- cal ferment of Sauterne, anti, Johan- nisberg; you can obtain from him fer- ments which will Produce the maximum amount of alcobol from a given amount of sugar; ferments for hot countries, for | for| cold * countries; ferments for cider, perry, for boney wine—all supposed to differ in some way and 1o be appropriate for different uses. : ‘Whether all that is claimsd for these yeasts is trué or not they are all certainly yure, and as such of the greatest value in e production of good, souné wine. Many wine-makers consider that by the use of these pure yeasis they haveimvroved their product by from 10 to 50 per cent. This can be ily credited when we consider the ordinary process of wine-making. ‘When the grapes are brought to the winery the skins and still more the stems are covered with the spores of a multitude of ferments, molds and bacieria, all of which enter into the race for precedence— {air field and no favor. The race is to the strong, and the strong is the organism most suited to the conditions, but not Tecessarily most suited to the end in view, viz.: the production of a thorough alco- bolic fermentation. Fig. 3 represents an ordinasy California yeast, showing the mixture of forms that almost always oc- cur. Tie forms shown are all yeastsor moids; the bacteria do not develop in ap- iable quantities till later. Fig. 4 was rawn- from a pure yeast from Algeria, und shows the comparative constancy of form of a pure color; the difference of size simply .indicates differences of age. All these figures are magnified about 1000 diameters and consequently representthe cells 1,000.000,000 times larger than they actually. are. Fig. 5 is Baccharomyces spiculatus. As a'rule the first fermentation iscaused rincipaily by the Saccharomyces apicu- tus, s small alcoholc ferment which does no great harm except that it uses up nin0re sugar in the production of a certain amount’ of alcohol than does the proper wine ferment. The apiculate yeast, bein, paralyzed by 2 or 3 per cent of llcohof. soon gives way tn the genuine wine yeast, which, in the most favorable cases, carries on the fermentation to dryness. In the meantime, however, the molis and bac- teria have been developing,and, if any- thing happens to check the action of tke wine yeast, they take ion and give us various varieties of milk sour, mousey and pricked wines. these o isms have two well- marked forms, which may be called the active and the inactive. When in the former ‘state they commence operations the moment they come in contaet with the must; when in the latter they do not com- ators, and it is rea- | y | the roof with refleetors, similer to those i 1 is properly carried out the lectures will be of great benefit to this State. Stereopticon views of all parts of California will be pre- sented with every lecture. The n is to systematically present California as it is, so as to convey an_intellizent knowledge of the State, including its history—present conditions and prospects —avoiding ex- aggerations and glowing enlogies. The purpose is to furnish such informa- tion as will interest those not now inter- ested and to instruct such as are contem- vlating a visit to or residence in the State upon all the important questions neces- sary to their pleasuré or success when here. The subjects selected are Californ:a’ nghy. topography, climate, sce oriculture, agriculture, hor ng, manufacturing industr Indians, resorts and medic gs and statistics and facts of general est. sprix inter . THE POLIE TO PRACTICE | Magnificent Shooting Range | for the Force in the City Hall. Several Gold Medals Will Be Offered as Prizes as an Incentive to the Men. Through the energy of Police Captain practice has been established in | Larkin-street basement of the City Hall. It has been a pet project with him, and all the arrangements have been made under his personal supervision. In 1881 two targets were purchased by the department and a range was fixed up in a quarry on Telegraph Hill. Practice | was carried on there for some years, till blasting opergtions put a stop to it. targets we#% loaned to Captain L. Siede of Shell Mound Park, and Captain Wittman took possession of them two or three weeks ago. gThs City Hall range is 150 feet in length. | The two targets face to the south and are | built in a bulkhead of two-inch planks, one | foot apart, the vacant space being filled in with sand and cinders. The bulkhead is | painted black and the tar white, with | the exception, of course, of the buliseves, | | | | the tareet, is a row of lights with reflectors, { which throw a flood of light upon the tar- gets. Along the walls at each side is a row of lights with reflectors, and at the | firing point there isa row of lights aleng front of the targets. There isa platiorm at the firing point, en the edge of which, facing the target, is |8 guard. The serzeant’s desk and seats | and tables for the men on which to clean their weapons are on the platiorm. Two electric buttons are within reach of the sergeant which communicate with a bell where each of the target markers stand, between whom a code of signals has been arranged. The target markers stand within an archway at each side of the tar- gets, and when a shot is fired they thrust outa diskon a long pole and place it on the epot where the bullet struck. Esch squad for revolver practice will consist of twenty-four men, in charge of a sergeant. They will be known as that ser- geant's squad, and it is expected from the | great interest taken by the men in the *nnge that there will be a keen rivalry | among the squads. This afternoon at 5 o’clock Sergeant Birdsall's squad will open the firing, which will continue for an hour. Captain Wittman has offered a gold medal annually to the man in Company A who has shown the greatest improvement in sheoting. Colonel Beaver of the Bank of California will give a gold medal annu- ally to the best shot in the department, and Captain Siebe will give a gold medal Anmul‘:f to the man making the best score in rapid firing with pocket pistols. It is expected that others will come forward with offers of medals or prizes. NEW OAVALRY UNIFORMS, The New Militia Troop Decides Upon a Distinctive Dress. An event of considerable interest and importance occurred in National Guard eircles when Troop A, the new cavalry or- ganization on Pacific avenue, adopted a distinctive dress uniform yesterday. The troopers have decided to wear a blouse of dark blue cloth, with baif-inch will be almost identical with the blouse now prescribed for officers in the service. The cap will be of the new regulation pat- tern, and the sabers in front will be worked in gold thread instead of being of metal. 1: has been decided that blue trousers of a very light color shall be worn, and that the boots sha!l be of the officers’ pattern. This is intended to per- mit of & constant wearing of the boots in service, the army boot for non-commis- sioned officers and privates being too heavy and uncomfortable. - It is expected that & new equipment will s00n be sent from Sacramento for the use of the new troop. This will include sad- dles, bridles, carbines, sabers and several minor articles prescribed for the cavalry P P i WA R R S Peee BB bk il Bttt D LA SRS o i BitSbiiled ot { Wittman a magnificent range for revolver | the The | Along the roof, about six feet in fronf of | braia, and without buttons showing. It. i | iting, while the sidewalks become ted as the vertical capacity of the ows greater than the horizon- capacity of the A ous objection allezed.is that the of the metal skeleton has not | rated thorough! under peculiar condit 'set by in- | stances of remarkable preservation under other peculiar conditions. . But the advo- | cates of ‘the system believe that metal properly protected wili prove about as per- msnent as solid masonry They are also convinced that the system i ¥ sent t i | its use will g s the con- | centration of tricts and the | consequent rise in the value of real estate, so great that only fifteen or twenty story uildings will pay a return upon the| represented. The case of the | | | { | e and that | American Surety Company of New York | 1 is an illustration. 1t paid $1.500,000 fora plat of ground about eighty-five feet | square, which would be st the rate of $8.000,000 an acre, and it h ught to make the investment profitable P up the immensely tall building cons; ousin lower Broadway. Arother reason | for the extension of the m is the se- | curity it offers' against fire and the low cost at which such protection may be ob- tained. The ordinary city house may be | fireproofed at ‘a figure not exceeding the | cost of ordinary methods.. it was found recently, in taking figures for a building in | Philadelphia to cost $125,000, that a thor- | oughly fireproof construction would cost only 3.6 per cent more than the ordinary | | method of building. This increase wonld be compensated for in a very short time by the decreased insurance. The term firbproot, as applied to modern | structures, does not claim immunity from | fire, for consicerable woodwork must stil] be used in the interiors, and the furniture of tenants remsin to feed | i that bave | ¢ inimum, In brief, all the metai framework of the build- | i encased in material. which is en-| tirely incombustible and a slow heat con- | ductor, and which protects it from the| direct action of fire. The materiais nsed | chiefly for this:purpose are brick, hollow | | tiles, terra cotta and plaster appliedin a | special manner on iron laths. Every square inch -of the framework must be so | sheathed. The floors are arches, curved or | s, brick or other in- | i Inventors have yet an acceptable incombustibl terial for the interior finish of bui | The best that can be done at present is to | reduce the inflammable elements to a min- | { imum and endeavor to confine the fire by | means of fireproof floors and partitions so | that it may do no injury beyond the con- | | sumption of local woodwork and farnish- | ings. The possibility of using frames and cas- | ings for doors and windows made either of metal or of sheet metal over wood and ! | doors covered with sheet metal seems a | question of but a short time. A metal door | | bas lstelv been introduced in this country which is well appearing, lizhi and incom- bustible, and serves as an effectual bar- | rier against the spread of lames. The suc- cess that has attended the use of wire glass in skylights has prompt-d the suggestion to reduce external hazard from fire by | protecting all windows, which offer the | most vainerable point of attack, with plate | lass, with silver or gilded wires embedded | | in it. All elevator shafts and stairways are | protected by fire-resisting walls. Never- | theless, elevator shafts remain a means: | for the rapid distribution of smoke from | | floor to floor, and thus cause the danger | from suffocation in case of fire in such a | building to assume an imporiance equal | to that of the flames themseives. his | | danger to tenants from smoke was ii-| | lusirated at the recent fire in the World | building. 5 | . The larzest and most interesting test of l | the mew methods of fireproofing was the | | burning of the Chicago Athletic Club| | building on November 1, 1892, while it was | | under construction. It was the first case | on record where the loss to the insurance | company on a buuding intended to be | | thoroughly fireproof was more than 30 per | cent of its value. The fire was of very 1a- | tense heat, inasmuch as a vast-quantity of | flooring, scaffolding, trimmings. ete., was collected in mass: preparatory ta use, Yet a committee of experts reported that the | oceurrence furnished an assarance that | | was lacking before—that the metal parts | of & building, if thoroughly protected by. fireproofing, properly put on, will safely | withstand any ordinary conflagration if the quantity of combastible material the brilding contains is: not greatly in excess of that which enters into the construction of the building itself. The commiitee siso said that if the building had been completed it would | never bave contained eépough combustibie material sa distributed ‘as to do any con- siderable damage ing. Notwithstanding ‘the intense heat | | there se¢med to be no reason for guestion- ' ing the integrity of the building asa whole- after the'Sire, and no doubt existed that the fireproofing around the columns saved them from collapse. The result to the &uflfln‘g _mt:lnfi nh.if:e gmmtim of all e Interior finishing, - ering, pining ate front f Bedford sto G tl.;é Fensed of iford stone an ' brick, but the steel eélumm-‘ahdphuha were uninjured. The tile floor arches were nn&dn;nnd.‘i: :pxledol the combined action of great heat and frequent applics- tions of cold water. b 3 The development of the 1 building is rr\: v_eryrln;dym ‘meénts in the manufacture of It was first introd: mdushnfldm_ g ma- | | i 1 1 | i i | such bui { carryin i I would be sure a man was coastin, o the building by burn-|. rew type of to improve- |- terra. cotta. each. In the Unity building, Chica-o, the metal work for the seventeen stories, from the basement to tne roof, was put in place in nine weeks. The rapidity of buildin, operations possible with the new type ol construction is shown by the following data in regard to the New York Life build- ing in Chicago: ©Old building torn down. . _New footings laid out. 7. Started seiting the basement col- arted setting the floor arches. arted laying the terra cotta ember 29. The stee! skeleton finished. ovember 9. All the tiie floors sst. vember 11. _Terra coits ail se. December 2. Steam piaot completed and steam turned on. ’ijhc_re were 671 separate columns in t: building. An average of twenty-five wor ing hours was required to set the steel work h} a complete story. As the exterior walls o ul Avgust 1 tion can proceed simuitaneously at ries. Thus, in the Manhattan in Chicago, the main cornice was ed before the wall was built up be- t. On another building the granite base ¥ floor, the pressed brick face was placed at the twelfth-story level, and the hollow tile arches were set for the fifteenth story all Several gangs of work- seen frequently at different ructing the exterior walls of ings, odern requirements of plenty of light and air and broad windows | made necessary thisplan of supporting the walls by the framework. Piers of solid oads, as in ordinary structures, would be impracticable in twenty-story sky-scrapers, because they would take up too much vaiuable room. Tbus in the twenty-one story Masonic Temple in Chicago the maxi- mum allowable pressure of twelve tons per square foot on the brickwork was reached at the fifth siory, and this without any floor or roof loads. The expedient was therefore adopted of i the masonry work on brackets attache teenth and fifth story levels. Thusthe pier consisted of three separate columns of masonry and one continuous metal col- umn. Brick and terra cotta have driven stone from the field of skeleton construc- tion in exterior walls save in the lower stories where it serves as a base for the superadded brick or terracotta. The ob- jection to stone is the difficulty of prop: erly anchoring or attaching it to the metal framework. fbe load carried by some of | the metal columns used as substitutes for masonry piers are tremendous. In the Schiller eater, Chicago, columns 92 feet 10 inches long were used to carry a weight of 25,000 pounds. ' It is not uncommon to have 800 tons or more on a single column, with a sectional area of 158 square inch The founaations for these great build- ings call for all the skill of the architect and engineer. Some wonderful things hase been done, especially.in Chicago, in the way of erecting twenty-story buildings on uncertain and shiftiag layers of mud, clay and sand. One deveiopment has been the so-called raft footing.. The name describes it well. Ona of concrete a raft orgrill of railroad rails or steel or iron beams'is built in layers placed crosswise. Ope such fouting is prepared for each column, and so a twenty-story sky-scraper is made to float in safety on steel rafts ina seaof mud and clay. In New York and elsewhere pneumatic caistons have been used to pen- etrate to bedrock for the foundations. ana daring expedients have been resortsd to in the way of balaneing great structures an cantilevers in order todistribute the weight of the building over all the available space. | THE COASTING ORDINANCE A Park Officer Says All Profess Ignorance of the New Rules. Regulations Are Castiron and Were Duly Adepted by the Com- missioners. “I have stopped 500 riders since we be- gan enforcing the ordinances egainst fast ridine and coasting, but I couldn’t find one who knew anythinz about them,’” said ore of the gray-coated guardians of the veace at Golden Gate Park yesterday. “But before that they knew all about it. They talked sbout the evasion of bicycle laws in the East and wanted to know how *’ con- tinued the Diogenes in uniform. “When I get after the men they vow they never heard of the ordinance, and the women scream, ‘Keep away. Don't get near my wheel,’ and when I insist on their slowing up they tell me I'm too fresh.” Another officer took a more charitable view of the misdeeds of the bicyeclists. “It is those who don’t ride much and don't keep up with ?de news who make the trou\_ble," he said. ne o}_the men arrested Sunday was a rainer. 3 The Boardof Park Commissioners passed the following ordinances, which were published in the official organ, thus giving the fifteen days’ notice required by iaw on August 27 t Section 1. veloc: will exc ten not be allowed to ride at & rate of speed eeding that of one mile in six minutes, or miles per hour, excepting on such roads as specially setapart for eveling. 2. Between sunset and sunrise every bicycle, trieyele, velocipede. carrisge, buggy, cartor other venicie must have atiached on some conspicuous plece of said vehicle s well- lighted lamg. . All ridersof bicycles, tricyeles, veloct- pedes and il other vehicles similarly pro- pelled sl not ride more than two abreast on yk-f the rosds or drives of said Golden Gate 2Tk Séc. 4. No coasting to be allowed on either the bicycle road or any roads in said Golden Gste Park. The park officials commenced the en- forcement of these ordinances two weeks ago, snd two fast riders and two “coasters” were punished by arrest for a violation of them on Sunday. AFTER MANY YEARS. The Title to South Beach Block Partially Settled. The title to the piece of land known as South Beach block 26, bounded by Hubbell, Noble, South and Sixth streets, has been partially determined by J an_ interlocutory decree rendered in the. £uit of Bamuel Darvis ufln,the Pacific’ Improvement Compan &dm 1he Pncl’fi-e,{mpmmént Com- pany the defendants.incinde the Hastings heirs and the Phelan heirs, besides a num- ber oi others. The suit is in the nature of a proceeding to quiet. title, and the decree is thiat the plaintiff has a half interest in the entire block, while the other hLalf is divided amoag the defendants. The land| The has been in litigation since 1851. There are several olive orchards in of such buildings are supported wholly or | in part by the metal framework, their con- | 1} was built at the first and second | masonry carrying all the floor and roof | to the metal columns at the six- | ot much,” was the retort of Diogenes. | DISPOSING OF CGARBAGE. Discussion of a Serious Prob- lem That Confronts This City. REDUCTION PLANT NECESSARY. S. Harrison Smith Gives Some In- teresting Resuits of His Long investigations. The problem of how best to dispose of this City’s garbage has long been growing in importance and bobbing up now and then in a practical way. While most other large cities of the world have adopted some scientific method of disposing of their daily accumnlations of refuse San Francisco still dumps its garbage in an open, disease- breeding and indescribably offensive area almost in the heart of its limits. The re- cent propositions before the Supervisors looking to the establishment of public and private garbage crematories were aban- doned and buried for a time by that body &t a recent meeting. This problem has been carefully studied for several years by §. Harrison Smith, the well-known civil engineer of this City, who Las prepared a lengthy and able paper on this topi The gist of this paper is ex- pressed in the following paragraphs ex- tracted from it: City wastes mey be classed under two general heads, sewage sud garb Sewage comprises 21 those indiviaual w that at the present t1me are provided for in our sewers, and not come within the scope of this i | | | 1 i sity of its T in every well-con: ned household there is & large afurnal ccumulation of what is commonly des garbage. In the cities these accumuiations incresse in a direct proportion fo the number | of inhabitants. | Theaverage composition of town refuse, as given by Mr. Baker, in £ paper read by him at a recent meeting of the Soeiety of Engineers is as follows: Breeze, cinders and ashes, 63.69 per cent: fine dust, 19.51; vegetable, animal and various mineral matiers. 4.61; Wlswx:' per, 4.28; straw and fibrous matter, 3.22; dottles, .96; coal aund coke, .89; iron, .21. Looking at this list it will be seen that the con- stituents possessing fuel vaiue practically cease with the 3.2 T cent of straw and fibrous matter, and at least 90 per cent of the | total refuse is combustible. | In San Fraucisco the present method of dis- | posal is to deposit the whole unsegregated mass as collected by the scavengers nion jands set apart for ihat purpose and known as the public dumps. This method has long 8go been | declsred and proved to be detrimental to pub- lic nealth and extreme!y ofensive. The method of carrying the material out to es end de- ositing it in deep water hasaiso been proved, after meny trials, to be unsatisfactory. New York is now in the throes of regre: over what | she has done during the past in this Girection. | It has become & recognized sanitary require- [ ment that no refuse material in which they there may be latent, or in which there may be created, germs of disease should be dumfied or permitted to rot, but, on the contrery, that it should be subjected to such treatment as | willavoid the dissemination of diseases, foul | odors, eic., and for the accoruplishment of tois { result there are at present but iwo accepted methods, which are both receiving consider- eble sttention from seientific men snd others | interested in the subject. | - Omné of these consisis in subjecting the entire mess o the direct action of heat, and is known &s the incinerating process. The other con- sists in keeping swill separate, as much as ssible, and subjecting it 10 a boiling process for the liberation of the gresse, then acting upon this with hydrocarbon or other solvent, whereby the greases are extractea from the body of the material, when aiter distilation, | which separates the hydrocarbon, the greases ‘are reclaimed. The latter process is superior i from an economic standpoint, and results in |-the. production of comsiderable marketable | matter, but i{ may be stated here that these substances have no such value as ciaimed by the recent articles and statements appearin in our various newspapers. Still, they are ol | sufficient value, in my estimation, to warrant the experiment. | In giancing over what Eurcpe hes dome in {-this direction we find in most ef the English cities and towns that the incinerstion or total cremstion proeess is probably the one in most general use, but we find, slso, an opinion ex- sting on_the Continent, and growiag rapidly, favor of a plan of reduction or utilization. The reduction processes, as used in England, i are. often connected with arrangements whereby t he heat produced may be utilized in the generation of power or in Other commer- cial ways. In Lendon, at Chelses, there is a Tefuse company using thirty-Ave loads perday. |- Inour own country we have many examples of both the utilization and reduction pro- cesses. Among these I need only mention the i uis, Boston, Philedeiphis, Mil- kee, Detroi d Pittsburg, alihough there are about forty cities in our country disposing of their garbage by otie or the other of these methods. The results obtained from the de- struction of city refuse vary very greatly owing to the many differen: devices and nethods and the careless manner in which statistics are kept. Among theabove-named cities St. Louis was the first to adopt and suc cessfully operste a reduction plant, followed in rapid succession by Milwaukee and Detroit. i Boston, Philadelphia and Pittsburg are among those using the imeineration process. The patents covering these two systems are very numerous. There is no doubt in my mjind that the re- | duetion system can with due care and under ;Eroper regulations be conducted within the | heart of & dense population without creating a | puisance or engendering disesse. If thisisa fact then there iz no possible reason why ob- { jection should be rsised to an incineration ! plant, cousisting of reduetion mechinery with- out the chemical laboratory or laboratories for | the reclamation ofisuch ingredients as may be | of use in the arts or in trade. It isnecessary | for San Franciscé to provide some method i other than that now used for the disposal of refuse, and it isnot advisable from s senitary i | { | i | | i | two processes known respectively as incinera- | tion and reduction. |~ Theaccepted estimares of the quantity and | value of the marketable material reclaimed are | in my opinion as_ridiculously exsggerated as is the average amount of the material pro- | duced. It is a fact that many cities have eo- | deavored to burn or utilize their garbage with is ';vhnx erected and handled by the munici- | pality itself, and that under the condition of | municipal control such experiments have in every case proved financial failures. Why this should be 50 I am not prepared 10 state, espe- cially when we see the success that has met | $hesame efforts in lscalities where the munici- | pality bas entered into & contract with & pri- Yate corporation 1o perform this work durings term of years. The minimum cost,as yet aitained, in the cubic yard. The net income derived from the sale of the products resulting from this treat- ment is greater in Europe tisan in any guion of this country, would probably be less for some years in San: Francisco than in other sections of this continent, owing to the fact that the demand kere jor fertilizers st the present {ime is comperatively small, our farm- { ers as yet being uneducsied ia this respect. In. close conmeetion wizh this subject is found that of the collection of garbage, end this ofttimes, when improperiy or carelessly done, creates as grest a nuisance and has as injurious an effect upon the community as that of its improper mpoul, bat this can be obvisted by the proper exercise of the police and sanitary functions vested in the munici~ pality. The first requisites in this connection sre that proper vessels should be furnished to the vas households. " The vehicles for removal snould be 0 con- structed that the ariver conld leave an empiy vessel. when collecting that which is filled, and there should be no csuse why such vessels as the swill, or other substances Jiable to putre- fsction, or te the dessiminstion of disesse, should, when once closed. be opened beiore their arrival at the works or poini of disposal. In conclusion, I would ' state thatSan Fran- cisco has edvertised for snd received bids, looking 1o the disposai of her garbage by one or other of the accepted processes. 6l Rigs ot B ooy son oy in to this pecuniary sdvantage B0t wall untl it has! by unccieatiic handline. h y ing, ‘beeome n"_ and a nuisance _Alghongofizlfl :‘l. Ialo':‘snd Castile was Good, from iety. The same title was bnrn‘ e hg'"s:“d'em wothu" Frafe St 10 our e ‘communi! A a) (ing operation of either process has been 20 cents & | | | ! {50 dozen LADIES’ NEW TO-DAY—DRY GOODS. i, CLOVES! HOSIERY! UNDERWEAR! HOUSEFURN lSHlN(iS TMBREILI.LAS STRONGLY ATTRACTIVE PRICES! As samples of fhe TEMPTING VALUES offered in every department to thoroughly introduce our Mammoth New Fall Stock we present a few of T0-DAY'S SPECIAL OFFERINGS! At B4 O a Pair. 5 50 pairs FINE CALIFORNIA LAMBS’ WOOL BLANKETS, double-bed width (66280 “inches), value for §6. - At 25 Cents a Yard. 2 cases BLEACHED TABLE DAMASK, 38 inches wide, value for 40c. At S5 Cents a Yard. Another lot of GAGOD GRADE TENNIS FLANNELS, well assorted fine weaves, value Sigc. S1 At 1.00 Each. 2 cases HEAVY, FULL-SIZE WHI BEDSPREADS, would be cheap at $1 35. GLOVES! GLOVES! At 35 Cents. 40 dozen LADI S-BUTTON LENGTH MOCUSQUETAIRE UNDRESSED XID GLOVES, in heliotrope, eminence and purp! ades (odd sizes), regular value §1, will be closed ont 2t 35¢ a pair. At 80 Cen‘s 6BUTTON LENGTH MOUSQUETAIRE ¢HAMOIS SKIN GLOVES, in patural color and w , regular value $1, will be offered at 60c & pair, Cents. VES, in dark and medium shades, regular At 83 150 dozen LADIES’ BIARRITZ KID GLO value $1, will be offered at 65c a pair. At Cents. 300 dozen LADIES’ 5 AND 7 HOOK KID GLOVES, (‘mprovea Foster hook), in brown, tan and slate shades, also black, regular vaiue $1 25 and $1 50, will be offered at 90c a pair. At S1.85. 50 dozen LADIES' PIQUE DERBY KID GLOVES, with black embroidered back and 2 clasps at wrist, in English reds shades, regular value $1 75, will be offered at UMBRELLAS! UMBRELLAS! At S1.85. LADIES' S/LK UMBRELLAS, 2-inch paragon frames, acacia sticks, will be offered at $1 25 each. s81.75. At LADIES’ SILK UMBRELLAS, 26 inch, with eclegantly assortéd Dresden handles, will be offered at $1 75 each. At 81.50. GENTLEMEN'S SILK UMBRELLAS, with steel rods, natural handles, will be offered at $1 50 each. HOSIERY AND UNDERWEAR! t 15 Cents a Pair 125 dozen MISSES' AND BOYS®’ BLACK RIBBED COTTON HOSE, double knees, heels and toes, guaranteed fast black, regular valae 25c. At 85 Cents a Pair. 100 dozen LADIES’ BLACK REAL MACO COTTON HOSE, extra-high spliced heels, double soles and toes, onyx improved black, extra good value for 35¢. L 3% O=ants o Pair. 100 dozen LADIES’ RICHELIEU RIBBED BLACK LISLE-THREAD HOSE, hizh- spliced heels and toes, onyx fast black, worth 50c. At 81.00. 25 dozen LADIES’ JERSEY RIBBED WOOL MIXED UNION SUITS, high neck; long sleeves, warranted non-shrinkable, white and natural color, regular price §1 50, Marke! Streel, coraer of Jongs, SATNN FRANCISCO. AMONG THE MINISTERS, Mestings of the Various De-| | Orphanage desires to purchase sixteen | acres of land in some more suitable local- ity than the present one in San Rafael. The directors have in mind a piece which they can secure for $400 They want to raise §1000 in order to make the first pay- ment on it. The presens building at San nominational Organiza- tions. Rev. Dr. Clarke on the Troubles of Work in the Home Missionary Fields. Rev. J. B. Clarke, D.D., senior secretary point of view to attempt other than one of the | of the Congregational Home Missionary | Board, addressed the Congregational Min- isters’ Club on Monday on inter-denomina- tional comity. He had incorporated in his paper some of his experiences while in office and the figures whicn his official position enabled him te secure. Presbyterians, he said, are the only peo- ple with whom the Congregationalists can affiliate in anything like a satisfactory manner, and even with them there is often much ill feeling provoked. Itis the volicy | Rafael is very much overcrowded, many |of the chiidren being obliged to.sleep on | the floor. The Presbytery met in a session which lasted most of the day, but there was not much business of general ‘interest trans- acted. It was reported that' the Italian and French missions. are in urgent need of $850 to pay some pressing claims and it- was decided to appoint'a ¢ommittés con- sisting of one member from each charch in the City to raise the money. The Methodist ministers were addressed | by Dr. J. H. Wytiie on the “Psychology of | Regeneration.” The - re, r quarterly | election was held, with toe following re-: sult: Rev. W. R. Goodwin, president; { Chaplain J. H. Macomber, vice-président; | John Stevens, secretary; programme com- | mittee—Rev. Thomas Filben, Rev. W. 8. | Bovard snd W. 8. Matthew. —————— The Question of High Buildings. | The question of the limit on the heightof | future buildings in the City came up before | | of both churches, but particularly of the | the Fire Committee of the Board of Supervisory Congregational, he said. to co-operate in | again yesterday, but no definite conclusion all things possible, end in accordance with | wes reached and the matter went over for dis- this idea a compact bad been entered into | cussion in the board next Moidsy. Seth Sabe - between tie governing bodies of these two denominations by which it was agreed that they would not interfere with each other in the missionary fields. By this compact it was also agreed that any goints of difference arising should be referred first to the local board, and failing of s solution there to the governing bogies of the two denominations. There has arisen two guestions under this arrangement, and one of these, Dr. Clarke said, has imperiled the existence of the compact. It arose over the rightsof the churehes to the spiritual possession of alittle railroad hamlet of 200 inhabitants in South Dakota. The figures presented by the speaker showed that there are 2100 Congregational churches in the United States supported by the Home Missionary Socicty. Of these 133 are in the same field with Presby- terian churches, but they get along very well together. In a great many of the other cases the Congreational church is the only one in the field, and in many of the fields which are shared with otber de- nominations the Congregational churches were the first upon the ground. i In conclusion Dr. Clarke declared it to be the fundamental principle of the work of the Missionary Society that no field oc- cupied by any other evangelieal church should be in with. The society is sary, it will not jeopardize the exi ence of an; other)egmgdiul chureh ‘which has elaims prior to its own. meeting of the Presbyterian Ministers’ Club yes! m . Mrs. Peoples of Siam and Miss Babbitt, formerly of India, | son. president of the local Chapier of Avchi- | tects, stated that the members of bis organiza. | tion were divided fn ovinion over the ques- { tion. He suggested that beiore the Supervisors did snything s committee of the archi | tects should be invited to furnish data and | poiuts on the quesiion. Most of the architects " | seem to be in favor of high bulidings. | { | «+«Vin Mariani’ is an exqui~ i site wine, a delicious remedy— pleasant to the taste and bene~ ficial to the entire system.” Coquelin.