The New York Herald Newspaper, January 31, 1879, Page 8

; ] 8 LOCKYER AND CROOKES, pal canary unemen cn The Latest Sensations in Science. wa Ee THE ALCHEMIST OF THE FUTURE, Solution of Solar Mysteries —The Ultre-taseous World of Matter, MOLECULAR CONSTRUCTION. Lonvoy, Jan. 14, 1979. The recent discoveries of Mr. J. Norman Lockyer, FR. bave made a sensation in the scientific world, but it is due to that gentleman to say that long ago he prepared us for the startling announce- ment he has lately made, that all the chemical ele- ments can probably be reduced to hydrogen. Accord- ing to Mr. Lockyer all matter is brought to its most rarefied state through @ door so narrow that hydrogen alone can enter. Five years ago, in a communication to the eminent French Spemiat, M. Dumas, Mr. Lockyer suggested “that the'elements themselves, or at all events some of them, are compound bodies.” In that letter, dated December 3, 1873, he wrote as follows :- “It seems that the hotter a star is the simpler ap- pears its spectrum, and that the metallic elements appear in the order of their atomic weights. “Thus we have:— “First—Some very brilliant stars, where we seo only hydrogen in an enormous quantity aud magnesium. “Second—Some colder stars, like our sun, where we find:— “Hy drogen+-magntsium-}- sodium, hydrogen-+-mag- anesium--sodium+calcium-+iron; in these stars no metalloids. “Third—Some stars, colder still, in which all the metallic elements are associated, where their lines are no longer visible, and where we have only the spectra of the metalloids and their compounds, “Fourth—The older a star is the more the liberated hydrogen disappears; on the earth we no longer find hydrogen at liberty. “It seems to me that these facts prove many ideas advanced by you. Ihave thought that we might im- agine a celestial dissociation which continues the work of our furnaces, and that the metalloids aro compounés which are dissociated by the sun’s heat, while the metallic monatomic elements, whose atomic weights are leust, are precisely those that resist the temperature even of the hottest stars.” Since then calcium has found a place between hydrogen and magnesium in the solar spectrum, and the photographs of Dr. Huggins give it the same relative place in respect“of the stars. According to Mr. Lockyer the arrangement may be given as fol- lows:-— 2 Hottest stars 3 (H + Ca + Mg Sun.. [users Mg +-Na+Fe — — Mg+Na+Fo+Bi+Hyg : Fe Coolest..... = b. begs carat PLE E [54 For the last four years Mr. Lockyer has been en- gaged in preparing an immense map of the solar spectrum, for which already more than one hundred thousand observations have been made and 2,000 photographs have beenMaken. ‘he complete spec- trum is twenty rods long, and much care has boen taken to map the metallic lines in the most accurate manner and to purify the spectra. In some of the photographs a record has been made of the long and short lines of the spéctra. In others vapors have been compared with the sun or with each other. Im- purities in the spectrum were traced in the following manner :—Supposing, for example, an impurity of manganese was to be soughtforiniron. If the longest line of Mn was found to be absent the short lines were also absent, on the supposition that the so-called elements are irreducible. If the longest line ap- peared the impurity bad to be traced to the shortest line present. ‘The reduction of all these photographs, giving the results of all these observations of metallic spectra compared with the Fraunhofer lines, was begun by Mr. Lockyer early in 1978, and during this work, which engaged his attention for six months, he be- came convinced that ihe presence of impurities did not sufficiently sccount for identical lines in differ- ent spectra. On the hypothesis that the sixty-four or more sub- stances called elemsata are in fact elementary Mr. Lockyer says that the results of his observations of metallic spectra brought him to a state of hopeless confusion. He then determined to try the other hy- pothesis—viz., that the so-called elements are com- pound. “Obviously,” he saya in his paper to the Royal Society, “the first. thing to be done was to in- quire whether one hypothesis would explain these short line coincidences Which remained after the reduction of all the observations on the other. Call- ing, for simplicity’s sake, the short lines common to many spectra basic lines, the new hypothesis, to be of any value, should present us with a state of things in which basic ‘molecules, representing bases of the so-called elements, should give us their lines, vary- ing in intensity from one condition to another, the conditions representing various compoundings. “Suppose A to contain Bas an impurity and as an element, what will be the difference in the spectro- scopic result? “A in both cases will have a spectrum of its own. 'B, a8 an impurity, will add its lines according to the amount of impurity. «“B, as an element, will add its lines according to the amount of dissociation, “The difference in the phenomens, therefore, will be that, with gradually increasing temperature, the spectrum of A will fade, if it bea compound body, as it will be increasingly dissociated; and it will not fade if it beasimple one. Again, on the hypothesis that A is acompound body—that is, one compounded of at loast two similar or dissimilar molecular group- ings—then the longest lines at one temperature will not be the longest at another; the whole fabric of 4mpurity elimination’ based upon the assumed single molecular grouping falls to plecvs, and the origin of the basic lines is at once evident.” Mr. Lockyer explains this somewhat more clearly by a diagram, He asenmes a series of furnaces—A, L, C, D-of which A is the hottest:— ria. 1, Assuming that in A (Pig. 1) there is a substance a by iteelf capable of forming scompound body B by union with itself or another substance at a lower temperature, He next assumes a furnace B, where thix compound body exists alone, The only spec- trum visible in B would be that of the compound B just ag the spectrum of the supposed elementary body a would be the only one visible in A. * Let C be a furnace of still lower temperature, hay- ing in it @ more compound subsiauce, g. The spectrum of the compound substance, g would be the only ous visible in C. Chvowing, then, into the hottest furnace A, some of the douvly compownded body g, the lines of g will fivat be thickest, then those of B, and a would finally be the only oue remaining, giving a spectrum of the greatest simplicity. On account of incomplete dissociation the strong lines of J will be seen in the furnace C, and the strong lines of g will be seen in the furnace D, respectively, but only as faint lines, ach Line is represented in D that appears iu C; but the intensities of the lines are eutwel; aulike in C ama D, The lan of a, song nd, NEW YORK HERALD, FRIDAY, JANUARY 31, 1879: - YRIPLE SHEET.‘ is basic in B, C and D, the lines of B, strong in B, are basic in © and D, &e. Suppose now (Fig. 2) that the furnace A is of too Jow a temperature to dissociate the compounds B, g and d into a, but yet is higher than Bin temperature. Each line now is basic for the four furnaces, and the spectrum of substances in the A furnace will have the same number of lines as the spectrum of sub- stances as thoy exist in the D furnace. The only dif- ference will be im the relative thickness of the lines, “Let us suppose,” says Mr. Lockyer, “that the foug furnaces represent the spectra of iron, broken up into different fluenesses by suc- cessive stages of heat. It is, first of all, abundantly clear that the relative thickness of the iron lines ob- served will vary according as the temperature resem- bles that of A,B, Cor D. The positions in thespec- tra will be the same, but the intensities will vary. ‘This is the point. The longest lines, represented in the diagrain by the thickest ones, will vary as we pass from one temperature to another. It is on this ground that the whole fabric of impurity climination must fall to pieces on such an hypothesis, Let us suppose, for instance, that manganese is a compound of the form of iron represented in furnace B, with something else; and suppose again that the photo- graph of iron which I compare with manganese rep- regents the spectrum of the vapor at the tempera- ture of the furnace, D. To climinate the impu- rity of iron in manganese, as I have eliminated it, we begin the search by looking for the longest and strongest lines shown in the photograph of iron in the photograph of manganese taken under the same conditions, I do not find these lines, Isay, therefore, that there is no impurity of iron in man‘ ganese, but, though the longest iron lines are not there, some of the fainter busic ones are. This I hold to be the explanation of the apparent confusion in which we are landed on the supposition that the ele- ments are elementary.” Mz, Lockyer next’ applies this line of argument to the dissociation of substances known to be compound, While the spectrum of the metal caleium consists of lines which increase in thickness and number as the quantity of the metal is, increased tho spectrum of & sult of calcium consists principally of fluted spaces and bands, increasing, however, in the same way. Both spectra have long and short lines. Each has a simple spectrum in proportion to the quantity. The number of true metallic lines that appear in the spec- trum of asalt of calcium, for example, indicate the quantity of the metal resulting from the dissociation, + and these ‘metallic lines increase as the channelled bands of the compound diminish. Having found s satisfactory explanation of the basic lines ae actually observed, the next inquiry was to ascertain how on the principle of evolution various bases might be formed and then become “basic” themselves. The bases might increase in complexity by a process of multiplication, or they might become more complex by aiding molecules of different on@ins. ‘The rormer might be represented by A+A, the latter -method by A+B, A third state of complexity brought about by the addition of another molecule of B would be represented by A+-B2. If certain lines are peculiar to certain substances, and are generaliy visible in the several spectra, docs not each become basis in turn as the temperature is changed? Mr. Lockyer endeavored to solve this question by the examination of the spectra of calcium, iron, lithium and hydrogen first, and afterward by exam- ining those of other substances. A record of thcse last he has not yet given forth. First he ascertained that the molecular grouping of calcium which gave @ spectrum, having its chief line in the blue, was nearly broken up in the sun (and quite broken up when a large coil and jar was used) into other lines in the violct part of the spectrum. He has placed parallel #0 each other several spectra taken from photographs, giving the blue end only. First, cal- cium, with chlorine, with low temperature, gives a spectrum without any lines in the blue, the com- pound molecule vibrating as a whole with 4 spec- trum at the red end; second, with the heué of un in- duced current the single line of calcium appears at the right; third, when the heat is increascd and a weak electric arc is used two lines appear at the lett and a thick line the right, which reverses itself. In the fourth case, the number of cells being in- creased, two lines appear at the left und one at the right, all reversing themselves. In the fifth case a coil and small jar is uscd, and the lines, one on the right and two on the left, appearing in the samo relative place in the spectrum, are no longer re- versed, but show cleur. In the sixth case, with a large coit and large jar, the two lines ai the left aj and the line on the right is no longer visible. In the seventh’ case is re} nted the spectrum of the absorption of calcium vgpor in the sun. It is argued, since with the lowest tempera- ture only the single line appears whon slight separa- tion of the compo’ molecule takes pluce, and with the highest temperature alone the two lines at the left ay , that the intensity of the vibrations is quite it in the two cases. The elements, if they are really compound, must have been made so at a temperature of intense heat. As heat diminishes the molecules become more com- plex, and as heat increases dissociation may continue without limit. The ent is continued with respect to cal- cium—-*We are justified in supposing that our cal- cium, once f , is a distinct entity, whether it be an element or not, and therefore by working at it along we should never know whether the tempera- ture produces a single simpler form or s more atomic condition of the same thing, or whether we actually break it up imto x+y, because neither x nor y will ever vary. But if calcium be s product of a condition of relatively lower temperature, then in the stars hot enough to ite constituents to exist uncompounded we may expect these constituents to vary in quantity. There may be more of x in one star and more of y_in anot ; and if this be so then the “H” and “K” lines will vary in thickness, and the extremest limit of variation will be that we shall ouly have HH representing, say z in one Star, and only have K représenting say y in another. Intermediately between these extreme conditions we may have cases in which, though both H and K are visible, H is thicker in some and K is thicker in others.” Professor Stokes did not at first regard the facts brought forward by Mr. Lockyer as conclusive proot of the dissociation of the molecule of calcium, al- though he accepted it as evidenco of the high tem- perature of the sun. He thought it would be in ac- cordance with analogy that in an incandescent sur- face the same 5 gene would appear as when a platinum wire made incandescent by the electric current, except that the spectrum would be discon- tinuous—the radiation of each rofrangibility abso- lately increasing and the proportion of the higher to the lower increasing with the increase of temperature. He supposed A, B,C, D und i to represcnt. very bright lines of increasing refrangibility in the spec- trum of a vapor. Atalow temperature A ought to be the brightest, but witha higher temperature O might be the brightest-and most persistont, and at a still higher temperature E. Dr. Huggins, however, having taken photographs of the spectra of certain stars was able inaterially to strengthen Mr. Lockyer's theory. Indeed, the line which should have been most conspicuous in the spectrum of Sirius (pre- sumably a hotter star than our sun), in case Proves- sor Stokes’ view was correct, was so faint it could scarcely be seen at all. The H line in Sirius set down to the one molecular groping of calcium is thick; another K line due to another molecular grouping, which is a thick line in the spectrum of our sun, does not yet Soren at all in Sirius, Dr. Huggins also took a photograph of the spec- truin of 4 Aquilm and found a line corresponding to the K line of the solar spectrum which does not ap- pear in the spectra of a Lyrm and Sirius. The spec- | tra of calcium at different temperatures are comparod with each other, vi In Sirius, a Aquilw, the san, the voltaic arc and in flaine. Sirius, representing the hottest temperature, the H line in its spectrum in very prominent. In the cooler temperature of 2 Aquile the K Line appears thick. In the next cooler temperature of the sun the K line still appears thick, but falls off in thickness in the next lower (empera- ture of the arc, The blue appears thick in the are, vhile the H and K lines are thin. In the lowest tem- perature employed, t! flame, the bine line fades away as the heat diminish while the red line of Jess retrangibility is pr ‘The spectrum of iron is pared with sodium, potassium ertain other substances, It has ho clearly re line, as each of them has, but the spectrum of iron has two sets of triplet lines, which Mr. Lockyer says aro not due to the vibration of the same molocular grouping which causes (he appearance of most of the other lines. In photographs taken three years ago, when a large coil and jar were used, the triplet lines near @ are very prominent, but the more refrangible trip- let between H aud h is barely visible. But in pho: tographs where the gre heat of the yoltuic are was employed the two more reirangible lines, near G, are to be seen as distinct almost as the triplet lines near G. Aro the triplets caused by one molecular grouping or by two? “If ove molecular groupity alone were in question the relative intensity would always be preserved, however much the absolute in- tensity of the compound system might vary; but if it is a question of two molec might expect that in some of the regions o; our observation we should get evidence of cases in which the relative intensity is reversed or the two intensities are aseim- ilated. What might happen docs happen; the rel- ative intensity of the two triplets in the #park photo: graph is grandly reversed in the spectrum of the sun, ‘The lines barely visible in the # plotograph are among the most prominent in tho solar spectrum, while the triplet, which is strong in that photograph, is represented by Fraunhofer lines uot half so thick. Indeed, while the hypothesis that the iron lines in the regiou 1 have indicated are produced by the vibra- tion of one molecule does not include ail the facts, the hypothesis that the vibrations are produced by at least ‘three distinct molecules includes all the ple- it. mplicated when com- na in a most eatisfactory mani . Lockyer finds iurther corroboration of his views in the appearance of the spectrim of Mthinm, Alotter of Vroivssor Vraukiand w Vroiessor Lyu- “i RES dall, dated November 7, 1861, is referred to, He first in the letter speaks of his surprise at seeing a mag- nificent blue band for the first time in the spectrum of lithium, Thinking the lithic chloride must Le adulterated with strontium he tested it, and found it was vot adulterated. Whence did the blue band pote jorge Leurrvo | the oe oints or the jgnited air? Dr. Frankland concludes by saying :— “When lithium wire burns in air it emits a some- what crimson light; plunge it into oxygen and the light topo luish white. This seeins to indi- cate that a high temperature is necessary to bring out the blue ray.” The postscript of this letter, No- vember 22, 1501, says:—“I have just made some fur- ther experiments with the lithium spectrum, and they conclusively provg that the appearance of the biue line depends entirely on the temperature. The spectrum of lithic chloride, ignited burner flame, does not distlose the faintest trace of the blue ‘line; replace the Bunsen burner by a jet of hyaroyen (the temperature of which is higher than that of a Bunsen burner), and the blue line appears, taint, it is true, but Cer and quite unmistakable, If oxygen now be slowly turned into the jet the brilliaucy of the blue line increases until the temper- ature of the flame rises high enough to fuse the platinum, and thus put an en@ to the experiment.” ‘he hydrogen spectrum presents some curious phenomena, Dr, Frankland and Mr. Lockyer in 1869 noticed that the h line, so called by Angstrom, anc due to the absorption of hydrogen, was not to be seen when low temperatures were employed, and concluded, therefore, that it indicated a compara- tuvely high temperature. In the spectrum of the sun’s chromosphere this line is reversed. It followed that when the chromosphere was cool enough to ab- sorb it was still of a comparatively high tempera- ture. They next ascertained that the extremely com- plicated spectrum of hydrogen coutd’ be reduced to one line in the green corresponding to F in the solar spectram with the employment of certain tempera- ture and preusure. ‘Lhe observations of the sun’s eclipse in 1875 made by Professor Youn, ke ge Mr. Lockyer’s ideas materially. When the hydrogen lines were most bril- liant the calcium lines were not visible. ‘Then, when the absence of the h lines among the still brilliant hydrogen lines indicated a probable reduction of temperature, calcium lines an to appear, and when the hydrogen lines were quite absent they were conspicuous in the spectrum of the corona. Iu the spectrum of iridium the strongest line is one of the lines of hydrogen (b), whick has been con- sidered-as an indication of relatively high tempera- ture. The other hydrogen line (near G) is absént in this spectrum. . ’ We give Mr. Lockoyer’s Swan account of an experi- ment with metallic iridium :— “A glass tube, with two platinum poles about half aninch apart, wasemployed, Through this tubea slow current of air was driven, after passing through & Utube one foot high containing calcic chiorids, and then through sulphuric acid in a Wolff's bottle. The spectrum of the spark passing bet the patina electrodes was then observed, i ve Grove cells and a medium sized jar being ployed. Careful notes were made of the brilliancy und thickness gf the hydrogen lines, as compared with those of air. This done, a pieceof metellic iri- dium, which was placed loose in the tube, was shaken go that one part of it rested against the bane of one of the poles and one of its ends-at a distance of a little less than half an inch from the base of the other pole. The spark then passed between the iri- dium and the platinum; the red and blue lines of hydrogen were then observed both by my friend, .G. W, Hemming, and myself. ‘Their brilliancy was most markedly increased. This unmistakable indication of the presence of hydrogen, or rather of that form of hydrogen which yives us the h line alone associat into that form which gives us blue and red lines, showed us that in the Photograph we were not dealing with aysical coincidence, but that in the arc this epe- cial form of hydrogen had really been present; that it had congg from the iridium, and that it had regis- tered itself-on the photographic plate, although or- dinary berrahine per ey: refuses to do 60.” A piece of palladium charged with hydrogen gave no line of hydrogen in tho Pbctoneaen while another form of hydrogen in iridium was distinctly recorded. ‘MR. LOCKYER A8 A MAN AND A SCIENTIST. With the most perfect liberality Mr. Lockyer ac- knowledges the important labors of other men in the sume field, and especially does he recognize the value of the work done by distinguished Italian astronomers and by Professor C. A, Young, of tho United States. Mr. Lockyer makes no claim as yet to the discovery of the secret of the transmutation of metals, although some scientific men think his work muy lead to that; aud you need not imagine they have already begun to pave the strects of London with pure gold from Mr, Lockyer’s mine. Zt is to be supposed they will begin that work in Paris in the distant future, to fit it for a place of residence for good Americans.” ‘Mr. Lockyer is still a young man, in the vigor of life, and although for what he ‘has iy done his name will go down to posterity with the names of Sir Isaze Newton, Sir Huinphrey Davy and Sir John Herschel, he may live, we hope, to solve many other intricate problems of nature. Mr. Lockyer im- presses one us being a man of marked ability ind en- ergy of character. He is of medium stature, and his voice is clear ond loud, as it he had something to say and knew how to say it. Ido not propose to vivi- sect him, but I should call him a representative Eng- lishman of the best type and a courteous gentleman. I saw him lately in his laboratory and he showed mo a section of his mammoth map. ‘There,’ suid ho, #is three ’ work thrown away if my views ure correct. The spectra must be rembypet om a new standpoint.” He spoke of his inde! ness to Lewis M. Rutherford, of New York, for bis admira- ble photographs of spectra, “He is a perfect gentle- man,” maid he, ‘and he is not one-half appreciated in America.” He showed me Hayden’s wonderful geo- logical ‘aes of the Rocky Mountain region, and said there was no r geologist than Professor Hayden. I asked if he knew Professor Marsh, the distinguished ntologist. He knew him well by eee, “You should hear Professor Huxley talk of him,” said he. ‘He considers his researches among the fossils of the greatest value to science.” - SCIENTIFIO PHRASROLOGY, Alluding to his own researches in science. Mr. Lockyer said he had it difficulty in making the necessary scientific phrascology in an article he was writing. for the Nineteenth Ceatury simple enough, pe will have to publish a dictionary with it,” eaid he, “and a grammar, too.” He thought take a long time, at least half a century, for scientific men to Kener ite these researches. The whole study of nature by means of the spectroscope is yet in its infancy. ‘The voltaic arc must be in tuture, instead of the electric spark, in the spec- troscopic examination of different substances in the luboratory, and photographic records must take the lace of observations. ‘he work of one man in this ine of inquiry he coneiders as but a drop. in the occan. ‘ In a paper which will soon be read before the Royal Society Mr. Lockyer throws light on ques- yuzzled observers of the solar eclipse this yoar. He has called that region of the sun situated above the photosphere, in which various colored ap, display themselves during eclipses, the chromosphere. Very brilliant at times are these lines of the chromosphere, especially in sun storms. They appear iu every part of the sun's circumference, and the longest ones have been con- sidered due to hy . coinciding, as several of them do, with certain of the Fraunhofer lines which have been referred to tat so-called element. It has been usual for astronomers for the lust ten years to account for these lines by supposing tho injection of iron vapor or other metallic vapors into the chromosphere from the body of the sun. From comparison of numerous observation# made by several eminent astronomers—among them Pro- feasor C. A. Young, of the United States—Mr. Lock- yer has concluded that astronomers have been mistaken in thus accounting for the lines in the solar chro! ren ta and, followi out the reasoning employed in previous papers, has ob- tained evidence that the bright lines in the solar chromosphere are chiefly lines due to the not yet isolated bases of the so-called elements. He con- siders that ‘the solar phenomena in their totality are in all probability due to dissociation at the pho- tospheric level, and association at highcr levels. this way the vertical currents in tho solar atmos- phere Loth ascending and descending, the intense absorption in sun spots, their association. with the zaculur, and the apparently continuous spectrum o! the corona and its structure find an easy solutios “Professor Young came ucar to it,” said Mr, Lock- yer to me. Professor Young writes ‘as follows :— “Two explanations suggest themeelves. The first, which seems rather the more probable, is that the metals operated upon by the observer who mapped their spectra were not absolutely pure; either the iron contained traces of calcium ant potassinin or vice versa, If this supposition is excluded then we scem to be driven to the conclusion that there is some such similarity between the molecules of the different metals as renders thom susceptible of cer- tain synchronous perieds of vibrations—a resem- Diance as regards the manner in which the molecules are built up out of the constituent atoms sufficient to establish between them an important phyeical (and probably chemical) relationship.” It may be remarked that it is difficult to say what changes in the processes of spectrum aualysis may be eftected 7, the recent developments of seience; but it claimed for the new methou, which is based Mr. Lockyer's oxperiments, that 116,000 part of eop- per alloy in gold can be detected in w tew minutes instead of two hours, as by the old method, MR. WILLIAM CROOKES, Lam indebted to Mr. Norman Lockyer for an intzo- duction to another distinguished member of the Royal Society—Mr. Wiliam Crookes—and I have Leen favored With @ private view of the experiments which lately attracted go uch attention at a 1 of that learned cn ji of savants. Mr. Crookes of the most accomplished scientific men in England, and one of the most versatite in his atteimments, Virst aud foremost, he great analytical chemsint; he is an electrician; ho is very ort in the tine of the spectroscope, and has made vortant diseoverios with that instrument, Ho is the elivor of the Quarterly Journat of Science, aud also of The Chemical News, an his articies are marked by clearness of expression as weil as depth of thought. RETUALLST, has been made ‘upon him in the coluinns of @ Chicago Journal he characterizes a just, and the statemonis@respecting hiv alleged ¢oi piieity with a certain spiritualist medium he calls & puck of lies from beginning to end, He said to me in hfs Inboratory, when Trequested him to give me the facts :— “L ani not ® spiritualist. I could not, however, hesitate to examine scientifically His Satanic Majesty himself if he were to come in b I pictured to myself the aforesaid degenerate per- sonage with # sttong induction coil attached to his caudal barb, while the Professor, turning a spectro- seope fullon the flashing Satanic eye, discovers & very blue-black line in the green, Mr. Ovookes continued :— iy “Nothing is beneath the investigation of science, aud 1 bold spiriiuadwim to be @ subject tor rativual in a Bunsen’s | investigatidn if possible. I invited this spiritualist medium here to meet a number of my scientific friends—well knawn_electricians—for I thought we shall now be able to find out whether a fraud is prac- tised or not. We applied a rather dificult and most ingenious electricai test (Variey’s), but much to my surprise the medium.stood the test, and, as there was no easier way of accounting for the unexpected result, certain ones have charged me and my wife with Beng accomplices. I am not particulary an- noyed at this, however. If any one should e me 7 making a aualysis I might feel an- noyed.”” Mr. Crookes’ laboratory is a private one, fitted up in his private honse, near the Hampstead road, and he is not what one might style # teaching professor, He makes his investigations from the pure love of science, and he aud his accomplished young assist. ant, Mr. Giminghaim, are continually making new experiinents, Mr. Crookes is a gentleman of nervous teufperament, with @ slight and rather stooping figure. His complexion is light, and his small, keen eyes seem capable of ferreting out avy of the intrica- cles ot science, est politeness he proceeded to show me the principal experiments of his recent investigations, Without at present entering upon the task of giving a detailed | description of them it will be suilicient to say that | they prove an ultra-yaseous state of matter and a condition of things in this “new world,” as Mr, | Crookes calls it, ‘where matter exists in a fourth state, where the cor} cuiar theory of light holds good and where light does not always move in a st ht line, but where we can never enier, and in ‘hich we must be content to observe and experiment om the outside.” Thus in two quite different ways the molecular construction of all things material is demonstrated, and Mr, Crovkes cun afford to share with Mr. Lockyer the fame of these grand discov- eric, while at the same time the labors,ol other dis- tinguished men are not to be cast aside or forgotten, An argument might be made in tavor of the com- plex structure of the so-called chemical elements from the analogy of nature im the animal and vegeta ble world. Microscopically examined they disclose, down to the s1 t germ of animul and vegetable lite, the most finished workmanship and complexity with siinplicity. Why should the chemist be com- pelled to call such unetherial substances as iron and lead simple? As if nature made anything sim- ple acre its being at the same time extremely complex. The question is often asked, Whet practical result can come from such scientific researches? And many people think that men learned in such things might Better devote their time and talents to mat at seem more nearly to concern the human race. But who can tell to what one trifling discovery, or one that at first seems trifling, may lead? If it may not at first seom important to know that all the chemi- cal elements can be reduced to infinitesimal molecules this knowledge may prepare the way for some dix- covery of the greatest ible value. But, after all, science only asks, tt is truth? and men of science have ever expended and will continue to ex- peud every encrgy in the pursuit of knowledge, if only for its own sake. ARCTIC DISCOVERY. [From the London Observer.) Arctic expeditions may be roughly classified under one of two heads, Either their sim is to open up new channels of communication through the icy waters of the Polar Seas or to attain the barren honor of reaching farther north than any previous ex- plorers have been able to penctrate. To the former category belong such enterprises as those of Frank- lin, of Nordenskiold and the projected expedition to Hudson's Bay. To the latter belong, among others, the attempt of Captain Nares and the journey for which Commander Cheyne, R. N., isnow endeavoring to procure the requisite funds. Putting aside, how- evor, the vexed questions of tho utility of a visit to the North Pole, the project of Commander Cheyno deserves some attention, if only for the novelty of the means by which the gallant officer hopes to attain hisend, Aiter serving under Sir James Ross, Cap- tain Elliott and Captain Austin in three several Arctic expeditions, Commander Cheyne bas come to the conclusion ‘that the North Pole, unattain-_ able as it scoms by ships, may, after all, be reached by means of balloons, which would come into use when the ice barred all further progress by sca. ‘The advantages to be obtained by this method are sufliciently-obvious, but it is doubttul whether thoy. would not be more thin counterbalanced by the ad- ditional risks attending aérial locomotion, Whether the result, even in case of success, would repay the cost and danger incurred is, too, as we havo said, at least questionable, However, this is a point for 4 Commander Cheyne and his ‘supporters {o deter- mine, and if the latter are sufficiently numerous to start the expedition we can only wish the explorers all success und a happy return from their hazardous journey. ‘ His manuer was most gracious, and with the great- | FATHER PELLETIER, : THE PUNERAL SERVICES OVER THE BEMAINS TO TAKE PLACE THIS MORNING AT ST. FRANCIS XAVIER'S CHURCH. Litgle remains to be added to the tragic story of the death of Father Pelletier, who died suddenly while performing 8 marriage ceremony at the Church of St. Francis Xavier, in West Sixteenth street, on Wednes- day evening. The body of the dead priest lay in the chapel of the church all day yesterday, where it was viewed by many weeping friends. The funcral will take place this morning. The office for the dead will be chanted at half-past seven o'clock, and at nine a solemn requiem mass will be offered, at which the Reverend Provincisl will probably officiate. ‘The remains of the deceased will be gonveyed to the Novitiate burying place at West Park, near Poughkeepsie. The relatives of the deceased in Can- ada have been notified by telegraph of the sad event, but none of them will be here in time for the funeral, ‘The sudden death of Father Pelletior has produced @ painful shock among tho entire Catholic clergy, .by whom he was universally loved and estecmed. WIS DEATH PREDICTED. Father Merrick and lather Shea, who were present when the tragic scene took place, said yesterday that the Herap’s account was so full in all particulars as to leave diy room for any additions. Father Shea said that Father Pellgtier did not die suddenly, but he lived about ten minutes. He fell with his eyes wide open, but perfectly speechless, and did not articulate # word. He was carried into the sacristy, where three ph, ‘ians did their utmost to restore him, but allin vain. ‘Then he received the sacrament from Father Shea. Dr. Wood, the house hysician of the college, had correctly told him that be was liable to die at ey moment trom heart dis- ease, and the deceased had fully realized his painful position for years past. Only & few days ago, while conversing With Father Shea on the much lamented illness of the reverend rector of thecollege, he said: — “Well, he is ready to go. It I were as ready as he is 1 shouldn't mind going, cither!”” ‘THR IMMEDIATE CAUSE. The immediate cause of this sudden end was, in the opinion of Father Shea, the unusual excitement atte the ceremony. Father Pelletier was a nan of phlegmatic appearance, but really of a very ex- citable and sensitive temperament, He had always led § very retired life, and had never been used to public assemblages. Moreover, Euglish was not his native tongue, he being @ Freuch Canadian, and while he understood the language well he spoke it only with difficulty. He had never before officiated at a murriage ceremony, and only consented to officiate on Wednesday even- ing becauso the groom was an old pupil of his, in whose weliare he took a deep interest. al this wrought upon his excitable nature, and when he found hiuself suddenly confronted by a large ‘assemblage the task proved too much for him. It is said that but a few minutes before the ceremony began he fell unconscious against the railing of the sanctuary. He spoke pleasantly with Father Shea as he was preparing to go out to the altar, and then betrayed little of the inward excitement which was soon to prove #o fatal, JOSEPH COOK ON EDUCATION. Rev. Joseph Cook lectured last evenihg in Associa- tion Hall on the question, ‘Does Death Eud All?” ‘The lecture is an old one, haying been deliv- ered before in tits clty and reported in the Henny, In the prelude on “Educa tidn” Mr.. Cook began by saying that tho present was an ago of specialists, aud therefore there was groat danger of fragmentary culture, He thon went on metaphorically to describe an imaginary vision with which he illustrated bis theme, He dreamed, he said, that he wished to arrange all his books in the order of their topics. He them on fifteen shelves in the ying order:—Mathematics, logic, rhetoric, pootry, political economy, history, physics, chomis- try, natural history, the fine arts, music, gymnastics, motaphyvies, ethics and, flually, crowning the whole, the Christion eridences, we brénehen, he said, wore all neccasary paris of # liberal education, The pttei pt to leave out part them would “4 . 4 iy Eniptying the wh would be the sow in the present day, Leave out mota- phyrtce aud Chyietian evidence from college courses ana the rowult would be thet young non would grow op trained in wil but the moat important. In some universities & man may receive his physic judi Mere dey without staying either of those trated For one he — preferred —col- legen foh required something more than oo Otline of those two branches rather than oe void of thom, Every yap in went Was wh inlet to eceoutrictty in wal every gap in culture was au inlet to unround conviction, ‘The Christian evidences were in but few institutions and there ina vagae Tho Fowult wae that college education ceased one, rf concluded by referring to the plan ad- vouwted by William Cullen Bryant to establish public Hbraries with ali the necessaries for a complete edu- cation, 1 ‘¢ would be many works, it is true, on each subject, but if one could not rem! them all wh, not rewl fifteen books, one from each shelf? Suc! culture would soon convince plain people that the Church was not afraid of seience, If the young men of the present duy were satished with an ordinary college training, and did not seek & complete educa tiva, lel tem Doware of Duuragadenic competition, CORRECTING SENATOR BLAINE. THE SHIPS, OFFICERS AND MEN IN THE NAVIES OF GREAT BBITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES, To tax Eprror ov tux Henanp:— Will you permit an “outsider,” having no connec- tion with the navy, to say a rd iu your valuable paper by way of correcting the remarkable stato- ments of Senator Blaine, made a few days ago, on the passage of the Naval Appropriation bill in the Son- ate? To have made the statement that there were over two thousand officers in the American navy to only 7,500 men allowed by law, and*ninety-one hips’ in all in the service, while in the British navy there are 4,990 officers, who manage 60,000 men and 491 ships, is not creditable in a Senator who is on the Committee on Naval Affairs, nor in fact for any man who attempts to speak on that subject. Now, with the royal navy list of July, 1878, before me, and the Navy Register of the United States for the same date, Textract from them the following facts in relation to the number of ofiicers, ships and men in both’at that time:— ‘ THE BRITISH NAVY) In the British navy the whole number of ships gee; led in part or whole by steam was 590, Of t! ‘here were on the stocks building, 12; transport ships, 7; small vessels used as tenders to large ships, 85; tu 31; out of commiksion, Jaid up, 270; in commission and in active service, 135, Besides the foreyoing there are 133, chietly, sailing ships and gen- erally unfit tor other service, used for “harbor service,” - ‘These ships are not generally oficered by line officers on the active list of the navy, nor manned by sailors of the regular service. 1n the British navy on the active list, in July, 1878, there are the following officers of the lin -Ad- mirals, 19; vico ad: 17; vear tains and staff captains, 184; commanders, st commanders, 91; lieutenants,’ 826; navigating lieu- tenants, ub-licutenants, 249; navigating sub- lientenante, midshipmen and navigating midship- mien, 224; naval cadets who have gruduated trom trainiug school, 52—making in all 2,089 officers in ac- tive service. Besides these there are 414 officers of yarious grades kept as reserves and not on active duty, making @ grand total of officers of the line in the British uw service of 2,503, ‘Now in the Engineer’s Department there are, of all- bred 813; in the Medical Department, of all — ; in the Pay Department, 406; chaplains, 97; and the number of seamen are about 60,000, as Mr, Blaino asserts. ‘This shows one officer of the line to every twelve seamen. In order to make up the 60,000 in the British navy Mr. Blaine had to add all the soltiers of the Royal Marine corps, both artiliery and light infantry, about 16,000 men; and where the remainder of the 60,000 vould be ob- tained (except from the coast guard, which are not sailors at all) it is not easy to see. THE AMERICAN NAVY. Now the American navy, a6 vn at same date, seen a e commodores, 25; captains, commanders, 89 lieutendant commanders, 81; Meutenants, 280; masters, 100; ensigns, 84; Midshipmen, 44; making a total of 766 ofiicers of the line on the active list, and not 2,000, as Mr. Blaine stated. At the samo date we had in the Medical Department 176 of ail ranks; in the Pay Department, 151; in the Engincer Department, 227, and chaplains, 24. Of ships of all grades and classes fit for service and propelled in whole or part by steam we have 90, and of sailing vessels officered and manned 17. The law limits the nuinber of seamen to 7,500, making one officer of the line to every 9 or 10 seamen. DUTIES OF NAVAL OF¥ICERS. But it must be borne in mind that the American naval officers are detailed to serve in caring tor the lighthouses upon the whole coust, while no regular ofiicer of the British navy is detailed tor such duty; and while not more, than two line officers are ever on duty atthe navy and dock yards in Great Britain, a much greater number of American line officers are so employed. ‘Then the American officers are detuiled in larger proportional numbers to the coust survey than are employed in Great Britain. So that the num- ber of line officers left for active duty on cruising ships is not so large in proportion to the service re- quired as in the British service. Another thing to be noted is the much larger amount of ses. service that our ofiicers perforz at the same grade than that found in tho British service. it is no unusual thing for a captain in the American service to have service more than twenty yeurs at sea, while it rarely occurs in the British service to officers of that grade. Besides the fact that it has always lwen the policy of our government, in both army and navy, in time of peace to keep a larger proportion of oflicers to men than in are re- quired, in order to be expanded should war occur, it is to Le borne in mind, moreover, that the ships in the British service are much larger than those in our own navy. ‘Che larger proportion of the ships of the British navy ineadtive service is composed of ships of trom three thousand tone to ten or eleven thousand tons, while ours are g jy no more than ten or twelve hundred tons, or very much less. Now the officers of the line are tho same on board a small era large ship. There must be a captain, executive, navi and watch and division officers on each, and in about the same numbers. .THE '68 PAPERS. CONTINUATION OF THE CONGRESSIONAL IN VESTIGATION OF COMMISSIONER DAVENPORT'S CONDUCT, ‘The Congressional Investigating Committee of the House of Representatives, appointed to inquire into and report upon the conduct of Supervisor of Elec- tions John I. Davenport, entered yesterday morning upon the third day of its labors, The large room where the proceedings are held was early crowded with politicians. Colonel Wingate appears ou be- half of the petgtioners, who “caused Congress to taka uction in the matter, while Mr. Davenport conducts his own defence, Adolph Zorrener was the first witness called. He resided on Kighty-eighth street, near Tenth avenue; arrived in this country in 449, being then a boy; served seven years in the State militia, and served during the war in the Third New York cavalry, re- ceiving an honorable discharge; went to the polling booth on election day to vote, but the moment he presented his ticket he was arrested and brought be- tore Commissioner Davenport. ‘Yo Chairman Lynde—I would not have time to vote after they let me go; they took me around so I could not vote; I was told by one of the inspectors of cle. tion that my papers were all right, but still they would not let me vote. By the Chairman—Then you did not vote? A. No, sir; how could I? AE KNEW HIM PRETTY WELL. Joseph Farrell, residing at No. 34 Henry street, came here in 1851;.was naturalized October 5, 1968; received a summons or notice to appear before Com: missioner Davenport; attended tecause he was afraid of arrest; introduced himself to Davenport with his papers; he “hung on” to thom; wi protested, and was informed that all voting on “’ —— heh snad arrested; the peste road nen n keeping the papers, pledging himself that he woul return them in eight ee came back in eight days; couldn’t See Mr. Davenport at his office; they would say you will find him at “various times;” I did call at various times, but no Dayenport, u: » Q. Did you vote at the last election? A, petecl no! he intimidated me so I couldn't vote; I couldn’ vote without my papers, . On cross-examination witness, addressing Mr, Davenport, said, “Be easy on mgnow.” (Laughter.) ‘Was born in Ireland, 1834; my mother told me 803 lived at No. 97 Madison street on the duy of election; the notice I received I returnel to you; cannot de- scribe it; something about you requiring to investi- gate my papers; you did say to me that you would search for my deglaration papers, und if found you would send them to me; but you also said you had no doubt of my paper being right, and that you would send it to me sure in eight days; did not know that my pa- per was to be cancelled; there was nothing said of that; don’t know the contents of the paper; saw tha name of John I, Davenport to it; knew it was about the '68 papers; I put it-in my pocket and came here; “I know you well, Mr. Davenport, through the public re “You will know me now person- ba 3 sald the Commissioner, 'itness—Oh, as to that, I know you pretty well now. (Laughter.) Patrick Ryan examined:—Took my ’63 papers to Commissioner Davenport; made a statement and signed it; was esked it I'didn’t know I was voting iegely) said I did not know it; I was renatural- ized on the 24th of October, 1878, and dered my "63 papers on account of what Dav@hport told me; I was told if I voted I would be arr ; when voting on the 1878 papers was arrested by @ marshal; when arrested I resisted; the marshal said he had a warrant for my arrest; be didn’t show any warrant for arrest; in the scuflle my pupers were torn; they dragged ine across the avenue to the corner of ‘Twenty-seventh street and Seventh avenue; was not brought before a commissioner; they told me not to vote; acrowd followed us, and the marshals told me to go howe and not expose myself. (Laughter.) REPUBLICANS ALLOWED TO VOTE. ‘Thomas Keyworth Anderson came to this country in 1863; his first papers he took out in 1866, and his last papers in 1863; yoted regularly up to 1878; was first challenged in 1876; in 1576 received a notice that I should surrender my papers; went to the Superior Court, where I took out my papers, und was in- formed my papers, first and lust, were ali correct; took my papers to Davenport, who wanted them, but LT refused to deliver them up; went to vote on clec-. tion day and was arrested; knew a man of the name of Piser, who had 1868 papers; asked him if he had voted; he said he had; then 1 said, “1 bet a-dollar you voted the republican ticket; “certainly,” he said, “I always do.” “I thought s (Laughter.) dames R. Angell, United States Commissioner, was amember of the republican committce and sat as United States Commissioner on election day; did not jopeieee se in any mancer bee his official action in vor 6f any persons as inst any other ns brought before him on account of titetr polities. After hearing veveral other cases similar in most while the men are more than doubled. or a EM on the large ships in the British service. Thus it is that more officers in proportion to the men are ro- quired in amavy of 31 ships, like ours, than in the British service, Did the time and space permit to exhibit the proportion of officers, sb: and men in the French navy it would show @ vastly more favor- able relation in our own service. On the whole, from a somewhat extensive acquaintance with the services of naval oflicers, I think they perform as much as the cilicers of any navy in the world. THE NAVY YARDS. Now’ as to the navy yards of the two nations. ‘There is no doubt at present wo do not need seven yards, but we have them, and in the future growth of the nation we soon may need them, and were any of them sold the avails or the sale might go where the ‘‘woodbine twineth,” as did the avails of the Philadelphia yard, But it is nof true that Great Bri- tain has only two or four even. She has one of vast capacity at Portsmouth and one at Devonport, one at Chatham, one ut Shearness and one at Pembroko at home, while she has dockyards where any repairs can be made at Gibraltar, at Malta, at Halifax, at Ber- nuda, at Jamaica, at Cay of Good Hepe, at Ascen- sion, at Trincomalee and at Hong Kong. So that there is within the reach of every squadron. of the British navy in every quarter of the globe the facilities for repairs. So much for a comparison of the two services. And what now is most needed to regain our ancient position on the sea is not sensatio! speeches based upon ignorance of tacts, but a suitable appropriation by Congress, every year, of money enough to build two or threo ships of first rate cruising capacity, and to have soine one besides politicians to see that it is honestly expended. It is ashame and a disgrace to the government that such large sums of money were wasted between 1865 aud the accsssion of the present head of the Navy Department. A CIVILIAN. » JaNUany 28, 1879. A TUMBLE IN NORTHWEST. GREAT EXCITEMENT IN WALL STREET FOR LESS THAN HALP AN HOUR. Old brokers in Wall street agroed that the excite- mont on the street and in the Stock Exchange yes- terday, from @ quarter past one o’clock until twenty minutes to two, was the greatest since the war. During that time there was a grand tumble in Northwest, the stock falling from 63% to 56. . St. Paul stock was also affected. ‘The downward movement was started, it is eiaimed, by H. K. Enos, Williem Heath and C. J. Osborn’s brokers. For half an hour crowds of brokers aud their assistants were seen hurrying through Wall street and vicinity ae for deur life. When the fall in stocks commenced Delmonico’s Broad street ostablishment was crowded, and the ox- citement’ among the brokers was intense, In their — to the Stock Exchange @ rush was made for the doors, and one of the partitions in Delmonico's establishment was forted from its place. Many brokers who were enjoying their lunch at tho time rushed from their seats and mado # scramble tor the tape. Tho first person to secure it was kept busy calling off the Ayures for the benefit of the rest. At twenty minutes to two o’clock the excitement sub- sided somewhat, and Northwest stock boyan to re- cover until it reached 61. Itafterward fell two points, and finally closed at 594. ‘The “bull” movement was so strong that the bucket shops refused to do any busiuess. BUSINESS TROUBLES, Frederick Lewis, assignee of Kaufmann & Binn, manutacturers of skirts, filed his schedules yester- day, showing actual Habilities, $99,748 39; contingent Habilities, $29,834 63; preferred claims, $25,085 33; nominal assets, $139,804 61; actual assets, $42,953 72. At a meeting yesterday of the creditors of Jamus C. Springsted, mason and builder, a statement was submitted, showing Mabilities, $10,000, and assets, $6,000, The creditors failed to agree upon a settle- ment. Morris H. Rieders, manufacturer of cigars, made an assignment yesterday to Julius Harlan, giving two preferences ior $388 66, The following schedules of assignments were fled in the Court of Common Pleas :—Theodore Granbery to Edward Granner. The liabilities are stated at $17,819 13, nominal assets at $17,848 50 and real nagote at $12,404 25, Charlee Knox, the hatter, who récently mado #n avsignuiyent for the benefit of his eroditors to Charis F. Abbott, also filed his ashedules, Mr. Knox states his liabilities at $307,827 75, His nomis assets are put down at $410,211 50 and real assets at $41,211 JO. SMUGGLERS OVERHAULED. ‘Tho Spocial Agent's inépectors seized at an early hour yesterday morning 6,500 tine Havane cigars at place in West atreet called the “House of Blazes. ‘Yhe cigars were packed inside of two India rubber ‘pags, iu which coudition they were evidently thrown oritioens. sad ben up by. # smull boat, ‘The annglers, six in number, entered the West street hem tl ran through to Washington street and es- caped, Tho same officers seized six cases (seventy-two bottles) of bay water, twelve bottles of vrandy and twenty-four bottles of gin om board of the steamer City of Para, respects the committee adjourned till ten o'clock this morning. MR, ERHARDT DECLINES TO* VOTE. HIS LETTER ORDERED ON FILE BY HIS COl~ LEAGUES IN THE POLICE BOARD—ASSIGN- MENTS AND TRANSFERS OF CAPIAINS—OTHEB BUSINESS TRANSACTED. ; For three hours the Police Commissioners were in session yesterday, and at adjournment they had recorded on the minutes* quite a showing of routine business. Commissioner Erhardt’s letter would give occa: sion for some stormy debating, but this the result disproved. When Clerk Captain Kip read the communication General Smith calmly moved that it be filed, and on the proposition being pat to a vote he was supported by Messrs. Nichols and Wheeler, Mr. Erhardt himself declining to vote. Previous to this the latter had proposed the rearraignment of various members of the force on charges which had not been thoroughly sifted, and when the letter was disposed of the assignment to recincts of the recently appointed captains came 0) | forconsideration. After some discussion it was agree: to station Captain Berghold in the Ninth precinct and Captain Ryan in the Sixteenth. Captain Allaire, who has been located in the latter precinct, was transferred to the Tenth, aud Ca; Kennedy was sent from the Ninth to the Thirty-iifth precinct, A communication from Herman A, Schumacher, the Consul of the German Empire, vee read, in which he called attention to the imprisonment of yarious German sailors in this city without his knowledge and in violation of the treaty between the United States and the German Empire. The communication was referred to the Mayor, and the counsel to the Board was directed to furnish formal instructions to guide the force fr making arrests, so that the int laws will mect with a proper observance. The following resolution was then passed Rosolved, That the acgion of the Board on Jaunary 24, fn reference to the full pay of coftain officers, be and is horoby rescinded. ‘The payment of the bill of repairs was moved and onesiod | ty a vote of three Commissioners, Mr. Erhardt doclining to vote. ‘The settlement of the street cleaning bills was de- termined on by & like vote, An application from Inspecter Thorne and a nuin- ber of members of the force for permission to confer on measures to be taken with regard to the salary re- duction was granted, . ‘The Board adjourned, THE BLISS-BIGIIN FIGHT, There is. quite a breeze stirring in republican party circles in connection with the legal tournay to which ex-United States District Attorney George Bliss encounters Bernard Biglia, a prominent Custom House republican, with headquarters in the Eighteenth Assembly district, ‘Tho opening contest brings Chief Deputy Marshal James R. Cosgrove, of the Eighteenth Assembly diatrict, and Chief Deputy Marshal Mark I. Healey, of tho Sixteouth district, into the brunt of the contest. Colonel Bliss originally brought charges against the muorshals for ciaiming end rewiving pay for ser viees which were not performed during the last clection, Warrants wore issued for the arrest of Cosgrdve and Healey and some eight or nine of thelr d tities, ‘Tho affidavits on wee the war. rants wore issued were swora to ou belivf of District Attorney Fiero, but were originally drawn up in the name of Colonel Bliss, who has since re! to — coud directly iu the “matter,” Yesterday morning Mr, Cosgrove was arrested and brought before United States Commissioner Lyman, Kx-Judye Dittenhoe- for wppeared for the aecused, who, on stating the case w the Cominismoner, said that this was a political fight between two purty leaders who wore using the machinery of tho United States government for their party purposes; that these roccodings were f01 upon the District, At. Pirney, hot instituted by him. On applicati8n of counsel the accused was released on his own recog. nizance till this morning, whea he will be required to furnish bail in $1,600, The specific charge against Cougrove is that, as chief deputy, he nade u false certificate by which hisuseif wud others—depat marshale—oltained full pay tor five days for woich no services were performed. ‘The penalty attachin w conviction on this charge is a tine of $1,000 imprisoumpnt. Warrants have been alao issued for the arrest of Deputy Marshals Alexunder H. Deunison, Willjam Guiltoyle, Henry Paddleford, Nathan Koehler, Rich- ard B, Penuen, Coles Kaynor and Robert Kvans, all acting as deputy marahuis in the Eighteonth Aesem- bly district during tho election, and for tho wrrest of Chief Deputy Mark ’, Healey, acting in the Sixtevnth Avsembly district. The eases of eight or ten depue ties in the same district are held unter advisement, It js expected a test case will be made vt the charges against Coagrove and Hesley, the result of whieh will decide whether the other parti@ will be pros coded againes ox Lot, It was thought that the submission of |