The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, September 8, 1895, Page 22

22 THE SAN FRANCIS 0 CALL, UNDAY, SEPTEMBER 8, MRS. FRANCES FULLER VICTOR| vs. “Dr. 0. W. Nixon of Chicago.” When a2 man in argument descends to | vituperation his opponent can afford to smile, because he betrays his own convic- tion that his cause is a lost one. So “Dr. Nixon of Chicago” instead of bringing one | particle of proof of his assertion that Dr. Marcus Whitman saved Oregon, fills nearly two columns of THE CALL with assertions, and, schoolboy like, calling names. I take this to be a characteristic of the inventors and defenders of the Whitman myth, for, after all, Dr. Nixon is only an imitator in this respect, as he is in so closely follow- ing W. H. Gray in his “historical ro- mance.” The subject is, as he says, too large for discussion in a newspaper, but I will re- ply as briefly as I can, not with simple as- sertions, but with proofs which any one who will take the trouble can verify for himself. That Dr. Nixon will not in his present meod take the trouble goes with- out saying. Dr. Nixon starts out with the assertion that every vosition which I assume is di proved by “facts of history that I utterly gnore,” yet he does not give those facts. That is just what I propose to do, to show him the folly of neglecting so important a move. I can only suppose he overlooked its importance in the fear of converting me, which he says he does not propose to do. Now, au contraire, I have strong hopes of converting Dr. Nixon. I belieye that he is a man of good intentions, and that he is not willfully telling falsehoods, as he sa; am. The mistake he made was in assuming a certain thing to be true because & person who ought to know said so. I made the same blunder myself at the beginning of my Oregon studies, but once caught in that net was enough for me. I would not now say this is the year 1895 without consulting the calendar. The doctor says I am the ‘‘author of the quirks and fables called history in Ban- croft’s Oregon,” but gives Mr. Bancroft credit for having “changed some things,” and me for having said that Mr. Bancroft | iprinted falsehoods in thgir stead.” I | would remark, with regard to_the use of quotation points, that it is the custom to be accurate when | so, and that the doctor fails respect. [ Mr. never said that ancroft “printed falsehoods,” Wha ht have been implied by and I am not going to say that D: Nixon prints falsehoods, whatever my onviction in the matter may be. I hope have better manners. At all events, I } ry to content myseli with simply ne faces’—a relief which the doctor gested to me. it no argument: As the real thor of H of Oregon,” of ch Mr. Bancroft kr littie except he learned from my work, I am pre- d to correct my opponent’s statements | several point nd to explal the | ages whick utes, rightfully or | | | | “The missit lume I, page i id much to as- rs of Ore 0 the T ates. Had pent of the kind England | ded her claim ove: the | ¥, with a fair prospect of making | the missionaries of Oregon tates Mr. | hat T have amply set | in the fir e of Oregon; but| neither he nor I referred to the Presbyterian missions any more than we would have it un- derstood of the Catholic missions. It wasof the Methodist m of Western Oregon—of the | country south of the Columbia—that it wi hey held the country against the Brit- They were pe ans, and were | encouraged o be so by agents of the Goyern= ment, ana patriotic writersand travelers. They had a colony of between sixiy and sevent persons, and were rich in cattle and goods, in houses &nd lands; whereas the missions in the upper country were scattered, were without | members and were almost entirely dependent upon the Hudson Bay Company for transpor- iation, mails, protection from the Indians and atever of civilization they enjoyed. This I ve made plain in the history d this I say | Whitman could have been itful and underhanded way to on_his truest friends he ved & better fate than | ly befell him. would not have that which unfortunstely ButI | he adfastly denied that he acted in this treacherous manner. Again Dr. Nixon quotes, and this time from Oregon 1, page 579: “But missionary work did not pa¥, hewever, either with the white men or the red, whereupon the apostles of this religion began to attend more to their own fairs than to save sagage souls. They bro up their establishments in 1844, and thence- forth became s political clique, whose chief 1was o Acquire other men’s property hat,” he says. “is & Victor sentiment.” With. out claiming or T knowledge the revision of M instance. He seemed to th mildly for the fact But now as to D: He should ha little interlining. | torical accuracy. e above quOt paragraph referred without question to the Methodist mis in fact he could not have history without knowing it—ior not | S vere they broke: heard when he was in Orezon, but the tory of their affairs is given a distinct nar- ‘ion, unmixed with any other missions, in volume referred to. This statement of the ngof the Methodist m xon to apply to the P: terians by these artiully worded sentenc w, mind you, the W sacre did not oceur until November The challenge to Mrs. Victor’s tru y made, and | needs no comment.” I think, myseli, that comment is unnecessary 1o point out the pre- varicstion. Again, Dr. Nixon quotes me as sayving that Whitman got well-to-do by sefling flour grain and vegetables to immigrants at prices,” and I object to his use of quota- i unless he constructs his sentences differently. However, 1 am shortly going to show that after the immigration to Oregon set in he did accumulate & snug property; but, first, T wust object agein to the manuner in h Dr. Nixon mixes up dates. An instance ind of now you see it and now you don’t see it history is too painfully confusing, as perhaps it is intended to_be.” The doctor uotes from s letter of Mrs. Whitman's, dated ctober 9, 1840, to disprove something I have said which related to & perfod several years later. She mentions that her house was & “missionary’s tavern.” Nothing more natural or true. As the mission station was the only residence of white people in Walla Walla Vai- ley, every traveler, explorer, Government of- ficer or other person who happened to be in the country was sure to visit it. Mrs. Whitmen complains that they have to entertain so much without payment, the pres- ence of the Hudson Bay Company prohibiting trade, and the mission proverty, besides, being owned by the A. B. F. M., by whom Dr. Whit- man was appointed. But aiter Dr. Whitman’s journey East that was changed,and he was permitted to trade, as he did every year, going out to meet the immigrants, instead of draw- ing them off to his station, as the immigrants of 1843 complained that he did, causing them fo travel eighty or ninety miles out of thelr route. Mr. Spalding is quoted as saying that “Immigrants by bundreds and thousands reached the mission wayworn, hungry, sick and destitute, but he cared for all. Seven orphan children of one family were left upon the hands of Dr. and Mrs. Whitman, one a babe four months old, but they cared for them all, givine them clothing, medicine and food with- out Frequently the doctor would give away his entire food supply and have to send to me for grain to get through the winter.” Iam aware thata family of seven children were adopted by Dr. and Mrs. Whitman. It was undoubtedly a charity to the children, but it was not an unmixed beneficence. Both the doctor and his wife needed help and found it impossible to keep énough people about them 10 carry on the labor of teaching and farming. It. therefore, was & common-sense movement t0 adopt a family of well-grown children, who would become interested in their affairs, and, knowing nc other home, be content to remain with them. As to giving away his entire food supply, it is scarcely necessary to comment on & statement such as this. That sometimes he sold himself “short” and was compelled to draw upon Lapwai station, and even upon Col- ville, is & matter of history. That he was paid for piloting the immigration of 1843 over the middle portion of their route is also a matter of history. When I was in the Bancroft Library Jesse Applegate sent me a copy of ‘‘Gray’s His- tory of Oregon.” the margin of whose pages were covered with notes in_his fine and clear chirography, and among them was one relat- ing to this matter of pilotage, in which he said that he paid $45 as his share. On my noting this statement in & newspaper article, aev. Mr. Eells of Skokomish, Wash., wrote me & polite letter, in which he said: “There is one statement which you make in your article in the Californian (he meant the Oregonian) which I have never been able to understand. It is where Hon. J. Applegale says wy ather nede by | head up 1n 1844, as he must | 2 was at Dr. Whitman’s when the immigration arrived, with Mr. Walker, and obliged him to ask pay of every immigrant for pilotage. I cannot understand why Mr. A.should make this statement, as my father was not there or within 150 miles of there, and did_not compel him to do any such thing, I have always under- stood, however, that Mr. A. did give Dr. W. a cow worth about $40 or $45 by way of gratitude for services rendered.” Now, American _cows at this period were worth $100 in the Willamette Valley. If others peid at an equal rate-the mission superin- tendent was well rewarded for his services. Applegate said others did pay, and few per- sons knowing him_would question his word. But Mr. Eells says his father, who was a8 mem- ber of the mission board, was not there. Which authority is mistaken I cannot pretend to determine. But that Mr. Walker, the asso- ciate of Mr. Eells’ father in the Spokane coun- try, was there, is certain, as that is on record, and it may be that Mr. Applegate’s memory in- cluded the whole board 1nstead of only Dr. Whitman, Spalding and Walker. The error is immaterial as to the main fact. Peter Burnett, ex-Governor of California. in his “Recollections of a Pioneer,” says that “What surprised us most, after the representa- tions that had been made, was the fine pas- turage we met all along the way,and espe- cially at The Dalles, where we had been led to believe the cattle could not subsist at all dur- ing the winter.” This passage simply corrob- orates what has been charged by many of the pioneers—that an efiort was made to secure to the mission the immigrants’- stock or pay for the wintering of it. Daniel Waldo, another good authority, says in his vigorous style “Whitman lied like hell” in telling him his stock could not subsist on the road toand at The Dalles. “The first night out I found the finest grass I ever saw, and it was good every night.’” Several of the immigrants declare that Dr. Whitman and his nephew were fed for the most of the time he was with them out of the supplies of several families. When we remem- ber the value of food on the plains this was no common debt on his part, and ought to incline us to divide the praises due good deeds be- tween Dr. Whitman and the immigrants. The main point at_issue, however, is the mo- tive which led Dr. Whitman to go East in the winter of 1842. I have said, and reiterate it, that the causes which led him to make the journey were the trouble he continually had with the Indians, the need of laborers and teachers and the difficulty of securing them on account of the fears inspired by their out- breaks. No one except the members of the board had ever remained long at the missions, and when they were in straits they called on the Hudson Bay Company, which, by threat- ening to withdraw its_trade, kept them from extreme hostilities. It was a desire of Dr. Whitman to have a limited number of selected Christian families settled about him, who would furnish him the necessary aid on the farm, at the mills and in the schoolroom and be an example to the Indians. But let us see whatis authoritatively said abott that. The following extract from the Missionary Herald of September, 1843, furnishes all the facts im- | portant to sustain my position, and is by the editor in the introduction to Whitman's report to the Home Board: “It was stated in the last annual report that the southern branch of this (Oregon) mission, embracing Waiilatpu, near Walla Walla, and Clear Creek (Lapwai), and_Kaimah, higher up the wate1s of Snake River, had been discontin- ued. “it a special meeting held in October last to consider this decision it was thought advisable that Dr. Whitman should personally commu- icate the condition and prospects of these sta- s to_the prudential committee. After a and_toilsome journey he reached Boston Iy in the spring and upon hearing the rep- resentations which he made it was resolved to sustain the mission without any material change. Were the prospects of benefiting those for whom it was more especially established even less than it is, there are other considerations which_would justify its continuance. Aside from its influence on the Indians, the emi- grants who are now crossing the Rocky Moun- tains in companies, containing sometimes hun- dreds of souls, will be in a most deplorable condition if they find in their new homes noth- ing better than heathenism or Romanism. An- other object of Dr. Whitman’s in making the above visit was to procure additional laborers. He desired also to induce Christian families to emigrate and settle in the vicinity of the dif- ferent stations, that they might relieve the missionary of his secular responsibilities and also contribute directly, in various ways, to the social and moral improvement of the In- dians. How far his wishes in this particular will be responded tois at present uncertain. He set out on his return to his labors about the 1st of June and probably he has nearly, if not quite, reached his station.” 1 have before me & copy of the letter written to Hon, Elwood Evans by Archibald McKinlsy Esg., of the Hudson Bay Company, who was in charge of Fort Walla Walla when Whitman went East, and who furnished him the com- any's dress and & guide. He says of the docior’s motive, that he is certain of its real 3y opiion o the subject was soficited, which | I gave in writing, but I have not a copy of my remarks. 1 remember, however, deprecating the proposed action of the board, and in various conversations with the doctor I strongly commended his resolve in going East in order to have a personal i i mbers of the board.” How does this testimony agree with the statement that Dr. Whitman's sole purpose In going East was to arrange an international treaty on his own lines? The “opinion” which Mr. MeKinlay was asked to furnish in order to strengthen Whit- man’s cause with the board was in the form of @ letter to Dr. Greene, secretary of the Home Missionary Boerd, a copy of the answer to which is before me. Let me makea few ex- tracts to show its nature: Miss1oNARY HousE, BOSTON, April 11, 1844, irchibald McKinlay, Walla Walla, Oregon—DEAT: Your friendly letier to Mr. Spalding of the ber, 1842, has been forwarded to me I may be furnished with the yiews 3 im as & missionary laborer, and his success in teaching and improving tne Indians. Letters from other gentlemen residing in Oregon country and presumably acquainted with ihe labors and success of Mr. Spalding, we are happy 10 say, accord wiih the views expressed by your- self. When Dr. Whitman arrived here in March, 1843, he made such representations as led the commitiee * * [Here owing to the worn condi- tion of the paper on which the letter was written some lines were missing.] * # The mission have confirmed the board in the decision they then made, We were led to the previous purpose of aiscontinuing some of the lators, and baving Mr. Spalding return to the States, by some_desponding letters which we received from the mission in a time of disappointment, and when there were some unhappy disagrgements among some of those then connected with the mission. * * * [The remainder of the letter refers to a_commis- sion to purchase some books, which Dr. Whitman had left for the writer to attend to, and which he promises to send by the first vessel leaving for the Sandwich [slands, whence the Hudson Bay Com- pany’s vessel would bring them to the Columbia River.] This letter is signed, *Very respectfully and traly yours, D. GREENE, “Secretary A. B.C. F. M.” Referring to the story of the Red River settlers, and the statement that Sir George Simpson went to Washington, et cetera, in & letter somewhat later than the one from MeKin- lay to Evans above quoted, McKinlay again writes: “Who will believe that the American Government were so_ignorant of the country lying between the Missouri and the Columbia that they had to get their information from the English? * * * I have already shown you that there existed not the slightest foundation for_these statements. They are utterly false and void of truth as anything ever concocted even by tne Prince of Darkness himself.” And further he says: “I believe Whitman's assistance to the immigration of 1843.was much appreciated, but I do not believe that he had eny part in forming or organizing the party. * ¥ * Whitman in 1843 counseied the immigrants of 1843 (I did the slme? not to attempt taking their wagons to The Dailes. It ‘was thought impossible to do so, but a few of them made the attempt and succeeded. Neither Whitman or I knew anything back from the banks of the Columbia, hence our opinion that it would be unwise to make the attempt without first exploring to find che lay of theland. * * * AIl'Iwill here say is that Inever met one member of the Hudson Bay Company acquainted with Dr. Whitman men- tion his name but in the highest terms of re- spect and esteem, and I will assert that not one of them ever heard a word about the object for the wonderful visit to Washington. * * * Atkinson asserts that Whitman unarreled at Walla Walla in T. A)\'g}'oy states that he and Whitman left Walilatpu on the 5th of that month, and that ‘through the xindness of Mr. McKinlay Mrs. Whitman was provided with suitable escort to the Willamette,’ just after quarreling! * * * In your letter you ask, ‘Do you know whether he ‘actually visited Washington at all?” An- swer—I do not believe he did. As Love{av states, the liquor question was a hobby with him. Ihave often heard him talk of it. o I am very much pleased with Mrs. Victor's piece in the Californian, and many thanks for it.” [This refers to an article of mine in the Californian for September, 1880, on the several boundary treaties. It is & fact well known that Mr. Atkinson drew up the statement signed by Mr. Lovejoy, he being feeble in body and brain at the time. Atkinson himseli knew nothing of the events he vouched for, and onlf lent himself to the scheme of establishing & foundationless claim. One thing more I wish to dispose of—the charge that I make any insinuations against Mrs. Whitman. On the contrary I greatly ad- mire her character. But my opinion does .ot affect the question between Dr. Nixon and my- self. 1 will quote on the subject of her being left in the Indian country unprotected save by & sipgle sssistent, hired to look after (e mis- terview with the | sion. Gray himself relates it. Lee and Frost, in their “Ten Years in Oregon,” delicately re- frain from_telling the whole story and onl; say: “In 1842 Dr. Whitman visited the Unites States to obtain further assistance, in order to strengthen the efforts that had already been made. About the same time Mr. Gray went to reside in the Willamette, and Mr. Geiger, men- tioned in a former chapter, supplied, in the absence of Dr. Whitman, his place at Waiilatpu, Mrs. Whitman, whose health had suffered much for some time before the doctor left, !Fent the following winter at The Dalles with the resident missionary families at that ste- tion.” P.213. Dr. White, in his “Ten Years in Oregon,” says: “We reached The Dalles, some 220 miles from the Pacific, on the 24th (of November, 1842), having been detained by wind, spent several days with the Methodist mission fami- lies, who welcomed us joyiully and made our stay agreeable and refreshing. Mrs. Whitman ‘was here, havinfi found it" improper and un- safe to remain where she had geen s0 lately grossly insulted,” p. 181. In another place he says: “There was but one (hln? wrong in this matter on the part of Dr. Whitman, and that was @ great error—leaving his excellent lady thus unprotected in the midst of savages.” This disposes of the several counts in Dr. Dixon’s indictment of me in last Sunday’s CaLL. But I have a word or two yet to be said. 1f Dr. Whitman had been at alla politician it would have been talked of at the time. when Americanism was redhot in the Willamette Valley; but he is never mentioned in connec- tion with any of the petitions and reports to the Government which were frequently sent to Washington by the Methodist missionaries. If he had gone to Washington to save Oregon from the British lion, he would not have re- turned empty handed as he did. If he had done_ anything to influence the boundary treaties, the volunteers in the Cayuse War which followed the treaty of 1846 would have had & legénd settiag forth the facts, the Oregon Spectator would have been full of it, and the matter would not have slept nearly twenty years before it was ever heard of. Only a year or two ago I was talking with Major Magoun of Cayuse War fame, who in- formed me that among the letters and pepers found at the mission none of any significance ‘wera discovered, and that the only ones which were of interest were those letiers from Dr. McLaughlin persuading Dr. Whitman to quit the Cayuse country for a while to make the In- dians regret their misconduct and invite him back again. Had he gone as advised he might have avoided the tragedy which caused the Cayuse Lately nothing T have ever written concern- ing Dr. Whitman could be construed by & fair critic as disrespectful or ungenerous. I simply treat him as a man and refuse to surround him with & nimbus of glory because he was & mis- sionary and the hero of alost cause, and be- | cafise he pitifully died when he might have lived. I am sorry for his death, but cannot deify him in consequence. FRANCES FULLER VICTOR. San Francisco, September, 1895. LONDON SQUARES, Most of Them Are Lald in the Dutch Fashion. Some of these are quaint and charming enough, being mostly laid out in the Dutch fashion. Golden Square, near Re- gent street; Red Lion and Queen Squares, in Bloomsbury, are capital specimens. The first, though so close to Regent street, might be a dozen miles away; there isa welcome unkemptness; the grass is rank and wild; there are old treesranged round its border in a systematical way. The houses round are picturesque, because each is distinct. Itis given over to com- mission agents, merchants and trade gen- enally, yet within but a few years it was a a place of genteel residence, like a usual square, and we find the late Cardinal Wise- man living in a substantial mansion here. Dickens, 1t will be remembered, placed Ralph Nickleby’s house here, which .is de- scribed on the occasion of the party to Sir Trederick and Sir Mulberry as having almost palatia! apartments and the richest furniture. As we wander round, we are struck with the melancholy tone of the inclosure, yet everything seems brisk enough; but it belongs to the old world. The square itself is very attractive and original, with a sort of Dutch or foreign air; we note the fine trees which shelter it all around in symmetrical lines, and the Roman warrior sort of statue in the center, arrayed in full armor, and representing George IT. The grass and walks are laid out with a certain free-and-easy careless- ness that is_very acceptable, and contrasts with the trim, shaven, soulless treatment of modern squares. Altogether a visit to Golden Sqvare will interest. Berkeley Square every one knows. Yet it has an extraordinary sympathetic at- traction from its grass and fine shading old trees. No one, we may be sure, has noted that these leafy patriarchs seem to range in two rows down the middle, like an avenue. The fact is, it was the demesne | of the lawn in front of the old Berkeley | House, which stood at the back of Devon- bire House. The mansions round are very fine, and the 1ron work, railings, etc., i are all admired and to be admired. There | are some queer things vo be told about | squares; for instance, that there was a l(ieneml Strode who had a mania for set- | ting up statues in squares at his own ex- pense. We have seen equestrian statues in Leicester Square propped up with a | broomstick, with portions broken away.— Gentleman’s Magazine. — e LOOE IN THE GLASS. Curls denote a fecble sense of right and wrong, gayety, vivacity, self-confidence. ! Fine, scanty hair means weak develop- ment, bad health, melancholy or childish- ness. Coarse, dark-brown, uneven hair, straight or crisp, cmall curls, means innate vul- garity. | Thin eyebrows are a sign of apathy and | flabbishness. The nearer they are to the eyes the more serious, profound and social the character. As a rule smooth, fine, softly waving hair betokens gentleness, quietness, neat- ness. Unduly sleek, straight hair gives warning of slyness, hypoerisy. Hair and eyebrows differing in color are said to mean untrustworthiness. They indicate race mixture and bespeak a wavering, unsteady nature. Glossy black hair inclined to wave or curl means keen perceptions and usually a cautious, secretive nature. Black hair in general shows stolidity, a wiry constito- tion, and curly, coarse black hair indicates irritability and stupidity. Straight hair indicates more power to govern than curly hair. It accompanies people who are straight, erect in walking, whose bodies exhibit straight lines and angles rather than curves and who possess a mental character to correspond. Fine brown hair only accompanies ex- cellent minds, and generally the owner has intellectual tendencies. Beautiful golden hair is rarely seen on persons of a gross nature. Its owner loves fine arts and possesses exquisite sensibilities. Curly-haired people are most sinuous. A forehead and partly bald head with thin, black hair may mark the possession of judgment, though lacking ready wit and invention. Straight, fair hair indicates a general amiable disposition of a dull, phlegmatic temperament. Red hair means entirety in character- istics—no half-way business here. The owner will be very kind or very cruel, very true or very false. It usually indicates a %m’ck temper, though there are exceptions. ery coarse red hair testifies to animal propensities. Auburn hair means a kindly, sympathetic nature. —————— The Innkeeper Recommended Water. There is a remarkable innkeeper out on Long Island. Two bicycle riders reached his place on an extremely hot afternoon, dusty and thirsty. They took seats ata gnl?lei( and bethought them what they should rink. “Beer is heating,” said one, “so I don’t want that. 1 afigpose we must drink ginger ale or lemon soda.” ‘‘Yes, I suppose there isn’t much choice. Make it two ginger ales.”” “If you will pardon me, gent!emen," said the landlord, “I should suggest a draught of cool well water. I've got the finest well water on Long Island. There’s nothing like it when you're hot and thirsty. After you have tried that I may have something in my bar which you would relish.” The well water was delicious. It was just what the wheelmen .wanted, only they didn’t like to order it in the barroom. They drank heartily, but haa enough thirst left 1o enjoy a cooling drink which the landlord mixed for them. Now they wi}lllfo several miles out of their way to drink well water and certain mixtures at %rzbl:&m of this rare boniface.~New York THE ART OF ENGRAVING. Some Notes on Ancient and Modern Methods of Re- production. DATES BACK TO THE ROMANS, Remarkable Results Which Are Ob- talned With the Aid of the Camera. To give a history of engraving in aneven abridged form would require more space than can be devoted to one subject in a Sunday paper. But as an illustration has become so im- portant a part of literature, and an almost indispensable adjunct to education, it must be an item of interest to the reading public to know how the drawings and ideas of the artist were and are reproduced, and also to compare the old with the new methods of for newspapers the work of such men as Frost, Remington, Smediey, Gibson, etc. In fact the modern school has been in- fluenced by process-engraving to a marked degree, allowing a freedom of haudling which wood never 20uld, reproducing eac! line with the exactness cfp photography. Another advantage was the dispensing with the middleman, who interpreted a drawing as he saw it without regard to the artist or his conception. _The principle of process-engraving is simple, and if the operator is skillful the print will be an exact reproduction of the originaldrawing. The drawing is made with India ink on cardboard, this in itself giving the artist an advaniage over the wood engraver, as he has the freedom of a pen over the cramped line of & tool. After the drawin, is complete it is photographed by the o]fi wet-plate process and intensified until all but the lines of the origiral are perfectly opaque, the lines ngpeariug as clear glass. This negative is then placed in contact with a zinc plate coated with a sensitive solution of albumen and placed in the rays of electric or sunlight for a few minutes, after which it is coated with a greasy ink and placed in a tray of water. The lght acting through the transparent portion of the negative makes the part exposed insoluble, this holding the ink, while the soluble portion washes away, taking the ink with it, leaving only the design in acid-proof ink. This plate is then coated with a powdered resin, heated until the powder and ink combine. The plate is then placéd in a weak solution of SAMSON AND THE LION, 1466. engraving. By the process of wood en- graving none but the highest class publica- tions could afford to iliustrate, and when they did the work was often stiff and out of all semblance to the original drawing. By the modern means even the daily papers can produce pictures of current events which surpass the work of many of the masters of design in the days of wood cuts. The origin of engraving 1s shrouded in mystery, but it is known that the Romans used an engraved block to stamp on wax. Asfar back as the twelfth century £t. Jerome, 1497. signature seals were used by officials. It is probable the art originated with the gold- | smiths, who were skillful engravers early in this century. It is quite probable that engraving on gold first supgested wood as a medium on account of its easy working qualities, but the first authentic print which bears a date is that of St. Christopher, 1423. From this date the use of wood for illustrating sacred subjects grew. and, although crude, they were highly prized by the lower classes. The blocks served another pur- nitric acid tiil it has a slight relief. This ogeration is repeated till sufficient relief is obtained. The plate is then nailed ona type-high block, when it is ready for the printer. The half tone is in many ways the same as the line etching, only a photograph or wash drawing takes the place o%theline drawing. The negative is made direct from photo or drawing by placing a screen or ruling on glass in front of the sensitive plate in the camera. This ruled screen is cut with diamond point and the scratch filled with an opa?ue substance, making a perfect grating of alternate opaque and transparent lines. The opaque lines inter- cept the rays of light, breaking up the icture into a fine network of dots and ines, which vary in size according to the lights or shades In the original copy. This negative is printed on metal plate in much the same wa)i)ns the line engrav- ing, and etched and blocked in the same manner. Some idea of the delicacy of the process and the care of printing can be judged when it is known that screens arein use on cuts for the Traveler giving 30,625 dots | » | to the square inch and, in some instances, | as high as 40,000 to the square inch. This srocess has been the subject of much un- eserved abuse on account of the quantity | of work turned out by amateurs, but when | handled by experts the results cannot be imitated by any known method. The latest invention in the line of en- graving is what is known as the color or prismatic process, demonstrating that all the colors of nature can be obtained with red, yellow and blue. FKor this rocess a colored original is reqnired. he copy is photographed three separate times, each time with a plate sensitized for one of the three colors, filtering outthe colors not wanted. By this means three negatives are obtained, each having only the color or vortion of color wanted. That is to say, if a purnle were in the original ST. CHRISTOPHER, 1428. ose admirably—that of printing the initial letters ‘before illuminating. The paver was placed on the block after ink- ing and rubbed with a_hard substance till the ink offset, giving the design, which was then colored by hand. Butthis proved too slow, though whole books were engraved and rinteg by this method. But the de- mand outgrew the supply, and a need of a quicker method caused the invention of movable type and the printing-press. The work of the early engravers was crude and_unattractive, although some showed good drawing. 3 The illustrations which accompany this article will show the reader at a glance what wonderful strides the art bas made, though wood has been snfi)fi:n(ad by process-engraving in nearly al es. The introduction of process-engraving has been a boon to artists, and has made luvaluable we would take red and biue—green, blue and yellow. The varieties of shades are obtained by one of the colors predominat- ing. For example, if with the green the blue predominates we have a cold green; if yellow, a warm or sunny green, and so on through the entire list. The prints are made by printing each block with its proper color, one over the other, when with the last color we have the perfect icture. This process is destined to revo- utionize color printing, and wonderful re- sults may be expected. ArLMA L. CRANE, President Union Photo-Engraving Com- pany. g How It Is Pronounced. The other day, in a public ghes. two suburban lnhoonfimeul:l fell into con- i ‘hat versation with a precise and some airy lady, not from Boston. who be)i;lc{: criticize the attainments of Boston G ers. “Itis most extraordinary, !hla sal e ¢what ignorant people they em Oymh teach school in Boston. Such nfl“m as they sometimes speak.” The e schoolmistresses ventured to ask whfl unfortunate _ peculiarities _ she 3 observed in the English of Boston teach- ers. “Why, their pronunciation 18 80 bad,” she answered. ‘‘Just fancy—I hlur a Boston teacher the other day say Kr?' gramme.’’”’ The two teachers apenedvt eir eyes, wondering why people shouldn’t say +programme.” They hardly dared to ask, but the lady enlightened them. “Wheg any one who had been to school at all, she added, **should know that it should be pronounced ‘progrum.’”’—Boston Tran- seript. : = " — Lamps LIGHTED BY EvrectricAL FisH. — M. d’Arsonval, the well-known electri- cian, has been doing some extraordinary things in the way of demonstrating the electric discharge of the torpedo fish. His experiments, which were made before the French Academy of Sciences | were so astonishing as to almost suggest that the central station of the future may be a huge and well- populated fishtank. Several special in- ! struments were used for recording the phases of the discharge from the fish. One was a modification of a movable circuit galvanometer, consisting of a light alumi- num coil, upon which was wound the cir- cuit traversed by the fish current. This coil was attached to the center of a rubber diaphram, stretched on a Marey air-drum, which was connected by a rubber tube to a second smaller drum, carrying a short recording needle moving on a smoked cylinder. Another testing instrument is composed of a silver wire a tenth of a millimeter in diameter and 40 or 50 centi- meters long. As it is stretched hori- zontally between two rigid supports, its center connects with a second wire held up by a rubber spring and carrying a needle moving on the recording cylinder. The torpedo is placed on a plate with a metallic bottom, on which 1s left about an inch of sea water to enable the | fish to breathe during the experi- | ments. Two pieces are cut out of | a sheet of tinfoil in the shape| of the electric organs of the tish, placed | on the dorsal surface of these organs, and joined by a band of tinfoil 5 centimeters | ong. Thus the lower metallic plate constitutes the negative electrode, and | the tin strips form the positive electrode | of this living electro-motor. Theelectrodes | are then united in the various apparatus | for measuring or rendering visible the di charge of the organs. The demoustration | is opened by pinching the edge of the fins | of the fish with a pair of dissecting | tweezers. This usually provokes a single | discharge; but the torpedo is not of a | atient disposition, and if he is pinched | Eard he loses his temper and plies_ his electrical artillery vigorously and rapidly. | The discharge appears to be continuous, | but in reality it is composed of six to ten successive discharges. “The back of the fich is always positive and the belly always | negative. It seems difficult to believe | that the electric current from one of these | fish will not only light ordinary lamps, but burn them out; such, however, is the | fact. Torpedoes of a foot in diameter, which had been kept in a tank for a week, had an electromotive force of from eiil;t to seventeen volts and an intensity of be- tween one and seven amperes. M. d’Ar- sonval took an incandescent lamp, con- suming four volts and one ampere, and connected it to one of the electrical organs. As the fish was squeezed the lamp was | brilliantly lighted. D’Arsonval counsels the experimenter to press the fish very lightly. In his first experiments he used unnecessary pressure and the fish dis- charged such a current that his lamps were all burnt out. Lamps placed on each organ lighted at the same time, with the same intensity, although on different cir- cuits. The organ, however, soon exhausts itself, and requires rest before it is again available. M.d’Arsonval is now at work on experiments for establishing a compari- son of the respective electrical powers 'of the torpedo, the gymotus or electric eel and the electric cat. THE PEOPLE THAT WALKED IN DARK- ~Ess.—In these days of cheap gas it is sel- dom one hears of an abrupt transition from the oil lamp to electricity for the lighting of streets, but that such change is impend- ing in a remote village in Rhode Island bas been announced by a correspondent. Either the old lamps must have been very few and far between, or the- oil very bad, for the villagers say they have hitherto walked in darkness and are elated at the great light that is soon to burst on them. What the feeling about this important event is in the village may be gathered from the following extract from the local press: ‘‘Mystic is to have street lights. The powers that move for the upbuilding of the pretty valley have decreed it; her sons and daughters have offered their | talents to push along the scheme; and the balance of the population are waiting anxionsly for the opf?orlunity to pour their dollars into the coffers of the box-office when the opera ‘Priscilla’ is produced John Alden himself, in_his historical si- lence when a vital question was concerned, was notas dumb as the streets of Mystic have been, when, time and again, Egypt- ian darkness should have moved even the stones to cry out. But no more will the granite curbstones and rocky hillocks wait in mute silence for their victims; no more will the damp, muddy places smile upon the doctor’s profession; no more will the animal kingdom have cause to doubt its law- ful rightto the streets. Not more welcome to the heart and life of John Alden was the incoming of Priscilla to .brighten and bless than will be the in-come of this new Priscilla with the promise of brightening and blessing the dear old town we_all love so well. So here’s for a long pull, and a strong pull, and a pull all together, for a glorious success.” ErecrricAL Lisrarray.—The new Boston library has made a notable adaptation of electrical devices in the handling of books. A system has been designed by which an attendant on the main floor has only to pick out the book wanted, put it in a rail- way car. with a cable attachment, put it off the side switch to the main line and let it travel around at the rate of 500 feet a min- ute to a gpecial elevator, which drops au- tomatically, as soon as the car is in posi- tion, down to the delivery-room. When the entry has been made the car, which has been waiting, rolls with its load on a re- turn track, to the switch from which it st . For the accommodation of the hundreds of thousands of volumes, the NEW T BUT 18 DAY REMATIN. HUNDREDS GOINGTO SEE THEN AY. Something That Confounds the Best Philosophic Experts—The Sick Are Cured and the Skeptio Left to Wonder. SOME OF THE MARVELS OF Dr.A. H. Bryant’s ability toread disease like an open book at a glance, without asking any questions, looking at the tongue or feeling the pulse. IS IT INTUITION? The Pacific Coast Medical Council, 930 Market Street, Thronged With the Sick and Suffering. Commencing Monday, September 9, There Are but Eighteen Days Remain- ingin Which Consultation, Advice, Ex~ amination and Treatment Will Be Given Free to All Who Call. After Septem- ber 28 Their Regular Charges Will Be Made to All. OR THE PURPOSE OF EXTENDING THEIR already WORLD-WIDE POPULARITY, and with a desire to consent to the many earnest requests made from time to time by the friends and admirers of this progressive system, Dr. Bryant will give to all those holding appoints ments, as well as all others wno call THIS MONTH ONLY, and who desire, CONSULTA- TION, ADVICE, EXAMINATION AND TREAT- MENT FOR AN ENTIRE MONTH FREE OF CHARGE, thus glving sufferers from all forms of CHRONIC DISEASES personal attention, and thereby all the advantages of this new system, which has worked such marvelous cures in San Franeisco and surrounding coun- try. Although the time and expense to him in giving this FREE TREATMENT will cost him at least Five Thousand Dollars, yet he feels the number he will treat will be so large, the cures he will make so varied, the good he will do will cover so large a field that the advertise- ment will be double what could be obtained with the expenditure of $10,000 in any other way. He also hopes to bring to the notice of all invalids his MAGNETIC INSTITUTE at 930 Market street, as well as his especial system of practice. All he asks in return is that every patient so treated will appoint themselves a committee of one to state to all their friends the results obtained in their individual cases by these PHENOMENAL MAGNETIC HEAL- ERS. So the rich and poor may come daily from10A.M.to1,and 2to4 P. M, and 7 to 8 evenings for the entire month as above. Dr. Bryant treats all female troubles by the German method, which does away with all speculum exeminations, rings, pessaries and local treatment. He also desires to impress upon all men who are suflering from the errors of youth that heis the sole importer of the justly celebrated Hin- doo remedy, so well and favorably known in the old world as the ANTI-AGNECHAL TAB- LOID METHOD. He will guarantee an abso- lute cure in all cases taken. All desiring to test this system will have such an opportunity to receive treatment for thirty days free of charge, providing they call at 930 Market street this month only. Dr. Bryant earnestly invites you to come, see and examine for ypurself his institution. ad- vantages, appliances and success in curing the chronic ailmentsof suffering humanity. His patients are numbered from all parts of the world, and so remarkable has been his suc- cess that we pause in wonder at the superior qualifications of the physician who can, FROM A STRICTLY SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE STRUCTURE OF MAN, TELL DISEASE AT A GLANCE WITHOUT ASKING ANY QUESTIONS, LOOKING AT THE TONGUE OR FEELING THE PULSE. No explanation is necessary from the patient, no previous knowledge of the case. Every ache, pain and disagreesble feeling pointed out and described better than the patients can themselves. He locates, describes, understands and explains disease at a glance, historizes its | incipieney, progress and termination. Teach- ing in his consultation the patients inherent ‘power over all their weaknesses and debilities which lead to all the various diseases incident to their nature, gives the proper remedy and course of treatment necessary to a perfect and permenent cure. No person should doctor any longer or take any more medicine before consuiting him. Not only will they be surprised at his wonder- ful knowledge of disease, his plain, concise ex- planation of every cause and effect. but at the rapidity with which he relieves and cures the most obstinate diseases by his very fFrogressiva system—the only system by the aid oi which, coupled with his knowledge of the structure of man and his experience with the peculiarities of disease and its actions upon the functions of the body, so demonstrates to the patients whose lives are endangered the real cause of their trouble and points to an absolute relief and cure. They not only treat the blind, lame and eri pled, but all diseases quickly yield to their strange power. Catarrh, incipient consump= tion, chronic bromchitis, chronic diarrhoes, neuralgia, nervous prostration, diabetes, Bright’s disease, epi]epsy or fits, tumors in all conditions, diseases of a delicate nature, dis- eased bones, hip disease, deafness, heart dis- ease, bladder disorders, hemorrhoids or piles, chronic rheumatism, obstinate constipation, diseases of women, cataract of eyes, cancer, sciatica, paralysis, fistula, asthma, liver com- gllint, kidney troubles, scrofula, gravel, throat isorders, impotency, and, in fact, all diseases, yield to animal magnetism in the hands of these famous Magnetists. HIS CREDENTIALS. Dr. Bryant graduated with honor in New York City, and has been a careful student of homeopathy, eclecticism and all the progres- sive schools of medicine. After an extended tour through Europe, he visited nearly all the collegel and hospitals in London and Paris, Edinburgh and Dublin, where the best advan. tages could be obtained for his chosen field of labor. Whiie abroad “he was unanimously elected & member of the Royal Society of Science, Letters and Arts of London, England, which was an especial compliment for his ac- quired ability in_his profession. With these credentials, fogether with twenty vears among the varied classes of chronic diseases with which his great practice has constantly sur- rounded him, he 1s justly entitled to the emi- nent position he has for so long held in the medical world asan expert specialist in chronic ases. He has MORE CAPITAL INVESTED, books are distributed throughout six stories. The aim of the designers was to focus all the books towa: a central point, to facilitate delivery. An elevator well, long and narrow, which pierced the entire building from basement to roof, was constructed, and in this were set up shafts for three elevators. These clevators are worked by a 10-horsepower electric motor in the basement, each elevator being as- signed to its special work. To make the system of delivery complete a miniature railway track with an eight-inch gau, was run along the lines of the interior courtyard. The cars were made of wire and travel 500 feeta minute with ten to thirty pounds weight of booksin them. At certain points are switches work- ing automatically, by means of which the cars are diverted %o whatever g‘art of the building they are destined for, he system by which cards, tickets and messages are dispatched to any part of the building is also electrically controlled. MORE PATIENTS TREATED, MORE CURES MADE, flfl! Any Similar Institution or Body of Physicians in America. Dr. Bryant is Permanently loclted‘]n San Francisco, having leased the par- lors, 930 Market street. Consul- tation, advice, examination and treatment to all who call Free TR THE NEXT 1§ DATS, Hours—10 A.3t. t0 1 P.3é.; 210 4 .M. Tt08 evenings. Closed on Sundays. 4