The New York Herald Newspaper, October 21, 1873, Page 7

SPAIN. The Insurgent Squadron Demonstrating Against Valencia. Foreign Naval Observations—Oontreras’ De- tuand for Supplies from the Citizens— Capture of Merchant Vessels— British Warning to the Belligerent Fleet. TELEGRAMS TO THE NEW YORK HERALD. MADRID, Oct, 20, 1873, The Intransigente squadron, from Cartagena, ar- rived off the har vor of Valencia yesterday, followed and closely watched by several British, French and Italian men-of-war, Contreras, commanding the squadron, sent a ‘boat ashore, with a demand for money and provi- sions, He declares he wishes to avoid a bombard- ment, and appeals to the supporters of cantonal in- ‘dependence in Valencia to see that his demand is conceded. OITIZEN DEFENCE AND GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT. The authorities of the city, however, promptly re. fused to comply and are actively preparing for de- fence. Troops are going forward from the capital ‘to reinforce the garrison, HARBOR LINES AND MARINE SEIZURES, The insurgents threaten to seize or gink the Spanish gunboat Lepanto, which is now lying in the harbor of Valencia. They have already cap- tured three Spanish merchantmen at the entrance ‘to the harbor. HE ALLIED NEUTRALS THREATEN ACTION. The British Admiral Yelverton demands that minety-six hours’ notice be given before the bom- ardment begins, and has warned Contreras that ifa shot is fred at the Lepanto before the expira- tion of that time the English, French and Italian ‘vessels will open on his squadron. BADICALIST IDEA OF A BLACKMAIL STRATEGY, It is thought that the rebels will make no at- tempt to land, but will proceed to some port on the French coast, after collecting all the money they can terrify the Spanish townspeople into delivering. e, Cause of the Disaster to the Fernando el Catolico. Lonpon, Oct. 20, 1873. A Cartagena despatch to the 7imes confirms the report that the frigute Fernando el Catolico was “gunk through the carelessness of her officers. FRANCE. Press Beliefs in the Infallibility of the Mon- archy—Citizen Contradiction of the Grand Idea. TELEGRAM TO THE NEW YORK HERALD. : Pants, Oct. 20, 1873, M, John Le Moinne, in an article in the Journal des Debats, to-day, regards the restoration of roy- alty as a certainty. CITIZEN HONOR TO A RADICAL. M. Dautrain, a radical in politics, has been elected President of the Council of the Depart- ment of the Seine. MARSHAL BAZAINE. Testimony for the Prosecution—The Prisoner’s Conduct as a Subordinate and Chief Com- mander—What His Companions in Arms Allege—‘‘Distant in Manner and Uncommunicative’—Mme. Bazaine’s Negotiations. TELEGRAM TO THE NEW YORK HERALD, Paris, Oct, 20, 1873, In the Bazaine court martial to-day the exami- nation of witnesses was commenced. The President of the Court announced that the order of questions observed in the interrogation of the accused would be followed. MARSHAL LEBOEUF’S TESTIMONY, Marshal Lebouf was the first witness. He swore that in his opinion Bazaine’s responsi- bility as commander-in-chief began not before the ‘22th of August; that until then he held a subordi- nate command, with which position he seemed to be satisfied. Marshal Lebcenf described the hesitation ana in- decision which followed Bazaine’s assumption of the chief command, but did not consider him re- sponsible for the failure to destroy the bridges on the Moselle. si GENERAL LEBRUN’S TESTIMONY. General Lebrun was the next witness, His testimony went to show the insuMciency of Bazaine’s measures to effect a retreat at Verdun. GENERAL CISSEY’S TESTIMONY. _ General Cissey was sworn. He stated that the delay which led to the battle of Boony was severely questioned in a council of war; but he acknowledged that he was not fully acquainted with the instructions received by the Marshal. WHAT HIS CHIEF OF STAFF SAYS, General Jarvis, Bazaine’s Chiet of Staff, testified that his commander was distant in manner and ‘uncommunicative, HOW AND WHY HE WAS PROMOTED. M. de Kératry gave an account of the negotia- tions in August, carried on through Mme. Bazaine to obtain her husband’s appointment to the chief command, which was necessary because of the embarrassment caused by the Emperor's absence at headquarters. ‘M. JULES FAVRE’S EXPLANATION. M. Jules Favre deposed that he endeavored to Consolidate the military direction by keeping Mar- shal Bazaine in his position as commander-in- chief. COUNT DE PALIKAO’S CONTRADICTION. The Count de Palikao gave evidence in pointed Gontradiction with that of M. de Kératry, ; ITALY. Royal Warning of Ejectment to the Jesnits— American Interests in the Monastic Property. TELEGRAMS TO THE KEW YORK HERALD, Rome, Oct. 20, 1873. The General of the Society of Jesuits was to-day Officially notified by the royal Italian government that the members of the order must immediately Vacate the premises now occupied by them in this city, Convents Seized by the Officers of the Crown—American Vindication of the Right of Private Property. Rome, Oct. 20, 1873, The Committee of Liquidation of Ecclesiastical Property, appointed under the law for the aboli- tion of religious corporations, to-day took posses- -sion of six convents, The rectors read protests, which the committee accepted, and then handed to each inmate a certifi- cate for his future income, The United States and Portyguese consuls also protested against the seizure of certain portions of the Franciscan convent on the ground that they were the property of citiaens of their respective countries. ; @ Special Cause of the Crisis in the Conflict. The conflict which has been going on during many months past between the royal Italian gov- ernment and the Jesuit ordar in Rome has been broughs to a point of direct issue, according to our news telograms given above. An English authority, writing from the Moly City ata recent date, gives the following interesting iniormation relative to the more immediate cause of the action of the Wirone executive, He says:— Iknow on good authority that the Jesuits, who Gre anxious avout the Pope's life, and still more waXious because they have not oy @ maiority of : NEW YORK HERALD, TUESDAY, UUTOBER 2I, votes in the conclave, have persuaded the Pope to hold a consistory for the nomination of the required Cardinals. The preparations have gone so far that the names of the candidates are alreaqy known, and I can tell you them without tear of Contradic- tion: Monseigneur Mermiliod, of Ferney; Lachat, Bishop of Basie; the Bishop of Monddovi; Ledo- vhowsky, Archbishop of Posen: Quibest, Arch- bishop ‘of Paris; Freppel, the refuter of Rénan; Arrigoni, Archbishop of Lucca; Dindi, Archbishop of Sienna; Manning, Archbishop of Westminster ; Ketteler, Bishop of Mayence; Padre Rector of the University of Rome. SANDWICH ISLANDS. Mura, ex- Condition of Health of the King—The Question of Succession to the Crown—Household Troops Refractory and Dis banded—Voleanic Eruption. TELEGRAM TO THE NEW YORK HERALD. SAN FRANCISCO, Oct. 20, 1873. The brig J. L. Falkenberg has arrived at Port- land, Oregon, with Honolulu dates to September 2. The Hawaiian Gazeéle of the 10th published an editorial in which it was stated that the King’ was rapidly recovering from his late illness, On the 24th, the latest date, the Gazette says:— “Hig Majesty continues to improve rapi-ly. Last evening he drove out for the first time since his iliness, He 18 now in his palace residence in town.’? THE QUESTION OF THRONE SUCCESSION. His Majesty King Luanilio is strongly urged to nominate his successor, the fact of his tedious illness having drawn the attention of the people at large to the subject of a throne vacancy. | HOUSEHOLD TROOPS REFRACTORY AND PUNISHED. The household troops, consisting of filty-four privates, not Inciuding the band of musicians, rose in meeting on the 7th of September, and by a royal order of King Luaniilo they have been disbanded, VOLCANIC ERUPTION. A letter from Hilo states that there is no cessa- tion in the action of the Hummet crater. Kilamo was never more beautiful than at pres- ent. The lava streams flowing out of the old South Lake continues increasing. A severe eruption is anticipated. MEXICO. TELEGRAM TO THE NEW YORK HERALO. City OF MEXICO, Oct. 13, 1873, Via HAVANA. The President of the Republic, members of the Cabinet and Judges of the Supreme Court have ap- peared belore’the assembled Congress and taken the oath to support the new constitution, President Lerdo delivered an address on the oc- casion, which was responded to by the President of the Congress. HOME PROGRESS. The Congressional Committee on Railways have been instructed to report on the bills now before them, and Tuesday and Friday of each week have been set apart for the consideration of railway schemes. The telegraph line between this city and Aca- pulco has been completed. FOREIGN COMMERCE, The first vessel of a new monthly line of steamers between Liverpool and Vera Cruz sailed from the latter port on the 6th inst. YACHTING, The Regatta Committee Award the Cape May Challenge Cup to the Yacht En- chantress. New York, Oct. 20, 1873. The Regatta Committee submit the following report in reference to the challenge of the yacht Dreadnaught by the yacht Enchantress, for the Cape May Challenge Cup, won by the former on the loth of October, 1872:— On the 22d of September, 1873, Mr. Loubat, of the Enchantress, sent to the Secretary of the cluba copy ofa note of that date which he had addressed to Mr. Stockwell? of the Dreadnaught, in which he challenged the latter ior a race between their re- spective yachts for the Cape May Challenge Cup, held by the Dreadnaught. In the note he name ‘luesday, October 14, as the day upon which the Tace should be sailed, but expressed his willingness to sail it on any other day to suit Mr. Stockwell up to November 1, On the 7th of October Mr. Stockwell informed a member ol the Regatta Committee that he had re- ceived the challenge and would sail the race on the day named. The Regatta Committee appointed Mr. C, A, Min- ton a sub-committee to start the yachts, with power to associate other members of the club with himself to assist in the performance of the duties, and to act as judges on board the competing vessels, and take the time of each. =. On the 14th of October Mr. Minton proceeded to Sandy Hook, and found the Enchantress there pre- jared to start for the race. He appointed Mr. J. Frederic Tams, a member of the club, who was on board the Enchantress, to act as judge on board that vessel, and report the time of her roundin; the Five Fathom Bank Ligntship, off Cape May, an of her arrival at the home stake bamt.: ‘The Dreadnaught did not make her appearance, At 12h. 13m. P. M. the Enchantress sailed from the starting point. By report of Mr. Tams, a copy of which is submitted herewith, she rounded the Five Fathom Bank Lightship, at 1h. 35m. A. M. of the 15th and at1in. 35m. P. M. of the 15th, she passed Sandy Hook Lightship. ‘The rules which govern races for the Cup, as pre- scribed by the donor, are as follow :— First—The cup is to be held by the winner for thirty days after the race without fiability to challenge. Second—Upon the exi iration of that period the winner must accept any challenge, and be prepared to sail a race over the same course Within fitteen days from the receipt of such challenge, or forfeit the cup to the chal- lenger; but should any yacht succeed im holding the cup in two consecutive races during one season, it will not again be liable to challenge wnul the commencement ot tue yachting season of the following year. The cup will become the bond fide property ot yacht hoiding it successfully through three consecutive contests. Third—Ihe yachting season in American Waters, in reterence to this cup, 18 understood to be from the third Thurscay in June until the third Thursday in October in each year. The Regatta Committee are of the opinion that the Enchantress 1s entitled to the cup and so awarded it. « The letter above referred to of Mr. Loubat, con- veying the challenge, is submitted herewith, FLETCHER WESTRAY, 4 | Regatta WILLIAM KREBS, ", . E, E, CHASE, DOTaa ee To CHARLES A. MINTON, Esq., Secretary New York Yacht Club, REPORT OF MR. J. FREDERIC TAMS, ___53 EXCHANGE PLACE, NEw York, October 16, 1873, To THE REGATTA COMMITTEE OF THE NEW YORK Yacut CLuBi— _ Deak Sirs—As judge appointed on the Enchant- ress in her match with the Dreadnaught, for the Cape May Challenge Cup, 1 beg to report that after Lata | been started by Mr. Charles A. Minton, at 12:13 P. M., on the 14th day of October, 1873, she sailed to and around the lightship off Cape May, which she rounded at 1:35 A. M., of the 16th of October, keeping it to starboard, and returned to the lightship off Sandy Hook, which she passed to starboard at 11:35 P. M. of the 15th of October, hav- ing complied with the regulations governing the contests for said cup. I remain, yours respectiully, J. FREDERIC TAMS. MR. LOUBAT'S CHALLENGE TO MR, STOCKWELL. ie Usiox CLun, New Your, sept 22, 1873. ain StockweLt, Yac readnaught, New Yor! Vent club vie Dyan Sin—I hereby challenge your yacht Dreadnaught to sail iny-yacht Enchantress, on Tuesday, the 14th da: of Uctober next, at 12 M., for the Cape May Chal- Jonge Cup, presenied by Comitiodore J. G. Kennett to the New York Yacht Club, Course dy Hook Light- ship to five Fathom Ligntab May) and return. Should you desire an extension of tine please name any day to suit your own convenience up to the Ist of November next, although, according to the tenure by which you hold'said challenge cup, you are obliged to race any challenger during the racing season—-that. ts from the third thursday in June to the third Thursday in October in eac r- ona fitteen days’ notice, or forfeit the cup to the challenger. I shail, therefore, hold you to such race; and if you do not accept this challenge I shali go over the cotrse on Tw . the 4th of October next, starting from Sandy Hook Lightship ati2 M., and claim saia challenge cup, a8 1 recognize no right inh holder ot @ chatlenge cup to're- fuse a challenge on any plea whatsoever. As to the ocean race from Sandy Hook Light Cowes (Isle of Wight), of which you spoke ye: can but repeat that T am not willing to stake such a large sum as $25,000 on @ race, but that, should it be agreeable to you of uby member Of any organized yacht club in the United States to challenge my yacht, En- chantress, for a race across the Atianticmentrance $5,000 or less, play or pay—to be sailed from Sandy Hook Light- ship at 12M, on any day which may suit your or their convenience, from the 8th to the 16th of November next, Twill be most happy to accept any such challenge oF challenges. ad should require notice thereof, however, before the Ist lay of Uctober next. Y send a copy. of this letter to Mr. Chari Secretary of New York Yacht Club, to be on tile, and remain yours truly, se Yachting Notes, Schooner Alarm, Rear Commodore Kingsland, N.Y.Y.C., is lying at anchor off Hoboken, Yachts Undine, Mariquita, Agnes, Columbia and Magic are still in commission and at anchor every pens in Gowanus Bay, toot of Court street, Brook- he ‘The Meta-Vision matter still hangs fire. The Judges cannot agree upon a referee, and from present appearances the season Of snow and ice will have arrived before the case is submitted for final decision, Meanwhile both yachts have been stripped and laid for the winter, the Meta im Gowanus Bay and Vision at Nyacks No MORE WAR, WEVER! | AMERIGAN IRON SHIPS, David Dudley Field’s Millennium—International Affairs All Nicely Settled and Mankind at Once To Begin a New Era, Known as the Year of Our Field, [From the Pall Mall Gazette, Oct. 9.) We have heard a good deal about codification of late years, and perhaps we may come to hear more about it as time goes on, but we are disposed to think that such proposals as the one made the other day by Mr. Dudley Field, at the Social Science Congress, at Norwich, are likely to do more harm than good to the prospects of codification, at least in this country. His paper was intended to give _@n outline of the provisions of a draft Code of In- ternational Law which Mr. Field had prepared in the course of the last seven years, and which, it appears, is to be taken into consideration at a meeting of persons interested in thg subject which is to be held to-morrow at Brussels, The plan of the code is stupendous, It is divided mto two books—one relating to peace and the other to war. The firat book upon peace is further divided into two parts—public in- ternational law relating to peace, which comprises the rights of independent nations inter se in time of peace, and private international law during peace. Public international law not only includes the matters commonly treated of under that head, but ‘shipping, imports, quarantine, railways, tel- egraphs, postal service, patents, trade marks, copyrights, money, weights and measures, longt- tude, time and sea signals.” Mr, Field incidentally remarks that he would give universal copyright, adopt Greenwich longitude and the French system of weights and meusures, aud “as to money J would have a uniform coinage of certain pieces of gold which should pass current in every country.’” As to the firstpart of this section of the code, it appears to us that all that the Brussels committee can possibly hope or even try to do will be to bring out one more treatise’ on the principles of international law, of which one would be in- clined to think we have as it 1s almost more than enough. As to the “shipping, imports, quarantine, railways, telegraphs,” &c.,how can any rational man really believe that the Whole worid will deie- gate lo any committee whatever the duty of legis- lating upon an enormous mass of subjects, each of which depends upon its own principles, which haveto be applied to infinitely various sets of cir- cumstances and to all manner of conflicting inter- ests? Take, lor instance, the one sunject of copy- rights, It would, no doubt, be very pleasant for English authors to get copyright for their works in the United States, but who can reasonably suppose that a single step towards such @ result would be made by a declaration on the part of a knot of theorists at Brusse.s that the arrangement would be desirable? Lf every part of the domestic legisla- tion of every nation which has any relation to the interests 01 the members of any other nation is to be treated as a branch of international law, that head wil be made to include almost every branch of municipal law. Are we in Eygiand, for instance, to get Lhe consent o! the Brussels Committee, or to reler to its code Whenever we want to legislate about copyright, merchant shipping or electric telegraphs? The concluding part of the first book of the new code is devoied to “provisions intended for the preservation of the peace.” These provisions are— (J) Stumultaneous reduction of the enormous arma- ments Which now weigh upon Europe; (2) @ pro- vision that a specific notice of causes of complaint and a specific ciaim for redress shall precede actual declarations of war; (3) if no redress, a high com- mission Oi five is to be appointed to try to concili- ate the parties, and if this fails—(4) a high tribunal of arbitration to be appointed, whose award is to be final. The ditficuities, not to say the impopsibilities, of such proposals are so obvious thas it is almost iutile to notice them. Perhaps as good a demonstration of their tutility as could be given is to apply them to the present state of Kurope. lt the French ever see their way to it, they will beyond all doubt make an effort to reconquer Alsace and Lorraine from Germany. If there is a restoration of the Comte de Chambord, he wil in all human probability do what he can to support Don Carlos and to bring back the Pope. What amount of influence are the High Commis- sion, the High Court of Arbitration and the rule about disarmament likely, to exercise over these passions and tueir results? Mr. Field, however, has his arguments on the other side, He thinks that the case of the United States affords a proof of the possibility, not merely of establishing a system of international law as @ theory, but of giving it coercive authority. He counts up: in the manner, which 18 Characteristic of Amen- cans, the population which the different States of the Union may expeet to have in a very short time. When Texas is as thickly peo- pled as this country it will bave 85,000,000 inhabi- tants. California, under similar circumstances, will have 66,000,000. These States, and many others, obey one central government, they sue and ace sued, and they not only obéy, but are come pelled to obey. Why should not England, France, and Germany occupy a similar relative position? The answer is so plain that it seems almost absurd to give it, Itis this, The nations of Enrope can- not form oue nation because their habits, their creeds, their institutions, their national charac- ters—all their most characteristic features in a word—ditfer irom each other fundamentally. Size has nothing todo with the question. A cheese is bigger than its mites, but though you can cut the cheese into slices you cannot roll two mites into one. To iuse Spain and Port- ugal or Beigium and Holland into one body corporate would be a far harder task than to parcel out North America into States which are really little more than large parishes or boroughs, each with its own vestry or town council. It is as idie to argue that we can have a Supreme Court for all Europe because there is a Supreme Court for the United States, as it would be to argue that the United states could be ruled by @ viceroy and a council of six persons appointed by the Queeu, be- cause that igrm of government exists in British India, which 1s of the same size as the United States and far more populous. It must also be ob- served that, in order to make the argument com- plete, Mr. Dudiey Field ought to carry it out to its tullextent, When the Southern States objected to the course taken’ by the Northern states and insisted on their own view of the construction of the written document which contained the terms of union they were brought to see matters in their true light, not by an mternational code or a court of arbi- tration or a higu commission of conciliation, but by berse, foot and artillery, employed on a scale and with a degree of persistency surpassed in na war of our time. If the great European union which Mr. Field wishes to form is to be supported ultimately by means of this sort we know where we are aud what we have to expect. Weare asked to establish a universal empire, with an army drawn from all the worid to supportit. This pro- posal is definite and intelligible enough, but itis not very likely to be accepted on the Jaith of a committee of jurists who have its code in their hands. Aiter the provisions for the maintenance of peace we come to the subject of private inter- national law. Upon this we need say only thatif Mr. Field likes to write another treatise on a subject which has already been treated by more thin one weil known writer he can do so; but there is no need to make a flourish of trampets about it and to call it a branch of an internauonai code, Private inter- national jaw is simply a part of the municipal law of each nation by which the members of other na- tions are affected, book the Second of the Code relates to war, Ittreats of belligerents, neutrals, blockades and other jamiliar subjects, Nor do we seé that st makes any very important addition to what is already known upon tuese matters. It ap- ears that ‘the bombardment of deienceless places is absolutely prohibited,” and that 1 ahs abso ute right of @ nation to remain Néultal while others are at war is asserted in the strongest terms.” We have no great faith in the utility of either of these deciarations. If @ powerlul army wishes to bombard an unfortifled town for any reason it will probably not be prevented from doing so by a prohibi iad containew in an unau- thoritative code. The right of neutrals to remain neutral is doubted by no one; but it 1s equall clear that in particular cases the belligerents will always be able to say to @ neutral upon one ground or another, You must either join us or we shati attack you. ‘the power of one country to de- clare war against another is one of those powers which can never be taken away, except by the abolition of national independenc? itself. The real truth about all these schemes of international codes, the substitution of arbitration for war and the like, ig that they are all schemes for the estab- lishment of a universal empire, into which ail exist- ing nations are to be melted down. We do not look with any sort of satisfaction on such @ prospect. Law and lawyers are excellent in their way and in their proper place, but it is not their place to legislate tor the whole.buman race in its most im- portant alfairs, to set limits to ambition and to conquest, and to stigmatize as their inferiors all those by whom the world has hitherto been gov- erned, The notion that the opinions of six or eight gentlemen cnosen by the Social Science As- sociation or by some meeting of “jurists” at Brus- sels represent reason, that all men are to bow down to them, and that all nations are to regulate their relations to each other by the principles Which they choose to enunciate under the name of @ Code of international Law, is, to our minds, a wild and foolish notion. It 1s a part of the feverish impatience of the condition of things under which we live, which, aiter all, is only a form of weak- ness. ENGLAND. —_——+ TELEGRAM T0 THE NEW YORK HERALD. LONDON, Oct. 20, 1873. The rate of discount in the open market for three months bills Is (2:30 P. M.) 6 7-16 per cont, or 9-16 per cent below the Bank of England rate, ‘The rate for money at the Stock Exchange on government securities 1s five per cent, ‘The amount of bullion withdrawn from the Bank of Bugland on balance to-day i £29,000, Details of a New Branch of National Development. THE CHESTER SHIP YARDS. Unskilled American Labor Turning Out Models of Nautical Architec‘ure. THE FLEET ON THE STOCKS. An Unsightly Swamp Transformed Into a Hive of Happy Industry. PROCESSES OF CONSTRUCTION. Ooal and Iron Traced from the Pennsyl- vania Ore Beds Through their Several Stages of Manufacture Till They Proudly Float the Stars and Stripes on Every Ocean. PHILADELPHIA, Oct, 20, 1873. The revival of American shipbuilding! How few understand its present significance or can tell you ‘what it means. The subject comes before the reader so unexpectedly that it takes him entirely by surprise, and yet it 1s one in which he, as an American, can well feel proud. With those topics Which do not tn these days fill the columns of the press the public generally remains uninformed; and as shipbuilding, since its revival, aside from mere passing mention, has been one of these themes, the people at large little imagine its present magnitude or the proportions it is ulti- mately destined to assume. Suppose a certain locality which you remembered as a swamp should in the space of two brief years be made to bloom and blossom like @ gar- den; suppose the air which once heard only the cry of the water fowl should within that time be filled with the smoke of noisy foundries, capable of furnishing employment for 1,300 men and paying out to them $38,000 per week. What would you think ofthis? In the fullest sense of the word this is precisely what the revival of American ship- building has done in one neighborhood which I will name. Let us go to Chester, Pa. It is a ride of but tnree-quarters of an hour from Philadelphia. The open country, dressed in all the splendors of autumn, will be delightful after the dreary mono- tony of town. We glide over a section slightly rolling, across graceful landscapes and slowly flowing streams, We fit past little Gothic railway stations, very like the beautiful boat houses of which we can catch @ glimpse away down upon the otner side of the Schuylkill; and, actually before we are aware of it we have reached our destination. After a brisk walk of twenty minutes through a sleepy old- fashioned town, you confront a scene to which no other quarter of our country furnishes a parallel. You see about you a suburban district, laid off and built in rows of pleasant, tasty cottages. You catch a view of well dressed women and orderly, respectable men. The women are for the most part engaged in household cares, and the men ap- parently come from one point. One thing you notice particularly, and that is an immense amount of noise. It sounds as if 100,000 men were pounding upon a corresponding number of resounding steam boilers. IRON SHIPBUILDING. Yow are in the premises of the Delaware River Steamship Building and Boiler Works. The im- mense clatter you hear is that of riveting the sec- tions of an American ship, a funny thing surely, and one which three years ago, except by the pro- prietor of the yard, Mr. John Roche, and a few others, was hardly dreamed of. You see a river front of immense length and a large area filled with dozens of distinct manufactories in the midst of a thriving, populous town. This stands in the near vicinity of Philadelphia, and of this fact, aga Pennsylvanian, you feel proud. It is within three hours’ ride of New York, Baltimore and Washington, and hence in the very centre of American enterprise and civilization. Here the Delaware River is at the deepest and broadest point. Right over there are hills rich in their MINES OF IRON AND COAL. You can see the verdure growing upon them with the naked eye, Above them tower mighty forests. The atmosphere is delightiul, and winter lasts only two months in the year. What better circumstances tban these could possibly exist for the quick, rapid and. satisfactory construction of American ships? Mr. Roche asked himself these questions two years ago, and straightway trans- formed a wilderness into a workshop. Behold the chimneys towering upward. Look at the gleam- ing fires. Listen to the clang of the anvils. See those grand vesseis going rapidly up in the stocks. View the streaming pennants of those three beau- titul barks riding the tide, and tell your neighbor what you think of it. Every portion of those ships was made in these yards. Their keels, their ribs, their boliers, their machinery, their cabins, were all constructed right here. THE TRADE BBFORE THE WAR. Contrast this with the conditions existing before the war, when American shipbuliding was consid- ered to be in ita most flourishing stage. In pomsing along the East River part of New York you woul find the yards of W. H. Webb with two ships under way. Bell & Brown would also be busy at two, and Roosevelt & Joice with two more. Their yards were necessarily smail in territorial extent, and the construction of material and machinery in every case given out to a great many different contractors, Hence the various sections of a ves- sel in the stocks depended for perfection upon many minor establishments existing under vary+ ing management. The writer can cite one in- stance in which the copper of a vessel was put’on by six different coppersmithing firms, , a THE be DE. Not so is American shipbuilding done at Chester. Here, from beginning to end, from the time she looms up an unseemly skeleton until she glides hd A perfect ship, every pee every inch of her, is made right in this spot. When company needs a vessel all they have to do is to send her propor- tions to Mr. Roche, and up she goes as if by magic. Notice, too, how pleasing are all the factories, offices and neighboring dwellings in simply an architectural point of view. You are struck at once with the tidiness and harmony of everything about you, and wonder at it. The idea of this establishment was laughed to scorn when proposed to Englishmen, and sleepy old Congressmen in Washington leaned back in their chairs and said:— “No, Mr. Roche, we are very sorry, but it really can’t be done.” Yet this determined American went to work. Let us see what he has effected. Inasingle year he has built the Mistletoe, San Antonio, Garden City, Dickenson, Colon, Volina, Erie, City of Maco, ship 137, Sup 138 (Pacific Mail line), Ship 136 (Male ee neers Cathay, Miphon, Ship 141 (Old Dominion ine). ‘The greater part of these are already completed, This growth Of American shipbuilding in twelve months is unparatieled in history and calls for no rhetorical embellishments. Of the proportions of these ships, of their elegance, speed and comfort, of the men who built them, note will be made here- after, while for the present it might be interesting to enter the shops and see HOW OUR SHIPS ARE MADR, Let me take you to the mould loit. It is situated just above the joiners’ shop. It is more than 300 feet long, aud its width is proportionate to its length, It appears to be empty and deserted, as if it had been constructed for the purpose of storage, while its Out-ol-the-way locality was that it could never pay. You see no benches, scaffolding or tools No scraps of wood, iron, copper, lead, 'y other material involved in the construc- tion 0: dip. When you look over the floor you catch @ view of nothing but space, and when you look above you behold nothing but a sharp pointed roof, All unexpectedly, however, as your eyes wander away in advance of your feet, you behold a man, the only individual beside yourself, in the room. He does not look up, but keeps his eyes fixed upon @ chart lying before him. At his left is @ large piece o! wood, and at his right a pair of compasses. He 18 really the ship builder. All the beautiful vessels which we shall presently visit in the stocks proceeded from that littie desk before him, and found all their intricate details prey Mba accurately prescribed in this very room, gard the floor more closely with the pe- culiar construction, It is full of marks, each one plainly and distinctly numbered. They cross each Qyber at go many points, TH. ;} _The man before the tabi 1873.—TRIPLE SHEET. P rare a Et) RE a Se oe a ne ee and these intersections orm 80 mathematical figures, that you are contused with the triangies and astounded at the number of the squares. Your head grows dizzy as you try to compute their number or estimate their dimen- sions. Right down through the middle of the room runs a dividing lige; it catches your atten- tion at once. It seems the backbone of the eutire éesign, All the other lines seem to radiate from it. This cenisa, @4rk 18 really the backbone, while the smaller ones are the riws O14 mighty ship, 8 BUILDER OF Tae cus, ; is @ designer and th NTMense room is his blackboard, fe pl gig saructs his model in a miniature form, and then develops it in full upon the floor. He is really above every other person in the estab- lishment; for be prescribes to the nature, extent an form of work, You we that) 6after§ all it takes but one man to’ build a ship, while you wonder why in the world AiNericans for so many years have neg- lected so easy and simple an enterprise. Each of these lines upoX the floor is of a pecuilar shape, which by and by &nds its counterpart in a slight wooden pattern, et us follow this pattern until it reaches its destination. THE FURNACES, Here you behold immense fires burning. Their radiance is brilliant and their heat intense. In front of them is an elevated floor. This floor is tormed of iren aud is punched full of holes, Each one of these holes bas a metallic peg to fit it. Well, along comes the wooden pattern from the moulding loit. It is not quite semicircular but modelled somewhat like a South Amer- ican boomerang. It is laid upon this iron floor, Its outline is marked on the inside, with the pegs, and then the pattern has fulfilied every purpose for which it was made, Now, if you look around you will see great heaps of iron hars, They are exceedingly long and resemole railroad 1g0D With One side cut of—that is, if you look at the end of one of them you will observe it resem- bies the letter L. In addition to the bars lying upon the ground you notice others crackling and hissing in the furnaces, Here is a particular iron bar, hot enough to be moulded into any suape required. It comes out of the turnace with @ mighty roar, The sparks fly in every direction, and the dingy heaps oi iron on all sides suddenly grow bright with a reflected radiance. For an instant you are blinded and eagerly shield your eyes, The tlery bar writhes, twists and throws off sparks like an angry serpent, and seems to say, “If 7s are intending anything with me you will ave to doit quick.” There are many men stand- ing in the giare of those mighty fires. The moment the bar begins to move those men catch it between the jaws oj great, pinching tongs, and carry it to the Iron floor, in an instant it lies against the pegs. and a few sharp strokes of the sledge easily end it to answer the pattern, Thus in a single instant, almost in the twinkling of an eye, a ship's rib is made, destined to endure for ages, to speak of the glory oi American genius and enterprise. Just here recall the oid method of forming a rib. Imagine how long it would take to cut, trim and season the timber, and how many days must elapse beore it could be hewn into the proper shape. Then contrast the rude and cumbrous wooden rib, inclading the work of a week, with that delicate and graceful one described above, which was made in @ moment. ‘the former would last at best but a few years, the latter certainly a century. CONSTRUCTING THE FRAME. You next see the keel or the backbone of the vessel, and you can readily imagine how easily these ribs can be bolted and connected with it, The sides of the ship consist of immense pieces of plate iron, and we should next go where these sections of iron are prepared. Of course they are lirst produced at the rolling mill by a process so familiar that it need not here be explained. The lie about the ship yards in piles. They are rough upon their surface and ragged at their edges; be- sides they are of great weight. Each one oi these iron sections must be trimmed, and each one, therefore, has to be careiully marked. This is done by following the outlines of a pattern. After they are marked they are carried to a platform and securely fastened there, tne line where it is to be cut being exactly even’ with the extremity of the platform itself, se that the ragged edge protrudes beyond it for an inch or’so, Then by pulling a lever the workman starts a chisel which cuts that iron from end to end as easily as if 1t were so much cheese, The section is now trimmed, and holes must next be punched through it, that it can be fastened to corresponding holes in the ribs, A youngster about twelve years old. comes along and covers the whole section with a light wooden frame. ‘his frame is full of holes, and they are indicated upon the iron by means of a brush filled with white paint. Then the section is li'ted by machinery and a puch propelied bya weight of tons comes slowly down, passes through the tron, forces a little piece of metal upon the floor below, then goes up gently and is ready tocome down again. Then this section is carried to @ table, Its surface 1s of iron and is re- markably even. Innumerable balis of a size uniform with those used in plying billiards are scattered everywhere upon it. The section is laid down upon these balls. It becomes movable at once, and can be Shoved an any direction with the reatest facility. A man pushes it until one of the jes comes under a revolving machine, which c@antersinks it to an extent necessary to bury the head of the bolt intended to go through it. SHAPING THE PLATES TO THE RIBS. -Now comes the most interesting process by far, and one which cannot at all be described. Each of these sections is intended fora different part of the vessel, and each must, therefore, be of a different shape. Their sha is ascertained by bending a pliable substance over the Tibs, that retains any form in which it is moulaed. Then two or _ more immense roliers are arranged so as to permit this given shape torun through them without changing its form in the slightest degree. When this is done the great, thick, fat sections are forced through between these wheels, and it is absolutely wonder- ful with what ease, speed and facility they are bent. It is done with apparentiy as little dificuity as a child would bend a blade 9! grass and with no other tax upon human strength than that used in pulling the lever which make the cylinders re- volve. Now your section isready. 1t will fit the place intended for it and four bolts will nold it there until others can be inserted, NO NEED OF SKILLED LABOR. Thus you have seen this one slab handled. Why could you not perform all the various pro- cesses yougsell? Surely a man with no experience in his life could at once do anything that I have described. Indeed men come in from the street and actually do this work as well the first day or ever afterwards. Away, then, with the insane and ridiculous story that to build a ship & Man must have come down from a family of shipbuilders, and must bave haa a personal expe- rience of seven years in the work. hen an Eng- | lishman tells you this again just ask him whether’ he imagines that you are a lunatic. England has been singing that old song for years and years, and we for years and years have been simple enough to believe it. Mr. John. Roche, when he began the business, picked up his men indiscrimmately from the farm and the street, from the railroad and from the mime, from every quarter in whicn he could find individuals ready to work, and there is not a man about his place who, ten years ago, had ever seen the inside ofaship yard. Yes, there is one, and he has a history. He 1s an Englishman, and was brought over to this couutry for the espe- cial purpose of SHOWING AMERICANS HOW TO. CONSTRUCT VESSELS. The company which brought him over paid him asalary of $8 per day. One morning he came to Chester and said to Mr. Roche :— “Lhave come here to see how much you Amer- icans know about this business.’ “You can give us no directions, sir,’ Mr, Roche sb ort “for we know all about it.’” ‘o-day this very Englishman is working for Mr. Roche upon a salary of $2 per diem and occupies a position under other Men who ten years ago where whoily unskilled. Mr. Roehe himself and most of his laborers are good, sober, in- dustrious Jrishmén, FASTENING THE SHIP'S SIDES. It is an easy matter to iasten the sections to the ribs of the ship, but it involves considerable time, a8 Wellas'the most dealening clatter you ever heard. One can hear the men clinching the rtyets half a mile away, and is glad to escape from the loud and ringing sounds. A broad band of iron runs around the ship’s area, and across from side to side rest graceful iron sleepers. ‘fo give addi- tional strength, bars run diagonally from one side to the other, the point of intersection being marked with a broad plate, bound to the sleepers by means of several bolts. Thus the ship begius to assume its proper shape. THE BOILERS and propelling machinery are all made on the spot, and the scene everywhere is one of marvellous activity. A description of the boiler and machine shops would be necessarily tedious, and so I will let them pass with simple mention. One could not belp wie prouder of his country, however, as he stands within these shops-and behoids so many, in- telligent laces and so many tawny muscular forms. THE JOINER SHOP is worth more than rare notice, for it is here that all the delicate and elaborate woodwork is formed. A pleagant and fragrant odor of many woods gratifies the senses, and the sections of cabins are charming, indeed. Here are little doors which look as if made for mimature palaces, inlaid with mavle, walnut, sandal, mahogany and rosewood, They are beautiful a8 pictures and polished as smooth; as glass; elaborate skylights, with domes of French giass, and sides of all imaginable colors; steering Wheels as much pieces ol art as they are neces- sities Of navigation, all made up of equal parts of cherry, oak, maple, walnut and mahogany. Al- most all the persons at work are young, and have clear, bright faces; some others are simply boys, singing as they toil. Oh, how mistaken was the ead Mr. McNabe, when he told Mr. Roche that it would take a period of twenty years ior Americans to study before they could even begin to build ships, wnen here are boys who are not that old pus! ing their work vigorously, and doing it to perfection WORK ON THE STOCKS, Now let us go down to the stocks and count the ships there in the different stages of completion. ‘irst—We see two government sloops-ol-war, each 196 feet long, 33 feet beam and 18 Jeet deep, with @ capacity of 600 tons. ‘ ecoond—A ship for the Pacific Mail line, 260 md bh d feet beam and 224ect deep, with a capacity of 1,800 tons. Third—Two for’ the Reading Railroad, een raed feet long, 38 feet beam ai 20 feet deep, W' 260 feet long, 96 capacity Of 1,600 tons feet beam and 20 feet deep, with a capacity of 1,700 —One for the Mallory line, tortn—One for the Old Dominion line, 250 feet long, 38 feet beam, 21 feet deep, with a capacity of lathe iwo mote for the Pacific Mal Une, which 7 are greater than any ever seen in Seiden aes iecate eae et Git crates eam, leep, With & capa To get a fall idea of the immense propor these ships, the writer ascended to the jeck ot cue and looked down within it. It was simply aa empty shell, but no One ever saw more elegant before away off wi rr mines of iron whose products tormed this very shape. Arailroad runs directly to these mines; the boilers, in manifold scenes of industrial activ- proportions, such a gently rising bow and tuily Lay Fs bg The outh was grand; tne. Delaware ind, with its broad and deep waters, while within Sigh the ifs of the trees seem blended with and w: ie the bluer splendors of the sky lay those ab, and those wonderful beds of coal which fare nished the power to mould the ore into its destined and moving here and there, planing the wood, bending the iron, feeding the fires and maki ity, Were seen those brave, hardy, pushing Amert can citizens, who two years ago seldom saw ab American ship, but by Whose iotelligerioe. and per- severance have been created, as if by magic, alt the vessels mentioned above, and many others, which are at this moment carrying American com- merce upon every ocean, What American could Took upon such a'scene without feelmg his hearé thrilled with American pride SHIPBUILDING ARITHMETIO, Let us take it, however, in an unimpassione® way, and reduce it, as it were, to figures, The ore to butid these ships cost, in the mine, fifty cents per ton. By American labor and enter- prise this Same material has been enhanced to the value of $200 per tou, until finally these ships are worth $5,000,000, It they had not been built at home they might have come from abroad, in which case almost this same amount of money would have gone {rom our own country into another. As it is, however, the money still remains here to be transformed into taxable property, school houses and churches, to support our government in time of need, educate our youth in the arts and sciences and teach them to walk in the fear of God, These are facts for political economists to recognize or abandon at their will. HOMES OF THE SHIPWRIGHTS. Before closing the writer cannot help referring te the general appearance and habits ot the em- ployés as well as to the cottages in whica they reside. In the course of this article frequent com- mept has been made upon their marked intelli- gence and to the satisfaction with which they seemed to do their work. It has been privilege. to pass through and examine many of the houses, andit becomes my duty to state plainly the im- © ression thus derived. They stand a little way om ‘om the shipyard, and iace down upon neat and tidy streets. As you see no poverty or squalor without upon the pavements, you do not ex- pect to id filth or destitution within the dwellin: which are formed of wood or brick, and vary in rent according to their size and location. One little frame house that Lentered contained five rooms in addition to a kitchen, the rooms scrupulously clean and neat. ‘The kitchen contains a range built into the brick work of the fire place, and in respect to other’ pointments was all that the most exacting could ask for, I asked the lady present, what rentshe paid, and she told me $6 a month.. Think of it! Six dollars a month for five picasant rooms and that complete little kitchen! And my astonish- ment was only doubled when I found that the house was supplied with water and gas. The rent jor the brick houses runs from $10 to $14 per month. ‘This state of affairs ts almost a& surprising as tee shipyards, and I asked Mr. Roche how he managed to do it. A HINT OF CO-OPERATIVE INDUSTRY. “Well,” said he, “by an arrangement of my own, which is not yet developed iully enough to be made public, [ afford every man an opportunity of possessing his own home. If he is industrious, by a similar arrangement he falls into the ownership ofa certain amount of stock. By that means he loves nis work, his wealth increases proportionate with it and strikes or combinations become impos- sible. It is my desire to educate this people in shipbuilding. To do this no body of men are always coniined to the same work. My men do one thing one day and another thing the next. I have no man in my employ whose place, in case he shouid leave, I cannot instantly supply.” JOHN ROCHE THE SOUL OF THE ENTERPRISE. Thus have been organized and thus are managed the largest shipbuilding yards in America, and, it may be added, the model shipbuilding yards of the world. Two years ago the grounds on which all these workshops stand were swamps, The scene was a dreary wilderness. An idea of what it was then can be formed from points lying beyond it now. To-day, upon these same premises, the air is merry with the clatter of busy workmen. A dozen ‘ships are launched or under way, constructed by men educated to the are in two brief years. It is wonderful, and the noble, enterprising man, who, in face of ridi- cule, originated this enterprise, and who keeps it, in its full power and dignity, in the face of finan- cial depression, without reducing the wages of his: employés a cent, 18 worthy of the nation’s grati- tude and praise. All honor be to him for awaking the nation to the knowledge of its own resources. His enterprise must forever redound to the nation’s giory. John Roche has, indeed, won for his name an honorable mention in history. GERMANY. TELEGRAM TO THE NEW YORK HERALD. VIENNA, Oct. 20, 1873. His Majesty Emperor William of Germany ts much pleased with his visit, and will remaio in the Austrian capital until Wednesday. MAILS FOR EUROPE. The steamship Nevada will leave this port om Wednesday for Queenstown and Liverpool. The mails for Europe will close at the Poat Office at half-past twelve o’clock P. M. Tue New York Heratp—Edition for Europe— will be ready at half-past nine o’clock in the morn- ing. Single copies, in wrappers for mailing, six cents, Life Insured for rice of HALE'S HONEY OF HOREHOUND AND TAR 50 cents, or $1 a bottle; and one bottle will cures cough that might otherwise prove fatal. PIKE’S TOOTHACHE DROPS cure in one minate. a Few Dimes.—The - A.—For a Suberb Dress or Business Hat o direct to the manufacturer, ESPENSCHEID, 119 Nassau street. A Positive Cure Guaranteed in Alt Skin Diseases by Dr. VANDYKE. Office (Tuesday, Wednedday, Thursday and Friday), No. 6 West Sixieeni street. A.—Herald Branch Office, corner Fulton avenue and Boerum street. * Open trom 3A. M, to 9 B. M. On Sunday from 3 to 9 P. M. Brooklyn A.—Most Ruptured Persons Know thai Pasture is soon cured by the COMFORTABLE ELASTI TRUSS, 685 Broadway. " Unprincipled dealers’ steal the. boon and sell bogus elastic and worthiess ‘band’ "Usses. A.—For Falling, Loss and Untimely Gay hair consult Dr. B. C. PERRY, 49 Bond street, New ork. A—um_Dr. B. C. Perry, Dermatologist, 49 Bond street, New York, cures all Scalp Diseases. ok for circular. A.—Dr. B. New York, cures Unnatural Heads and Pimply 5 A—‘Lay Thy er Thus, and Be In= m Buy your HA’ seat KNOX'S. His style is un- rivalled and universaily popular. His stores are at No. 212 Broadway, in the Prescott House and Fifth Avenue Hotel. At a Meeting of the Bar Association of the city of New York, held on the Ith day of October, 1873, the following resolution was adopted and ordered’ to be published :—“Resolved, That this Associa~ tion earnestly recommends to the people of the state of New York the adoption of the constitutional amend- ments to be submitted at the ensuing November election, Providing that judges shail be appointed by jov= ernor, with the advice and consent of the Senate. WM. M. EVARTS, Prosidett. Perry, 49 Bond Street, edness of the Nose, Blacks A. R. Macponoven, Secreta For all Purposes ‘amily Liniment, THE HOUSEHOLD PANACEA will be found invalua- ble, Immediate relief will follow its use in all cases o& pain in the stomach, bowels or side; rheumatism, colic, colds, sprains and bruises. For internal and external use, ee G. W. Carleton & Co. Publish Marion HARLA, 'S new novel, JESSAMINE, this week. Pants and Veste Have Your Coats, i hade of dark” brown, Diack ot Ree Sinces Wa and 9H Broadway, 11 Eighth ave Sold the $500,000 ril 22. Circulars semt. NEZ,10 Walls Box Havana Lottery.—We in the Extraordinary Drawing, A Information given. J. B. M. 4,635 Post office, York. Jeasamine.—The New Novel by Marion HARLAND is ready this week. Jrenten creat rnc OT ‘ arion Harland’s Last and Best Novel, JEBSAMINE, ig ready this wet The Cheapest and the Neatest prvottoe-siw York is MURPHY, ati Dey street. Go for him! roy’s Band Trusses, 744 Broads oaiker Tork, never fail. Warranted five years. Royal Havana xottery.—information furnished; orders tilled; circulars sent free on applicay tion; Spanish bank bills and governments parchased. A & CO., Bankers, No, Ll Wail street, New York city. $150 Will B Marion Harland’s splendid new novel, JE: INE. 1873.—Marion Harland’s New JESSAMINE, is ready this week, LICA TION Novel,