The New York Herald Newspaper, September 26, 1875, Page 6

THE = MANDEN SURVEY. Further Vestiges of Bygone Ages. FINGER MARKS CENTURIES OLD. Picture Writing on the Rocks of Arizona. THE NAVAJO AND MOQUI TRIBES. Norruxast CORNER OF ARIZONA, August 7, 1875. } On the San Juan River, at about the junction of Col- orado and Utah, the two divisions of the survey, in charge of Mr. Holmes and Mr. Jackson, which had been together during the previous weeks, separated, the photographic party following the course of the river west, starting on the morning of the 34 of August, while the other party proceeded down into New Mexico. We kept the bank of the stream and travelled leisurely along, constantly on the alert for ruins. The first day took us a distance Ofperbaps twelve miles, but we observed nothing of this kind save a few dilapidated walls and some de- cayed pottery. Not until we had made camp did we discover anything worthy of note; but here we found undor a shelving crag which jutted from the dipping sandstone ridge 4 collection of little dens, neatly walled up in front, with small square entrances. They were almost too limited to serve as houses, and we concluded that they must have been caches or store- houses connec th some larger buildipg. In all probability they had been used as granaries by the people who built them. This supposition was strength- ened upon finding above them on the level top of the mesa, scarcely 100 yards away, the extensive ruins ofan isolated structure. Few of the walls, however, were standing, and we could only trace where they had been by the banks of crumbled stone and adobe, The in- terior room was a semicircle, around which were ar- ranged some dozen rectangular apartments, and over the whole place much broken crockery and a quantity of arrow heads were scattered. Just below this, on the banks of the river, another collection of cliff houses or caches, but larger than the first, was ob served, This locality had evidently been at one time in the dim past a thriving community. We found the water of the San Juan disagreeably warm, reaching a temperature in the afternoon of ninety degrees, but it was THE ONLY WATER AT OUR COMMAND, and as there was plenty of it we tried to feel satisfied, However we invented, or rather discovered, a mode of cooling the liquid, and although we had no ether, chio- roform, alcohol or other evaporator to spare, we man- aged to get the water down to a drinkable temperature. This we did dy filling our camvas covered canteens and rubber bags and keeping them continually wet on the surface. The evaporation thus occasioned by the air upon the ex- terior lowered the temperature of the water inside to thirty or forty degrees below that in the river, and in the space of a quarter of an hour. In some places the 6tream reached a width of over two hundred yards, and generally was so decp as to be impassable, In descend- ing its course, each day revealed more ruins, which ‘seemed to grow steadily more wonderful and full of in- terest, As we rode along, constantly on the lookout | for walls in the cliffs and crevices, time slipped away | unheeded, and every rapid moment developed to our | searohing eyes new forms of primitive architecture. | Hanging over fearful gulfs and seemingly plastered | against perpendicular walls were houses which } NEW YORK HERALD, SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 26 1875.-QUINTUPLE SHEET. beautifully shaped hands, which had belonged to the belles of the community; there were ordinary hands, as those of boys, and great, clumsy, rough bands of hard working adults, But they had all been painted there, as children paint the impressions of their own little hands now, by placing one on @ smooth surface and daubing mud or some coloring material around, thus a leaving perfect outline of the original. We could picture to ourselves mischievous lite beauties, even in those old days, COQURTTING WITH THE YOUNG MEN thoy ceased from their labors for a moment, por- haps, to imprint upon the wall two little hands spread out thumb to thumb, Little did those trifers think that long centuries after they had passed away those same hands would remain stretched out to other races, imploring them not to forget that such a people had once existed. ‘The top of the cave formed a natural roof to this ex- tensive house or town, which was the only one it pos- sessed, although the vertical walls did not reach half way up to the top of the cave. But no rain or destroy- ing agency could enter here, and therefore we cannot wonder that everything has remained so pefectly pre- served. In this dry climate a structure of this kind, built high above the lewe! of the country and sheltered even from the wind by the walls of a deep cave, might remain a thousand years almost as perfect as the day it was finished, The ends of the cedar rafters which separated the two stories in some of the rooms still remained in the walls, those portions which had been kept from the atmosphere in the plastering being as solid as when first cut from the tree, That cedar, when kept dry, will last for many centuries is a well established fact, In the walls, both inside and ont, wo found willow loops, which were cemented into the mortar and still protruded trom the walls, on which, probably, jugs had been hung. We named the place “Casa del Echo’ on account of the very impertinent echo which imitated accurately every word and sound we uttered at the mouth of the cave, On the north bank of the river, a short distance below this, we climbed up to another cave whose entrance we descried several hundred feet above. It proved to be 120 feet deep, in the back end of which was a narrow passage, which might at one time have communicated with the surface of the mesa or some other building, but whieh was now choked up with rubbish, Near this passage was a cold spring of water which trickled from beneath a large rock, AT THE ENTRANCE OF THE CAVERN were ruined walls still standing and extending for some distance out to either side; while on the sides of the opening were huge hieroglyphics, singular en- gravings and star-like figures, Thus the denizens of this comfortable dwelling were supplied at their very door with cool, sparkling water, while their buildings were sheitered from observation and the burning rays of the sun. There must certainly have been a great change throughout all of this country in which these ruins are found, for it certainly would have been im- possible under the present conditions for any human beings to have existed in many places where we find the greatest number of ruins. The springs havo all dried up, at least they do not fow during the summer months, for there must have been springs or wells in those days, as the so-called tributaries of the San Juan, west of Colorado, have never been constant streams; for the country through which these aroyas cut is comparatively level and contains no mountains whose snowy tops would alone, in the ab- sence of all rain, supply the water for a regular flow. It is only at long intervals that a flood, caused by a cloud-burst, rushes down these channels, and at such times it would be likely to tear away everything in its reach and overflow all the valleys along its course. | The McElmo, Montezuma and Epsom Creek in the north, aud the Rio de Chelly from the south, are sim- ply the dry channels of intermittent floods, although sometimes in the winter the latter has a constant though slight flow for a few woeks, Passing on down the north side of the river the third day brought us to a spot showing maay indica- tions of once large structures, which had become almost | entirely obliterated, Here we found some handsome specimens of broken pottery and about twenty stone axes, some entire and others damaged. This seemed to have been a place where these tools had been manu- showed evidences, so far as we could reach them, of having been once populated. As far up as the unassisted eye could penetrate we descried | walls and artificial aébriz, twoen the summit and base of high, abrupt plateaus, appeared dwellings; on the very top of castellated Yocks, three hundred teet high, with no perceptible means of approutt;~in every conceivable position and condition; wherever, in short, a place seemed totally inaccessible these curious remains were perched, in | Perfect security from the visitations of inquisitive ad- | venturers, In most cases we bad to content ourselves | ‘with a distant view through our field glasses. One par- | ticular set of ruins struck us as being 60 remarkably located that they are worthy of mention. They were | set on the almost perpendicular face of a precipice, | some six hundred feet in feight, about half way up. ‘The walla extended along for several hundred feet in a | state of good preservation, resting on a narrow shell or stratum of sandstone scarcely six feet wide. | The portion ofthe rocks above jutted over, | 80 that approach from that quarter was totally impossi- | ble, while the vertical rock below presented no moro inviting means of access. The only way in which the inhabitants could have reached their exalted abodes was by the aidof a ladder 300 feet long. From the | very character of the cliff steps could not have been used. One thing in all these ruins was noticeable, which was an ever present desire on the part of the builders to secrete or conceal them by buriding in bid- | den corners and imitating in color and form the strata of rocks in which they were erected. This desire was painfully apparent in some cases, where the extorior of the whole house had been ingeniously painted with | the deep red covering of the dark sand- stones surrounding, in order to escape the observa- | tion of a pitiless fo. It is a curious fact, and one which shows to what extremes these people were driven and to what artifices they resorted in order to remain concealed, that all of these ruins, with a very few exceptions, are found on the north side of the river, This seems to suggest the idea that they hoped | thus to elude the search of their enemies as they came | down from the north and pushed their way southward | past these secreted habitations, On the northern limits | of this country we find some of the most extensive ruins, all facing the north and having THE APPEARANCE OF FORTIFICATIONS Thus we are led to suppose that the people at first made a determined stand against their persecutors, but as they were driven back they became weaker and were scattered. In one place on the San Juan we saw a singular struc- ture, built against the perpendicular wail of a cliff, like & balcony, some fifty feet above the valley, with no roof save the overhanging shelf of the rocks above. In the back of this semi-circular inclosure were several | square holes, which were designed for cupboards. The most interesting and, in fact, the only large ruin we saw on the south bank of the Rio San Juan was situated in « large hemispherical cave several hundred feet in diameter, The building was perched on a narrow shelf around the back of the cavern, half way up, occupying nearly half of the are of the circumference or 90 degrees. The rooms, placed side by side, gave a total length of more than 200 feet, Near the right hand side, in an open space between two rooms, were four post holes drilled into the stone ledge or floor about four inches in diameter and a foot deep. We took them to be the holes in which the posts for weaving had been set, for we know that this ancient people employed the art of weaving. Inone of the largest rooms we found @ cir- cular fireplace cut in the floor, which still held the dust of charcoal and burnt bones, This was about eight inches deep and two and a half feet in diameter, All of the interior plastering was so well preserved that in nearly every portion could be traced the impressions of fingers, and in many places the indentations of finger nailg were quite distinct, having been made by some | idle mechanic as he or she lounged at work and amused himself or herself by thrusting the fingers into the fresh mud. In many parts of the mortar perfect impressions of corn-cobs were feen, and several pieces of these were found plastered into the wall between the stones, This fact coupled with another—that we discovered charred corn-cobs buried near one of the ruins at Aztec Springs, in an old burat-clay pot, still retaining the uninjured texture of the natural cob— proves beyond doubt that the people who built these houses were an agricultural people, rais- ing corn, at least. Fragments of the hard ex. terior of gourds, found in this last house among the ancient débris, would suggest the idoa that these also wore one of the productions of the ago. All over the walls, and as high up on the back of the cave ‘ag one could reach with a long ladder, were perfect ' Under cliffs, midway be. } of human hands, Thora ware Wor. | factured, for they abounded in great numbers along the hillside below the mesa, But_they were all rudely mate, fonsisting merely of the long, flat cobblestones | of the river, which had been chipped out on the edges near one end to admit of awithe handle, Two very highly and beautifully polished stone knives, however, | some six or eight inches in length, were picked up here, : Advancing further. west, to where the Rio de Chelly enters from the south, we succeeded in finding a ford, and taking the train across we camped and remained another day to make a short trip DOWN THE CANYON OF THE SAN JUAN, which bods at this point, Starting early in the morn- ing three of us, with a pack mule laden with. photo- graphic outfit, entered the canyon and pushed down along its banks for three or four miles. The stream here penetrates the red sandstones, which cover the whole surface of the country, and winds and twists in every direction, doubling upon itself and flowing at | times toward every point of the compass, so that to ac- complish a mile it flows three. The walls seem to be cut down perpendicularly from the level of the mesa over 2,000 feet, and in the forty miles which the canyon runs before joining that of the Colorado there is, per- haps, not one place through which a man could ascend or descend the cliffs. The bottom of the canyon for some distance down is passable, although it presents some very difficult travelling over the piles of rock and along the quicksand banks, From 200 yards the waters of the river contract in places to scarce twenty, and, therefore, it must be very deep. We took some good views up and down the canyon, and returned to camp, arriving at the sensible conclusion that it would not be advisable to attempt to take @ pack train | to the Colorado, at least by this route. In the after- | noon we repaired across the hills southward a mile or | two to a locality which abounds in beautiful specimens | of silicified wood and rubies or garnets, The former oc- | curs in great quantities of every color, verging into the agate and chalcedony formations of the most beautiful | transparent colors of pink, red and yellow. The gar- nets are as large as a grain of large shot, scattered numerously over the ant hills, where they had been | thrown up by the busy little proprietors, We were now in Arizona, witha prospect ahead of two weeks’ | travel through a sandy desert, hot country, with no water savo what we might accidentally strike. One more last farewell plunge in the muddy waters of the | San Juan, tnen fill up every water bag and vessel and | start across the scorching plains of sand, trusting to Providence for our future provision and a happy issue out of all our undertakings, Rio px Caetry, Navaso Conn Freips, NORTHEASTERN ARIZONA, August 10, 1875. The weather was now so hot that we derived no pleasure from travelling, and even the shade of any trees that we could find near our camps seemed sultry and almost unbearable. Tho nights were so uncom- fortably warm that we could scarcely sleep until near morning, and from four pairs of blankets we suddenly | came down toathin piece of canvas, and most of the time slept with no covering. On the march over the sandy deserts of Utah and Arizona our personal raiment was MORE AIRY THAN GRACEFUL, and was arranged with more regard to comfort than appearance. Woe could sce no signs of animal life above the insect tribe, which abounded in surprising quantl- tlos, except the Jack rabbits, cotton tails and lizards, These reptiles appeared everywhere, under every con- | ceivable condition of locality and climate, @ could | see them by thousands darting over the rocks and sand and across our paths with wonderful rapidity. Tele- graph lizards of every hue and variety of marking, from one inch to @ foot in longth, glided around us, | | were s0 common that we soon became so used to them as to cease to notice them, save when ono, more courageous than the rest, thrust himself into un- pleasant notice, as he frequently did at nights, availing | himself of our exposed breasts to slide in and startle us | with bis slimy touch as ho skirmished about Hereand there in the dry, hot, sandy spots we frequently saw the most beautifully colored of these little animals, | some with bright yellow and green skins, and others with large red spots on a dark background or Jongitue dinal stripes of alternate gray and brown. Next to these we were troubled by the swarms of ants of every size and species which covered everything that was laid on the ground, and often when wo lay down to sleep they became #0 abundant and their little Jaws nipped so acutely that we were obliged to got up and shake them off, and begin the night over again ine new spot. Our nightly toilet was very simple in thia | whether wo moved about or sat quietly in camp. They | but one, more fastidious than the rest, might luxuriate, perhaps, in the putting of his shves from off him. There was some pleasure in this mode of living, truly, for it gave one the feeling of a PERVECT YREEDOM ¥ROM RESTRICTION and all the requirements of society; but the weather ‘was so extremely warm that it almost rendered one unfit for any kind of labor until the evening breeze broke in and diffused its reinvigorating properties, Leaving our fourth camp on the banks of the Rio San Juan, we took a southwesterly course up the Rio de Chelly, keeping a little to the west of its canyon, on the mesa above. Our next camp was pitched after a short march (for we were limited entirely by the watering places, which were very few, along our route) beside a spring of tolerably good and cool, but alkaline water, which we so dug out and collected together as to secure sufficient for our own uses and the thirst of our mules, Near this, and im the canyon of the stream, a large colony of ruined buildings was found, among which some vyery perfect and valuable implements, ornaments and ancient pottery were found. It was noticeable that the general character of these retica.in the bed of this channel from its very mouth differed in a considerable degree from any we had yet seen. The pottery showed an ad- vancement in the intensity, durability and variety of its coloring. Here we found fragments of earthenware painted in three colors—red, orange and black. We iso picked up some entirely new to our experience. This was a highly glazed yellow variety, with red orna- mentations, At the mouth of this river are numerous etchings on the smooth rocks, representing men and devils, in many fantastic attitudes and with clasped hands; but among all the rock draw- ings we have yet seen there was not one representation of a horse, although goats appear in nearly all of these ancient inscriptions. This would seem to indicate that the artists possessed goats, but knew nothing ef horses. We know that the Moquis, hundreds of years ago. Taised goats, and at the present day hunters report a few wild goats in some of the canyons of these Streams. They are supposed to be the remnants of the ancient domestic goats, run wild, and are entirely dis- tinct from the Rocky Mountain goat—capra Americanus, of Richardson. We find in all the paintings etchings and inscriptions of the Utes and Navajos of the present day, rude imitations of horses, which are more numerous than any other particular objects, and from this fact it may be reasoned that those drawings wherein goats are figured and horses are wanting are undoubtedly the productions of neither of these tribes, but were executed by a much older people. Indeed in many places they indicate a great antiquity, as the stoneon which they are engraved has been worn gradually and slowly away until some of the designs aro almost entirely effaced, Even where the rock over- hangs, the sandstone has been worn by the One dust and grains of sand blown against it by the wind. At the mouth of the Rio de Chelly we saw also some of the first attempts at PAINTING ON THR ROCKS. One picture resembled a globe, painted in red and yellow, two or three feet in diameter, and others were unlike anything with which they might be compared. It would be impossible to determine to which age they belonged, but it is very probable that they wero of Navajo workmanship. Fifteen years ago this tribe roamed as far north as Utah and Colorado, and for a while many of them availed themselves of these ruins as dwellings and places of security from their enemies, as many Indian tribes, among whom were the Utes, were supposed to stand in awe of this whole mysterious country. To-day, however, we can distinguish between the original walls and those re- erected by the Navajos, as the latter have simply been piled up loosely from the débris of the fallen plastered walls. We see many buildings in which a portion of the stones are still cemented neatly, although indi- cating a great age, while a breach or an entire side, perhaps, is filied in with a carelessly thrown together pile of rocks. But these Indians were driven from these strongholds during the late war by the military, assisted by the Utes, and since then they have confined their operations to the southern limits of the ancient country. Stopping in the vicinity of these extensive ruins fn the canyon ot the Rio de Chelly only over night, we con- cluded to examine them more thoroughly and gatisfac- | torily on our return, Our next camp was made some | twenty miles beyond here, in the canyon of the same stream, near where the Bonito flows into it. We made a very fortunate selection, for we discovered, shortly after we had commenced the search for a good camp, a considerable quantity of water for the stock and close by a fine, cool spring, which flowed from bencath a large boulder of rock. Our cargo was unloaded above the bed of the creek on a level with the broad, open valley of the canyon. With some ‘difficulty a trail was broken down the edge of one bank of the vertically cut walls of the river channel proper, which descended through the hard, baked clay to a depth of filty feet. Down this path our mules were driven to water. THIS VALLEY WAS AN OASIS in the great desertof Arizona, All through it the tall | | reed-grass and other good food for the stock grew | abundantly. Water was plentiful, and the only spring in a radius of twenty miles flowed just below us. Near. | here, in the canyon of the Chelly, we found some ruins | of cliff houses and several large, deep, natural tanks of water in the solid rock, which were sheltered by the | overhanging cliff from the thirst of the sun. Here a | quantity of delicate arrow-heads was picked up, besides | much fine pottery or fragments of vessels. All through | the valley where we camped were strewn much débris of this ware, and scattered rocks and stone implements | lay around in places, showing where had once been old | towers. In getting to this place we came across the noted | Arizona diamond or ruby fields, which occupy a section of country several miles square, It may be remem- | bered that there was considerable excitement about | these fields some time in the year 1872, and | many fortune seekers immigrated to this locality. We | found nothing but some large wine colored garnets, locally cailed “rubies,” and some small dodecahedral crystals of white quartz, which had probably been at one time taken for diamonds; besides some very minute, transparent, emerald-green stones, The gar- nets oceur about the size of a large pea or buckshot, perfectly transparent and of a deep rich color, and many, containing no flaws, would undoubtedly cut to advantage as getoa, These we found in great numbers, notwithstanding the whole country has been hunted | over 80 frequently, the smaller stones lying on ant hills | and the largor ones on the surface of the soil in spots where tho wash has deposited a certain black, volcanic gravel, These garnets are undoubtedly of volcanic orl- gin and must have been liberated by the decomposition ofa certain rock formation, but we had no time to in- vestigate the subject, Our next camp on the same stream was a dry one, af- fording no water other than what we carried with us in 4 two gallon keg and our canteens, save a small, th®k, muddy puddle in the bed of the stream. This sufficed drinking water. From here we pushed on up the river for another twenty-five miles to within sight of the Navajo corn fields, Here we found flowing water in the stream, but so muddy that even the mules refused to touch i, From the fine red sand and clay of the bare sandstone country through which it flowed it had acquired the consistency and color of red ead paint It was as thick as molasses, and,when anything, as the hand, was dipped into it, left a thick, pink coating, It was {mpossible to use it even for washing purposes, for one might as well thrust anything into a tub of dyemg material, A water kettle, which was dipped into the stream, presented the appearance of a pink clay vessel the moment its surface was dry. We tried to filter the water, but found it impossib! the sediment filled the pores of the paper before a drop of liquid could pass through, thus rendering it waterproof, At length, however, we succeeded in find- ing water some distance from the banks of the stream below the sand, through which a holo was dug six feet deep. This had to be kept from caving in like quicksand by a cylinder of cottonwood bark, which was sunk in the hole, and fam which we scooped the toud and sand, In the course of an hour we had cool water, which, althongh not clear, was infinitely prafer- able to that of the creek. From this well wo watered all of our animals, dipping out the water {n tin basing and serving to one at atime, PRESENTLY TWO HAPPY, PINK NAVAJO PAPPOOSES came down to our camp. They were perfectly naked and bad been wallowing to their hoarts’ content in the stream, and, through the heavy pink deposit of clay, their complexion was nowhere visible. A couple of Na- vajo mon soon after appeared, and by the time supper wag ready we had baker’s dozen or more squatting around our camp or examining our saddles and firearms, One | countey, consishing usually in the removal of our hata. 1 thing was obaervable immediately—they did not bam for the mules, and we were all limited in the use of our | lke the Utes, but silently accepted what was given them, or even refused a meal whem invited to eat, which is o thing a Ute was never known to do, unless he might be sick or on his death- bed. Only once in a while an old fellow might ask for @ pipeful of tobacco, but this was the extent of their almsasking. Their usual cordial greeting was ‘“Wano- hay, John!” the first word being corrupted from the Spanish “bueno,” and every white man they see they call “John.” Every one was attracted by the leather on our saddles, canteens and aparejos, and was per- fectly ravenous for leather of any kind. Some of them brought down several of the most exquisitely colored blankets of their own make that we had ever seen to swap for leather. For one of the flaps on the stirrup strap of the saddle they wanted to trade a fine saddle blan- ket valued at $5, the lowest estimate. They had no eyes nor ears for anything but leather, and they seemed determined to trade with us for tne leathern flaps of the canteens, and insisted on our cutting off the leather from the inside of the aparejos, What they do with so much of this articlo it is difficult to say, but they probably” use it for making whips, reins and soles for moccasins. These Indians differ materially from the Utes, They are more industrious and ndependent, raising quantities of corn or maize, punipkins and watermelons, and keep large herds of goats, sheep and horses. They weave blankets after the manner of the Moquis, from whom they undoubtedly ob- tained the art originally, and the blankets are heavy, perfectly water-proof, and woven in standing, brillinnt colors, into geometrical figures and designs, entirely by hand. We witnessed the operation in soveral of the buts, the squaw working whenever she has nothing else to do, and frequently a blanket will occupy several months in itsmanufacture. They are made entirely of wool taken from the sheep Some of these blankets COMMAND A FABULOUS PRICE jn the market, but they will wear for an indefinite time, and are worth five of the best of Ameri- can make. There is a certain kind of flat, circular bead ornament, made from a species of marine shell, which the ancient Moquis used to mann- facture, and which are occasionally taken from the old graves and ruins, for a string of which the Navajos will trade five or six of their best blankets or a good horse, so highly are they valued. We discovered only two or three single specimens of these wafer-like beads, about the circumference of a pea, but we did not exhibit them to the Indians, We soon discovered that their corn was ripe, and in a few moments had a sack- full negotiated for, which we were eagerly husking. This, indeed, was a treat that we dreamed not of; but we determined to live high as long as we were in the country. Fora few matches ora little tobacco, or a quarter of a dollar (two bits, as tt is called in the West), wo purchased a quantity from one man, and in half an hour every squaw and pappoose in the vicinity was carrying a blanketload of fresh corn to our camp, We took all that was brought, showing nv partiality in our selection, and soon had piled up several bushels of the palatable vegetable, Much of this we used at supper, and that man of the party fared badly who did not dispose of eighteen ears, This is no ex- aggoration, and for days after, so long as we could ob- tain it, the chief article of diet on our bill of fare was corn—boiled, roasted, cut down and fried. By econ- omical use a bushel lasted us two meals, but os long as there was plenty at low rates we did not limit our- selves to this quantity. The corn is what is known as Mexican corn, growing in small ears, with red and blue grains, like our ordinary Eastern popcorn. The Navajos were around us all evening until a late hour trying to trade for our leather. One old fellow staid with us all night, making himself perfectly at home, ‘These Indians dress in a manner peculiar to their tribe, and differing considerably from any other, wearing almost invariably a red handkerchief or bandana twisted around the head, having their long hair tied up bebind, in a loose roll or loop, im an effeminate manner, Tho clothing consists of a calico shirt; loose, wide yellow linen breeches, reaching down only to the knee; with leggings of fancy patterns tied with rod worsted garters, made by the squaws; and un- beaded moccasins with stiffsoles. The temales wear their hair usually parted in the middle and hanging in two plaits at their sides. Their nomadic mode of living interferes with the erection of any permanent struc- tures of abode, and they usually sleep in small tem- porary dome-shaped tents made of cedar or cot- tonwood boughs. The winters, which are very mild im the country where they _ live, require no more substantial dwellings, 80 that whon it is desirable to move from one place to another the lodge is deserted and another quickly built in a new spot, and as we travel through the country wo notice many of these old shells standing where they have not been visited for long years. Considering all things, the Navajoes are a superior tribe of Indians to all the wandering bands which inhabit the western coun- try. It is, in fact, a matter of doubt whether they originated in the same stock as other tribes, and it may bo possible that they descended from a people of greater culture and a higher civilization. DR. MARY WALKER ON DRESS, Dr. Mary Walker, of Bloomer fashion, has boen lec- turing in San Francisco, and the Call says that Dr. Walker opened her lecture with some trite, but pleas- antly narrated anecdotes of how the world resists new {deas which are disagreeably in contact with custom and established beliefs. Continuing in this strain she proceeded to give her reasons why she chooses to wear a dress generally scouted by women and not much ap- proved by men, unless for themselves. She contended, in the first instance, that women aro not dressed as comfortably as men and that there is no reason why they should not be, All women of natural feelings desire to get married. The present style of dress, by its expensiveness, is a hin. drance to marriage. Some women do not get married, and there are few women, the way in which they aro dressed, that are able t6 carn a sufficiency for their necessities, Woman’s styJe of dress unfits her for business. There is not one woman in a thousand but is uncomfortable every moment of her dressical existence, if she might be allowed the phrase, There is such a weight dragging upon women in the ordinar: style of clothing; even if the clothing do not touc the floor, there isa weight that no power can over- come, We may talk of having the clothes all suspended from tho shoulder, but we forget that all over the system the weight is felt; that we have nerves, with sensations of pain so closely distributed that no part of the body can be touched with a pin and not be afflicted with suffering, Yet all the nerves (fer when the clothes are suspended from the oulder. When professionally she had to cut felon on a man’s finger, the man bad invariably | fainted away ; sometimes she had cut two on a woman's | finger, and the woman had never winced. This comes of men being brought up with the feeling that they are to have neither pains nor aches, while a woman is inured to suffering. The nerves of a woman fer much from the weight of clothing. In anatomy | lar, in physiological structure different, a woman | suffers more than a man, and the dragging of a mass of long clothes injures her a thousandfold more thana | man, besides injuring her in every other respect that it | | would a man, and there is pot one man to be found who | has @eon brougtit up to dross in the ordinary way that | | | would submit to the way in which women dress for one | week. Thoy would writhe in it, they would fight, they would run the risk of their lives, they would lose their | limbs, they would do anything in the world before they would submit to the terribie tyranny that women | are submitting to all over the country every day | | of their lives. One reason {s, that the women area good deal like slaves. They’ have always been com- pelled to submit to this dressical slavery, and although | | they have a thousand aches and pains and agonies, yet | | they know so little of the human system and of cause | and effect, that they cannot tell the whys and tho wherefores of it, and suppose that because they are | women they must necessarily submit to all theso wrongs and outrages, Woman's style of dress Dr. | ‘Waiker further described as a criminal absurdity, some- | thing senseless and hurtful, and having recounted some of her own adventures in the costume of which she approves, she remarked that always she has main- | tained her right to dress as she pleased as long as no man bought her clothes, and if any man did buy her clothes she ‘wouid never allow him to dictate how they should be made, Women have some rights, and one of them is to dress as they like, and, although it might give offence, she wanted to say that very few women are sensibly or decently dressed. Look at the condition | of society. The wealthy wear this terrible dress, and go the middle class and the lower class and the very | | lowest glass must imitate, It has always been ad | it must always be so. ‘This rage for dress is a terrible temptation for those that are poor, and she who had dressed hyglenically for more than twenty yours, and had travelled all over Europe and this country, could say that the world would never be better, morally, until women dress better, It costs so much to dress a woman; it takes nearry all the time she bas got to make clothes, and the rest of the time to wear them, in such @ way that she is unflitted for everything in th woman, in fact i# un{itted by her dress for all the maternal duties ofdife, Sho had principle in what she was saying, and if any ono wore to offer her $1,000,000 to dress in tho — ordinary way she would refuse to doit, Dr. Walker | charged to the aceount of extravagance in dress, post- | | ponements of marriages until men are wealthy or com- Portably situated, and also much immorality, and in closing she gave utterance to some says fh scree and di- rect advice to parents on the rearing of their children and the equipment of them for Life aa man and women, | of its rediscovery by Chari A BOHEMIAN WATERING PLACE, HOW HEALTH-SEEKERS FARE IN CARLSBAD— Sion for tos ‘THE VIRTUES OF “‘SPRUDEL”—FAT WOMEN SEEXING TO GROW THIN—HOW THE VISITORS FARE AND WHAT THEY DO TO KILL TIME. Cantsnan, Bohomia, Sept, 2, 1875. From Dresden to Chemnitz is a four hours’ ride, and most of the way an ascending grade For thirty miles the track is laid through a precipitous region, remind- ing one of some portions of the Pennsylvania Central. The Germans seem to have a horror of tunnels and deep cutting, going around considerably to avoid them, but invariably fll up depressions with the most sub- stantial masonry, ‘The car wheels exceed ours in diameter, elevating the carriage more, but diminishing the want Sof tnd dat, doctors and real estate But Pluto promptly re- eonpodgs and since then it been faithful, earthquake-proof. No wonder no wonder so man: stand near it in a pensive mood with bi — - facts, To tho losopher it is to the orthodox Teomieclnn teniean good little boy © will learn how dangerous it is to 1 pup incoming years and pur- ‘oder the convenient name of Smith. patriotically inclined to-day and champagne anda dinner at Ne el The Germans *» eschew Sprudel “Sans-Souci."” STONEWALL JACKSON. friction and traction. I was impressed with the scrupulous | ARRIVAL OF THK STATUE AT RICHMOND—TIi® care exercised in handling travellers’ baggage, and the more so that it was something Americans aro quite unused to at home, There the baggage porters are but synonyms for heartless brutes. Now, that so many foreigners are coming wo our Contennial, can we not be at loast as considerate and decent as they are in this respect? How easy for the chiefs of transit cor- Pporations to give the necessary orders to their subordi- RECEPTION BY THE VIRGINIA MILITARY TO DAY—GREAT ENTHUSIASM MANIFESTED BY THE INHABITANTS-;ORDER OF 'T0-DAY'S PROCES SION—-THE UNVELLING TO TAKE PLACE IN OCTOBER. Rionaonn, Va., Sept. 23, 1875, ‘The uppermost and most interesting topic to the Vire_ nates, on penalty of dismissal for neglect or disobe- | sInians now is the statue of ‘Stonewall’ Jackson, the dience! From Chemintz to Eger the country {s more open, spreading out into harvest landscapes of exquisite beauty, heightened by the complete absence of fences, Every few miles a village was passed, located generally on some purling stream, and having an alr of that absolute finish so apparent in this highly civilized and long settled country, Uniess the town was un- ‘uusally large but one church spire was seen, showing unanimity of religious faith among its occupants, whether they had one or more gravies. Not many of my fellow citizens will follow me to this “celebrated watering place,’ s0 out of the fashionable track, though the number is reported as yearly increas- ing. Some three hundred are here this season, including men and women of note and a health history moro than skin deep. The total number of visitors thus far this season 18 reported by the “‘Curliste” as 21,000, T! majority of these come, of course, to imbibe the waters, thought to be so efficacious in abdominal afflictions. ‘The springs are sodic and alkaline, with the general constituents of Saratoga waters, but differing essentially in combination, with less positive but more penetrating effect, Carlsbad has a permanent population of 5,000, and is situated on the Tepl River, near its junction with tho Eger, about forty miles from Prague. The Tepl is walled up with granite the length of the town, affording @ passage way tor the waters of about forty feet, and spanned by convenient carriage and foot bridges, Con- tract the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, in Virginia, then terrace up its steep mountainous sides with solid four and five story brick houses, supplemented with numer- ous serpentine roads and promenades, and you will have a fair impression of Carlsbad, The town consists almost. wholly of hotels, pensions, cafés and numerous shops filled with the varied products of Buropean artisans which please so much the feminine eyo—the Bobemian glassware particularly, Nothing but the serious question of transportation prohibits the Ameri- can dames from clearing out the town of this article— it is ‘so lovely, and so cheap!” In their enthusiasm they scarce give a thought to Mr. Bristow’s probable little bill, ‘The town boasts of SOME ELEGANT PUBLIC BUILDINGS in the way of Museum, saloon baths, library and con- cert halls, and built, possibly, at the public expense. ‘The Austrian government has legalized a compulsory tax, averaging six florins, on every stranger who remains longer than eight days, whether for pleasure or health. This levy is os- temsibly to pay the expenses of the water girls and the music, but the surplus is large enough to giadden the municipality. The music, superb and complete, as everywhere in Germany,*is a full string or- chestra, which performs every morning at six, when the waters are taken, and is led by the popular Labitzky. The members of the orchestra sit in black swallow- tailed coats, and with their black silk hats remind one very forcibly of so many pall-bearers at a funeral, The German doctors—some thirty in all—have great faith in the combination of Markbruhn and Labitzky, Nine-tenths of the visitors dine in the open air, under shade trees in front of the cafés. It is novel at first, but soon becomes seductive and preferable, There can be seen laughing and chatting representatives of nearly } every clime and social grade, from the English Lord to the Polish Jew, to whom enforced soap and water would be a personal’ blessing. A glance over the assemblage would reveal a startling percentage of the fattest women now living. An Oriental who makes om fi the principal unit of measure of feminine worth would be enraptured at the rich harvest before him. Theso ladies drink the waters to reduce, if possible, that ro- tundity which, next to advancing years, is the bane of a proud woman’s life, ‘The carriage drives within a radius of ten miles about Varlsbad are romantically beautiful. The roads con- tribute to this very much, for they are smooth, hard and permanent, and bordered. indeed, all public roads are in Germany—with two Ines of shade troog, The gravelled and shaded walks are numerous and ex- tended. An observant eye will see that the amount of manual labor expended in beautifying the town and suburbs is immense, and necessarily so to arrive at its present status, for the loity bills stand like giants in the way, ‘The work was commenced long ago, for Carisbad celebrated its fifth centennial in ‘feos The drives, walks, concerts, shopping and eating constitute the dally labor ot the crowd, which goes to bed at nine, well tickled with cotelettes id Voslawer Goldbeck, for it must rise again at six to meet Labitaky’s pall-bearers at the spring. A favorite object with romantic visitors isto view from the highest points in the vicinity the extended country beyond. To this end donkeys are used. They are hardy little fellows, with the same wheezing, roar- ing notes I remember on the plains of Mexico, They subserve the purpose well, but sometimes are worthy of sympathy, To see one of them bestraddied by a cigar and umbrella attached to a ponderous Teuton of 2,000 or 3,000 tons—pounds I should say—avoirdupot would be’ apt to throw our Herr Bergh into any: thing but a pious frame of mind, Handicapped in this way, and hardly visible, poor Jack moves very slowly, resigned and weary, with no faculty of his Balaam pro- totype to speak his prutest and no mind even to throw up his tail and bray for relief, But Germans, though universally good theorists, are sometimes awful im- practicables. One may write volumes on the anatomy and habits of a flea, but fail to see when be has over- Joaded an ass. En pi it may be this national trait that, at Bonn the other day, prevented Dr. Ddllinger, who is all Pope but the infallibility, from seeing that he had overladen the American and English bishops, who believe in no infallibility either, except their own, Plowtitully sprinkled over the town and its suburbs will be met memorials—some previous to 1700—erected by grateful RECIPIENTS OF RENOVATED NRALTH, The ‘testimony of the rocks’ 13 especially prolific in this respect, in tablets of iron and marble, with in- scriptions m Greek, Latin, Thuringian, Hebrew and German. I noticed yesterday a tall granite column, erected by the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge in 1834. For reasons easily inferred these memorials are most caretully protected by the town authorities, They can- notall be delusions. Suffering humanity has doubt less been relieved here, but whether due to water, regimen or faith is an open question, unimportant, however, if the blessed end be gained, An American, from Pennsylvania, has come here for nine consecu- tive years, but thinks the place will kill him yet. A noticeable feature at Carlsbad is the vast prepon- derance of wives with dilapidated husbands, over the opposite domestic condition, This cannot be reason- fae A be set down to pure accident, and what is the so- lution? Can it be that a woman, once having secured the prize of a man, 1s the most anxious for his pr vation; or fs it that the man leads the faster life, more frequently incurs the penalty of his trans- gressions? It is a problem worthy of Soroais, be the Dottom facts what they may. Americans mostly congregate, or “put up,” at KO- nig’s Villa, the loveliest spot in town—high and dry, ‘and free from any unwelcome odors floating in the val: ley below. ‘The cuisine is excellent, servants polite and prompt, and there isa large ladies’ parlor, lighted by for the free interchange of small talk and gossip, withou which ladies suffer 80 much and the waters run a bar- ren course, And the handsome little Mpstess, 80 polite, so jolly, 80 ubiquitous, and with such gracious miles always chasing each other over her rosy cheeks! The other day when ‘“Hoheis Pring Halim Pacha, aus Constantinopel,” arrived with his secretary, doctor, banker, valet and St. Bernard dog, Madame was al) charged for him, Establishin, an axis somewhere about the tournure, she oscilla with both ends in a manner that charmed the swarthy Prince, and would make her fortune at Saratoga, Our genial Minister to France enjoys his whist in the parlor oceasionally, wearing easily the honors of a talented | and courtly’ gentleman, He comes here, probably, to | bo freed for a few days from State cares and to reflect amid the silent majesty of the hills and the purling | ripple of the Tepl, wlio would best grace the next Cabinet. It should have been stated in order that THE FAMOUS “SPRUDEL?? is the main spring and the pride of Carlsbad, as tho old Congress is of Saratoga. It is located in about the cen- tre of the town, and fitted up with every convenience for drinking and lounging. It juts up through a cylin- drical pipe of fron, a hissing, steaming volume, and that without diminution for at least 1,000 years, V., in 1347, from the yelping of one of his hounds, which had fallen into it while chasing a stag, is probably a tradition and nothing more, Its temperature varies between 115 degrees and 180 degrees, showing that the old Presby- terian engineer below gets nodding over his Pilsen beer and neglects his fires, Rousing hastily at some previous eriods be has chucked in an undue amount of com- ustibles, causing some volcanic cracks in the rocks around and making the people nervous to this day; for it Is quite uncertain what freaks the old follow will try on next. Ages ago—so many that old Mosaics who, to uso a figure of Gibbon, still quarrel over a diphthong, | or would deou it heretical to guess at—the sea roiled o Carlsbad, as remains of marine animals and pl abundantly testify, When the waters loft the fir gan, and’ the everlasting hills were upheaved, and Spradel came to bless the alow and orig many floring to the Carl Bo th eolocical story briefly rum, and #0, far work of the great soulptor Foley and tho gift of a dis. tinguished Englishman to Virginia, which arnved here Jast night on a Baltimore steamer. As a work of art, those who by profession are en- abled to criticise it and judge of it ex cathedra prow nounce {t worthy of the artist and of the illustrious subject, When the great soldier fell, in the hour of his glory, the heart of Christendom thrilled with pain; and even the Union army, who most sorely felt his power, in the midst of relief dropped atearto the hero. His name, a token of strength to his friends and of terror to his foes, had become a household word wherever chivalric heroism could find an admirer, and ‘Stone- wall’? Jackson in HIS BEST BLOOD cemented his claim to immortality. Virginia is proud of her illustrious sons; and to none does she point ‘he | With moro satisfaction than to ‘Stonewall Jackson, the right arm of her still more illustrious Lee, With the deopest sensibility did she observe that across the deep blue waters it had moved tho hearts of Englishmen to testify their appreciation of the dead soldier as well as their sympathy with hor in the adversity of the struggle in which he had laid down his life, and with the profound- est emotion has sho signified her acceptance of thelr tribute to him and to her—honorablo to the donors and most grateful to tho recipient. fhe Hon. Beresford Hope, M. P., witha number of other ilustrious Eng- lishmen, when the sad news of Jackson’s death reached the British shore charged tho most distin- guished of England’s statuaries—Foley—with the task of producing the representation of the living hero in a form as lasting as time. Right well has that task been performed, and the universal sentiment of the officere and soldiers of the great lieutenant, who have had opportunities of examination, is, that the artist hag resented to the world Jackson as he was seen and ‘nown by them, THE STATOR will be placed on the north side of the Capitol, midway between that gem of art, Washington’s monument and the Executive Mansion, and on the 26th day October next it will be inaugurated in all due form and ceremony, under the auspices of Governor Kemper and other distinguished soldiers, comrades of Jackson, Tho details of THE PROGRAMME havo not yet been announced, and probably will not be for some time to come. The i eh point, how. ever, of a selection of the orator, has been performed in the choice of the Rev. Dr. Moses D, Hoge, one of the most distinguished Presbyterian divines and effective orators in the country. It would have been a difficult task to hayo obtained an orator in all respects so adapted to the occasion or who would have given more universal satisfaction to tho people of Virginia, or whose effort would be more acostahlo to the general public, Tho distinguished soldier, the presont Chief Magistrate of the State, will take care that there shall be nothing wanting to afford the test éclat to the “pomp and circumstance” of the event never equalled before in this State, unless it wag when a mourning people left “the hero in his glory.’ October is the grand month in Virginia, When the silver habit of the clouds Gomes down upon the autumn sun, and with u This brish olden fruits, A pomp and pageant fill the splendid scene. And it is the season when the PRIDE AND GLORY of the State, her old men and women, her young men and maidens, make their annual pilgrimage to her capi- tal, and around the altars of Ceres pledge anew their fealty. to “their altars their — sires.’”” The last week in the month is ti Agricultural Fair week, and if strangers desire to s Virginians as they are let them come down then view the land. In former years tho influx of scrangers to this city during the fair week bas been Users A estimated from 10,000 to 20,000, But this year it will be hard to make even a wild conjecture as to the num- bers who will congregate here during the agricultural woek. A little more than seventeen years ago, on the 22d of February, 1868, during ‘m of snow und sleet, the statue of WASHINGTON was unveiled amid the shouts of 20,000 voices. The great Virginia statesman, R. M. T. Hunter, was tl orator of the day, aud Henry A. Wise, the fiery tribune of the people, was the Governor of Virginia; and now, under an October sun, the people of this renowned Commonwealth again will assemble todo honor to another of her braves who have illus- trated her fame on a hundred battle fields. The farmer will leave his hoe, the housewife her distaff, the mer- chant bis books, the mechanic his bench, and as the Jews of old went up to Jerusalem so will all, both young and old, both great and small, both poor and rich, congregate in one GREAT OVATION to him who gave up his life in the cause he believed to be Fellows, the Druids, civic societies and the military from all portions of t) State, especially the old Stonewall brigade and tl cadets from the Military Institute at Lexington, where Jackson was a protessor, will swell the pageant. It is, I hear, to be a strictly PAMILY APFAIR, as it is to be a gathering of Virginians to do honor to a Virginian, To the donors the hospitality of the State has been tendered, anda like compliment will be paid to the widow and only child of Jackson. Beyond theso no special invitations will be extended to citizens of other St though a hearty welcome will be afforded to “all of overy land and tongue” who may be inclined to Join in paying tribute to the distinguished dead. No people hold in deeper affection the , effort for the MEMORIES OF HER HEROES than do tho people of Virginia, and nothing but the financial distress that has covered this State since the war as with a pall has prevented its display in monuments, page mausoleums and inscriptions, As = material improvement shali mark the future it may be expected that the Capltoline Hill will be studded with tributes to the heroes of the war between the States. A recumbent figure of a work of great merit by Edward 8, Valentine, the Vir- ginia sculptor, marks his resting place in the ani- versity chapel at Lexington, over which a mausoleum rapidly approaches completion, when inauguration ceremonies appropriate to the occasion will follow, THR PROPOSED MONUMENTS, The city of Richmond has promised a statue to ab eat Southern cavalryman; the friends of A. P. Hill, Jackson's dashing lieutenant; of Pickett whose name is ever to be linked with Gettysburg, an of others, have in contemplation like honors, 1 under- stand that advantage will be taken of the inauguration of Jackson’s statue for initial steps toward the erection ofan equestrian statue of Lee in this city, THE BANK OF CALIFORNIA. {From the San Francisco Alta.) The affairs of the Bank of California, we understand, are progressing favorably. The guarantee fund was strengthened in the hands of the Executive Committee by the ultimate adhesion of Mr. Baldwin fora million. The exchange account with the foreign banks has been arranged. The arrangement with the larger creditors also proceeds, The whole liabilities were abouts $13,000,000; of these, $8,000,000 are deposits. About $1,000,000 of deposits was paid on tho day of suspen. sion, and, wo understand, $5,000,000 have become de- forred by arrangement, and cash on resumption may bo paid on small deposits up to $10,000, The payment of these on resumption will give reat relief. The bank has collected some 1,000,000 already im proparation, and some ts ‘on the way trom Now York. The commence- ment of paymonts will start the liquidation of a lon; chain of liabilities and remove the demands of a grea! number of urgent borrowers. Many of these owe money which iPoaid would be immediately reloaned to other partios, {is the caso with many habitual lenders that their debtors do not pay, and, although the lenders are universally lenient forboar to press ciaims, al- lowing them to run at the old rate of intorest, yet this course deprives them of the power to make new loans, and there is asort of ‘dead lock.” There has beon, from all sources, @ very large amount of money pai out into the market, and tho public genorally are still disposed to collect and retain money. The loan institu- tions have an accumulation of funds, but there fsa neces- sity for eXtreme prudence until the period of thirty days’ notice shall have passed, which will Pil gny bo ‘at the same time as tho resumption of the Bank of Cali- fornia and the opening of the Bank of Nevada shall take place, The National Gold Trust is in the full tide of successful resumption, stronger than ever, Its past businoss has been very lucrative if a little too extended, which will be corrected by lesson of the past thirty days, With tho restoration of the Bank of California all traces of the late disaster will have been swept away, and with liabilities reduced t@ the lowest lini t, | with resources swelling in the dounite Fatio of rising | prices for wheat and a swelling volume o,'bullion, cont~ dence will once more bring out the now Inert cash resour- ces, and before the close of the year there will b oda of money tham waa aver bolero with