The New York Herald Newspaper, July 17, 1875, Page 3

7 . NEW YORK HERALD, SATURDAY, JULY 17, 1875—WITH SUPPLEMENT. THE ARCTIC. REGIONS, THE STORY OF THE POLE. Work of the Explorers from the Time of John and Sebastian Cabot. Bebastian Off for the Polar Waters March 5, 1496. * THE PATENT GRANTED BY KING HENRY VI. Delay, Disappointment and. Disaster, but Always Hope, | A ROYAL PATRON OF EXPLORATION, | Fr lin’s Remains—His Wife’s Love Fer- vent and Undying, The Pandora Sails from Ports- mouth June 26, 1876. Captain Allen Young Takes the Command and the Greater Part of the Cost, ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS. BY JOXN PIGGOT, F.S.A, [From Fraser’s Magazine, June, 1875.) Love of adventure has ever been a prominent ebaracteristic of Englishmen, and is aue to the | Scandinavian element in our race. For 300 years it has induced seamen to brave the perils of the fleep on voyages of discovery, and now such a feeling finds vent in travels in foreign lands, Formerly England was always in the van of Arctic discovery, but for the last fiiteen years she has allowed other countries to take her ac- eustomed place, until it seemed probable that the glory, long ardently desired, of penetraung to the Nortn Pole itselt would be accomplished by others, and now there seems every probability that the 1,500,000 square miles of unexplored sea or lana— or both combined—at the Pole will be penetrated wy the well-equipped expedition which ts just leaving our shores. We purpose in the present paper briefly to describe the former Arctic expeditions and tho good work they accomplished: for, though they failed in the ultimate ovject of their search, their investigations added immensely to eur stores of | geographical and general scientife knowledge. We snail then refey to the 1875 expedition, which has the advantage of the accumulated experience bof its predecessurs (1) and note the nature of the work its well-wishers nope it will carry ous successfully. CABOWS EXPEDITION, In the reign of Henry VII. Joun Cabot settled at Bristol with his three sons, of whom Sebastian wasone, He induced the King to grant him and bis sons a patent for the discovery of new lands. Acoording to Nakluyt Sebastian started March 5, 1496:— Understanding by reason of the sphere that if | he should sali by way of northwest he shouid, by a shorter track, come into India, he thereuvon caused the King to ve acvertised of his device, who immediately commanded two caravels to be furuished with all things appertaining to tne voyage. He began, therefore, to sail toward the northwest, not thinking to find any other land span that of Cathay, and from thence to turn to- ard india; but, after certain days, he found that the laud ran toward the norta, Which was to him agreat displeasure. THE FIRST REALLY ENGLISH EXPEDITION, Robert Thorne, a merciant of Bristol, induced Henry VILI,, im 2527, “with very weizhvy and eup- stantial reasons, to set forth a discoverie even to the North Pole.” Tails is the first really English enterprise, for the Cabots were Itallins. Tne Samson and Mary of Guildford were the vessels employed. One was lost off Newioundianda, and little came of the expedition. HORE'S VENTURE. Nine years after a gentleman of London, named | Hore, with 120 persons—thirty of whom were mem- bers of the Inns of Court—went in the same airec- tion; but, alter suifering much from iamize, re- | turned, CAROT AGAIN. A more disastrous termination awaited part of the expedition which, under the superintendence of Sevastian Cabor, sailea in 1553, The com. mander was Sir Hugh Willougnby, and that gal Jant oMcer, witn the crews of two vessels, per” ished off the coast of Lapland, The pilot, Richard Chancellor, in the third ship, took another course sna landed in Russian territory, cow and returned to England, bearing a letter from the Czar to Edward VJ. IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY, Two series of discoveries toward the end of the sixteenth century gave a great impetus to north- ernexploration, The creuitof the first of these belongs to the Dutch, Willlam Burents, seeing that the ice of the Sea of Kars was a great ob- stacle to navigation in that direction, turned kis attention to the western side of Novaya Zemlya, and in 1594 and ine year Jollowing made prelimi- nary voyages. In 1596 he succeeded in his alm of Founding the northern point o/ the island and was obliged to winter there, Previous to this voyage no European had endurea an Arctic winter (2). We have mentioned this discovery first, because the efforts of early explorers were directed to the routes between Greenland and Novaya Zemlya. DAVIS’ STRAITS DISCOVERED. It was reserved for John Davis in mis little Sun- Whine of fity tons, attended by the Moonshine of thirty-five (!), to discover in 1685 the strait which bears his name, and 80 indicate another route to future explorers (3). In 1616 William Baffin, as pilot to Bylot, followed up Davis’ discovery, and reached the bay which bears nis name. His im- portant investigations were not given to the world; for Purcuas, who received his charts, did got engrave them, though Baflin had indteatet Smith Sound—named after Sir Thomas Smitb, Orst Governor of the East India Company—the most important portal to the Pole, and the route | which the most distinguished explorers agree in vecommending as that of the expedition of 1875, . HENRY HUDSON'S EXPEDITION, The.Muscovy Company, in 1697, sent Henry Nud- son to find the northwest passage, ils smatl ves- tel of cighty tons was manned by only ten sailors and a boy. He went to latitude 89 deg., but lack of provistons obliged him reluctantly to re- turn. Barrow says he was the first Engliannan who made observations on the dip of the mag. netic needie, fe made voyages in the three suc. ceeding years, and in the last of these, 1 a vessel of fitty-five tons, he went 100 leagues farther orth than any preceding navigator, and discov. trea Hudson's Bay. By his reports of the quan- lity of whales and sea’ horses he observed on his voyages he induced many ships to go out tor the purpose of obtaining them, and so latd the founda. tion ofa most Nourishing fisnery, Hudson's crew Mutinied on his fourth voyage, and turned their commander and tne sick portion of the crew adriit in an open boat to perish, FOX AND JAMES. : In 1631 Captain Fox went out in one of the King’s ships, and he was followed by Thomas We diddiscover a northwest passage, | He visited Mos- | | carefully Hudson's Bay Company o cjarter of incorpora- tion, the privileges of which they enjoyed until 1868, when the territory was qdded to Canada, JOUN WOOR, In 1676 John Woou, a masier’s mate, Inducea the Admiralty to fit out an expediuon for the dia- covery of a northeast passage, Under his com- mand the edge of the Polar pack and Novaya Zemlya were carefully examined, and he was then obliged to return to England, WHAT THE RUSSIANS HAVE DONR. ‘The Russians entered the flela of discovery early in the eighteenth century. Peter the Greatim 1725 instructed Captain Bebring, a Dane in te Rus- sian navy, to @Xplore the northern coast of Si- beria; but, “ying a few days after, the expedition was not carried outunti! 1728, Bebring sailed through the strait—ofterward known by his name—separating the Old and New worlds. He made @ second voyage in 1729 and a third tn 1741, during which he died, In 1770 Liakhof discovered the islands of New Siveria, and the Empress Catharine gave him the exclusive right to seek for fossilivory there, Since that period large quanti- Ues Of Mammoth Ivory have been found, ADMIRAL NELSON AND CAPTAIN PHIPPS, In 1745 the English government offered £20,000 to any explorer who should discover a northwest passage by Hudson’s Strait, and, thirty years | alter, £5,000 to any one who should sall beyond the eighty-ninth oegree of latitude. In 1773 Captain Phipps (afterward Lord Mulgrave) was sent to- ward the Nortk Pole, and reached latitude 80 deg. 30 min, nortn. . Tne immortal Nelson accompanied this expedl- ton. i | | CAPTAIN COOK, Captain Cuok agreed to take the command of an expedition, and he was ordered to proceed into the Pacific Ocean by way of the Cape of Good Hope and commence his exploration on the northwest coast of America. He sailed in the Discovery, accompanied by the Resolution, iv July, 1776, In ‘January, 1778, the Sandwich Islands were discovered, and he pushed on to find the northwest passage into the Atlantic Ocean, In August he ascertuined the widtn of Behring Strait, for Benring nimeelt dia not see the shores of America, Aiter penetrating | ito the Nortnern Ocean to latitude 70 deg, 44 min., Cook was obliged, by the vast amount of Ice, to return to winter in the Sandwich Islands. | Here, in Februaty, 1779, he was murdered at | Owbybee during a dispute with the natives, Cap- tain Clarke succeeded as commander, and he | again attempted the passage, but alter reaching | Jatitude 70 deg, 33 miu, north was compelled to | return, The expedition arrived in England Octo- | ber 4, 1780. WHAT COOK FOUND, The most important result of the voyage was the discovery of the proximity of Asia and Amer- ica, Cook was the first commander who made | the health and comfort of his men a special study. On his second voyage, lasting three years, from | latitude 652 deg. northto 71 deg. south, he only lost one out of 118 men; and on his third voyage, of four years and two months, only five died, three of whom were 1Jl wnen they left England, IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. We have brought down the whole history of | northern exploration to the end of the elghteenta century, and now turn to the records of the nine- teenth, during the first sixty years of which Eng- land asspatched—ineluding public and private enterprises—about forty expeditions THE SCORESBY’S WORK. In 1806 the elder Scoresby, en Engllsn whaler, penetrated on the Spitzbergen meridians to 81 deg, 30min. north, To his son William (after- ward Dr.) Scoresby Arctic explorers were in- debted for a mass of most valuable informa- tion (4). He early developed a passion for explo. ration, and when only ten years of age (he was born in 1790) ho was found concealed in his father’s ship after {t had got to sea. BUCHAN AND FRANKLIN, Captain Buchan, in the Dorothea (370 tons), and Lieutenint Franklin, in the Trent (250 tens), | WHALERS IN BAFFIN’S BAY. In that same year a noteworthy feat was accom- plished in the other route, two whalers from Aberdeen penetrating into the North Water of Baffin’s Bay, being the first vessels for 200 years which had followei up his aiscovery (5). mr. Clements Markham points out that discovery ships | have been sent up Kafila’s Bay thirty-eight times | since that period, and only on two occasions have they failed to reach the North Wafer (6)- ROSS AND PARKY. The government in 1818, to encourage whalers to attain high latitudes, offered £5,000 to any ship which should go beyond 89 deg. norvli, £4,000 to 88. deg., £2,000 to 87 deg., £2,000 to 85 deg. and £1,000 | to s34eg. In that year the Isabella and Aiexan- | der, under Captain Ross and Lieutenant Parry, | went up Bafln’s Bay and to the North Water. We bave meationed that two whalers had been there the year before, but now Bailin’s discovery was confirmed by those able to appreciate it, According to the statement of the officers, | Captain Ross returned before be had gone as far | as he might easily have done, That year also witnessed the attempcof Buchan and Franklin, | with the Trent and Dorothea, to penetrate the | pack between Spttzbergen and Novaya Zemlya, but they only reached jatitnde 80 deg. 32 min. north. PARRY OUT AGAIN, In 1819 the government, nothing daunted, sept out the Gecia and Griper under Parry. He pene- trated through Lancaster Sound into Barrow Strait, but accumulatioa of fce and snallow water compelied him to return, and be wintered at Mel- Ville Island, This voyage resulted tn the discov- ery of @ considerable portion of tne northwest ¢, At the same time Franklin was making a land journey of more than 5,500 miles overland jrom Hudson’s Bay and the Coppermine River to the northern coast of America, and, thouga he and his followers had to eudare great hardships, Ue results geographically were important. Captain Parry’s second voyage was made in 1821-23 in-tue Fury and Heclo, He attempted the passage by the channel between Southamp- ton Island ahd tne coast towards the north, He investigated the northeast coast of America, bat was prevented from going tarther by the accumulations oftee. He was obliged to winter twice in these regions, but only lost five men ont of 118 (7). THE ICE FIELDS. He proposed to the government, in 1827, to allow lim to try and reach the Pole by means of siedges over the flejas of ice, which method of travelling has entirely altered the oid system of Arctic ex- ploration. But in order to acquaint our readers | with ihe nature of these vast fields otice we tura | tor instruction to Dr, Scoresby’s volume before | referred to, He observes:— icefleiss constitute one of the wonders of the deep. They are often mec with of tne diameter of twenty or thirty miles, and, when in the state of Sucu Close COMPIRACON Lat No mmterstice coud be seen, tiey sometimes extend fo a length of fity or a huvared miles, ‘Che ice of waich toey are com. | Posed is generally pure and iresn, and in beavy | Jamos, sent out by the mercnants oj Bristol; but | they accomplished little. THE WORK IN CANADA, Some years atter some French adventurers in Canada expiored the Hudson's Bay verritors. | One of them, Grosseliez, came to England for the purpose of obtaining means to develop the tur | trade there, Princo Rupert in 1663 sent outa vessel with colonists, and Charles LU. granted the Tletds it 18 probably ol the average thickness of ten to futeen Jeet, and then appears to ve fat, low, thinice; but when hign hummocks occur the thick | hess is viten forty leet and Jitty feet, * =) Tue occasional rapid mocou of fields, with the | | strange effects produced by such immense bovies On doy vpposing. SUUstANc, Is One OL the most sirikii@® ovjects the Polar Seas present, and cer- tamily the most terrific. ‘They not untreqnently Acquire a rowary movement, wherevy their cir- cunnerence attains a Velocity of several mules | per hour, A jleld thus in motion, coming in cop | tact With auotner at Test, or more especially wih | another naving a contrary direction o1 move- meut, p oduces a dreadful Than 10,000,00,000 tons In Weight meeting wiih re- sistance When In Moon produces consequences Whicn at is searcely possible to conceive, The weaker fleid is crashed with on awful notse. Someumes the destruction is mutnal; pieces of ck. A body of more huge a mensions and weight are not waft equently piled upon the fop to the heigator twenty or | rlurty , Wile @ proportionate quantity is de- | pressed beneats. ‘Tne View ot these stupendoas efects im safety exhibits a picture sublimely | grand, but Where there 1s aunger ot oemng ov | wacimed terror and dismay must be the predomi. | nant seelings. THE WIGHES! NORTHERN Latity Parry sailed on April 5, 1827, agnd anchored the Hecla ia acove on the northern shore of Spitz. bergen, On June 21 the two boats, constractea 60 as [0 Serve as sledges, Started northward. He- should have boen three mouths earlier, as the very oad state from excessive rain. It 1s dificult 10 conceive of amore disheartening task. The rift southward was at the rate of about four miles a day, and frequently, from this circum- stance, atthe end of the day’s toll they were further southward than in the morning. Bat, notwithstanding all this—tneir Sisypnus-like lnbor—alter five weeks’ trial they reached lat- tude 82 deg. 45 min., had traversed 292 miles, and were abont 600 miles from the Pole, Parry thus reached the highest northern latitude, and this feat bas never been surpassed, ROYAL HONORS. On April 29, 1829, Franklin—who had been doing good work surveying on the American coast— and Parry were knighted by George 1V. A month after both recelved the honorary degree of D. U. L. from the University of Oxford, On that occasion 1. Legh Claughton, now Bishop of Rochester, re- cited the prize poem on “Voyages of Discovery to the Polar Regions,’? which thus concludes :— But fairer England greets the wanderer now, Untading laurels shade her Parry's brow; ‘ And on the proud meémortals of her fame Lives, uked with ueathless glory, Franklin's name! CAPTAIN J. C. ROSS. Captain J, C, Ross, in 1829, tried to induce the Admiralty to send out another expedition; but, his efforts proving unsuccessful, Sheriff Booth offered to pay allexpenses, ‘The land to which the grateful commander gave the name of Bootma Was discovered; bat great hardships were en- dured by the crew during their four years’ ab- sence. They had been obliged to abandon the Victory; and were discovered by Captain Hum- Phreys in the Isabella, Koss’ former vessel, on the south shore of Lancaster Sound, in August, 1833, CAPEAIN BACK, In 1833 Captain Back examined the course of the Fish River, and three years after he made an expediion in the Terror, THE ERKBUS AND TERROR. After an interval of nine years we have the ill- fated expedition of Sir John Franklin tn the Erebus and Terror, which le‘t England May 19, 1845, the officers and crews numbering 13) men, Franklin was ordered— : ‘Yo proceed to Baft]n’s Bay, and as soon as ice per- mitted to enter Pancaster Sound and proceed westward through Barrow Strait in the latitude of about 74 deg. 15 mtn. until they reached the longitude of Cape Waiker or about 98 deg. west. They were then 10 use every evort to_penetrate southward and west toward Benring Strait, and if Was in this part that their greatest dimcultics were apprehenued. It these were ;roved to be insurmountable they were next directed to re- turn to Barrow Strait and proceed northward by the broaa Cornwallis’ tsiand, commonly called Weilington Channel, provided it appeared open and ciear of | ice. On July 26 the ships were seen by a whaler, waiting to enter Bafin’s Bay. Sherard Osborn says :— The Northwest Passage would never have peen discovered but for the devotion of Franklin, his ofiicers and men. They each volunteered for that duty and they fellin the performance of it. The party Jrom the Erebus and ‘error, which perisned, “Lf appears, at the mouth of tne Great Fish River, must have gone down some channel from the neighbornood of Capes Walker or Bunay, in Bar- row Strait, and there have fallen in, adding the great link which connected the known coasts of the Parry Archipelago with that of the American Continent (8). LADY FRANKLIN'S EFFORTS. Early in 1843 Lady Franklin, by a reward of £3,000, tried to induce whalers to deviate from their usual course in order to gain tidings of the missing vessels, Inthe spring of that year the government was induced to fit up the Enterprise and Investigator, under the commana of Sir J. C. | Ross, for that parpose, Atthe same time Sir J. Richardson and Dr. Rae conducted a land expe- dition. All were unsuccessful. . COLLINSON AND M’CLURE. In 18504 most important voyage was made by Captains Collinson and McClure in the Enterprise and Investigator. The vessels parted July 29, and Captain McClure, tn the Investigator, gained the southern extremity of Banks Land. Here, to his great astonishment, he found a strait communicating with Barrow Strait. Ice prevented the progress of the vessel then, | sailed tor the north in April, 1817, by the Spitz- | Dut by means of a siedge party Captain Me- | | bergen route, and penetrated to 80 deg, 34 min. | north, Ciure, in October, 1850, discovered the Northwest | Passage. This he subsequently made with, nis | ship, but had to endure great hardships. In jact he was rescued, April, 1853, by the Resolute (Cap- tain Kellett) and the Intrepiti (Commander Mc- Clintock) of Sir E, Belcher’s expeaition. The | | given to that gallant and skilfai officer, Sir Leo- crew of the Investigator did not arrive in Eng- land until 1855, having spent four winters in the | Arctic regions, Though they could gain no tid- ings of Sir John Franklin the gallant commander of the expedition had solved the problem which had always been one of the dreams of Arctic ex- plorers, and he received the £10,000 which the government had offered for the discovery, | AMERICAN RESEARCH. In the year 1850 four Englisn expeditions and one American, besides that just described under Collinson and McClure, went out to search for | Franklin, SIR JOHN BOSS’ EXPEDITION. ‘The cost of that under Sir Jonn Koss, In the Fe- lix, was defrayed by public subseription. This started In April, and in toe following month gov- ernment sent the Resolute, Captain Austin; the Assistance, Captain Ommaney, and the Intrepid, Lieutenant Snerard Osborn, The latter gentie- man has since been particularly enthusiastic in arctic exploration. We deeply regret to have to record the death of tiis gallant officer, who dia not live to witness the departure of that expedi- tion whose appointment he soenthustastically ad- vocated. Admiral Sherard Osborn passed away on May 6 last, in nis fity-third year. THE FOURTH ENGLISH EXPEDITION was the Prince Alvert, Captain Forsyth, @ vessel of only ninety tons, toward the expenses of which Lady Franklin gave £2,000 and her friends about £1,500, This was organized to supplement the government expedition and thoroughly search tne jand of Boothia by means of boats carried in che vessel, The Prince Albertcame up with Captain Austin’s vessel in Davis’ Strait July 9, having le(t Aberdeen June 5 (9). . Captain Austin’s vessel used blasting cylinders to get rid of the ice, and with considerable suc- cess. The two steamers, the Pioneer and the Intrepid, were of great assistance in towing the other ves- sels through the leads or openings in the ice, and also in dashing, With full steam on, at impediments, We may remark en passant @hat the use of steam vessels in Arctic navigation has enabled explor- ers to take their ships rapidly through dangerous places, and added enormously to their resources. After the Prince Albert had passed through Bar- Tow Strait so muon ice was mes with that the lit, tle vessel was obliged to return to England, THE GRINNELL VESSELS SIGHTED, In Leopold Bay she saw the American expedi- tlon—the Advance and Rescue—whicn we nave mentioned as the flitn expeaition of the year 1850, under Lieutenant De Haven and Dr. Kane, ‘Tnis was sent out by the munificence of an Amert- can mercnaat, Mr. Hf. Grinnell, It started May 23, 1850, and returned to America September 30 In the succeeding year, AND AGAIN. The gallant little Prince Albert was fitted up again the next year (1851), bat this time winsered in Prince Regent's Injet and notwing of Import. ance was accomplished. Sir Edward ieicher’s expedition started tne lollowing year, and was, as we have mentioned, the means of rendering im- portant aid to the investigator after its brave commander had discovered the Northwest Pas- sage. In 1852 and 1853 the Isabel made two voy- ages, the first of four month under Captain Ingle- Neld, the second for a shorter time under Mr. Kennedy. DR, KANE'S WORK. From 1853 to 1855 Dr. Kane in the Advance (120 tons) did good service in the cause of Arctic ex- ploration, the Americans proving themselves true chips of the old bieck., No ove had landed on the shores of Smith Sound — sinco discovery of 1616, and, though and his crew suffered great hardsnips, they cigared up some disputed geographical points. If it had not been jor the kindness of the Esqui. maux every man wouid have perished, tor the expedition was badly equpped. Another Ameri, can expedition went out in Jane, 1555, to search for Dr. Kage, ont that gentieman returned to his nar tive country in Octeber of that year, FRANKLIN'S FATE, In 1854 the veli which had long nung over the Kane southern drift of the ice had set in, and it wasina -@'e of Sir John Franklin and his gallant crow was channel between North Devon and | Bamn’s | | / | | | expedition has been to this date nine officer: 1 | | | | | | cause, nor yet to the noble-minded widow of our partially ifted. Dr, Rae had been sent by tne Hudson's Bay Company to make geographical re- searches in Boothia, and westward of Simpson Peninsula he learned irom tne Esquimaux that some of their countrymen had discovered corpses of thirty persons and some graves in 1850, at the | moutn of the great Fis River, and he was able to purchase from them plate bearing crests and ini- tials of various members of the iil-lated expedt- tion (10). ‘This information showed the quarter in which search must de made, A memorial, induentially signed, was presented to the government 10 In- | duce them to send ont another expedition, the | memorialists praying that “it may not be leit to the efforts of the individuals of another and | kindred nation, already so distinguished in the lamented friend, to make an endeavor which can be so mucn more effectively carried out by the British goverument.” Nevertheless it was lett for that lady to purchase the yacnt Fox, and fortunate was it that such a captain as Leopold McClintock volunteered to command her. The little vessel sailed July 2, 1857. About May 20, 1859, Lieutenant Hobson, who ac- companied McClintock, fouad in a caira at Point Victory, on the nortnwest coast of King William’s Land, a record which solved the painful problom of the fate of Frankiin and the missing crews. This is the paper as given in McClintock's vol- wu 28th of May, 1847.—Her Majesty’s ships Erebus and Terror wiutered in the ice in latitude 70 deg. 5 mim, north, longitude 98 dev. 22 min, west. Having wintered in 1846-7 (sould be 1845-6) at | Beechey Island, in latitude 74 aeg. 43 min, 28 sec. | north, longitude 91 deg. 39min. 15 sec. West, alter | having ascended Wellington Channel to latitude 77 | deg., and returned by the west side of Cornwatils | Istand, Sir Jona nklin commanding the ex- peaition, All well, Party consisting of two officers and six men left the ships on Monaay, 24th May, 1847, GM. GORE, Lientenant. CHAS. F. DiS FUEUX, Mate. But nearly a year after the following lines had been added to that hopetul paper :— April 28, 1843.—Her Majesty's ships Terror and Erebus were deserted on the 22d of April tive loagues north-porthwest of this, naving been bes | 1 since September 12, 1846. The officers ana | crews, consisting of 105 souls, under the com- | mand of Captain J. R. M. Crozier, landed here in | latitude 69 deg. 37 nin, 42 sec, north, longitude | 98 deg. 41 min. west. Sir Jona Franklin died on | June 11, 1847, and the total loss by deatus in the | and fliteen men. AMES FITZJAMES, Captain Her Majesty’s steamship Erebus, (Signed) fF. R. M. Crozier, captain and senior ofiicer. And start (on) to-morrow, 26th, for Back’s Fish River. SKELETONS IN A BOAT. Oa-May 30 Captain McClintock, av the western extremity of King Wiliiam’s Land, found a boat containing portions of two human skeletons, heaps of tattered clothing and a quantity of other articles.+ He observes :— Of the many men, probably twenty or thirty, Who Were attached to this boat, it seems most strange that the remains of ony two individuais | were jound, nor were there any graves upon the neighboring flat 1and. Indeed, bearing in mind the season at which these poor fellows left tueir ships, lt should be remembered that the soil was trogen hard as rock ana the labor of quarrying a grave Very great indeed, s be A little reflection led me to satisty my own mind, at least, that this boat was returning to the ships; jor no other way can L account for two men _hav- ing been left in her than by supposing the party were unable to drag the boat further, and that | these two men, not being able to keep pace with their shipmates, were, therefore, left by them, | supplied with such provisions as could be spared | to last (hem until the return of the others irom the ship with a fresh stock, Thus, then, was the fate of the expedition as- certalned, and we must find space for an extract jrom the address of Sir Roderick Murchison to the British Association in 1560:— If we turn to the polar circle we see what indi- Viaual British energy has been able to elicit irom the Irozen north. here, indeed, nocwithstand- | ing many a well Jound expedition to ascertain the | tate of Franklin, all our efforts asa nation had jailed, When the energy and perseverance of a woman, backed only by a few zealous and abiding Iriends, aceomplished the glorious ene ofsatisiving herself and proving to her admiring country that, in sacriicing their lives, her neroic husband and his brave companions had been the first discover. | ets of the Northwest Passage, For her nobie and devoted conduct in having persisted through many years of her life to send out expeditions at her own cost, untilsne at length unravelled the fate of the Ereous and Terror. the Royal Geo- graphical Society, of London has rightly juagea in awarding to Lady Franklin one of its gold medals, while the other has been appropriately pold McCitntock, who, in the little yacht Fox, so thoroughly accompilisned bis arduous missioa, THE SWEDISH EXPEDITIONS. Five times, from 1858 to 1872, at intervals of about three years, Sweden has sent out expedl- tions to Spitzbergen under the direction of Pro- fessor Nordenskwid, with a view of making geo- gfrapnical observations and forming collections of botanical and other specimens. Latitude 81 deg. 42 min. was reached in the expedition of 1863, CAPTAIN KOLDEWEY IN THE GERMANIA. The credit of inducing the Germans to equip an Arctic expedition is due to Dr. Petermann. We believe he bore the chief cost o: the Germania, which sailed May 24, 1868, under the com- mand of Captain Koldewey, with only eleven hands on board. He made for the Spitzbergen seas, and attained a latitude of 81 deg. 5 min. north, ‘The Ger- mania revurned the same year, but in June, 1869, the expedition was sent out by the government. A-screw steamer of 140 tons took the piace of the old vessel, .but it bore the same name, Lieuténant Payer, whose futare doings we shail have to chronicle, gained ex. perience which he atterward turned to so good an account. Tne brig Hansa accompanied the Ger- mania, but in latitude 70 deg. 46 min. north she gotseparated from the latter and nipped in the ice, The crew butt ahouse on the floe in which to winter, butthe drift carried them southwards until partly on the floe, and atterwards in their boats, they arrived, June 14, 1870, at the Greenland Moravian Mission of Friedrikstnal, They had aritedon the foe at great peril more thana thousand miles, but none of the men perished, The Germanta, unconscious of the late of her consort, pushed on by the East Greeniand coast to 75 deg. 30 min., and then wintered among the Pendulum Islands. Koldewey and Payer made sledge excursions from this spot, and in latitude 73 deg. 15 min, north, found a large fjord which they called Franz Josef (11). LEIGH SMITH IN HIS YACHT. In 1871 and two following years three successive voyages were undertaken by Mr. Benjamin Leigh Smith in his yacht, aad he did good work in ex- amining the lands esstward of Spitazbergen, On the first of these he attained latitude 81 deg. 24 min., the third highest yet reacked by a vessel, and on hts third voyage was able to succor the Swedish expedition, HALLS AMERICAN EXPEDITION. Captain Hall, of Cincinnau, in 1870, induced the American government to ft out another expedi- | tion, The Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Robeson, entered cordially into bis plans, and tne govern- ment allowed him to use the gunboat Periwinkle, renamed the Polaris, and Congress granted $50,000. No one was better fittea than Captain Hall to command such an expedition, Me had resided in the Arcuc regions for five years on purpose to acquire the -Esquimanux language and accastom himself to the toils and hard- ships which must be endured by enthusiastic explorers in those regions, ‘he expedition sailed August, 1871, by the Smith Souna route, and Captain Hall reached latitude 82 deg. 16 min, north, the highest attained by any ship. He died in November of that year. The crew wintered in latitude 81 deg. 38 min., ana went soutnward in the ship ia August, 1872, running her on shore near the entrance of Smith Sond, Here tne second winter was passed, and in June, 1873, (he crew took to the boats and were picked up by the whaler Arctic, THE POLARIS, it shonld be remembered, was a river steamer, little adapted tor Arctic work, and yet she conid pass 250 miles up the Strais in one season, Mr. Clements Markham points out that the tact that the Polaris was drifted into Bailin’s Bay irom a high northern latitude is a valuable one, and stows that the navigation ts not long interrupted. ‘The crew of the Polaris in their winter quarters aiso found plonty of musx oxen and Other ani- mals. THE AUSTRO-RUNGARIAN EXPEDITION of 1872 Was an extremely important one, From the preliminary voyage made by Captain Wey Precnt and Lieatenant Payer it determined to attempt to make the northeast passage by way of Novaya Zemlya ani tue Siberian coast. The Tegeihon sated July 14, 1872, but she had nardly g0t round the northern coast of that island before she was beset with ice, Lieutenant Payer read a most interesting account of the expedition before the Royal Geographical Soctety, November 10, 1874, which will-be found in extenso tn the Journal, From this description it appears that on Uctober 28 the sun disappeared, not to rise again for 109 days, Theship dritted with the ice toward the northe: and on August 14, 1873, land was seen fourteen miles to the north, At the end of Octo. ber they reached it (!), and namea it Wilezek Land, left them, but on March 10, 1874, a party left the ship for the exploration of the newly discovered land, “The land before us appeared to be utterly devoid of life, immense giaciers looked down upon us from between the desolate mountains. The cold during tis journey was very great, and amounted on one occasion to 58 dog. Fahrenheit. On March 24 we started tor the north. The newly discovered country equals Spitzbergen In extent, and consists of several large masses of land— Wilczek Land in the east, Zichy Lana in the west—which are intersected by numerous flords, A wiae sound—Austria Sound—separates these masses of land.” Raised beaches along the shores of that sound gave evidences of upheaval, Tne whole country was called Franz Joset Land. The highest latitude reached was 81 deg. 37 min, (12). ‘Inese intrepid explorers abandoned their «nip | May 20, but southerly winds drove the ice to the north, so that by reason of this drift two months of lavor only carried them eight miles from the vessel, They were fortunately able to cross the open sea in their boats im the direction of Novaya Zemlya, They skirted that island, and on August 24 reached the bay of Downs, and were picked up by the Russfan sckooner Nikolai, and arrived in Norway September 3 after one of the most suc- cessitl expeditions ever known, CAPTAIN MARKICAM, On May 3, 1873, Captain Markham sailed in the whaler Aretic (Captain Adams), to acquire a knowledge of whaling detai!s and ice navigation. He was lacky in bis choice of a vessel, for in that year the Arctic was the first whaler which penetrated to the Gulf of Boothla, going beyond Sir E, Parry in 1s24 and Sir J. Ross in 1848. She steamed through Melville | Bay in sixty hours (13), which formerly occupied sailing vessels several weeks. (i4). Melvilic Bay is open to the south, and ships there are out of the way of @ drifting pack. Whalers used to dread a southerly wind in that bay, for the then arifting pack might nip their vessels between it and the land floe, Im 1830 nineteen ships were thus destroyed, with £142,000; ali hands saved, Jor men have generally time to get on to the ice, THE LATEST EXPEDITION. We havo thus endeavored to briefly describe the chief expeditions from the sixteenth cemturyeo the present time, and have now to reier to the 1875 expedition and the work before it. THE WORK BEFORE IT. ‘The agitation for the appointment of this expe- dition commenced ten years ago, when, On Jan- mary 23, 1865, Admiral Sherard Osborn read a paper on Arctic exploration before the Royal | Geographical Society (15). Seven years after he read another paper, and the society appointed an Arcttc committee, whose report was adopted April 29,1872, A deputation waited on te Chan- cellor of the Exchequer in December, but.tne government declined te send out another expe- dition on account of the expenses of the Chal- lenger. Karly in 187%, a8 we have mentioned, Commander Markham went to Bafin’s Bay, and the Royal and Geographical societies drew up a statement of the results to be expected from fresh Arctic exploration, but the government again declined, In 1874 Mr. Disraell camg into office, and the government decided, November 17, to send the expedition, EQUIPMENT. ‘The Alert 1s a steam sloop of 751 tons register, and the Discovery a whaling steamer, puilt in 1873 by Stepnen & Son, of Dundee, The latter vessel was lormerly known as the Bloodhound, and is a fine ship of 579 tons. Captain Nares, who commands the expedition, was a mate on the Resolute in the expedition of 1852-4, and com- manded the Challenger irom 1872 to 1874, Cap- tain Markham is second in command of the ad- vance ship, the Alert. The Discovery ia com- manded by Captain H. F. Stephenson, formerly of the royal yacht. The other oficers of both ships have been carefully selected for their ac- quirements In reference to Arctic discovery, Each ship, including officers and men, carries a complée- ment of about sixty. Great attention has been paid to tne sledg equipments, and the thirty-five sledges taken by the ships were constructed under the directions of sir L. McClintock, The largest of these ts to be drawn by twelve men, and will contatn provisions for seven weeks, All are made of polished elm, with steel runners. By a very ingenious arrange- ment of the drag ropes the attachment only keeps tant when each man takes his proper share of the burden (16). ORDERS. This year the Alert and Discovery will push up Smith Sound, the latter finding winter quarters in such a position tnat she will be within easy dis- tance of a third ship, which will prob- ably satl in 1877, The Alert will go on, but the Arctic. Committee in their memorandum do not advise winter quarters being selected ata greater distance than 200 miles from the Discoy- ery. That document states:—‘‘It 1s quite clear that the dangers of vlié Arctic region are, In most instances, the direct consequences of aespatening ill-equipped and inadequately supplied vessels with undisciplined crews, The really unayoid- able dangers are thoroughly understoo¥, and most of them can be obviated by modern appliances ‘and experience. ‘Iwo Vessels stationed at suit- able distances could keep up communication with each other, and with the whalers which annually frequent the North Water of Baflla’s Bay, while unaér the most unforeseen and improbable con- tingency @ safe retreat would always be kept open,” This 1s reassuring. . THR SLEDGE UXPEDITION (17) for the North Pole will be despatched in the spring of 1876, It must be noted that in conse- quence of the unknown nature of the circumpolar region a boat or boats willbe taken by the sledge parties, so that they can be used if necessary. If the season of 1876 prove unfavorable it will be within the proviuce of the commander to decide whetber a second winter should be passed or not, A third contingency arises—viz., whether the ice will allow the ships to extricate themselves even in 1877. In tne event of it not doing so—which is very improbabie—the vessels will be abandoned and the crews retreat to the relief ship. “KNOWLEDGE IS POWER”? Sir Leopold McClintock’s words are charming | ones:— ‘Truy may we Arctic explorers exclaim “Know)- edge is power!” It is now a comparatively casy matter to Start with six or eight men and a siedge laden With six or seven Weeks’ provisions, and io travel some 600 miles across desert wastes and irozen seas, from Which no sustenance cun be ob- tained. ‘There is new no known position, how. ever remore, that a weil equipped crew could not effect their escape irom vy their own unaided efforts. LADY FRANKLIN'S WORDS. Lady Franklin wrote to Sir Roderick Marchison in 18 It would, indeed, be unreasenable and much to be deplored i{.che fate of my dear husband and his companions were co ve made an oMeial odjec- tion to all tuture Arctic exploration. Trey inet With the unhap»y end which too often befalls tie ploneers of tentalive and dangerous enterprise; Out they rest alone in their awiul calamity. bvery succeeaing expedition sailed with better snips, better equipments, better caarts, netter supports and Witu ever increasing knowledge, and tous it has happened that no naval service on the face of the globe exhibits, on the average, so few cusual- es as thal in the Polar Seas, HOPR AND SCIENCE, Whatever this expedition may cost this country can well afford and 1s not likely to grudge the ex- pense (19), ond even if the Pole should not be reached important scientific observations are certain to be made. Plenty of coast, the situation of which is known, remains to be explored; and the sctentific staf 1s prepared to make botanical, ettinological, geologieal, hydrographical and zo0- logical observations. Experiments in magnetism, atmospheric electricity, pendulum .observa- tions and temperature of sea at various On the 22d of that month the sun again | | depths will not be forgotten, Com | mander Marknam and Jieutenants Archer Giffard ana Fulford bave beea going through a | course of instruction In magnetism, and Lieutem | ants Parr and May have worked hard at Green- wich, in order that their astronomical observa tions may be the more accurate, Arctic explorers know the great importance | keeping their men cheerfully employed dartog the | long Arctic winter. Sir Z, W, Parry always knew | if nis men were at all depressed thetr health | woula suffer. Accordingly he encouraged theatr | edls gna musical entertainments. Cwterls part bus, the more men on board who can amuse thi others, the more likely an expedition is to suc- ceed (20). For the present expedition an appeal was made to the managers of the London theatres to lend old properties, and we believe tt was sud- cessful, THE GERMANS MOVING IN THE MISSION, The expedition of 1875 1s not alone in the flelé, It appears.that the Germans, pleased with former successes, are Otting out two vessels to explore | Greenland, and, if possible, to reach the Pole. Perhaps tnis rivairy is not unfortunate, as it witt nerve our gallant seamen to greater exertions (21). At the same time Lieutenant Payer will not | be idle. He intends to cross the continental | glacier of Greeniand from east to west, and nis well-known Alpine experiences will be of greasy service to him. Mr, Rickaby—who went up Bafe fin’s Bay 1y the Erte two years ago—will make @ voyage in fhe direction of Smith Sound, TWO CHAPLAINS have been appointed—the Rev. ©. E, Hodson, | M.A, R.N., to the Alert, and the Rev. Mr. Palleng of Dame Europa’s School fame, to the Discovery. SIR BE. PARRY’S WORDS OF CHEER, ‘ Hoping that the facts we have given will ba suMicient to show the cheering nature of the prospects of the Arctic Expedition of 1875 we close our paper with Sir E. Parry’s noble word for the benefit of those disposed to cry Cut bono? May it still fail to England’s lot to accomplis! this undertaking, and may she ever continue take the lead in enterprises intended to contrib- | ute to the advancement of science, and to prox | mote, witn her own, the welfare of mankind at large. Such enterprises, sO disinterested as as useful in their object, do honor to the count | which undertakes them, even when they fail they cannot but excite the admiration and respect oC every liberal and cultivated mind; and th page of tuture history will undoubtedly re them as In svery way worthy of a powertul, virtue ous and enlightened nation (22), NOTES. () The Royal Geographical Society has printed at ite own expense, for the use of members of the expedition, an “Arctic Manual,” containing many valuable paperk on Arctic loration by Admirals Collinson, ‘Torniger: Dra. Robert Brown ana Kink, Mr. Clee nm and others, u ol visited tl place where sarents wintered until I87l. | Captait Carlsen, in May of that vear, found the house ia whish rew wintered, aud brouglit away interesting relic; ‘Museum atthe Hague. In 1872 M. d Lot them. Captam Carlsen, side of Novaya Zemlya. 7 oza's “History of China,’ found ty the house, shows the country Barents expected to visit. (3) He gives an account of his three voyages in a wort entitied “ihe Worldes Hydrographicall Description, 1595.” (4) His great work on the subject was published in 20, ©) The whales, driven from other parts, had found af retreat in this water, } (6) “threshold of the Unknown Region,” third editiond age 11. We recommend a perusal of this work, which s written with (he usual care and bility of the Secre-, tary ot the Koyal Geographical Society. Jt is illus’ trated by five admirable maps. i (7) “Memoirs of Sir 5. Parry.” By his son. 1860, (8) “Discovery of the Northwest Passage by Captain McClure,” Kdited by Shorard Osborn. (15-16, (9) “Voyage ot the Prince Albert in tcarch of Sir J, Franklin,” By W. P. Snow. 1851. ¢ (10) Dr. Rae received the £10,000 which had bee ofiered for the discovery of tidings of the crews ot tha missing vessels. (Lb Captain Koldewey says that he was mii statements in Dr, Pevermann’s “Geographische Mi theilungen,” and thought ic was possible to penetrate by ship Inte the Centeni Arctic regions and so reach th Pole. His two voyaves have induced him to alter that’ thinks, with Admiral Osbora, that the 5 through Smith Sound. The ‘Germai Arétic expedition of 1869-70 is tully described in Captaim: Koldewey’s work under that title, a translation of which, has recently been issued hy Messrs. Low & Co. \ (2) ‘This is about 300 miles from the Pole, (13) It took suftin, in 1616, twenty-two. (4) Captain Markham’s work, “A Whaling ©: Bafin's Bay and the Gult of Boothia” (3. Low & Cow 1874), gives’ a most Interesting account of this voyage. | ‘Arctic returned with the fullest cargo ever a | u now in the Naval B The | 250 tons of oil, trom. twenty-elght whales, worth about | luau, beside whalebone, &e. ‘the Arctic was. nipy in the ice on her next voyage (1874) and caught fire, | crew all escaping. (43) Journal K. Geograph. Soc. xxxvi. 279, U5) A’ very interesting description ot Arctic sledge travelling is given in the Geographical Magazine, March ly 1875, taken trom sir L.. MeCiinrock’s own notes, Ud The Danish government has promised to supply sledze drivers and dogs for the simaller siedges, and thg American government granted the expedition Stores lett by the Polaris at several depots. i (8) Dr. Donuet, Deputy Inspector General of Hospital | and Flects, has ‘observed that “of ail soas visited b men-ot-war the Aretic has proved the most healthy.’ *| Aginiral Osborn has vaid that between 1818 and 1354 only two ships and 123 men (Franklin expedition) had beei lost out of forty-two exploring parties, and that no par of the world bud been mapped out at so small a sacrifice of human life. that the seven German expe-, (%) Dr, Petermann says ditions during the last tew years have cost £20,000, and! of this only £50 was contribited by government. @) The “Aretie Navy List” (Si, issued by Mr. ©, Markham, gives a list of plays and performances in former expeditions. (il) The steam frigate Valorous will accompany tho; Alert and Discovery as far as Disco Island to convey stores, and on her homeward journey will, ke. the! Challenger, make deep-eea explorations at the southern part of Battin’s Bay and the North Atlantic, betwee Cane Farewell and the British Isles, Dr. George Jefe: and Mr. 1’. H. Carpenter undertook these. (@2) “Memoirs” (179-80), LETTER FROM GOVERNOR ALLEN; OF OHIO. [From the New Orleans Sunday Delta, July 11.) We have been shown a letter from Governos Alien, of Ohio, to agentleman of this city, irom which we make the following extract:— Conumaus, July 6, 1875. Dear Sin—Your letter and extracts from New Orleans papers are before me. I can scarcely conceive how such: ionsensical repert could have got into the papers as) that regarding the 49,000 soldiers. No governor, even if 80. dispose. has authority to call out troops to put down re- beilion in other states except on demand ot the Presi- dent, and itis not ¢larmed that any such demand wi ever made. It must have been mvented by a very weal | mina. Jt gives tite great pleasure to recognize your friendseip for mg, and to thank you for the effort you have made to defehd me befere the people of Louisiana. Your State and th@ entire south must look to a demo. cratic triamph im 1876 as the only sure guarantee of peace and civil liberty. We are making the preliminary: ies in this state against most powerfal combinations, Ie jt we will triumph in October as we will in. the Presi« nttal race of hext year. Thankteg yee again for your kind effort in my behalt, I have the honor to be your obedient servant, WILLIAM ALLEN, THE FALL RIVER ELOPEMENT, A HABEAS CORPUS SERVED UPON THE POLICE TO PRODUCE THE HEROINE IN COURT—HER LOVER DETERMINED NOT TO BE THWARTED. At an early hour yesterday morning the mother and brother of Miss Efe Thurston, the young jady wno eloped from Fall River the day previous, called at Police Headquarters, in gesponse ta Superintendent Walling’s telegram, to escort back to her home the erring girl. The prisoner, considerably abashed, met her relatives in the room assigned her at the Central Om and, ater the excnange of greetings, bade farewell to: Mulberty street. i ‘The party had not been gone long before the Board of Commissioners and the Superintenden® wore served with a Writ of habeas corpus from the Supreme Court, directing them to produce the body of Miss Thurston belore that tripunal at ten o'clock vhis morning. Similar papers were served upon the mother and, brother of Mise Tuurston, at the St, Nicholas Hotel. Counsellor , Wiliam #. Howe has been retained by Mr. Allen, who proposes to carry out his original design, the law willing, and marry the minor, notwith- standing the opposition of her parents, REAL ESTA’ The announced legal auction sales at the Ex change 8: rooms yesteraay were disposed of as follows:—Mr. R, V. Harnett sold by order of the Supreme Court, in foreclosure, under the direction of Charles T. Middlebrook, referee, a house witir lot on East Bighty-first street, east of Madison avenue, and Messrs. Bleecker & Son, by asimilar order, under the direction of E. H. Schell, referee, disposed of a house with lot on West 130th street, east of Twelfth avenue ; also a foreclosure sale by order of the Court of Common Pieas, under the direction of James Wiley, referce, of a buildit With lot located on East hieventh street, west First avenue, ‘Thursday, at Morrisania, J. I. Wells sold, by ors der of the Supreme Court, m foreclosure, under the direction of SS. Gifford, reteree, improved property located on Fulton avenue, pear Seventh street, i'wenty-thira ward, NEW_YORK PROPERTY —BY R. vw 14a bos fr, on &. & Bast oI It, ¢. of Madison av., Life Lisurance Compan: BY BLIEC 138, and b. bk. h. and 1a W. of Ist a RNETT. Ist Bt Lf 1458 8. Kast 1th st., 300 ph Behesheim, for plainutt 2s and atte ff he, with tot, oa i. a, Woot 10h Be, 175 te c. of Lh av. lot DSxML1; Philip Diev- ers. BY 3. Le WiLL, 128 andb. Fr. rb, with plot on w. side Fal be Fa Tatts state Opiot aba ttORae administrator and ptati ths ohn Wilkinson,