The New York Herald Newspaper, May 31, 1876, Page 3

THE SULTAN. DETHRONED, His Nephew, Murad Effendi, Proclaimed Emperor of Turkey. “MORAL FORCE MORE POWERFUL THAN THE DYMASTY. A Grand Revolution Effected by the Popular Voice. “THE DIVINE RIGHT CLAIM EFFACED. The Dethroned Sultan Held Under Guard in the Seraglio, HIS MESSAGE OF ABDICATION. Official Announcements of the Great Facts. MONEY MARKETS UPWARD. History of the Turk in Europe—The Wars vof the Cross and Crescent. DECAY OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. Loxpox, May 30—12:30 P. M. ‘A despatch to the Reuter Telegram Company from Berlin says:—‘‘A telegram received here from Constan- {inople says the Sultan Abdul-Aziz has been dethroned and Mohammed Murad Effendi, nephew of Abdul-Aziz and heir presumptive, has been proclaimed Sultan,’’ MUBAD EFFENDI PROCLAIMED BY THE WILL OF ‘THE PEOPLE. Loxpox, May 30—2 P. M. ‘The Reuter Telegram Company have received the following despatch confirming the report telegraphed from Berlim of the Sultan’s detbronemont:— ConsTaNTINoPLE, May 30, 1876. It is officially announced hero that at the unanimous ‘wish of the people Abdul-Aziz has been dethroned and the heir presumptive, Murad Effendi, proclaimed Sul- tan. BRITISH MINISTERIAL STATEMENT OF THE NEWS FROM CONSTANTINOPLE. Lonnom, May 30, 1876. ‘The Pall Mall Gasette says « private telegram states ‘that the revolution in Constantinople was effected with- ‘ut disturbance of the public tranquillity. In the House of Commons thisafternoon Mr. Bourke, ‘Under Secretary for the Foreign Department, in reply ‘to a question, said the Turkish Ambassador at London ‘and the English Ambassador at Constantinople had ‘informed Lord Derby, the Foroign Minister, of the de- ‘thronement of the Sultan and the proclamation of Murad Effendi as his successor. Mr. Bourke added:—“No further particulars of the Movement have been received, but a simultancous ‘telegram from Salonica announces that the proclama- tion of Murad Effendi was reocived there with general ‘@pprobation.” THE TURKISH REVOLUTION NEWS ON 'CHANGE— & BENEFICIAL EYFECT ON SECURITIES. {erxctax. pesparcH To THE HERALD BY CABLE] Loxpon, May 30, 1876, ‘The Stock Exchange is much excited by the news of She Sultan’s dethronement. There is a great rebound Bpward in foreign securities—Turkisb, Russian, Egyp- AMan—and consols, THE EX-SULTAN GUARDED IN THE SERAGLIO. Coxstaxrixorte, May 30—P. M The dethroned Sultan is kept under guard in q Klosque at the extremity of tho scraglio. IB SUCCESSOR ACCEPTED. The Ministers informed Murad Effendi that he was Proclaimed Sultan on Monday night, A popular demonstration took place the next morn- ing, but no resistance was offered to the new régime, “ALL PARTIES PLEASED, Perfect tranquillity now prevails, Both Christians and Mussulmans express great satis- faction at the change. “ CATIEEN REJOICING, ‘The city will be illuminated to-night, The festivities ‘will continue threo days, THE NEWS I PARIS. . Panis, May 20, 1876, Ze Temps states that a message in cypher notifying the Turkish Embassy here of the deposition began as followa:—‘“‘We, Abdul Aziz, conformabiy with .the ‘wishes of the majority of our subjects, abdicate.” ‘This was immediately communicated to the Duc De- @azes, Minister of Foreign Affairs, ‘The Embassy also received a message stating that ‘the softas first required the Sultan to relinquish the | title of Caliph, which rendered him inviolable, ‘The Suitan soon afterward abdicated. 4 MINISTER IN DANGER, Le Temps adds that Murad, the new Sultan, is dis- posed to remove Hussein Avni Pasha, the present Min- {ster of War, because he favored the project of Abdul Aziz to make the son instoad of the nephew heir to the throne, ha, Murad speaks French, This Is considered a great ad- Vantage, as he will be able to dispense with interproters ‘when he receives foreign ambassadors, Rvswiay DIPLOMACY. The Russian Ambassador bas visited the Duc De- Cazes, The latter gave assurances that France would con- tribute by every means in her power to the maint wance of peace and the preservation of a good under- standing between the Powers. THE GREAT INTERESTS GENERALLY SATISYIED. Panis, May 30—Evening. ‘The news of the revolution in Constantinople is well feceived im both political and financial circies. It ie believed that the setlement of the Eastern difficulties ts thereby facilitated. TUR PLATFORM OF govERxuRsT, Iti stated that the new Turkish Ministry will comprise Midhat Pasha as Grand Vizier aud Sadyk Pasha, at present Ambassador to France, as Minister of Finance. According to reports published in Cologne, Midhat Pasha and the Grand Vizier were at the head of the revolutionary movement. Murad bas accepted three of the propositions submitted to Lim, viz. :— L.—The juatitution of a Permaneut Assembly of Not- a 2—The abolition of the seraziio. &—The redaction of the civil list to $500,000. AN INTEBNATIONWAL CONFERENCE IN PROSPECT. Panis, May 30, 1876. It is reported here that England 1s willing to agree tothe holding of an international conference on the Eastera question: RUSSIAN INFLUENCE IN THE TURKISH PROV- INCES—WHAT THE CZAR HAS ACCOM- PLISHED. _ Lompos, May 31, 1876. ‘The Standard’s Vienna despatch says the succession of Murad to the Ottoman throne is generally consid- crea as mainly due to Russia instigating Servia and Montenegro to immediate warfare. ENGLISH CABINET CAUTION AGAINST HASTY INTRRYER- ‘ ENCE. The Standard’s correspondent at Rome says it 1s reported that the Italian government bas received an invitation from England to come to an arrangement for united action in the East. ‘The Paris Estafette reports that Lord Derby has in- formed the Turkish Ambassador that England 1s pro pared to accept an international conference, provided the programme is set forth beforchand. “EMPEROR OF TURKEY.” Wasuxetox, May 30, 1876, His Highness the Grand Vizier has jugp addressed the following telegram to the Turkish Minister hero:— “In presence of the unanimous will of all the people Abdul Aziz Kban has been dethroned to-day and His Majesty Sultan Murad, heir presumptive to the im- perial tnrone, bas been prociaimed Emperor of Turkey.” WHAT THE TURKISH MINISTER IN WASHINGTON SAYS—AN ‘‘ASTONISHIXG AND UNLOOKED ¥OR BVENT—THE INFLUENCING CAUSES— WHAT MAY ENSUE. ‘Wasuixarox, May 30, 1876. In conversation with Aristarchi Boy, the Turkish Minister, this evening he remarked that the abdication of Sultan Abdul-Aziz and the proclamation of his nephew, Mohammed Murad, as his successor was an astonishing and unlooked for event. He is.as yet with- out full information, having received only very meagre despatches from home, and he does not pretend to ac- count for the suddenness of the change; but supposes it to have beem at the domand of the peo- ple, who required’ the sword of authority to be passed from Atdul-Aziz to Mobammed Murad. The now ruler ho speaks of as a man of thirty-six years, educated at Constantinople according to the cus- tom of Turks, but with ideas broadened and a mind informed by frequent travel in England, France and Germany. He is a man of amiable disposition, an ac- complished musician, and has cultivated the friendship of worthy persons, The Minister did not say what were the influences which brought about the sudden elevation of the new Sultan, nor did he know what would be the effect upon European politics of his accession. He had reason to believe that the now ruler ‘would be by his amiable character and his familiarity with European ideas and society, able to master the present situation and establish himself as a wise and prudent ruler in Turkey, Beyond this he could say nothing, except that his conntry is, to his surprise and chagrin, greatly misrepresented inthe journals of the United States, and he remiafked that correspondents in Europe, and notably one American of distinction at Vienna, whose namie he declined to give, had done much to cause a wrong understanding of the sftuation of Turkey in this country. TURKISH MOVEMENT AGAINST THE INSURGENTS— ANOTHER ATTEMPT TO RELIEVE MICSIC. Racvsa, May 30, 1876, Intelligonce from Slavonic sources states that the ‘Turkish General, Mukhtar Pacha, has left Mostar, and gone toward Gatchko, on what is supposed to be an- other attempt to relieve Nicsic. ‘The insurgents are concentrating in the Duga Pass. BLOODY BATTLES IN BOSNIA. Lompos, May 30, 1876, ‘A special despatch to the Telegraph from Paris says the insurgents have attacked and burned Bihacs, in Bosnia, killing 350 Tarks. At a second encounter in the same neighborhood the Turks were defeatod, leaving 120 dead on the field. ‘THE SRRVIANS MOVING UXDER RUSSIAN DIRECTIONS. A Pesth telogram reports that the Servian Prime Minister, Ristics, in accordance with the advice of General Ignatieff, has decided that the Sorvians will cross the River Drina on St. John’s Day, THE RULE OF THE CRESCENT. THE FLOW AND EBB OF ISLAMISM—FROM A COLONY TO AN EMPIRE—A LONG LINE OF SULTANS OF THE HOUSE OF OTTIMAN. The Ottoman Empire in Europe had its origin in the Conquest of Gallipoli in 1257 by the warlike Soliman, the son of the Kalif Orkhan, who then secured a foot- ing on European territory by the seizure of the key to the capital of the Byzantine Empire. This success was followed by a series of attacks aiong the shores of the Hellespont, which resulted in the establishment of Turkish colonies and the gradual extension of the Otto- man power, In 136] the Sultan, AMURAT THK CONQUEROR, took Adrianopie, then the jargest fortified city in the Empire of the Kast, and established there bis second official residence. From this centro of opera- tons the Sultan pushed Dis conquests until ho had sub- dued a large territury peopled by the Slavic races, who, however, combined in revolt aguinst his swi nd were defeated with great slaughter in 1363, The Prince of Servia, however, prepared for a grand effort tothrow offthe Turkish yoke, and met Amurat on the piain of Kassova, where, after a desperate struggle, the Ser- ‘vians were defeated. But the victury cost the Sultan his life, for auring the battle, as the chroniclers relate, @ noble Servian named Milosch penetrated to the Sultan under the pretence of making a con- fideniial communication, and stabbed him with a dagger. BAsAuET, his successor to the throne, established colonics in Servia, and in 1390 began ageneral war on Europe, in which he forced the Greek Emperor to join him by furnishing troops to the Ottoman army; but that prioce having abandoned hua be turned all his forces on the empire of the Greeks, and besieged Con- stantinople during seven years, but without capturing the city, However, the direct result of the war was the annexation of Wallachia to the Porte and the occu- pation of tne territory of Bosnia up to the Hungarian iroutier, At this stage of Turkish aggression Europe coulesced against the Conqueror, and the chivalry of France, Germany and Bavaria, with the Knights of St. Jobn, arrayed themselves under Sigismund, King of Hungary, against the Ottomans; but at the battle of Nicopolis, fought 1m September, 1396, the -ailied army ‘was cut to pieces, aod the crescent was again triamph- ant over the cross. The rage of the Sultan was so great on learning that his loss amounted to 50,000 men that he immediately ordered the slaughter of 10,000 prison- ers who fell into his bands at Nicopolis, This terrible butchery was executed on alj bat a few prominent cap- tives, whom he compelled to ransom themselves «ith immense sums. This great victory added to the Ottoman prestige in Europe and Asia, filling the former with foar and the latter with enthasiasm for the cause of Isiam. The Turks now attacked the country along the River Save and invaded Styria, which they penetrated as far as Pettau, completely destroyimg that town, Constaxtinople being still the certre of Greck power, baving successlully sesisted tho attacks of Bajazet, iy NEW YORK HERALD, WEDNESDAY, MAY 31, 1876.—THIPLE SHEET. be Sultan determined ou its capture, and the popula- tion, being reduced to extremities by the vighr of his Operations, induced the Greek Emperor to make terms with the Turks by allowing the establishment of an Ottoman colony within its walls and even the erection of @ mosque in t! apital of Eastern Christianity. Bat now the tide of success turned against the Turkish conqueror, Timour the Tartar, at the head of an im- ™mense army fresh from the conquest of Persia and Central Asia, met Bajazet on the plains of Angora, and, after a desperate battle, defeated and captured the Sultan, who died in 1403 of vexation and grief at his* defeat and captivity. His successors were ‘ MANOMET L AND AMURAT 1., whose reigns were not sigualized by any re markable advance of the Turkish cause. Indeed, the latter named Sultan, although successful in maintaining his bold op the European portion of his Empire, was twice defested by the celebrated Hungarian, John Hunyady, who commanded an army of Poles, Servians, Wallachians and Germans, which forced Amurat to abandon the siege of Belgrade in 1440, After atemporary retirement from the cares of government Amurat again took up arms to chas- Use the King of Poland for a breach of armistice, and in 1444 defeated the latter at Varna with great slaugh- ter, In 1448 his vengeance was gratified by the signal defeat of Hunyady near Kassova, He died in 1450 and was succeeded by his son, MAHOMET 11, the conqueror of Constantinople. On the 6th of April, 1454, Mabomet commenced the siege with an army of 250,000 men and 420 veasols of all sizes. It was during this celebrated siege that monster guns were first used by the Turks, and Greek fre, an incendiary compound, was appled for the purposes of the de- fence, After a series of terrible combats, in which fanaticism and despair lemt an almost miraculous power to the arms of the contending forces, the city was captured on the 29th of May. The Greek Emperor fell, fighting to the last, and his unfortunate capital was abandoned to ali the horrors of pillage and slaughter. So great was the desolation caused by this ter- rible event that even the heart of Mahomet relented, and he’ endeavored to repeople the chy by recalling the fugitive Grecks and according them many privileges, such as the {ree exercise of their rel- Bion, asan inducement to return. With Constantino plo fell the Empire of Constantine the Great, 1,125 years alter the rebuilding of the city by tnat monarch. Mahomet II. followed up his triumph at Constantinople by a series of important movements on the line of the Danube, and was so far successiul as to reoccupy Servian territory which had been partly wrested irom tho Porte during Preceding reigns and to compel Jobn Hunyady, the most active oppovent of the Turks, to make peace and pay a tribute to the Sultan. Under Mahomet tho Greek Archipelago was attacked by Turkish fleets and many important islands were added tothe Ottoman Empire, but the Turks were defeated in their secend at- tempt to capture Belgrade, although this check was more than counterbalanced by the conquest af Greeee, which waa accomplished under the personal diroction of tho Sultan, He also defeated the Venetians at Negro- pontin 1470, However, although tho Turkish conquests were marked by the most terrible devastations and slayghter of the conquered, they were sometimes met and checked by Christian valor. In 1475 Soliman Pacha, atthe head of 100,000 men, invaded Moldavia to enforce the payment of tribute by the reigning prince, bat Etienne almost destroyed tho Turkish forces in battle, and the surviving few found refuge in the territory south of the Danube, alter which all the importaut fortresses along that river were recaptured by the Moldaviang, The insatiable ambition and mili tary skill of the Sultan were also rewarded by the con- quest of the Crimea and the subsequent destruction of Moldavian independence. But it was at Rhodes that the Turkish standard received its most bumiliating defeat at the hands of tné Christian Knights of St. John. The engineoring skill displayed at this famous siege marks it as the commencement of the more mod- ern system of warfare, Artillery may bo said to have for tho first time performed its Junction as a breaching arm in the attack on Rhodes, but the valor of the Christian defenders was proof against the terrors in_ spired by this new and formidable engine. weath found Mahomet prepsriog for an expedition into Asia, after the conquest of the Eastern Empire and that of Trebizond, which incluged more than 200 towns and seven kingdoms, He'well earned the tile of “Con- queror,” and expired suddenly on the 3d of May, 1481. Mahomet was succeedpd by BAJAZET IL, his son Selim, and grandson Soliman the Great. Un- der the former the war aguinst the Moldavians was successfully waged, and in. 1495 a treaty of commerce was established with the Russian Czar, ivan III. The Venetians were defeated at Sapienza In 1512 a revolt of the Janissaries and the people of Con- Stantinople caused the Sultan to abdicate in favor of his son sxLIM, who, darmg a short but bloody reign of eight yours, conquered the Persians at Tauris and al Egypt, and died in 1520, SOLIMAN THY GREAT succeeded him, ‘his remarkable man was suc- cessfal in the third wicge of Belgrade, a city which bad hitherto defied capture by the Turks, and also im tho second siege of Rhodes, which now became a part of the Turkiwh Empire. In 1524 Soliman conquered Hungary ufter a de- cisive battle wear Mohacs, and desolated the country wito fire andsword. In 1529 he besieged Vienna, after taking possession of Buda-Pesth, but failed to take tho Austrian capital owing to severe autumnal rains, which threatened to cut off his line of retreat, An invasion of Germany took place-in 1532, bat, when strongly en- trenched on the Danube, the German Emperor mado the Sultan proposals of peace, which were accepted by the latter. After a series of successful expeditions, which added much glory to his reign, Soliman died in 1566. Ho was the contemporary of Henry VIII. of England, Francis I. of France, Charles V, of Germany and Pupe Leo X., and rivalled them in tho magnificence of his reign, but (ar surpassed them in the extent of his conquests. His son SELIM 11, ascended the throne and conquered Arabia, but the power of the Ottoman Empire received its first fatal shock under this raler. The Christian nations organ- ized « fleet under the command of Don John of Aus- tria, consisting of more than 200 ships trom Spain, Rome and Venice, aud, meeting the Turkish fleet at Lepanto, completely destroyed it, The reign of Selim marked the commoncement of the decadence of Turk- ish power in Europe, and under AMURAT IL, his successor, who died in 1595, the Turkish arms suf- fered many great reverses on fields that formerly wero the scenes of their greatest victories, MAHOMET iL, who relieved himself from prospective family embar- rassments by murdering nineteen of bis brothers alter he bad ascended the throne, suffered many defeats, which were so fatal to his power that his son and suc- cessor found it expedient to conclude a treaty of peace with the Christian nations and thus ackuowledgo tbe wane of Islamism in Europe. MUSTAYHA AND OSMAY IL In 1617 the semi-idiotic Mustapha was promptly de- posed for Osman IL, who, in turn, was murdered by his troops. ‘MUSTAPHA I, bad a short and inglorious reign, marked by military revolts, He was succeeded by the boy Saltan, Amurat, whose mother, a very energetic womun, administered aflairs until be had reached his twentieth year, The reiga of AMURAT IY. was fall of wars and bloodshed, the latter result- ing from the Sultan’s terrible cruelties to the people he conquered. He died im 1640, and was succecded by mRaMix, ‘whose reign was markod by profligacy and dissipation and Was insigailicant in its results with the exception of some advantages in a war with the Venetians, In 1648 he was dethroned and murdered by the Janissa- nes. ‘3 Manomer tv, was only seven years old at tho time of his accession. Tho Empire was then in a fearful condition through the bad administration of the government, but was quickly restored to something like 14 former strengtn by the vigorous measures of Mahomet Kuprili, tho Grand Vizier, During this reign the jamvas siege of Candia, which lasted for twenty-tive years, was in progress. The struggle cost 30,000 Venctian and moro than 100,000 Turkish lives beture the troops of the Sultan finally triumphed. A brief campaign against thegiussians, which resulied in successes on both sides, was terminated by treaty ia 1681; but a second siege of Vienna, which city was rescucd from the be sieging Turka by John Sobiesk), brought fearful disas ters on the Ottoman arms in 1683 Again, in 1686, Oten, or Pesth, on the ube, the most important Turkish outpost again: uropean nations, was cap- tured, after a most heroic dotence, by the Christian army. The loss of Ofen (Pesth) was followed by that of many other forts, and in 1687 a great defeat on the banks of the Drave further weakened Turkish power on tho Danube. These results so exasperated the Otto- man troops that.they doposed and imprisoted the Sultan, setting up in bis place SOLIMAN 11, ‘This ruler had a stormy reign, during which Bel- grade was captured by the Christians, but was retaken in 1690 by Mustapha Koprili, tho Turkish general. In 1691 Soliman died, and was succeeded by his brother anuxr, who had a reign marked by defeats, particularly that at Peterwarden by Louis le Bude, in which the Sultan Jost his Grand Vizier. Civil war subsequently reigned throughout all the provinces of the Empire. In 1695 MUSTAPHA I. Decame Sultan, but his troops were defeated at Zonta in 1697 by Prince Eugene. In 1699 the peace of Carlo- witz. was concluded, which delivered Hungary and Transylvania from the Turkish yoke, Azof was ceded to Russia, the Ukraine and Podolia to Poland and the Morea to Venice, This treaty may be said to mark an {mpoitant stage of the rapid decline of the Turkish power, which commenced with the disastrous defeat of Lepanta, Anyhow, it shows that Europe was begin- ning to recover from the terror inapired by Islamism in the early development of its strength on that conti- nent The modern history of Turkey in Europe begins with the peace of Cariowitz, Immediately tdllowing this event the efforts of Koprili and Rami, the Turkish Ministers, to reform the abuses of the State, and par- ticularly in the army, created an inteuse hostility to these officials, which finally reacted on the Sultan’s Popularity and caused bis dethronement in favor of AMET U1, in 1703. Tho most romarkable events of this reign were the campaign against Russia, in which Peter the Groat escaped capture only through the devotion of his wife, Catherine, who bribed the Turkish Vizier to make peace when the latter had tho Russian army surrounded by his troops in @ position whenco there was no escape, The war was instigated by the refugee King, Charles XII, of Sweden, who had been forced to seck shelter in Turkey after his defeat at Pultowa by the Czar. The reconquest of tho Morea by the Turks so alarmed the Emperor of Germany that he declared war against the Sultan, and Prince Eugene defeated the Turks at Petorwarden ater a Sanguinary battle, Tho struggle was renewed under the walls of Belgrade, on which city the Prince advanced; ‘Dut notwithstanding tho eforts of the Vizier the place with tmmense booty, fell into tho hands of the impe- rial army. In consequenco of these roverses the Sultan concluded peace at Passarowitz, after agrecing to restore Belgrade, Temesvar, a part of Wallachia and @ portion of Servia to the Emperor, the Morea bemg Testored to Turkey. A robéllion of the Janissarics compelled Ahmet to resign, and the throne was taken by MAuMOUD 1, ‘This roler, alter a war with allied Russia and Austria, Compelled these nations to make peace on terms very favorable to Turkey, which included the surrener by Austria to the Porte of Belgrade, Servia, Wallachiaand Orsova, and the acceptance of the Danube and Save as the boundaries between tho two nations. Russia con- sented to demolish the fortress of Azof, to employ only foreign vessels in her Black Sea trade, and abandon all her recent conquests of Turkish territory. The death of Charles VL caused a reopening of the European ibter-State quarrels, by an effort to deprive Maria Thoresa of her crown. The Sultan, though a neutral, endeavored to reconcile the contending States, but failed, and tho war was terminated only in 1748 by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, The Sultan died in 1754, and was succecded by OTHMAN IL, whose reign was peaceful and unmarked by any im, portant event, In 1763 he was succeeded by MUSTAPHA IL, who, sympathizing with Poland, declared war against Russia, but sufferod many reverses, and dio dor- ing its prosecution, Has son, ABDUL MaMID, endifiette atrife by signing the peace of Kainardji, which recogmzed tho independence of the peoplo of the Crimea, Bessurabia and Kuban, Tho free navigation of the seas was conceded to Russia, and tho partition of Poland recognized. The peace, however, did not last long, 1n 1787 a now war broke out, but resulted unfavorably for the Porte, and peace was declared pon the capture of Oczakow, where every man of the Turkish garrison perished. Abdul Hamid died in 1789, and SELIM IL mounted the throne and suflered a defeat from the aliied Russian and Austrian army near Belgrade. His fleet was also destroyed by the English at Gallipoli. ‘This latter trouble grew out of the effort of the enemies ofthe French Republic to compel the Sultan to unite in the genoral war against France. Selim wasdeposed by the Janissaries, and was followed as Sultan by MUSTAPHA IV., who reigned a year only, ard was in turn succecded by MAHMOUD IL, who, after a disasirous war with Russia, signed tho Treaty of Bucharest, which gave the Czar the line of the Pruth as his tronier. In 1819 the independence of tho Ionian Islands was recoguized and Greece began to show signs of revolt, The vigorous measures of tho Sultan to suppress this movement culminated in the atrocity known as the massacre of Scio, where 20,000 persons of both sexes were put to the sword. Europe, horrified at the barbaritics of the Turkish command. ers, interfered and destroyed the Sulian’s flect at Navarino, compelling him to recognize the independ- ence of Greece in 1829. Mahmoud destroyed the tur- bulent Janissaries by nn organized massacre and in. troduced many reforms inthe civil and military de- pariments of his government, notwithstanding the fanatical opposition of his people. in 1828 Turkey ag invaded by aRussian army, under Wittgenstein, | and the Sultan was obliged to establish his line of de- tence on the Balkan chaiu, with Shumia as his bead- | quarters, The campaign resulted in the total defeat of the Turkish arms attera series of obstipate battles | and sieges, Tho Russians secured the control of the mouths of the Danube and important commercial privi- joges in Turkey, also a section of territory with several large towns in Asia and an indemnity of seven millions ot Holland ducats Egypt now became tnvolved in a war with the Saltan and in- flicted several defeats on his army in Syria, particularly that at Konieh in December, 1832, In 1839 hostilities were renewed, and Egypt won another great victory at Nezib, In the same year Abdul Medjid succeeded Mahmoud, and his first experience asa ruler was not calculated to inspire him with confidence in bis own officers, fortwo weoks after his accession his Chief admiral deserted with bis fleet to the rebellious Pacha of Egypt. In 1840 England, Prussia and Austria re- solved to procure the recession of Syria to the Porte, but it was necessary to send av armed force to Acreand reduce that city before Mebemet All would surrender the State, In 1852 the casus belli of the Crimean con- flict arose and was followed by tho series ol events tamiliar to the reader, Sebastopol was captured in port by tho allied armics of France, England, Turkey and Sardinia, aud peace was restored under certain guarantees from Russia, embodied in the Treaty of Pari, which sho has since taken occasion to set aside, THE REIGN OF ABDUL MEDSID. Abdul Modjid was ‘born on April 24, 1823, and suc- ceeded to the throne of his father, Mahmoud I, on July 1, 1839. His youth and weakness of character unfitted him for the responsibilities of gov- ernment at a time when foreign complications and in- ternal disturbances rendered a vigorous policy abso- lutely necessary to the preservation of the political status of Turkey. In 1841 tho Ottoman Emptro was formally admitted into tho political family of European nations, but tis was duo more to the necossitics of certain of the great Powers than to any diplomatic re- gard for the effeminate Sultan or his Ministry. How- ever, undor Abdul Medyi., the course of Turkish policy toward the Christian and Hebrew subjects of the Porte was so lar modified as to remove many causes df com- plaint, and something like an equality before the law for all was estabilshed by the advice of U lightened Resnid Pacha, In 1856 the Hatti Humayum or liberal constitution was published im the Empire, but these measures have seldom proved more than @ namo in Turkey, fanaticism neutralizing their beneficial in- fluences, Abdul Medjid took special pains to European- tze bis people both as to manvers and costume, and led the way 1 person in some of the most rasical reforms; but these changes, so foreign to the conservative spirit of the Koran, served ouly tw awaken discontent, Many revolts took place during this reign, and intrigues at court took from the Sultan ail but the name and style of Commander of the Faithful, Abdul Medjid died on June 25, 1861, leaving seven sous and two daughters. The eldest of the sons, Mebemet Murad Effendi, would have succeeded his father but for the right of seniority, which, uecording to Turkish Jaw, gives the throne to the eidest male member of. the royal line of Othman, and not to the eldest son of the Sultan. In this instance the Sultan's younger brother, Abdul Aziz, possessed the bighest claim to the throne, and succeeded his brother, Abdul Medjid, deceased, on June 25, 1861, Aupu aziz is the second son of the Sultan Mahmoud II,, and was born on February 9, 1880, and is now only forty-six years old. His youth, like that of all heirs to the Turk- ish throne, was passed in comparative seclusion, but ho is said to have exbibited an carly taste for agricul- tural pursuits, and established a model farm at Scutari, where he spent much time in experimental farming. When he was called to the throne by the death of his elder brother he showed a desire to promote the wel: | fare of his people by the introduction of im- Portant reforms andthe removal of the most crying abuses. With this idea he reduced his civil list and cut off many causes of expense, such as the seraglio, proclaiming his intention to embrace monogamy, ard lessen, if he could not altogetner abolish, the abuses of the harem, Like his predeces- sor, Abdul, Aziz was deeply impressed with the neces- sity of harmonizing the political and social conditions of his Empire with European ideas of progress, and it was here that he created the first antagonism that arose between him and his people, and which has cul- minated in his deposition, Desirimg to examine in Person the different phases of European civilization, the Sultan in 1867 mado a grand tour of the Continent, and successively visited Austria, France and England, where he was magnificently received by tho respective rulers of these countries. This contact of the Padishah with the Giaours gave great scandal to the orthodox Mussulmans, and it bas been evident since the Sultan's Journey that his popularity has been steadily on the wane, Among the chief military events of the reign of Abdul Aziz are the suppression‘of the Montenegrin re- volt in 1862 and that of the Cretans i 1868, His rela- tions with Egypt were somewhat similar to those of his predecessor, until in 1866 bo consented for tho con- sideration of a large sum of money to recognize the right of the Khedive's eldest gon to succeed bis father, that is, the mght of succession in the direct line. This concession, although in direct opposition to Turkish law, was confirmed by an imperial firman, which virtually gives independence % Egypt. Uf course the stanch upholders of the old Mussulman idea wore shocked at this departure trom law and custom, and when it was sought to makea similar change m the line of succession in Turkey the opposition bocame so great that tho project was abandoned as impracticable. The Sultan was desirous of being succesded by his eldest son, Yussuf, born in 1857; but, as stated, tho feeling was so strong against changing the ancient law of the Empire that tho claims of the heir presumptive, Mahommed Murad Effendi, the eldest son of the late Sultan Abdul Medjid, were recognized as paramount, Abdul Aziz hag four sons—namely, Yussuf Izzedin Effendi, born October 9, 1857, and commander of the Imperial Guard at Constantinople; Mahmoud Djomol Eddin Effendi, born November 20, 1862; Mehemed Selim Effendi, born October 8, 1866, and Abdul Medjid, born June 27, 1868; also one daughter, Sultana Selikhe, born in 1862, ‘The events that have brought about the dothrone- ment of the Sultan Abdul Aziz are directly traceable to tho deep rooted prejudices entertained by his Mussul- man subjects against the ideas of Western civilization, which he admires so much. The war in Herzegovina and Servia is but the ropetition of the heroic struggles of the Christians to shake off the cruel yoke of the Turkish power that havo been going on sinco the days ot Othman. The successes of the insurgents have ex- asperated the fanatical portion of the population of Constantinople tu such a degree that they wreak their vengeance even on the ‘Father of the Faithful” him- self, regarding his weakness and indecision of charac- ter as tho chief causes of Turkish reverses, This spirit of intolerance is manifesting itselt all over the Turkish Empire, and bodes evil for the tuture, The selection of the regular heir to the throne, MENEMET MURAD EPFEXDI, as the successor of the deposed Sultan, shows that ad- herence to ancient Turkish laws and policy is the guid- ing idea in the minds of the reactionary party. The flame of fanaticism 1s fanned by appeals {rcm mosque and nnnaret, and the now Sultan mounts bis dead father’s tarone with the keynote of the policy expectod of him ringing in his ears. The rise of Turkish power was surrounded with a blopdy magnificence which dazzled and ovcrawed the somi-civilized nations that strove to combat it, its prime wasn era of splendor and comparative prog- ress, because the Turks are naturally given to rotine- ment and study; but in its decay the evidences of the corruption that 1s gnawing its vitals are only too plainly visible. A little over 600 years ago the first footprint of the Moslem was set in European Turkoy, and we now watch with mercasing interest the signs ot his departure, Truly it is said, “Time makes all things even. ”” MEXICAN BORDER TROUBLES. Sax Francisco, May 30, 1876. A despatch from San Diego ‘$ @ runner has just arrived from Campo, who reports that about 100 Mexi- cans are gathered just below the line, intent on an- other attack on Campo. The settlers are gatherivg for celence. MISSOURI WHISKEY CASES. Sr. Louis, May 80, 1876, Motion for a new trial in tho cases of R. W. Uirici and others was sustained to-day in the United States District Court, In the cases of John McFall, John EK. Howard and Louis Kellerman, United States gaugers, judgment was entered against their bonds 1n $10,000 eacis, AMERICAN SUNDAY SCHOOL UNION. FLATTERING BESULT OF LAST YEAR'S WORK. PuuapeLpaia, May 30, 1876, The American Sunday School Union heid its fify- second anniversary thia afternoon and evening at the Academy of Music. Rev, Richard R. Newton, D, D., presided at the first meeting, and addresses were made by Stephen Paxson, of Missourt; Rev. John McCullogh, of Kentucky; Rev, Thomas Wrigkt, of Michigan, and T, G, Ensign, of Illi- nois, all missionaries and superintendents of the so- The Hon. Joshua ‘Nye, of Maine, presided at the evening meeting, and uddresses were made by Sir Charles Read, M. ngland; Rev. Daniel Mursb, D, D., of Philadelphia; Rev. B. W. Chidiaw, of Onto, and Rov. W. P. Parsons, of Missouri. The Academy ‘was crowded to overflowing at both meetings. ‘The record of the union’s work for the past year shows that 1,236 new schovls have been formod, and 3,216 oiher schools visited and sided, which have a total membership of 228,245. This work bas been done in thirty-one States and Territories. In permanent re- sults, the society considers this one of the best years of its labor, BAPTIST SOCIAL UNION. Pmitapetrnta, May 30, 1876. ‘The second National Convention of the Baptist Social Union of the United States convenod this evening in the First Baptist church, at Broad and Arch streets, Representatives were present from twenty unions — throughout New Lngland, the North ard ‘oat. An address of welcome was delivered by G. D. Boardman, PD. D., chairman of the local committee, after which au interesting discourse upon “How to resch Non-Church Goers” was read by Rev. A. K. Pot- ter, of Massachusetts, the speak: ‘ging a8 among the chie! ments of success jn this work an increase of spiritual warmth and jadiv: i eflort in the Church of Christ as disti ished alike from sensation. ansm difference, The exercises wore interspersed ‘with 61 ‘To-morrow morning the exercises will commence ‘withd ovotional services at nine o'clock, PROBABLE FATAL ACCIDENT. Pui.apucruta, May 80, 1876, Eli Boughton, of Plainfield, N. J., received on injury to-day that will probably prove fatal, In coining to the Ceotennial on the Bound Brook Railroad he put his head out of toe car window, when he was struck by 4 car on @ side truck, the blow causing a iractare of the FOUR PERSONS DROWNED. Bostox, May 30, 1876. By the upsetting of s sailboat on Fresh Pond, in Brighton, this afternoon, the following named persons were drowned:—Mrs. Duncklee, the wile of the pro- prietor of tho Sunnyside House of = m, ter Sa Maud Miss Wilson and her brother jobony, “WASHINGTON. FROM OUR SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT, Wasutyaros, May 30, 1876. THE MISSISSIPPI INVESTIGATION — GOVERNOR AMES BEFORE THE COMMITITEE—DOCUMENTS SHOWING THE TRUE HISTORY OF THE VICKS- BURG RIOT IN DECEMLER, 1874—-THE TROUBLE INITIATED BY AMES FOR POLITICAL PUB POSES. It is understood that in his testimony before the Senate Committee on Mississippi Affairs, which sits in secret, ex-Governor Ames told a story about the Vicks- burg riot in December, 1874. The following docu- ments tell tho true story :— Crosby, an illiterate and corrupt negro demagogue, had been elected sheriff of Warreu county. It was charged against him that he was acting and collect ing public money without baving given lawful bonds, and a mob illegally coerced him to re- sign bis place. He went to Jackson to consult with the State authorities, anda meeting was held at the Governor's mansion, At that meeting the Attorney Genoral, a republican, advised, a8 bis test! mony given below proves, that Crosby had @ peaceable remedy in the courts, © Several prominent citizens were ready to go to Vicksburg, as commissioners, t¢ settle the matter peaceably, Governor Ames rejected all advice and told Crosby to go back to Vicksburg, summon the negroes from the surrounding country and reinstate himself by force, ‘The negroes, so summoned by notice in tae cburches on Sunday, marched on Vicksburg Monday moroing in a straggling manner, and as, im fact, @ mob; were met outside by a party of whites, and dri off, a number being shot. That was the Vicksburg riot; and concerning the manner im which and the purpose with which Governor Atmes de'iberately brought it on, the following sworn testimony will be laid before the Senate committee :— First—Tarbell, Judge of the Supremo Court, a North- ern man and republican, present at tho meeting in the Governor's house, says under oath :— My theory of Crosby was that through bis tgnorance, incompeteucy and dishonesty he bad brought the state of things we were there to consider. * * * Lregarded Crogby ag utterly unworthy, untrustworthy and iucom- petent for any position whatever. It was cousidered that if auy physical assistupco was rendered to Crosby” it was to be composed of colored people, ‘Second—Captain A. W. Allyn, also present at the con- suitation, says under oath :— Am captain of the Sixteenth United States infantry, and command the post atJeckson; was preseutate meeting in the early part of December, 1874; there cusually, without invitation; the cot turned upon the forced resignation ot Crosby aa of Warren county) and upon the power ot 1 to summon the body of the county as a posseto law. There was a differenco of opinion as sass (dfs ability to rey his posiuion. The opint ‘torney Genera! Harris was that all the legal the courts should be exbat before it for the Executive to take action. * alleged that a posse of negroes simply Bloodshed. “ke “Governor asserted that would, * * * That “very likely fifteen OF negroes may be Killed, but that it would resale te benefit of the republican party.” Tkird—Attorney Goncral Harris, a republican amd the official legal adviser ot the Governor, also at the congultation, says, under oath:— Was present at the interview at ernor’s qwinsion in December, 1874, the Vicksburg riot, * * ° * The brie (Ames) asked me concerning the law of matter (in Crosby's case), aud I commenced give him the law by which Crosby could ob! session of his.ollice in the courts. “* Amos then turned and uddressed himself to the ored men present, remarking that he and ober white men had faced the bullets to tree them, and if they were not willing to fight for that freedom they were worthy of it, Some one remarked that it Crosby Spek seas there would be lives lost, and the Governor replied :— Rawhae if it does cost blood? The blood of the mar tyrs is the seed of the Church.” * * # 1 advised the Governor that it was questionable, from Crosby's statement, whether bis was an actual thon or whether it was duross, and theretore it was a question for the courts * * * J General at the time. Fourth—H. R. Pease, a republican and Northern man, ex-United States Senator and at present pust- master at Vicksburg, says:— Hal a conversation with W. W. Deaderick in Wash- ington city tn the month of January, 1875, as to Wiss occurred in the Governor’s mansion in a conversa%wa about the Vicksburg-Crosby afflur. * * * He spoke of the peculiar langasge, temper and manner of the Governor at that meeting; said the Governor was very much excited and advised Crosby to go to Vicksb: re and summon the colored people and reinstate himsel in his office. Upon which Deuderick said he and some one else remonstrated with the Governor as to the policy of sending Crosby back to Vicksburg to summon the negroes ; that if Crosby was sent back there it would result in bloodshed; giving that as a reason for not tending Crosby back, to which Ames replied, “That tho killing of twenty-five or thirty negroes would ve of ad- vantage to the republican party, on the principle thas the blood of the martyrs is the seed of the Uburch.’? Deaderick spoke of this as being very injudicious and unwise cou This testimony shows that tho real and doliberate author of the Vicksburg riot was Governor Ames bim- self; that hisorder to Crosby to summon the negroes was given in the face of the advico of his Attorney General that there was a remedy in the courts, and with, as bis words show, tho deliberate intention of causing bloodshed and tho killing of negroes in order to ad- vance partisan intorests, es FROM OUR REGULAR CORRESPONDENT, Wasiixcton, May, 30, 1876. THE NEW SECRETARY OF WAR IN WASHINGTON— THE PORTFOLIO ACCEPTED, Mr. Don Cameron arrived at Willard’s by the ning o’clock train to-night, in good health. He lett the ho- tel very quickly and remained out toa late hour, He will take possession at the Wat Department day alter to-morrow, He gave a large entertainment at Harris. burg before loaving there. GENERAL WASHINGTON DESPATCHES, Wasnixoto, May 30, 1876, ‘THE BELKNAP IMPEACHMENT—PROBABLE POST PONEMENT OF THE TRIAL UNTIL FALL. ‘Tho Senate having decided that it has jurisdiction in the Belknap impeachment matter, the opinion 1s ex- pressed that the trial will be postponed until November next, when the Senate will reassemble for that special purpose, Mr Belknap hay a Jarge number of witnesses to be examined, and as his counsel will in defence of their client contest every step of the managers on the part of the House of Representatives, there is a strong probability that the trial will continue six weeks oF two months. Mr, Lord, Chairman of the Board of Managers, ex- Presses tho opinion that tt will occupy, at loast, six weeks. It is believed that to goon with the trial now would prolong the session of Congress until the latter part of August or the first of September; as, in addl- tion to the time consumed by the trial, s month or siz weeks will be required to finish up the absolutely necessary legislative business of passing the ennaal appropriation bills, Quite a number of Senators are in favor of postponing the trial until the fall, and, whem the question is sab- mitted to the Senate, they will urge their views as to the advisability of such a postponment, It is also sug. gested by several Senators and prominent members of tho House that the trial should be postponed until the first of July, in order to afford a reason- able prospect of action by the Senate on the approptiation bills in the meantime, Aside from these considerations, grave doubte are expressed by many disinterested persons whether, in view of the fact that less than two-thirds of the Senate have yoted in favor of jurisdiction, there 1 anything to be gained by proceeding with the trial atall Very emi: nent legal authorities, wne have no connection what- over with the procoedings, assert that the twenty-nine Senators who yesterday voted against taking jurisdic- tion will not be precluded by the Senate’s action from “not guilty” on this jurisdictional ground whea the final issue is presented. = * ‘THE RECENT CABINET CHANGES, ‘Tho understanding is that all of tho recent Cabinet changes will tako practical effect from the 1st of June, Judge Prerrepont will remain inthis city for somo time Previous to his for England. Mr. Cameron 1s expected to tako charge of the War Department on the Ist of the coming month, Judge Prerrepont will leave New York for England on the $88 ny of Juve.