The New York Herald Newspaper, April 16, 1876, Page 6

‘fag hs asiny On 28 Gieai of the Fear, A most doubtful nL PASSING WAR CLOUDS, Ex-President Castelar’s Brilliant Treatise on the War Feeling of Europe. Anxiety of the Nations Coneerning the Turkish Question, THE CHIEF CAUSES. Germany and France Battling for Supremacy and Power. Victor Emmanuel Living in Peace with Garibaldi and the Pope. Panis, March 33, 1876, To tam Eptror ov rar Hrearp: Our ancient Europe scems to have been destined by fato never to enjoy complete peace, and to live always between the regrets and sorrows of past wars and the anxictics of now and terrible conflicts to come, Every moment there !s awakened In the mind the idea that some great conflicts of passion or interest will result fo an appeal to force, and that that force may destroy nations and civilization as things which Nataro re- Jeots, suspending the unique struggle for progress, the struggle for labor. Torrible panics depres tho mind and disturb com- Mercial transactions. Movements of squadrons, notes of governments, speeches of sovercigns, all contain threats of bloodshed, or, at least, all appear the fore. Funuors of imminent battles. You cannot meet a basl- ness man who does not declaim on the situation and predict that by next spring we shall again encounter tho torrible spectro of death, of our cities ball. de- stroyed avd our fields desolate and deserted. He will tell you that wo havo hero a huge funeral pilo, and that it only needs some hidden band to apply the torch of the incendiary Im order to reduce the whole body of our old Continent to cindors, And yet the CAUSES FOR WAR IN EUROPE to-day should be less than they have beon for tho last twenty years, Evil disappears, aud with tt disappears that passion for heroism. Italy, which was the Euro- pean apple of discord, has been converted into a free and independent nation. The forcigner no longer acts the conqueror at Romo, nor does he hold the city. Austria no longer mounts guard at St, Mark's place. The tricolor proudly floats above the towers of Mantua and Verona, and the hymn of national independenco {8 chantod in the streets ot Milan. And tho things tran gpiring in Italy transpire also in Hun That proud raco of Magyare, which could sustain the most gigantic war in one of the most awful of crises, a race ever ready for combats and sacrifices, has boen emancipated, even placing itself now ander the guardianship of its old oppressors. And that which applica to Italy and Hungary applies equally to Ger- many. Tho rivalries between Austria and Prussia, which flooded the German soil with blood, ended in favor of Prussia. The phantasms of the revolutionists of 1848, tho unity of Germany and the expulsion of Austria led to this in a great measure. Mottornich, founder of the Moly Alliance, is dead aud for- gotten, while Andrassy, a disciple of Kossuth, directs the affairs of Austria, Tho Catholic nations of the south readily submit to the tutelage of the Protestant Emperor who has conquered in the north, which is proved by the resistance oftered by the King of Bavaria to his Parliament, and tho quelling of cleri- cal opposition to the recent retorms, Those continu- ous convulsions in Poland have ceased for a while, principally bocanso of the evident imposstbiity of aue- erss, and next because France, which has so frequently aroused the martyr nation, bas had to ally herself to Rus- sla as a necessary act of her vengeance. The British na- thon of ponderous influence, which decided in other days todraw the sword to protect the half moon that glitters abore Holy Sophia, and for the Sultan who dwells in the seraglios of tho Bosphorus, bas resigned horseif to a further diminution of the Turkish Empire for the purpose of augtnenting hor powor and influence Inthe Land of Egypt. In France oven that fighting dynasty has disappesred, forged into tho most bigh tempte of republican wars, She has been satiated with the idea of revolutionary disasters; images of a conquering and @aring State, which deciied to dissemipate ideas of liverty through armies of slaves, threatening all other Dationalities with their traditions of conquest and op- pressing their owa with the burden of military glories, most costly and disastrous to nations. It is quite cer tain that newther Italy nor Hungary by their victories, nor Poland by her mis‘ortunes, are to-day causes for war, and the Empire of the most bellicose traditions— the Empire of Bonaparte—has disappeared from Europe. FRENCH AND ORRWAN RIVALRY, There has been a germ of discord bred which may soon—and which most assuredly will—giva rise to much fighting within a certsin time. Indeed, there exists a cause for uncasiness as to a disturvance almost as disastrous as the last affair, to wit, the mvairy be tween France and Germany. This rivalry has been tho necessury consequence of the greater part of the evils which havo agitated European civilizition daring the past twenty yevrs, the miscarriage of thal French Re- public of '48 which was born under such excellent aus- pices. With the irradation pocaliar to French id with the resunance peculiar to Fronch utterance mapy became suddenly awakened trom her lethargy, and, while seeking to recover her lost liberties, had hor eyes opened to the idea much more necessary to her « aetence—to the idea of unity, If she could have real- ized that grand thought, if the hatred of the tyrants and tho inoxperience of the people had not given rise to such tremendous difficuttios, German unity would have been realized, the'same as Italian unity, with the consent of France, aud would have opened tho way for a holy alliance of nations united as in the sense of a universal brotherhood, which would havo assured the each and the eommon iutercsts of all But France again entrenched herself behind a military empire, and from that moment the old historic rivalries wero renewed between the two countries and ono set up a threatening institution in response to a threatening institution reared by the other, until Mnally the two nations were brought face to face on the fletd of battle, Tbe French Empire vac- filated jn ats polley with respect to Germany in the fame way that It had vaciilated in treating with Italy. Having called that nation to the exercise of independ. ence, it opposed, fought against it in the work essen- tial to that independence, that of unity, opposed her by the voto against the most necessary of all Italian reclamations—the desire to recover and hold the city of Rome. Aud baving sustained Prussia agalust Austria to the verge of the fleld of Sadowa, from that su- prome moment she turned against Pruesia, leading to war, necessarily, futaily, And that war was no more terrible for the disasters it caused than for the rivalry whieh it created betweon two of the most powerful cen- tres of Europe. The German democracy, notwith- standing the exquisite tact and the sonsible policy that prevailed during that rory grave period of their trans- formation, determined to place themsolves under that Gictator who should be capable of assuring thom, above ail things, the return of their dismembered possessions | ‘and their autonomy in Europe, which had beon com- pletety broken. Thus, in the face of the general seca- sity offered and the SOLRMN PROMISES REPRATED fm favor of poace, the whole world debated upon, and thon spnounced the beginning of war. Qne snid that | Bogian! was fortifying herself and organizing ber mii- | tary forces, which romor bad bat a bricf existence Others said that King Victor Emmanuel had also hinted | ot such a possibility yn his compliments whilo reviow- H solidarity of | | | giatement, Others again pretended to see something fa thonotes of Count Andrassy, which they averred Wore aMirmed and corroborated by long and inaccurate | : articles concerning the sudden order to arm | reserves. ‘The babbiers and dreamers preparations, and that the English | tozicated with her triumphs, Germany must nd a ! tribune of democracy live ari ay thay ingugtcy was, Zecullerly Bogah, wat | Mohive for wor, aad URerv GAA De no AinuAihiy mote | and Dene te pam ekyy NEW XYURK HERALD, SUNDAY, APRIL 16, 1876.-QUINTUPLE SHEET. unable to meet tho defnatds for implements of war; that Denmark bad ordered 200,000 uniforms, and that Proseta was accumulating innumerable supplies, And ‘ail the symptoms of 1870 are perceptible now, like a quantity of diaronds launebed upon the market in tended only to frighten holders into selling, and thus tend te force the calamities and cmastrophes conse- quent on these universal conflicts. We glory inour civilization; we regard tho achievements of the past as the supreme victories of the human mind, as the shin- ing crown of history, and yet when we turo to the future, from the lofty pranaclo of our pride, we see but advancing armies massed as though in an immense'battle fleld ; incendiaries that blaze and threaten to immolate the nations; piles of dead bodies that impregnate the air with death im the laboratory of life; and the survivors, more untortunate than the dead, subjected to every upstart warlike avenger, blandtshing an exterminatiog sword, offer to the manes of their sepulchred fathers the questionable satisfac- tion of abloody vengeance, When wo see all these things we imagine that eociety ta but a continuation of batare; that within her bosom aloze matter exists and that she alone governs all forco; that mechanical laws guide and direct, and not the Jaws of the mind; that we are condemned to behold rival nations in history as 8 species of natural euemies all over tho earth, hunt- ing each other, persecuting each other in ome great struggle without trace, without limu, that one may duild itselfup by the extermination of the other— building upon the reeking remains, upon the scattered ones, upon the fetid intestines even, because, lik the ancient gods of the heathen, modern grandeur de- mands and requires the barbarous holocaust of haman sacrifice in this interminable reign of fatality and evil It is, therefore, necessary to turn our cyes woward tho principles of justice and to establish ourselves therein, as if were, in order to convince ourselves that aftor all human rfenson muat hasten tho events that will lead to @ complote realization of the common wellbeing. 1t ts nocessary for us always to bave faith inthe ideal, that wo may sincerely hope tt will be fulfilled. But now, as in other times, while afflictions and torments every- where abound, while the gallows and the axe work st- lently tn the towers of feudaltsm, human reason goes on steadily weakening them and destroying them, dis- possessing them by reality, after having thrust them from the conscience, To-day hamen RHASON CONDEMXS BLIND FORCE, Proposes the substitution of international arbftration for the procedures of war, and will sooner or later end the struggle of man against man, ond the combat of natien against nation, as ithas ended the contest of house against bouse and olty against clty, by foundiog ‘a full, complete roginen of right and justie in a per- petual peace. We are destined, doubtless, 10 seo many moro ware, The humanitarian spirit of the eighteenth century, that spirit which produced such optimist the- orists as Kant aad Coudorcet, such praetical and hon- orable men as Washington and Franklin, bas beow lost amida multitude of tortaous tacomprehensibilitics, ‘The rule of ideas, which has given as so much hope, bas succeeded the apology for force made by such do- serters trom Hegelian idealism as Dr. Strauss. For the sentsmont and ideal of progress they bave substituted tho sentiment and {dea of a painful pesximism. ‘They aver thut the advent of democracioe, that dilatation and expansion of life, svhrough so many his- torical successes and well-planned revolations, is equivalent toa return to barbarism. By a species of matoriatstic mysticism they have inculcated a con- tempt for the precious gifts of existence, in order that we should not attempt to defend, improve or perfect it, Looking ap on a cloar, calm night at the immense cx- panse of stars, whose scintillating light awakens the idea, they say that there, in thoze foci of created fire, there cannot, tere ought not, to cxiet that irriston, that burlesque, that bitternoss which we call life. They have chanted nothing more sad or terrible than theso confusing theogonies. They have thought it preferable not to partake of our ills, as if all were not compen- sated by the marvellons spectacle of natare, by the harmonious scales, of art, by the viston of truth in science, by the self-satisfaction that ie derived from tho disintercated fulfiment of duty im our relations with tho world. And by materialism they have arrived at the same results by the ‘crudest mysticism, viz, to elevate the conqueror and the executioner to the throne of the kings, to idolize force, predicting with the sacri- fice of our rights the i1mmolation of oar souls, promis- ing usin this world eternal war and in the werld to come perennial nonentity. Thus are wo treated by utopians, by dreamers, by blunderers whoso great desire is to suppress all ideas of a principle of justice and the regulating of social life by human rights. EVOLUTION SUCCEEDS REVOLUTION, Whon we coveider the broad series of human suc- cosses wo feel the profoundest hope for future progress. Science precedes reality, and precedes it at 9 wide dis- tance, but sooner or later reatity obeys science, The right of estate bogins by combating the right ani- versal, and enda by obeying it, no matter how distant it may be. The pri it isa perpetual transition be- tween th futare and the past. New organisms accrne as much in society as in nature to those pre-existing organisms which have produced them. In order to Promote a spiritual transformation a philosophical transformation 1s necessitated, and it nay be said that Mt requires a statesman to realize it, A keen English savant has said, with trae mathematical exactness, “whoever preserves to socicty its ancient institations without having producea others new and as readily realizable is ke he who should take from the am- phibious auimal the organs with which he rospires in tho water beforo having given him the organs with which ho may breatho in the air.” Thus the English savant consoles himeelf with the fact that British statesmon neither respond to modern Setence nor obey purely scientific conceptions with that deep reflection consistent with their ability, and that the disproportion manifested betwoon the intellectual and positive state of society brings irreparable evils on the country, Wo have, then, departed from the period of revolutions and entered upon a period of evolutions, Universal arma- ment combined with parliamentary regimen will not completely extirpate wars, but will undoubtedly dimin- ish the causes of these tremendous conflicts. If the Fravco-German war had been discussed ina sovereign assembly instead of an imperial chamber it is cortain that that terrible declaration would have boen avoided, which has resulted in so much mistoriune, If legi: tors and sovercigns had to compel theirown sous n common with the sons of others to take all the chances of war in the field, they would deliberate most cara- estly before shedding the blood of their offspring. By those travsactions of the past and those that wo Debold at the present we are able to say that the period {or wars has not passed; but also that we have commenced the period of labor, Is WAR IMPosstDLR? But amid these general reflections I have omitted to examine if the numerous rumors of war in the coming spring have any real foundation. Passing over reck - less optimistn I do not believe in this immediate con- flict, The gravest peril is in the mvalry between France an Germany, and this rivalry has diminished considerably. The French wisely keep to themselves and devote themsolves to the improvement of their home institutions, expelling those old revolationary propagandas by idens, and those imperialist: propagan- das by the arms that were the origin of their glories and misfortunes, as Russia did after Sebastopol and Austria after Satowa, They present to-day a more fecund example of a people governed in peace and hhberty by themselves than the ostentatious apostles of ancient providential missions. Even Germany is not enchanted with war, The absolute, which has domi- nated over the intelectuat from the appearance of Kant antil the death of Mogel, has been curbed in a very great measure, from which It has beon concluded | that it 18 a thing without material strength in socioty and the universe, We feel that peace may turn to a | Tale of mind very similar to the reign of ancient Greeco | and anciont Italy, and much more powerful by its | Uimitablo than its Iimitable conquests, The millions which resulted from Germany's victory bave beon re. garded mach asthe king of ancient mythology, who had tho pernicious gift of turning to gold everything he touched with his hands Indeed the excitement con. | corn ng this spring has been greatly calmod. Granted, that the cloricai laws on religious instruction In Franco have created their ofn clerical agitation, that the con- test between the Orleanists and republicans might bave deen made the object for immediate war, and, again, the rapid roorgauization of the French army; but we now koow that the clerical ogttation has catmod im part, that the Orieaniets and republicans have arrived at an understanding, and that the reform of the French army, though very salutary ond progressive, appears not to have been either 60 rapid oF so extensive as had been Imagined. Moreover, no matter how satiated she may be, how in- ‘| mer influence in Europe. How Italy has discomfted tm that internal reform of the army and of the navy, in fnstraction, which France undertakes only in the full exercise of her sovereignty. During the extended crisis preceding the last war Germany complained with but poar reason that the policy pursued by France was calculated to prevens the development of her resources, By what right did she interfere in the internal affairs ofFrance? What pretext could she offer for this an- Jostifiuble aggression? It was at variance with the lofty poiitieal intelligence of Bismarck and tended to confound bim with valgar statesmen when in reality he ts entitled to be considered as a statesman of the first order, and led to the belief that he had decided to launch {oto Buropean conflicts with all the precipita- ton and Diindness of an Olivier. His bigh intelligence, however, answers more than avy other guarantee, and assures more than any other force, for the poace of Europe at this supreme mome! THE SMOULDERING KASTERN QUESTION, There ts but ono canso for war, a considerable cause— the Eastorn question. But the Eastern question may not lead to immediate confite, Thetwo nations most interested and compromised in that affair have, and do still, unless they have recently changed their ownica, wisely abstained from any view having an extreme or exaggerated character. England does not maintain, as Jn other times, even to the point of the aword, the in- violable tetegrity of the Turkish Empire; neither does Russia act with such promptness as she was wont to do im the holy city of Constantine. Each has had her ardor moderated through the cooling influence of experience, England knows tnat in order to oppose Rassia she requires to regam tho Western support she Jost completely through her neglect to,protest, in any way, against the consummation of the unhappy dis- memberment of Franca Russia, on ber part, knows that in order to turn the Eastern question to account she mast complete her great system of railroads and the armament of the numerous contingent of her re- serves At this moment, by tacit consent, the nations ef the north as well ag those of the interior of Europe have accepted the principal initiative, and the tmpor- tant note of that Austrian Empire which was s0 moch denoonced when she cast the shade of death over Germany and Italy. But at this | time, also, her mediation may deaden tho tromendvus shook of Eastern Europe with Europe of the West, o shock that might occasion many awfol disasters. Geography has an immense influence in polities; and | geography*imposes upon Austria and the Turks various limited intersections between the two peoples and their multiple populations. Again, the Austro-Hungarian Empure exercises its authority ovor an immense multi- tude of Slavs, just as Turkey does—Slavs of Bohomta, | Galicia, Croatia and the whole of ancient Illyria, | There is, moreover, another reason which clearly GIVES AUSTRIA A LEADING YOICR in the question of the East, German influence is moro interested in depriving Austria of her Germanic char- acter with the Slav nations and m the Slav territories by annexing her Gorman regions, and Russia has an intereat boyond other Christian Powers in dimmmishing tho etrength of the Turks, in order to secure forever decisive preponderance and authority over her own race, whoso divorse tribes believe im the oft promised Russian Mossiantsm, which is safficient, with all its glittering vagneness and uncertainty, to fnfame the fastidious tmagmation of the East, Therefore, all the Powers, with ono accord, dele- | gated to the Austrian Empire the conduct of tho nogotiations with Tarkey and the composition of the | note to be presonted at Constantinop!o demanding tho necessary reforms, The note was presented, and though Turkey protested she had to submit under pressure, Austria, thinking that the general applica- tion of the complex projects would be extremely drffi- cult of realization, proposed to restrict their operation to the solution of the Herzogovina question. A State such ag Aastria, which comprises such a diversity of character, speaks such a multitude of languages, pro- fesses religions opposite in nature—such as Magyar and Croat, German and Slav, Greek and Catholic—an im- monse mosaic by which public enmities may be ad- usted, an enormous orgavization which includes three governments and various assemblies, formed by the individual Germanic race and the socialisilc race of the Slav, aniting in the extrome east with barbar- ous regions liko Turkey and in the oxtreme west with regions of the highest state of culture like Switz- erland ond Italy, may well maintain the inesti- mable equilibrium between contending forces and an artificial peace between contesting nationalities with- out resorting to expedients or bargains; may well find some bappy formula which, while it may prolong the agony of the Turkish Empire and bring comparative calm, be only a passing truce even to enable us to tide over the present prostration and thereby greatly fa- cilitate the creative labor of industry and science, will enable us to establish, sooner or later, the true level botween the condition of those unfortunate nations | sunk deep in ignorance and the bright understanding of tho great thinkorg with the future open to them, remomboring that the universal sentiment of human- ity condemns and repels with horror desperate and hopeless appeals to butchery and war, resolving that human affairs are soluble im justice by the conscience, by means of international arbitration and with strict regard to the eternal principles of right, ‘THE CONDITION OF ITALY. Ia thns passing in review the nations of Europe we are detained fora few momonte in the presonce of Italy, which continues by degrees to recover her for- those false prophets who hold her artistic tempera- ment to be incompatible with ali government on the one hand and contrary to emancipation on the other! Artistic temperaments should be discarded completely, according to those wno augur so badly for this mation. THE CHIRP TALENT of Italy consists in eomprenending the contradictions created by her bistory, which have been handed down for centuries, which have been made as congenitals to her complexion, and once acquainted with them she set to work to harmonize or make thom cooxistent, without producing those violent concussions which lead to death, or when not to this to the weakening and exhausting of nations. Her talent has the virtac of seeing far and seeing much at the same time. Thi she saw that her autonomy and independence would bi above all, by the nature of things and the letter of treaties, mtcrnational questions, and she herself bas elevated her interior independence to an International question with al] the supreme Intelligence of Cavour and the dexterous intervention of the war of the Crimea, ‘She saw that the nationalities of Europe, governed by monarchies, would attend more to their kings than to their tribunes, and tn order to be so attended she has | placed the Phrygian cap of her Republic beneath the golden crown of Savoy. She saw that the old engine of the monarchy required the steam of now ideas to move it forward, and has placed in tt, with the thought of Mazzimi the gemus of Garibaldi, CONTEMPLATING ROME AXD CATHOLICISM. She saw she could not renounce Rome as @ capital, Docause there was the sensorium and unique ecrebram where the nerves of the nation shoald be united and concentrated; and, while in time she might renounce the Pontificate becauso the Pontiflcate guarded the titles to its former supremacy over nations, she in- vented the formola of a free Chureh and a free State, by which she bas been able to preservo to her capital and to Itaty a most perfect peace, Thus, when she scended to Mount Moriah, for example, and saw ather feet the glorious Eternal City all entire, with ite rotun- das, whoso defiles of rains and sepulcbres arose like mystic tempios In infloite space, involuntarily her eyes and her attention were drawn upon threo leading points—upon the immense Vatican, shining like bur- nished gold beneath the bright rays of the sun, the residence of the Pope; upon the Quirlnal, with its obelisks and the Colossus at its entrance, the residence | of the King; upon the wide-stretching villas of the north enshrouded in cypress and pine, hidden between j the fragments of the aqueducts and amogg the remains of the ancient Pretoriam, the residence of Garibaldi, | And to soe these throo powerfal rivals—the power of | the Chareb, the power of the monarchy and the power | of the democracy—living in unity, beeause peace | vetween the three appears momentarily secessary in order to found and conserve a free country, which ouly yesterday was in lavery, seems like a dream, seems like « reconciliation of Gaclphs | and Ghidcllines out of love forTtaly. The Pontifieate and the Empire unite and forget their quarrels in pro- posing to serve Italy, the monarchy and the tribune, deposing part of their zeal, thie and that part of thoir thority in favor of the country, as if all, porscontors | and persecuted, oppreseore and oppressed, had calicd a | gruce to thotr historic rancors in order to resuscitate the Lacarus of the peoples like a miracle of liberty, whieh gives to tho history of our century the brilhancy of the legend and the poem. Bo this as it may, the Pope of Rome, the King of Italy, the warrior and the unity Upon the same eel) IN THE SAHARA. The Largeau Expedition at the Oasis City. Treachery and Inconsistency of the Ghadamese. A ROBBER BATTLE. A Governor's Makeshift Force Chas- ing the Touat Thieves, Desperate Fighting Between the Souafa and Razi. A TERRIFIC DUEL. ‘ Guapames, Feb. 18, 1876, We lorve Ghadamésto-morrow. During the last few days ovents bave so muHiplied aroand us that I has ten to send you a few rapid sketches by an express courier, or mehari mail carrier, who will arrive at Buskra some fiftecn days before us =I avaii myself of this opportanity to give you a fow details as to the re- sult of our expedition hither, and also to adviso you of a terrible robber fight which has just taken place be- tween Rbit and this city, in which our chief guide, the leading khebir of the tribo of Rebala was, un- fortunately killed, In my letter of January 101 ex- pressed the hope that we sbould taxe back with us to Algoria a caravan of Ghadamése merchants. But the late events have not benefited us in this respect, and to-morrow we shall retake the dreary route through the everlasting sands of the Erg tothe Souf The Ghadamise did not care to come with us; but! will add that at tho last moment wo cvon opposed the journey, tho reasous for which will be readily seen by the incidents connected with the attack of the razeurs, hy GHADAMESE TREACHERY. The object of the expedition ts obtained, neverthe- tess, an I will show. It 4s, perhaps, just to state that our patience has been tried to the utmost from the first, and failure must have followed but for the te- nacity of our explorer, who determined not to leave this oasis until he had secured the fullest and most minute information concerning every resource likely to be productive, and ascertained the best possible means for opening up commerelal relations with the Soudan from this time forward. Somo timo after our arrival here, and after we had beon promised that several merchants had decidod to follow us—promises made to us by the Governor himseif—we discovered that we were tho objects ofa continual intrigue, by no means assur- ing to our personal safety, and especially serious with reference to tho results of the expedition. From evidences of great consideration, tollowed by en- couraging promises, we all at once noticed a marked reserve on the part of our hosts, followed by a most unsatisfactory indifference, Our apprehensions were confirmed by a statement from one of the Khara, Kl- Hadj-Attija, to the effect that the Ghadamése feared they would not be well received in Algeria; that, more- over, no French merchant had accompanied us; that the route tothe Seuf was not safe; that water was short among the bills, and many other objections were made which he said they had forgotten at first, but all of which we very easily answerod; and finally we learned that tho Ghadamése—who are imbued with an enterprising commercial spirit, but chicken-hearted like most of the sons ot Barbary—feared they would be CENBURED BY THE GOVERNMENT of Tripoli if they should enter into commercial rela- Mons with us. To this argument, which seemed to us un- worthy of areply, the Kalmakam himself replied, pro- testing that his government had the best of intentions fm favoring commerce: with France. The Pacha of Tripoli himself had come to Ghadamés to take cognis- ance of the meeting between Mr. Largeau and the Medjelds tho year provious, and he raised no objection whatever to the opening of commercial relations be- twoen the oasis and Algeria. And, added tho Kaimakam, the resources centred at Ghadamés are quite sufficient to meet all their domands witbout interfering in any ‘way with Tripolitan trade; in case commercial re- lations with Algeria should assame wide proportions, it would simply necessitate the romoval by his govern- meat of the Custom House from Tripoli to Ghadaniéa, thereby inducing a new order of things and adding im- m™ ly to the commercial prosperity of the provinces of the Sultan. This wns another quietus to the Ghada- mise. IBALOUSY AND BIOKRRING—IXTRIGURS SPOILED, But what were weto do? Wo could not leave the oasis without thoroughly canvassing the tatentions of the people, and therefore decided to remain until wo bad complejely mastered the situation. Days passed by. “We employed our leisure hours in looking about tho city and exploring the environs, 1 busied myself more especially in collecting documents and information genorally the history of the city, its origin and u anners and habits of tho people, asto their commercial relations with the Soudan—matters which I shall communicate in a subsequent lottor, We entered into the most amiablo rolations with the tribes of Touareg, camped without tho walls of the city, These tribes, tho faithful ob- servers of the treaty of peace entered into between them and the government of Algeria through tho French mission sent to Ghadamés in 1862, assured of their protection incase we should desire to pen téate into the Hoggar, Indeed, the warm sentiments of their chiefs toward us led to some coolness on the part of the Ghadamise, The discontent of the Jatter will be beiter understood when It is explained that the Touarog, these masters of the desert, escort the Ghada- mdse caravans and protect them against the attacks of plunderers through ali tho countries which skirt the Sabara. Wo iearned that bad fooling of the Ghacamdse had boon engendered on our account, I pass over these calumnies and bickerings here, however, as 1 intona to make them the subject of a special report to the gov. ernment at Algeria, I may add that they, nevertheless, helped us to realizo tho true condition of affaira, clearly showing us the importance of future commorce, open- ing our eyes asto the best means of insaring immo- diate good resulta. In a word, we uncovered the whole intriguecarried on for the most part by a fow black boys—around us, but which will not be fully explained nutil after our arrival at Algiora. JOMN BULL CONTROLS THR BOUDAN TRADE. In the meanwhile, I am convinced personally that the oasis of Ghadamés is now the central point to which are sent all the products of the Soudan through Rhat and Afn-Calah, From Ghadamés the caravans goto Tripoli, and after having passed through tho hands of brokers, who are mostly Mebrows, the goods are sent to English markets by way of Malta, andafter passing again through the hands of English brokers pass to and elsewhere. From Ain- Calah, however, a few caravans are sont to Tangiers, the goods from which also pass into the English markets by way of Gibraltar, From the Soudan to RbAt or Ain-Calah, from these two places to Ghadames, from Ghadamis to Tripoli, from Tripoli to Malta, from Matta to England and from Eng- land to France—hero you have six interme- diary stations before the prodcets of the Sou- @an reach France. It may be readily understood that this system of exchange is extremely onerous, and the Anglish themecives ought to discover that it is by no means ‘‘practical” for us, whose Algerian Sahara exe tenda from Morocco to the gates of Ghadamés, to thus permit a continuance of the diversion of commerce which prevonts the complete development of Algiors, ‘The merchandise of the Soudan, such as ivory, ostrich feathers and hides (superior to those of Morocco), or ‘“fillalia,”’ as they are called, and which would suffice for the whole of Baropesn consumption, now have to pars through six or eoven intermediary bands before reaching French markots. From tbis !t can te under- stood why the centres of production are made to ap- nant 09 las trem jhe markets of consumption. and will also explain whys sfogie ostrich plume ff the Bat of a lady of fasbion costs from $12 to $20in Paris. Bat fm reality need it be so? If this state of things is to continue France ought at least to be able to share the profits with her English neighbors, ANOTHER GREAT ANGLO AVRICAN SCHEME. If the Sabara belonged to the English they would long since have bad roads throughout the Soudan, and they are now organizing an expedition with the object of ascertaining whether it be possible to open an in- ternal lake in the enormous hollow comprised between the northwest portion of the Sabara and to the west of the plateaux of Mourzouk and Asben. This immense busin extendas on one side from tho fertile regions ot Tafllabt and Toudt to the southern limits of the At- las Isle—a very short distance from Timbactoo—and 00 the other side from Trouza and Assouad to the west as far as the bighlands of Maghter and Adirer, near the shores of the Atlantic, which could be connected with the Atlantic by means of a canal running through to the ocean opposite tho Canary Ialanta. I would wager that this now mternal sea and grand key to tho heart of Africa, whieh would have immense and important commercial results for England, tending to open sources of trade among the grouped kingdoms which now line the high Niger and extend back as far as Lake Tchad—when these regions shall have been improved and are no longer separated from European civilization by the barriore of the Kong Mountains and the sballow watera of the Niger, which are only navigable for a very short distance—I would wager, I repeat, that a gigautic schomo will already be in process of realization before the mombers of the Chamber of Commerce of Marseilles will think of ask- ing whetber this interior sea is a “healthful”? work for the future commerce of our African colony. BUT TO RETORN TO GHADAMES We were unable to get ono of the leading merchants to accompany us, Three had already promised to load thirty camels for as, when the uews came of the stam- pede, by a band of robbers, in the hills on the Ouargla route, This completely settled thom. Two of the three tinmettiately withdrew from the enterprise, and tho third, though still wifting to risk it, had too email a quan- tity of goods to pay the expenses of a trip to Algiors. Hence Mr. Largeau aunounced that we must make preparations for aa immodiato retura. Not having suf- ficient force now to go down to Rbat wo had decided to re-onter the Souf by desconding from the gouth, so ‘as to onable our explorer to complete his exploration of Igharghar, which he bogan last year, when the fight occurred which resulted in the death of our guide Tho congequonce of this unhappy iucident was to oxhibit the very small item of confidence which should ever be placed in the avermonts of tho Ghadamése, and to demonstrate to us, moreover, though we might go over to their city, that they would not recognize any obliga- tion compelling them to risk their precious necks by coming over to us, r THREATS AGAIKST THE YRRSOB. We intended to leave Ghadamés on Fobruary 1, but for some days we had heard the most curioas rumors circulated about us, tending to delay us. <A negress said toour servant All, ‘How can you live bere with these Frenchmen? If you don’t wish to die with thom leave thor service, for Oson-Said is wait- ing for them in the bills with his band of robbers, and te will ebotcher them. like dogs.” Ali, who is prudence itself, simply reptiod that as we should return by way of Tripoli Oson-Safd and his cutthroats would have to wait along time I re member, in this connection, that Oson is the murderer of Dourmeaux-Duperré and also of Joubert. He is known as one of the revolted Chfiamba, who has sworn ‘death to the French,” and contioually ram- bles in the region of the hills and on the roads between Rhét and Ghadamés, accompauied by a fow of the rebel Chaamba, some of the people of Touit and Toohrga, all desperate robbers and assassins. It was thts samo rascal who, after having stabbed Duperré and Joubert, wrote to the Governor of Ghadamés and threatened to overrun the whole casis if ho ever dared to entertain any more Frenchmen. A CARAVAN ATTACERD A¥D PLUNDERED, Two days before our intended date of departure some slaves whe were feeding our camols among the hills beard the report of firearms in the direction of Ouargia. They counted soven shots at first, then twelve The departure of several Chaiamba hunters, friends of ours, the night previous, led us to suppose that they had really come across robbers—perhaps those of Oson-Sald. On the evening proceding the day fixod for our departure ths Kaflmakam came to us and excitedly announced that a caravan of 103 camels, Joaded with ivory, ostrich teathers, incense and hides, had been attacked by the raseurs, that the cameliers bad taken to flight and that the two Touareg soldiers deputed to guard the caravan had had to goad their mehar§ almost to death in order to prevent being over- taken and slain by the robbers. PREPARING TO CHASTISE THE RASCALS. On tho morning of the 7th, Just as we were arrang- ing to start the same evening, the chief of oar camel- ters, Bel-Kacem, came to apprise us that the Govornor had received full details concerning the attack and pow asked our authorization to place our Souafa under arms to aid in pursuing the thieves, Tho razi wore commanded by Oson-Said, said Bel-Kacem, being about “eighteon in all, Two of these were of the Touat, oight Chaamba and eight Tousreg from Hoggar. ‘Oson Safa,” said we, the murderer of Dourmeaux-Duperré and Joubert!" Wo scized our carbines and ran out to join the Kalmakam, whom we found with all our Souafa at the gate of the city. The Governor now ex- plained that they were not commanded by Yson, bat by one Modant, another bandit, still more ferocious than Oson, who is his hrother. We asked him how many men he had at his disposal? The unbappy Governor turned and pointed to ten men, the sole gar- rison ot Ghadamés (though he has been promised fity for over a year by the government), and he could mount but three of these, having no more horses allowed him. Tacro was, however, the Chaambi Moula- el-Arpl, who lived at Ghadamés, a most dotePmined and energetic fellow, and a personal enemy of Modan! withal. He had also about fifteen Attriya (Gbadamése , of mixed blood), but he counted most upon our souafa, As for the Ghadamése, they nevor fought, and they had already hid all the flect animals, or mehara, with whieh they might overtake the raz. Our who are a3 daring in bunting a man as chasing a gazelle, only asked to be allowed to give chase Be- holding the cowardice of his officials, the Kaimakam re-entered the city aud compelled them to come forth, if for nothing elso, at least to salute him. Wo soon behetd one of the moat funny spectacles in the world. Ghadamése, to the number of about 400, robed in the garments and belts of war, jamblea forth towards the gate, their long barrelled rifles in hand, and took positions under the wall with all that patriarchal mystery so peculiar to these old fogies, and significantly murmuring “bush,” “silence,” “speak low,” &e. From tho terraces of the house we could hear the women tittering the you-you.. Standing quietly by the side of a little mound, we watched all this with a great deal of curiosity, and began to think that these brave warriors might stand fire after all, when all at once they wheeled round saddenly and prudently ensconced themselves in the coulisse within the walls, resting there apparently with the greatest tranquility, THE CHASE AFTER THE ROBBERS. At length they started in pursait, Tho Kalmakam now energetically opposed our departure in accordance with our arrangements already made, and announced, moreover, that it would be impossible to follow the pursuing force as wo were not ited. We will follow on foot, then,” we satd About six or seven miles from the oasis the Governor declared that if we insisted on following he would go back bimsel£ He also affirmed, a8 did | also our Souafe, that he would be compelled to leave us on the road, for before the end of the day we should be thoroughly worn out. Ia the presence of the material impossibility of golog further we reluctantly parted from the little troop, after having handed our carbines and revolvers to our hanters, recommending them to take advantage of the enemy by firing ata distance, and espectally to guard against all sarprise, An hour later this little band had disappeared beyond the horizon of the red Hamada, ‘THE PURSUING FORCE, I now proceed to give the man hunt, which will be ample to of fights in the desert, The Goum corps), commanced by the Kalmakas, an getic and intelligent Turk, was composed of nine Souafa, among whom were Haoan, our khebir, and Bel-Kacem, the chief of our camelters, all mouated on their camels, of which two wore mebara; four cavalry- men, tho Chiambi Moula-el-Arpi, three regular soldiers Se OF the traces. 2] Starting from thé oasis at midday on WOSaay tht troupe did not halt till midnight, when they took@ Poor repast ata place called Mareksem. At daylight! they started again. At ten o'clock the same morning our Souafa discovered the traces of the robbers, which were two or three days old. They followed these tracks and soon recogaized the tracks of tho caravan tha thad been stampeded, showing that tho razi, who were also going toward Rhic, had turned the caravan by stopping the road. Further on they found tusks of ivory and empty bags which the razi had thrown away on the Toad s0 as not to be too much embarrassed, They fol- lowed the track at @ slow trot, and at night camped near the wells of Bir-Macin, which aro shaded with palm trees. . On Wednesday morning seven of the men on foot,’ two horsemen and several porter camels, who were too mach fatigued to continue the chase, were sentiback te Ghadamés by tho Kalmakam, who, fearing to be away too long, gave them an order to have some provision® and water sent to him. At midnignt Wednesday the @oum halted at a place calted Garat-Sedu, Thursday morning thoy started again. At midday they arrived a¢ Bir-Nazar, whore they left five camncls and ten men, who were also placed hors de marche. Alter waiting Just long cnough to drink a litte water they started of again, THE GOVERNOR HORS DE MARCER, At foor o'clock the band turned into @ little valley studded with retem, designated Takem by the guide, Hero the Governor, three horsemen and four men om foot had to ‘-haal off in turn, completely exhausted, Tho Governor requosted our Souafa to discontinue the chase, fearing that they would not be able to overtake the robbers except by going o tremendous distance. Our intrepid fellows declared that tho tracks were too fresh to permit ef a donbt as to their shortly overtaking the bandits, and stated that they would continue the hunt. The Kaimakam thon retreated to Bir- Nazar, accompanied by thoso who had halted with him, to await the retarn of the Souafa, The pursuing band was now reduced to the negro guide, Moul-ele' Arbi, our nino Souafa and one soldier, a plucky fellow, who ran all the time on foot at the Leols of the camels. | ‘This vallant little company continued to advance. The chase was becoming terribly fatiguing. The whole of the night they ran forward with the Lope of coming up with tho onemy by daybreak. TRY ROBBERS CAUGHT—-A BLOODY BATTLE ‘This hope was realized, for carly on Friday morning they discovered the enemy in the distance, and urged their camels on at greater speed, The bandits also saw they wore pursued, and, moanting thelr fastoet animals, or mebara, drew up !n line and awaited the attack. Aboot 360 yards from the razi our man Mes- saoad, one of the best hunters of tho Soaf, discharged’ two shots from the splendid Winchester rifle which Mr, Fancheaux bad lent him, killing a camel wit each shot. At the same distanco our chief camelier, Bel-kacem, killed a man with the Martini belonging to our explorer. Up went Haoun, our khebir, and he soon despatched another with my Remington. The enemy, being perfectly stapefied, apparently, by the onslaught made ata distance so far beyond tho capa- city of their arma, rendering a return fire on their part impossible, turned and fied precipitately. It was at this junction that our unhappy guide, Haoun, Mossaoud and the Chaambi Moula-el-Arbi, who had re~ Joined them, becamdé somewhat excited, and, fearing that the robbers wore about to cacape them, committed! the great imprndence of remounting their mehara aud rushing headlong after the rascals, without asking themselves whotber the sudden flight was not, after all, arwse, They reached the edge of a ravine, and, looking dowh, discovered tho razi watting for them, receiving our Souafa with a general fire, bat, fortu- nately, their shots all fell short, Instead of waiting for a concontrated attack by their whole forco, these three men, with unheard of coursec, rushed to attacks the enemy, who numbered about fifteen. ‘THE FIGHT NOW BECAME FEARFUL, iodeseribable, I will attempt to follow Messouad ag he excitedly relates the details. On getting into close quarters a most singular duel occurred between Mo- dauj, the robber chief, and the Chiambi Moula “t have been looking for you this long time, you villan- ous cutthroat,” cried Moala “And I have been alse. looking,’’—said Modant, raising his long rifle into pose tion; but before he could completo his sentence and fire Moula had drawn one of our buffalo pistols and stretched him dead on the sand. Immediately after. ward, however, ono of Modani’s band took revenge for the death of his chief by shooting Moula through the body and killing bim. While thid bloody duc! was being fought Messaoud had killed one robber end wounded two others. Seizing then, his revolver he resolved to sell his life as dearly as possible, when be heard Haoun calling to him, who, after having emptiod: his carbine, was set upon aud sabred to death by several of the Touareg, He was about to rash to bis assistance, when he also was sot upon and ad to retreat a few stepa in order to avoid being surrounded as Haoun had been. Terrided by the rapid shota from his carbine, however, the Tovarog prudently withdrew and left him master of the situation, Ho then went over toward Haoun, but was met by another of the Souafa, named Hamed Sala, whe told him that Haoun was already dead, and that if they remained a moment longer they would all be massa. ored. Both then went back and joined their tired com~ panions, a little distance off, as their fatigued camels had not been able to follow them. ‘THe CASUALTIES. ‘This terrible rencontre thas proved fatal to two on our side, but their death was well avenged by the de> spatch of the robbor chief, Modani. Four other bandits fell dead im the valley, and our Sonsfa claim that six more of their number aro badly wounded, In fact the razi were completed routed, and it is probable that it will take them along time before they can organize. again sufficiently to prove a terrerto caravans. The place swhero the battle occurred is about a nino days? Journey for a lightly laden caravan from Ghadamés, that is to say, ighty leagues from the oasis, Dur- ing the same night the Souafa rojoived the Kaimakam and his companions at Bir-Nazar, whero they arrived thoroughiy ‘done up,” their fect bleeding from the brambles and thorns of the bamada, and almost dying of hunger, *ONGRATRPCL CITIZENS. On the Wednesday following the whole of the fight ing and the non-combating parts of the pursuing band returned to Ghadainés, and the Governor, who appeared nettiod, consared the people for not sending him the provisions be ordered, On Thursday morning our ex plorer addrezsed a letter to the people of Ghadamés, justly demanding an indemnity for the loss of Haoun in bebalt of his three children, and also asking for a contribution for our Souafa, Notwithstanding all our efforts, which wore ably seconded by the Gov- ernor, our requesis were utterly disregarded. A special report of this adair is sent by the courior carrying this letter to the Governor General of Algeria While we were waiting for justice our Sonafa wanted to take the Jaw inte thoir own hands and stampede soveral camels. belonging to the Ghadamtse, and nothing but the stern authority of Mr, Largoau prevented another confict eo xnEING - UF. ‘We shat return alone now, but { cannot give any de ‘tails of the new plan of Messrs. Largeau and Say for opening the next season, but like them, and notwith. standing the ill will of the inhabitant® of Ghadamés, I may state that since my entry into the Desert of Sa- hara I have observed an tmmoanse extension of the pros- tige of Franco, in the sympathy of the Touareg for us ‘and also in the general desire of all the Saharags, Includ- ing the Turks, to see us occupy the Towdt, the last ref. uge of the banditt! forming the razi. We know, moreover, that the occupation of Rbat by Tripoli last year, which was regretted as a consequence Of the last journey of Mr. Largeau, will not only opem the gates of that city to us, thongh they were closed to Daveyrier, but also that that occupation will contribute vastly to the accomplishment of new schemes and per- mit us to send theroa caravan of Souafa direct next winter. The plundering bands o! Tunisiane and Tripol- ftans have already disappeared. Only those of the Tookt now remain, to which the eightoon forming Modani's band, who killed our kbebir and Mouli-ele Ari, belonged. asennad POR ANOTHER attac, Modant's brother Oven is waiting for us, we ‘Dat we doubt ifhe would venture to attack a shall have with us eur daring Souafs, who have boem Joined by ail those recontly arrived at Ghadamés and who otherwise would go back in small companies. We shall be able to receive the cutthroais with some thirty good hunters, bosides the power vested in oar Win- | chestere, &e. Our intention is to return by way of Bir Beressof avd thence by the came road we came. We exe pect to reach Biskra on the 20th of Mareb. I shall not Of the line, @ negro guide and @ servant of the Gov. | publish the detnite results of this expedition and give ornor, mounted on and fifteen Attrija, some came) (andere end bearere of water and provisions, details as tothe now explorations planaed by Mosara__ ‘Largeau and Say Got) after | return to Alsiera \ “4 «4