The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, August 25, 1895, Page 17

. | THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, SUNDAY, AUGUST 25, 1895. 17 MARYELSr MeD - 5v- Rose OHAHQI,’O'\ The requirements of scientific study often lead into those-bypaths of civiliza- tion where culture and semi-barbarism meet and mingle, the sharp extremes of their distinctiveness being necessarily un- edged. In such borderlands are to be found the observatories of Madras in tropical India, of Hongkong in tropical China, of Tokio, Japan,and Helsingfors on the bleak shores of Finland. - As the first named is only 13 degrees north of the equator it very nearly commands the complete view of the firma- ment afforded to observers on that mid- line by the effects of the rotation. | s created by that rof oriental | ation, the East India Company, more | than a' centur; and was indebted toi M. Petrie, the own private observa- tory, for its first te outfit, with which geographi were made of the principal cities o The observ o y years remained in m until gnite | recently; instruments were pro scopic star ob- | servations were commenced as a middle | sreenwich and Cape | logue was pub- | ile of the present ink betwe en tho: formerly assistant of | was appointed di- Native Observatory, China. rector in 1861, still better instruments were b 4, including an S-inch equatoria 1ihis well-known astrono- mer devoted for years to the T general study of atmospheri¢ and celestial He it was who gained p ed a mo- mw pseof a comet in 18 sup- sed at to be the missing Biela wan- x{w:er. though evidence has since appeared s it to have been some other visitant that gleamed through uds of a tropical storm. An staff of assistants not be- v retained in the unhealthy {r. Pogson resorled to atives to the use scopic instruments. Though the area branch of the Arvan | entalism are not a propi- | < for scientific skill, and it | service in order to prepare the long accum- | ulating records for publication. EBN ASTRONOMY duous one at first, but the dusky pupils soon developed an aptitude that would not discredit their European cousins, and the | ainstaking director was amply repaid. | Meridian observations were continued for | several years, variable starsand asteroi were discovered, and meteorology rece all the attention it claims in these fitful climes. To forward the long-deferred pub- | lications Mr. Pogson reluctantly dispensed | with some of vie least important work | some years before his death in 1891. His | ost as yet remains unfilled. A memorial und has been raised and a brass plate in the cathedral will mark the resting-place of the deceased astronomer who for thirty years weathered the dangers of this ori- | ental climate. Smith, his assistant and the “offi- astronomer,” at first dispensed | with all observations excepting the time s This work is now progressing rapidly, and the astronomical libraries of the world are at length coming into the possession of all these treasures of India after thelapse | of a century. There is ‘some discussion now as to the necessity of continuing this long estab- lished station, as steps have been taken for the erection of & new observatory near Kodaikanal, on the Palani hills, about 200 miles to the southwest. The old station, having long ago passed into the hands of the Government of Madras, was, during | the last year, transferred to the Imperial Government. Present financial straits will be an important factor in its destiny and will also retard the completion of the new structure. The site has been chosen with a solici- tade noticeably on the increase among the founders of astronomical buildings, Solidity beneath, transparency above and | quiet around are the required conditions, | and this new outlook on a hill 7700 feet | above sea level is accredited with a fair | share of them. It will be chiefly fitted for | lar physics at first, as a moderate equip- | to be already on hand. This includes a spectroscope manufac- factured specially for observing the zodi- | acal light, that marvel of equatorial skies, | the cause of which is still a mystery. The illustration represents this luminous, cone- shaped projection supposed to extend around the sun’s equator for many mil- lions of miles, and consequently to remain | in view about an hou: after the sun has disappeared below the horizon, while it | also gradually recedesin the same direction and is lost to view as night comes on. | As it probably extends in a plane round | ment bu{)pe u th horizon in advance of the sun in the morning. The cone shape is but a matter of perspective, as we view this illuminated | plane of meteoric dust, if such it be, side- waysand thus foreshortened. Though the rounded point of the cone may be faintly | and equipped with a_due regard for econ- omy. and utility. Mount Elgin, in view of the harbor and consisting of two peaks more than 1000 feet high, was selected as a site. On the eastern peak is the large rec- tangular building for astronomical and meteorological observations, and on the other 400 feet distant stands the hut for magneric observations. o No Government in existence pays more attention to the interests of navigation than England, and this 1ar-off colony has been suvplied in the first place “with meteorological instruments for the pur- pose of studying the local ways of the wind and weather and forming a reliable fore- cast of atmospheric conditions. Thou- sands of inbound and outbound vessels are at the mercy of the periodic monsoon and the terrible typhoon that arises fitfully and renders these tropical seas some of the most dangerous known. A neighboring mountain, Victoria Peak, 1818 feet in height, is also used for meteorological observations. A series of storm warnings have been established, and the reverberations of the typhoon gun are one of the local strains. Feathery clouds, a rise in the barometer, hot weather, and_light winds are some of the first indications of this atmospheric convulsion, and a swell in the sea, which becomes phosphorescent, a glorious sun- set, torrents of rain and darkening sky, are often found to be features of the second stage of advance. ? The typhoon gun is fired once when a strong gale is expected, twice when a ty- phoon is to be looked for, and a triple discharge signifies that the furious gale is likely to suddenly shift round, which means disaster to ships lying in the track of the whirlwind. It is not much to be wondered at that | Orion’s nebula is near the zenith, and the | nection with these dreaded visitations, one of which bereft the observatory of its dome during the first year when their violence had not yet been practically ascertained. China is one of those lands in which as- tronomy was studied at an early date. Seven hundred years B. C. at latest the cause of eclipses was well understood, and though opposed to progress the knowledge of heavenly phenomena is still interwoven with their benighted ideas ol ethics and religion. Several hundred miles south- west of Hongkong lie the Philippine Islands, a Spanish colony, where astron- omical observations have been taken since 1804, and a permanent observatory was es- tablished twenty ‘years later at Manilla. This city of Oceanica, being in north lati- tude 13-14 degrees, has a view of the entire celestial area in twenty-four hours, with the exception of 13 degrees round the south pole. Until recently, the instruments were of small size, onj’ no publications have been issued as yet, but a superior outfit has now been obtained, including a 20-inch refractor, equatorially mounted and fur- nished with a photographic lens and in- struments for seismographic and meteoro- logical observations. The varintions in latitude now agitating the astronomical world will be given special attention by the director, Father Algue, in concert with the observers of Georgetown College, Washington, and the records hereafter will be of much scientific value. Almost an antipodal station isthat of Quito, Fcuador, on the equator, with the enviable altitude of 9543 feet. Though founded in 1874 there 1s little heard of the work done at this observatory, and we are left to conjecture that. excellent spectro- scopic work could be done where the zo- diacal light appears in its fullest glows, Mr. Doberck, the Government astronomer, | planets can be seen ‘at a favorable altitude THE ZODIACAL LIGHT — ITS ASPECT IN EUROPE, BY MR. HEIS AT MUNSTER. seen in middl and crimson base are seen to best advan- tage in tropical regions where the sun rises and sets with little oblia About 2000 | miles eastward and also within the tropies | is the observatory of Hongkong, estab- | e sun it also projects above the eastern | lished by the English Government in 1883 | rules and exceptions his pregnant reports are chiefly of a stormy nature in the literal sense. Much good has been accomplished dur- ing the last ten years by records -of the e latitudes, its yeliow tints | has little time to study the aspects or po- | throughout the year. Here the entire ce- sitions of the heavenly bodies, and that |lestial sphere becomes visible on clear | nights, end the poles of the heavens are in | view respectively north and south aboat half a degree above the horizon. In contrast to this unique position is iscovered in con- | that of the observatory of elsingfors, NORTHERN LIGHTS. Russia, within a few degrees of the zone | where the midnight sun is a yearly visitor., The diurnal motion of the heavens has a strikingly different relation to the horizon | in these northern latitudes from what it has in tropical countries where the hea- venly bodies rise and descend nearly at right angles. In Helsingfors the motion is only slightly oblique, and the celestial | vault to sixty degrees south of the pole star passes round and round entirely in view of the observer. Below that circle the starstise and set, and the heavens be- low thirty degrees south of the equator are | inyisible. The sunlight lasts more than eighteen hours at midsummer, and is an equal | time below the borizon toward the end of the year, In these present years, on ac- count of the position of the moon’s orbit, the midwinter full moon will scarcely set, | as its radiance will linger at the north | point while it glides beneath for a short interval; and the full moon of midsummer | will only show its presence by a lustrous arc at the south point, unless unusual re- | fraction counteracts geometrical laws. This is a land of unusual refraction, of | erimson glories, mock suns and magnetic | phenomena. Even the pale lunar disk 1 wears a lurid glow, and the aurora borealis or mnorthern lights appear in brightest | tints, This magnificent phenomenon is selec- tive as to latitude and longitude, but this | point is almost nightly favored with its | fantastic outlines. | Asthe observatory has a fair outfit for | magnetic, meteorological and astronomi- | cal observation, Dr. Donner is giving some | time to the marvels of the Arctic sky in | addition to general research. Occultations | of stars by comets have been closely ob- | served for some time, and _the conclusion { has been reached that no decrease of light | occurred. April 24, 1886, an unusually | white twilight was seen that has not been | accounted for satisfactorily as yet. No doubt the increasing facilities for research | now developing so rapidly will give to this, the most northerly station in the world at | present, much importance in Arctic obser- | vations. It was at Helsingfors that Argelander completed his famous catalogue, one of the best in use, and a model for those that | have since been compiled. | The observatory of the university of Tokio, Japan, is entitied to be classed among those institutions which are rising to knowledge, though outside the highways of civilization. It is the out- | come of a rather ancient institute that was | revived in 1868 by the Imperial Govern- After a series of changes, some- | ment. ‘timqs in the way of enlargement, some- times of curtailment, unavoidable among: people in their first grovings' toward civ ilization, it was annexed to the universit; and forms a creditable department of thnfl, marvel of Asiatic development. Built on# the site before occupied by the Naval Ob- servatory of Japan, the astronomicald duties of that small structure have de-- volved upon it, and the Hydrographiosw Bureau is entitled to share the use of the instruments. These consist of two transit instruments nearly three inches in diame<! ter and a three-inch and a five-inch equa~ torial. Among the duties are the construction ofy an almanac, the announcement of the true” time- and meteorological observations.e From three to five hoursa day are devoted to™ the study of astronomy and mathematics,. and as the college course extends to threes Kears considerable advance must be made*® y these progressive Orientals. Lectures” in astronomy are also given by Keesaburo® Ashino, Rigakushi, who, like many of the professors in this establishment, is” proba- bly a graduate from some European or" American college. It isto be hoped that a taste for con- quest will not smother the intellectnal proclivities of this talented race, that{ seems so near the possession of civilizae tion and its beneficial results. A HEAVY SUIT PENDING. Fruit Men Who Lost by the Strike ‘Want to Be Reimbursed. It was rumored yesterday that a oromie nent legal firm had been consulted ree cently as to the feasibility of instituting a= suit for damages against the Southerns Pacific Railway Company for the fruit lost¥ in transit at the time of the strike last year. A number of the Sacramento and Placer- ville shippers, not to mention others in. less important shipping centers, weére heavy losers by reason of the strike, andi the proposed suit has been in contempla~ tion for some time. It is said the loss sus-- tained by the growers and shippers® amounts to several hundred thousand dol- lars, and that several of the wealthy fruit men of the State are interested in the pro- ‘posed suit. - George Elliot received for “Felix Holt ?_25,(!)0, which is a little more than $1 a ine. DR. SAINDEIN'S An Electric Belt. An appliance that gives sparks of life into your nerves. Sparks that you feel. 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