The San Francisco Call. Newspaper, March 17, 1895, Page 16

THE SAN FRANCISCO CALL, SUNDAY, MARCH 17, 1895. S - We know with a good deal of detail the etory of Grant’s successes from the time of Belmont to the day when he delivered over the White House to his successor. part of his career which was uneventfully contained in the few months prior to the outbreak of the Civil War and a few weeks after, or until he received his colonelcy, is But the | DRAMATIC (HAPTER IN THE ‘HEROS LIFE NEVER.BEFORE PUBLISHED —~ said: “Well, Idon’t know that there is anything you can do. You might stay around for a day or two, or perhaps the adjutant-general may have something that g_e can give you to do. Supposing you see im.’” Upon him the adjutant-general also put the critical eye, and seemed like all the others to be “disposed to measure this un- assuming man by his clothes by his record and his intell ) t0o, said to Captain Grant: “Well, I don't know as there is anvthing vou can do to help us. We are pretty well organized. Hold on, you must know how to rule blanks for the making out of such reports as we make up; you certainly learned how to do that when you were in the army.” “Oh, ves,” replied Captain Grant, “1 know how those blanks should be ruled.” eneral, so little known that all that can be said of it by almost every one is that it was a period of trial, of rd luck and at times almost of despa possible, however, now to gi g of detailed narra- tive of use one who was near G at Galena, who saw him in the tanner’ many times, who went with him to mee d by the cit It methi at time, b iv store led g ns er to Linec of Galena in a In’s proclama- tion, who had him as a companion from Galena to the Illinois capital, and his roommate while Grant was there despe ling to gain an entran service, is living a those times with vividnes ral Augustus L. Chetlain, now liv 1 Chi every member of the 1 ion of the United States not onl ter who knew no fe E b battles, but as the w 1e intimate of Grant in th timat ¥ Color answer to a question: I know General Chetlain very i he was the intimate and trusted her in the early days of the 1 Chetlai b though lowed, and were collected from other sou formation. Grant went to Galena fo serve in the leather-store of J. D. Grant & Co. He uch employment a year itbreak of the war. = He rst $40 a month, and his pay rd raised to $75. He hired a little cottage 1 standing, and d$12 a month rent, leaving a_sum upon which he could support his on crimp- 1g and the hardest sort of v rents plenty oung men used to go into the tanner’s store and there they often found young | Captain Grant seated on the counter s tim h an old gray coat that cost | $5 on hi rusty felt hat upon his head and a short pipe in_his mov He was known also as a clerk who had no special fondness for the coun- ter or for hide alena win the en e him caj s he declined, and Mr. | k as chosen cavtain instead. In conversation with Captain Chetlain, just iter the company was zed, Captain i Idon’t want to overestimate nd I don’t think I do whenI that my education at West v service in the army have : to take the colonelcy of a . Ifeel pretty sure that I could nand a regiment creditably enough, I have a share o: mili- h canses me to feel justified king the Governor to give me a regi- 1t and I'm going to do it.” On the day that the Galena company was to depart for the Stdte capital patriotic enthusiasm was most gloriously stirred in h in its new uni- streets and ay station. bassing the leather-store of J. D. and faded ] short pipe, t interval great puifs The cap- 11 upon an old-fashioned trav- r made of carpet, one of those justified the early name of carpet- | bag, a well-known and ient relic of domestic service, and this the man who rot»d in the doorway of J. D.Grant's egxthnr-\hn}) 8 . Captain Chet- lain nodded and received in reply a recog- nition which was half military salute and half friendly sign. When the com. | pany passed the younz man stepped from | the doorway, fellin behind and marched | at_the rear of the company, bearing his | faded carpet-bag and still’ smoking his pipe. Captain Grant carried with him to Bpringfield nothing excepting the change oplinen which was contained in an old carpet-bag, and a letter of introduction to Governor Yates, written by E. D. Wash- burn, then a member of Congress from the Galena district. The capital was in tur- moil. Gayly uniformed volunteer officers were proud to display their buttonsand their activity. Two or three days after the Galena com- any reached Springfield Captain Chetlain }:fld some business which called him to the Capitol. As he walked down the corridor he saw a man sitting on a bench smoking & pipe and looking almost the picture.of despair, The gayly dressed young soldiers brushed by, some of them turning for an instant to glance at this man who seemed almost like an outcast, so strong was the contrast between his appearance and theirs. Captain Chetlain recognized him, | sary to send some one competent to do the | { work ruling blanks, and thus in thatal- most menial work of ruling blanks he who had few in- | | ruling © blanks. The department at Washington cannot forward us the printed blanksas fast as we need them because the demand | I guess I'll set you to work | You may come around to- is very great. nks. | morrow. The next day Captain Grant called at the | edjutant-general’sy office and ; paper, ink . given to him. and pen with ruler w But he was not permitted to have a deskin the gre In jutant-general’s office worked. that room were handsome de: ent furniture, comfortable cz fact it was a well-appointed office. side of it was a little anteroom. ‘“Well you see,” continued the adjutant- ‘‘we are rather short of these t room where the subordinates of ks, conveni- pet, and in st out- he floor were making the offices for the regiments and brigades. The opportunity came more quickly than he expected. * He had sown good seed at Mattoon. The ability, energy and thor- ough understanding of himseli and his duties which he displayed when mustering in the Twenty-first Regiment of Illinois Volunteers made a deep impression upon some of the officers and may f the men. For some reason the first appointed colonel of that regiment resigned, and at that time the officers of a regiment had the privilege of designating by vote their wishes as to the colonelcy. These officers met, and among them was a Captain Patterson, who afterward was an able judge in one of the Illinois districts. During the discussion Captain Patterson suggested that they vote for the election of that Captain Grant who had mustered the regiment in, and the idea was received with instant favor. A vote was taken and the proposition was carried, and a petition setting forth these facts was sent to Governor Yates. A few days later Captain Grant, sitting in his father’s leather-store, received a telegram from Governor Yates asking him if he would accept an appointment as colonel of the Twenty-first Regiment. Ac- cept the appointment! Would an eagle fly if it had the chance? Grant tele- graphed back instantly that he would gladly command the regiment, and as soon as possible went again to Springfield. He Teceived his commission and joined the regiment, and th> firm impulse of his dis- cipline was imm:diately made apparent. Yet Grant was not freed from humilia- tion. He had been unable to procure any better clothes than those which he wore when he first went to Springfi=ld, and | while those served him well enough. hav- ing upon the shoulders of his coat the straps, which were the only indications of | his “authority when he was drilling the regiment, yet, of course, he could not ap- | pear upon dress parade unless in full uni- form, and he did not possess the money to | buy a uniform, a sword or a horse. There- fore, for more than two weeks he left to Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander the duty of | appearing upon dress parade, no man in | that regiment then knowing that the only as, bare. | Its furniture was a plain | reason why he himself did niot take com- table and a hard-bottomed chair. There | mand was because his clothing would not they put Captain Grant and set him to | permit him to do so. In that emergency Colonel Grant wrote his father and asked for the loan of $400, General J. A. Rawlins, Chief of Stag. General Grant. Colonel Bowers, Assistant Adjutant-General. AT GRANT’S CITY POINT HEADQUARTERS EARLY IN 1865. was a few years later to rule the nation gan his formal service in the war. A or two later Captain Chetlain had oc- | casion to go to the adjutant-general’s office, and to get there he must needs passas every one did through the little anteroom. He saw what he thought was a familiar figure. “What are you doing, captain?’’ said Chetlain, “Oh, I'm ruling blanks and some other waqrk upon minor reports such as any clerk cando. Ican’tdo it any longer. Ther no_place for me here, no chance, and I'm going back to Galena.” “‘No, I would not do that, captain,” ¢ Chetlain, “be patient. Everything is in turmoil here. Even if you give up this work don’t go back to Galen I am sure some chance will come for you very soon.” Saying nothing, Grant turned "back to ork. That evening he met Captain Chetlain and told him that he had decided to remain in Springfield a little while longer, but that he had got to practice the strictest economy in order to support him- self. Then he made a suggestion. Said he: “Ican’t live at the hotel any longer; it costs too much. But I have found a room right across the street. It is of good size and has a double bed in it. The price is $3 aweek. Now, if you will come and share the room, it will cost us only $1 50 a week apiece and we can get our meals where we can find them.” Captain Chetlain agreed to this proposi- tion, and that evening he became Captain Grant’s roommate, and remained with him until the company was mustered into the service and joined its regiment. Cap- tain Grant must have lived very plainly at that time. He did not complain, but there is some reason to believe that he now and then skipped a meal, and when he did eat he houg{)lt the plainest food. He went to the State capitol every day and returned every evening more and more de- spondent. Twice he decided to go to Galena. Once he determined to go by the next train, and it was only after the most urgent x;l]t'ading of Chetlain that he changed his mind and decided to remain a few days longer. At last one day he came to Captain Chetlain in camp and said to him: “They have asked me to go down to Mattoon and look aftera regiment which is going into camp there,” and then he also con fessed that his money had so completely given out that he would be unable to take the trip unless some friend would advance him no more than $15. That little sum was found- and Grant went down to Mat- toon and spent a day or two with the new regiment, giving its officers such advan- tage as his own experience enabled him to do. He returned to Springfield and again there was a time of delay. But after a little, owing to some disappointment or in. efficiency somewhere, it was found neces- although he had not seen him for a day or | Work to Mattoon again to muster that two, and going up to him said, “Why, captain, what are you doing here?"’ “Well, I am trying to _get my letter of introduction to Governor Yates, and I have been wailin;!; so long that I don’t know as 5t will be of any use. However, I am go- ing to stay here until the building closes.” | Captain Chetlain saw that Grant was a little despondent and suggested to him that the Governor was very busy, but that Lie would soner or later be sure to receive any one who bore a letter from Congress- man Washburn. Two or three hours later Captain Grant was able to find some one | who condescended to take the letter of in- troduction from Mr. Washburn to the Gov- ernor, and after 2 while this messenger re- turned saying that the Governor would see Captain Grant as soon as he had leisurc. The Governor must have been very busy, for leisure did not come until another hour or two had passed. Grant went into the Governor's room with what seemed to be almost a timid manner, and the Governor, casting a quick glance at him and perceiv- ing that he was coarselfl.drese}ed and also shy, clearly made up his mind that he . would make the interview a short one. So he said, “Ah, you are Captain Grant? ‘What can I dofor you?”’ - - “Well, Governor, I have come to see if I can be of any service to you, and I hope that by and by you will be able to give me a commission.” He added that he was willing to do anything that would help the Governor in those trying times, and then very briefly alluded to his experience as an officer in the regular arm; regiment in and Captain Grant was sent upon that service. He came back from Mattoon feeling somewhat encouraged, but found that his service had entitled him to no recognition. Thinking that there might be an oppor- tunity in St. Louis he went there, and al- though he met one or two old army com- rades, and eten rode with them when they set out to disperse a hostile demonstration, nevertheless he found no encouragement that Missouri would accept his services, Returning to Springfield, and again almost determined to go to his home, he hap- pencd to think of McClellan, who wasthen in Cincinnati preparing to leave for the front. He knew McClellan slightly and was certain that McClellan knew of him. But in Cincinnati he faced the same indii- ference and bad luck. McClellan had just uniformed staff werein and about the hotel and there was no offer of comradeship when Captain Grant timidly introduced himself to two or three of them. There was nothing to do but to return to Spring- field, and on bis way thither he sto ped over for aday in Indianapolis, thinkin that perhaps hisservices might be accepte by Governor Morton. A few hours there showed him plainly that the political colo- nels and political influences were quite as stron%in Indiana as they were in lllinois. Then his mind was made up. He went to Springfield, bade Captain Chetlain good-by, and then returned a despondent man to his home in Galena believing that for the time at least there was no chance for an ‘When he finmmfv "Governor Yates obscure military man, since the politicians jed | gone to Washington, but his brilliantly | d | the money to be used in buying uniform, + sword and horse. Colonel Grant’s father | did not see his way clear to advance him | this money, but **Ulyss,” as he wasalways i known in the store, had a good_ friend in | the junior partner of the house, Mr. Col- | lins. He knew of this requet for a loan, | and he procured the money at the bank and ent it to Colonel Grant, not even indicat- |ing at the time that it was sent by the { junior partner and not by the father. In | the inclosure containing the draft for $400 a promissory mnote, put in out of motives of delicacy, so that Colonel Grant | would feel that he had borrowed the | money, whereas Mr. Collins looked upon that sum as a contribution to the cause of the Union. With a part of the money Colonel Grant bought the famous yellow horse which became afterward known as ¢Old Clayback,” and as soon as he could have the uniform made he appeared upon dress parade. Copyright, 18! HABITS OF POLAR BEARS. They Seem to Thoroughly Enjoy Their Life in the London Zoo. Appropriately to the recent mortal ill- ness of the large polar bear in the London Zoological Garden a writer in the London Bpectator remarks upon the mistake we made in supposing that the denizens of the frozen north necessarily suffer unduly in warmer climates; that “in all stories of arc- tic travel the. extreme of cold appeals so strongly to the imagination that the heat of the nightless summer, in which the Es- kimos strip themselves naked in their snowhouses, is often forgotten. The good health and long life of the polar bears in this country (England) is less surprising than atfirst appears when this extraordine ary range of arctic temperature is remem- bered. Moreover, the white bears are ab- solutely indifferent to fog and wet. Crea- tures that live and thrive on islands like | Nova Zembla, where half their life is spent |in fog and darkness, are little groubled | by the London fog and damp of Regents Park. % & They will plunge and | roll in the bath with as much pleasure | in pouring rain or when the tank is full of { clinking ice as on a hot summer day, and he only weather which seems to cause | them discomfort is a hot August afternoon, when they pant and loll out their tongues like Newfoundland dogs.” The size of these bears approaches that of the ox or the elephant, rather than that of the true carnivora. In some respects the bear’s owers of movement exceed those of cats. They ‘‘can maintain a gallop at a pace | equal to that of a fast horse, leap wide | gulfs with ease, swim fast enough to catch | a salmon, and dive like a seal or an otter. They heartily enjoy their play, but are dangerous animals.” No creatures are more carefully kept at arm’s length by their keepers. Men who will rub their hands over a lion’s face and eyes or pat the neck of a tiger, shift a bison "bull across its stall like a bullock, or handle a python like a length of ro%e, would think it rash to put hand or limb within reach of these bears, * % * The fierceness of the poiar bear is robably due to his enforced carnivorous iet. Every other bear is largely a fruit, vegetable and insect feeder, but in the frozen north the polar bear lives of neces- sity on fish, carrion, seals, walruses and birds.—Popular Science Monthly. ——————— Physique in the East and West. The Western man of the United States is generally superior to the Eastern man in height. This is attributed to the former’s enjoyment of freer airand a greater abun- ance of food at the time the West was first .opened. It has also been suggested that this is due to the fact that only the best pharsicnl specimens dared to penétrate the wild plains in the time of the pioneers, In many of our States high in the scale of human stature the greatness of frame is said to be due to the lime belts runnin noticeably in their regions. Lime, o course, is absorbed in the system from water, and also from vegetation, which partakes of the mineral products in the soil where it is planted. In the “hard- water region” of g’ermont the native men are abnormally tall.—Boston Transcript. B e — The staff of the English railroads is mostly made up of men who entered the sexvice as lads and worked their way up, o Just outside my study window an an- archist has taken up his abode. He has builded him a house and is at this present moment engaged in securing his midday meal. Ordinarily I should wheel around on my swivel chair and with a poke of my pen- handle should interfere with this dinner- getting process, for I have small sympathy with anarchists and would willingly aid in selecting this particular variety from off the earth. Just now, however, T desire to study this fellow, so I shall not interpose lay Providence to the giddy, stupid fly entangled itself in the spider’s web and will soon pay the penalty of its folly. For my anarchist is none other than a huge, sprawling, pot-beilied, black spider— as unpleasant to contemplate as any Herr Most among them. There the creature sits, squat, dusky, re- pellant, an_ ugly object to look upon, but interesting to me, just now, because of the train of ideas he has started. The spider is the very spirit and essence of anarchism. In his manner of life and his habits he is the concentration of that Individualism which anarchy seeks to es- tablish. He is so thoroughly an individ- ual that even the naturalist never talks of spiders. It is always the spider. Even the species to which the creature belongs stands alone in the scale of being. Itis customary to speak of the spider as an insect, but he is not a true insect. Neither does he belong to any one of the higher animal orders. He isa little below them, just as he is a little above the insects. He undergoes no metamorphosis as do the in- sects. He is not a vertebrate. He has his skeleton on the outside, like all of the crea- tures whom we call articulates, and yet he has a nervous organism more sensitive than the most exquisitely endowed of the vertebrates. In the earlier days when the world was young, the spider was like most creatures, gregarious. Even now, in very richly fruitful tropical countries, there are still some slightly gregarious spiders. These will even, in moments of peril, join forces for mutual protection, but 1t must be some great danger that drives them to do this They have never learned the first prin- ciples” of co-operation. Indeed, so essen- tially individualistic have they become that there is enmity even between the sexes. Even in their love-making they are on guard against each other and milady is more apt than not to bring the honeymoon to an untimely end by turning upon her liege and devouring him, bodily. This is the reason why she has become the larger of the two. Not that she has increased in size at his expense, but only those male spiders have survived who have been small enough to avoid and so escape the onslaughts of the female. Each spider lives solitary and alone, and by virtue of its habits it has become emi- nently specialized for a solitary existence. It has purchased its specialization, how- ever, at an enormous cost. It has perfect individual freedom to perish, unless it can secure itself against the depredations of its foes and the attacks of its own kind and at the same time obtain a food supply. Of all creatures its life is the most pre- carious and uncertain. It does not go abroad and hunt for food, as do other creatures. It has too many foes to permit {of this. It spreads a netand lies in wait for victims. This net is woven out of its own body, and should anything happen to it the fate of the hunter is sad indeed, for without the web it cannot catch its food, and without food it cannot store up material for further weaving. Thus it is constantly hovering on the brink of dis- aster. A puff of wind destroys its web. It may spin one, two, several more, but its supply of material destroyed at last before any food is caught, and the spinner is helpless—a prey to every vicissitude. No wonder it is a literal bundle of nerves and The Line Was Thrown Into Confusion. tremors. Its whole web is to it an aunxili- ary nervous system. I touch, ever so lightly, one thread, and my individual is atonce in an ecstacy of terror. What is this intruder? It may be an ant—one of those curious, pestiferous creatures, fear- ing mnothing, and filled with scientific interest 1n this curious web. If it finds the weaver it will perhaps poison him to death with formic acid. The spider will fleefrom an ant. It may be a lizard meditating an attack, a greedy frog ‘or a bird, every variety of which knows the sEider to be an excellent spring tonic for the bird tribe. Even the squirrels will eat spiders and smack their jaws over them. hen, too, it pays the price of its higher organism in another way. Noxious vapors that the true insects resist kill it instantly, for it is an air breather. You can kill it with a drop of camphor. Eau de cologne stupefies it, and a whiff of ether will throw it into the most terrible convulsions. It is a fortunate thing, perhaps, that the spider is an individual. * Were the crea- tures gregarious they would be formidable mdee(i gJ‘vm of them might put an army of their foes to flight. Think what cities, towns and villages these deft and indefati- eable workers might construct were the co- operative instinct developed in them as it is in the ants or the bees! But our spider’s brain is not sufficiently developed for that. Look at this one in the window. You can scarcely see her head at all. Her body consists of but two parts, the cephalo-thorax and the abdo- men. She has no neck. Her head is a mere wedge, set deep in the thorax, as if it had been firiven in with a mallet. She has eight eyes, though, set all around the queer little head, and she needs them all to warn her of the approach of foes. Look at the enormous abdomen and you will under- stand why our anarchist is also a glutton. She must eat to keep alive, and also to maintain the supply for that enormous snare by which she;kee‘pa alive. Thus her life is summed upin afew words. Sheeats that she may spin—and she spins that she may eat. She must be ever on the alert. She has no time for social intercourse. She has no other occupations than these two. She has no superfluous energg to expend in taking active exercise, as do the ants, nor in humming. She is the only creature known that seems to hayve no relaxation for mere pleasure. Her life is earnest, ac- tive, terrible. Every creature is against her, and she is against every creature. She is a_thorough coward. She will not approach that fly so long as it moves. 3 “But she is a thorough individual. Sheis a law unto herself and doubtlesstould she think at all she would reflect with scorn upon those misguided creatures that work for each other and draw their food supply from a common stock and have no per- sonal webs or homes aside from the com- mon one. I stumbled upon a whole colony of such this morning. Itis early in the season It Spreads a Net and Lies in Wait for Its Victims. for them to be abroad, but everything is strangely advanced this spring. I %\ad spilled some grain the day before and a whole legion of communists had descended upon the scattered wealth and were bear- ing it away. One by one the little crea- tures filed along the pathway to an ant heap by the border, each carrying a kernel of oats. I saw one toiler roll over and over with a huge kernel, quite unable to get away with it. In her struggles she fell against a comrade who was returning empty handed (o the grain pile. The two consulted together and presently each took hold of the kernel and together they pro- ceeded to the common storehouse with it. Had they been spiders, now, they would have fought. The victor would have first eaten his opponent and then made off with the spoils. If the spiderisa typical anurchist the ants are equally typical communists. How they build and store, keep cattle and slaves, go forth to battle and bring back spoils, are matters familiar to students of natural history, but I doubt if any student ever consird’;red their ways so diligently as to cease wondering at them. They are so nearly akin to man in their economic en- terprises. Itis in the ants that we first come upon something in the insect world akin to brain. Microscopists tell usthat at the ends of the antenn or feelers of these insects is a substance exactly analogous to the brain matter 1n our own brains. It acts in them through the sense of smell, for they are both blind and deaf. In the line of march of the troops of ants 1 saw carrying grain was a tiny twig. Each ant, bearing its burden, crept laboriously over this ob- struction, until at last, thinking to aid them, I removed it. Instantly all was con- fusion. One after another the next comers left the trail and began running madly about. At last, after a wide detour, one of them struck the trial and they all fell into line again, following the first one, and they kept to the new trail, althoufih to do so0 they added some ten inches to the length of their journey. Plainly it was their sense of smell alone that guided them. The ants must all have been seeing creat- ures at one time. Certain of them still re- tain their sight. These are the winged males and females. The little creatures I saw running on the ground were the neu-4 ters, really undeveloped females, the work- ers of the community. These have no wings—the earth is the scene of their activ- ity and eyes would be of little use to them in their ‘work underground. For transit over the earth their sense of smell is suffi- cient. The winged males and females, on the other hand, require to see in order to fly, and they have retained, in a less de- gree than their cousins, the bees, the power of vision. They do their love-mak- ing in the air and immed'mhe]K after the males perish, the females lose their wings and retire to the ant_village, there to oc- cupy honorable positions as the mothers of the coming generation. Unlike the bees the ants have no queen. They are commun- ists, holding everything in common. There may be many mothers in each village. They lay the eggs and the neuters do the work and look after the young. This latter is a tremendous task. The eggs must be nourished by being breathed upon by the nurses. The larye must be fed and the young ones must be assisted to break through the shell that contains them. They must be carried out into the sunlight and’ earried back should the air become humid. If they venture forth alone they are caught by watghful nurses and brought back. hen stroffg enough they must be taught the way about the city, they are in- structed in the arts of hunting and, in fact, receive a thorough education in all the duties of anthood. The neuters, too, must be provided with a different kind of food from that on which the males and the true females are nourished. On the whole, the care-taking ants must often feel as di that woman, who declared, pathetically, that “it's a real chore to bring up children.” Their care of the young is truly wonder- ful. Michelet relates witnessing a terrible battle between two different varieties of ants, carpenters and masons, I believe. The big fellows were defeated and the next day he found a single survivor waqdetin% about the ruins of the vanquished city. I was carrying one of the young ones of its race that it had rescued from the general carnage. i The cattle of the ants are certain plant lice that have on the under side of the ab- ' demen.a glandular structure which secretes “| that the; the saccharine matter the aphides derive from the plants. The ants, though much smaller, literally milk these creatures and even carry them into their villages to min- ister to their love of sweets. g There is a race of small red ants that raid the villages of another variety of larger, black ones and carry away the young as slaves. These latter, when once ‘domesti- cated in the alien camp, perform all the work and literally rule their masters with a heavy hand. The latter are, however, nearly ‘helpless without them, being un- able themselves to do anything but fight. This is one of the most interesting phases of ant life, but the object of this paper is not to exhaust, if that were possible, but merely to indicate a field of study that is at once accessible, profitable and almost as full of interest as the study of human life itself, I have called the ants communists. Theirs is a life, the mainspring of which is community of interests. - They have no head, no special government, no common center, saye the city, wherein all are equal. As I sit here writing I can, by raising my eyes, see the homes of still another and }}‘fher order of insects, which are in the highest degree socialistic. customary to regard the beehiveé as an ab- solute monarchy, ruled by a queen. More recent study has developed the fact that the bees are in the truest sense Republi- cans, and the government of the queen Tests upon that surest foundation—the con- sent of the governed. Nay—she is not queen save by appointment pf the people, which are the worker bees. &hey elect her when she is yet but an egg in her cell, and rear her up and give her a royal education, not that she may rule over them for her own pleasure, but that she may serve them by perpetuating _the species. 1If she dies, or is Kkilled, or strays away and is lost, as sometimes happens in her nuPti;\l flight, they undergo & season of trouble and mourning. Then they go to work and make a new queen by enlarging the cell of one of the larve, not yet three days old, and feeding it upon the royal food. "With an eye to economy of time they usually, in “fact, rear several ?ueens. These are kept imprisoned, for ear of the wrath of the reigning monarch, until she decides whether or no she shall take off a swarm that season. If she does, one of the young queens is liberated, at once slays all the others and is established over the hive. If, on the contrary, the old queen decides to remain, she visits, one aiter another, the royal cells and kills her rivals, the workers looking on in ap- proval. Queens are expensive to keep, and they can make others when necessity arises: I have called them socialists, because their form of government is socialistic compared with others. I would not be understood as claiming this as a socialist characteristic any more than that slave- holding is a feature of communism. In the truest sense of the word the polity of the beehive is a government of the people, by the people, for the people. There is one idle class, however, who “live in clover’’ for a brief season, but who eventually pay a terrible penalty for. their useless lives. These are the drones—the male bees. You can see them any sunny day enjoying life. They buzz among the flowers—your worker bee does not buzz— and they have no stings. The workers feed them and permit them to ‘‘stay around” until midsummer. If the queen should not prove fertile they will even carry them over for a season, but the day of reckoning comes at last, and usually about midsummer, when the workers fall upon the drones, put them to death and cast them outside the hive. The bees are far more intelligent than the ants. This is largely due to the fact have retained their power of flight. Traveling about in the air the come in contact with a wider world. Their intelligence is developed. Literally, their minds are broadened by travel and they are wondrous wise. Huber, the great naturalist, tells us that a terrible nocturnal butterfly that made its appearance all over Burope shortly before the outbreak of the French revolution proved a deadly foe to bees. They would enter the hives by dozens at night, and so rapacious were they that they .could de- stroy in an hour the summer’s work of the busy bees. Huber could deyise no contri- vance to keep the fly out. His gmtings and screens annoyed the bees and broke their wings. He was in despair until one morning he discovered that the bees had guarded their hives on theinside by a series of elaborate approaches, made in wax. Here was a wnlpot wax, with narrow loop- holes. Behind it another wall, with open- ings at different angles from the first, and then, without constructing a single impedi- ment to their own progress they had erected some intercrossing arcadesat the gates, one behind the other, but running in different directions. So the little bees A Colony of Socialists. by a little zigzagging could come and go, heavy laden, but their big enemy could not enter. A Such a proceeding as this looks so much like reason that one hesitates to call it in- stinct. The office of the queen is to lay eggs. This she does with great industry, laying many thousands in the course of a season. She lives for years, but is impregnated but once, that lasting for a lifetime of service. ‘When the hive becomes too crowded, usu- ally once a year, she raises a cry and pre- ares to take off a swarm. The bees who ave determined to follow her eat a several days’ supply of food and finally go fortin with her and seek a new home. This is the familiar phenomenon of swarming. As said before this discoursive sketch is designed merely to awaken an interest in the “subjects treated. Did space permit, columns might be interestingly filled with an account of bees alone. . __Ishould be remiss in my duty, however, if I failed to emphasize one point. These little socialists should be in every rden in rural California. The flowerdof e United States are notedly richer in honey than those of Europe, and’those of California lead the world. Californian honey is food fit for a king, but_there are few kings rich enough to buy it. “It is scarcer than hen’s teeth” and worth its weight in gold, while our stores are full of artificial honey c8mbs filled with molasses and water. < Wherever there is a white ufig patch in this State there should be a beehive for the benefit alike of the sage blossoms, the bees, the bee-keepers and the honey pur- of this great State. L ApeLINE Kxarp, 1t was long | 15 NEW TO-DAY. NEW YEAR’S R At the big shoe factory! Beginning of the second year of RETAILING direct to the people AT FACTORY PRICES. ‘We've made a resolution to continue the good work be- gun a year ago, and do it, if possible, better. We'll not try to estimate the big sum we have saved the people in retailers’ profits. But we’ll ask you: have you shared? And if not, will you? AT ROSENTHAL, FEDER & CO,, WHOLESALE MAKERS OF SHOES, 581-583 MARKET ST. Open till 8 P.I1. Saturday Nights till 10. Estate of the Late KATE JOHNSON. Advance Bids Wanted —N MRS. FIRST-CLASS REALTY Now In Probate. Capitalists, corporations, trustees, agents snd all other persons seeking bargains in yvell-located inside San Francisco real estate are requested to make an offer at once upon those two splendid 50- vara lots, described as follows, to wit: FIRST—The 50-vara lot situate on the northwest corner of Golden Gate avenue and Leavenworth st. SECOND—The 50-vara lot situate on the southe west corner of Leavenworth and O'Farrell streets, including the magnificent mansion built thereon. The first of said 50-vara lots was appraised eight months ago by John Hinkel, Michael Flood and Edward Bosqui at §120,000, and the second of said lots was appraised at the same time by the same parties at $62,500. A petition is how pending be- fore the Hon. J. V. Coffey of Department 9 (pro- bate) of the Superior Court of this city and county for the confirmation of the sale of the 50-vara lot on the corner of Golden Gate avenue and Leaven- worth street at $74,000, and for the confirmation of the sale of the 50-vara lot on the corner of Leavenworth and O’Farrell streets at §45,000. An advance bid of at least 10 per centis desired upon either or these fine pleces of property on or before TUESDAY, the 19th day of March, 1895, at 2 .M. Thisls the opportunity of a lifetime. Title good or no sale. Apply to FRED H. DEAKIY, attorney-in-fact for heirs, at 8 New Montgomery street, in the artstore, Palace Hotel. FURNITURE 4 R$0981‘15 Parlor—Silk Brocatelle, 5-plece suit, plush trimmed., Bedroom—7-plece Sclid Oak Suit, French Bevel- Pplate Glass, bed, bureau, washstand. two chalrs. rocker and table; pillows, woven-wire aad top mattress. Dining-Room—6-foot Extension Table, Roild Oak Ohairs. Kitchen—No. 7 Range, Patent Kitchen Table and two chairs. EASY PAYMENTS. , four Houses furnished complete, city or country, any- where on the coast. Open evenings. M. FRIEDMAN & CO., 224 to 230 and 306 Stockton and 237 Post Street. Free packing and delivery across the bay. San Francisco Women! Feeble, ailing women. are made well and strong by that great modern nerve invigo- rator and blood puriffer, Paine’s Celery Compound. Weak, shaky, tired nerves on the verge of prostration need nothing so Iouch asbis food for the nerves. Try It well.