The New York Herald Newspaper, August 29, 1871, Page 4

THE COMMUNIST TRIALS. Further Proceedings of the Trials of the Communist Leaders. The Cerpulent, Crestfallen and Crusty Courbst— His Defence—When He Entered the Commune and When Ho Left It—Tue Destruction of Thiers’ Houso and the Fall of the Column Vendome ~ Jules Simon and Etienne Arago as Witnesses— Billioray, the Hurdy Gurdy Player. PakIs, August 15, 1871, The Conseli de Guerre does not stt to-day, it veing @ great flie day, Yesterday morning the air was damp and heavy—the heat imsupportable; but shortly before the hour appointed for the Vonsell de Guerre to resume its sittings black clouds gathered on the borizon, and the continuous rolling of distant thunder gave notice of approaching storm. The bright blue sky became overcast, the wind howled furiously, sweeping across the Place d’Armes of Veraatiles and down the Avenue de Paris dense clouds of blinding dust and dried leaves trom the trees, withered by long continued drought. A few large drops of rain made every one rush for shelter; then a terrific flash of lightning, followed imme- diately by thunder claps, and the storm burst over Versailles with awful force, as COURBET ENTERED THE COURT TO ANSWER FOR HIS ORIMES. His counsel, M. Lachaud, reqnested that he Might be allowed to change from his usual seat On the third rank of prisoners to the first, so that he might be nearer to the bench of advocates. The President, of course, granted the request, and the artist of Osnans descended, With an evident attempt to appear calm and Gigniilea. It was apparent that he hac suffered much, for since his incarceration he has 10s( his enormous proportions. APPEARANCE OF COURBET. There is no look of the villain about Courbet. On the contrary, im appearance he ts more foul than Kuave. He has indeed reason to curse his Commun- ist friends and the vanity which caused him to re- Unqaish nis former easy, triumphant career for a short-lived popularity. In HIS DEFENCE he does not display the slightest malice or revolu- ‘onary enthusiasm. He makes excuses and ac- cepts every Kind of humiliation. He would try to persuade bis judges that in the part he played in the Commune there was nothing serious. It can be said in favor of Courbet that he voted agaist the institution of the Committee of Public Salety, and he insists that he accepted a seat at the Hotel de Ville with the sole desire of protecting the artistic niches of the capital To hear Courbet repiy to the questions of the Court; to observe bim regarding his counsel wiih timid anxiety, as if to say, “Am I rignt’ Is that a good answer?’ it is impossible to believe that he is a dangerous criminal. Yesterday I heard a sight-seeing Britisher, who was examin- ing Courbet through a race glass for the first time, exciaiu, ‘Why, that -Newfoundland-dog sort of a man, with good-natured, stupid face, 1 would trast muy life with bim any day !”” COURBET ENTERED THE COMMUNE h April, after the Impeachment of the gov- nd the demolition of the Column Veadome. aecreed. According to his own accow! he desired to calm the unruly spirits and estab complete honesty 1m the government of the yo. mune. He proposed to the government of Ver sh satiles that tne Parisians should be considered as | delligerents. He was named Director of Fine Arts on the 4th of September, and he entered the Com- mune to protect not only French but European art treastres, and his influence as a member of the Com- mune preserved from destruction much that would have otherwise perished, He was forced to yield to the wishes of those who elected him a member of the Commune. He represented the guartier Sulpice. He had two batallions at tis disposition, but he was never violent. It had been said that he himself had broken with a hamier the antique statues, and sold the pictures im the Louvre to the English; on the contrary, he bad placed seals on the archives and on all precious objects. He had nui demanded the exe- cutiou of the decree for the destruction of the Col- umn. He had been assailed by piace-hunters anx- tous for employment, but he had not appomted aay, either friends or relations. With respect to M, THIERS’ HOUSE, ere to save the ¢ M. Thiers attached impo e to them as souve- airs, M. Thiers him had said that it was not possible Courbet had taken them, as he was well acquainted with all his odjets d'art, and if he had | desired to take some of them be wouldghave made a | selection, COURBET LEFT THE COMMUNE op the 11th May, when the Comité de Salut Public was created. The Commuissaire au Government in- Fisted that bis name appeared as assessor at a meeting on the 22d May. Conrbet explained ' that on that day there wasa decision of whe mt- | | nority thus conceived:—“We abandon the Com- mune unicas one of us be judged; we meet to sus- tam our Commune. Then, Ciuseret having been arrested, we were forced to perform our engage- ments in oraer to prevent the possibility of his deing shot.’ He (Courbet) was always against war; he never attended the meetings of the International Svciety. The pictures which he contded to the keeper of the Passage Saumon were for the most part his own works. The Prussians had destroyed ail he had at Ornans. He had piaced the rest in salety. te had not proposea the FALL OF THE COLUMN VENDOME. Led away by public opinton and by that of the government of the 4th of September, waich first sremoved Le Petit Corporal at Courbevole, then the Prince Eugene from the Boulevard, then Na- poieon III. irom the Louvre, and infuenced by the decrees which ordered the statue of Napoleon to be taken irom the Column in order to supp.y bronze for the casting of a new statue of the town of Str bourg, hie had addressed to the Chamber a proposi- von that the Column should be trausported to the Hotel des Invatides, where it would be less In the way than in the Place Vendome. While others com- plainea that the continved exhibinien of the war trophy was galling to foveiguers, lie only considered the point asan a duction of the n ¢ the figures were ; ac o one as good. veal made e the columa Piace Vendome, where it was the Jaughing stock for strangers, but at the Tavaiides it would be Intts right place. A smail gan, In tue form of a walking stick, which was Guna alter us arrest in the house o/ Mile. Girard, Was, uccordiug to Courbet, a plaything he had nad made aster lis own d vresent for bis father; it was only fit to tows. He had never signed a m one occasion M. , affixed his name to a slay had, in nis acard, and he w esively annoyed XAM endo ome, THE WITNESSES WERE TIEN A concierge, living in t : had seen aman, ratuer the scaffokiing row hi said he was Cours ab frock coal, 7 laughing, to “T nev be “wore ar than that I now wear, and 1 do pot scaffold poles.” The next witness was a Mile. wiom Courbet lodged from the ary to the 2ist of May. He bronght p Tr house, but took them away again when he ler. He took refuge with a Monsieur Le pte. Her lodger was easy going and Kind, A. M. Charton, too 1! to at- tend tee court, wrote to say that Courvel had tried to gave the life of A. Chandey, and that he bad only accepted the functions of a member of the Com- mune in order to be useful to (he ari world. Seve- ral other witnesses were called, who gave Courbet @ good character. The Presiaens requested the pris« ‘s counsel [Oo abstain from calling witnesses un- ir evidence Was of serious importance. An- unsel would have fumed and spiu:iered— oth would have declared that his chent bad need of @ | cloud of Witnesses, and would have wasted valuable | time to no purpose. Not so with M. Lacheud; con- sclous of power, he is polite and concthavory in bis He immediately aunounced that he should call More Wan seven witnesses. Messicurs ) AND JULES SIMON were called. 8 Simon stated that Courbet had never been Directeur des Beaux Arts, be had been simply elected president by a considerabe mumber of artisis at a meeting calied to consider the state of the natic collections of works of art, “hey visited the museums and declared that tricks hud been played with such dexterity that it ‘was ali but impossible to discover them. A com- mission Was then named by the Minis:er, consisting of M. Vallee, M. de Guillermau and M. Vacherot, and Uourbet was added 80 a8 to be able by per- sonal observation to disabuse the minds of his brovier artists. After very careful examiaation the members of the Commission unanituousiy praised the probity of the conservators, who were Beyona suspicion. Kegere asked M. Jules Simon if, wien he was Mayor of the Filth arrondissement, the churches and public establishments, lycces and schools of his district had not r mained open. M. Jules Simon said he cou uly aueWer (he question by saying tat the trust. ‘art, thinking that | t, ubd thougntit a bad repro- | ee ee On ee Ne :! NEW YORK HERALD, TUESDAY, AUGUST 29, 1871.-TRIPLE SHEET. worthy men he sent to Paris risked their lives to enter the town, and on thelr return they never re- orted a single act Of a nainre to welgh against re, but they told tim nothing which could ad him in speeking. of him favorably, M. Vacherot, however, saia that Regere had done noth. , Ing injurtous to the establishments of has district. — re then asked the Minister to unform the Con- seil de Guerre with respect to his political tempera- ment, On the 4th Of September he (Regere) was at the Assembly, holding the sentimeots of a wan prosorived during twenty years and ruined vy the | government which had en. “When the crowd rushed Lowards the Hotei de Ville M, Jules Simon remamed discussing & less important matter. 1 thought it necessary,” sald Regere, “to tell M. Jules Sunop what was passing, and when on my way to his bureau l met dM. ‘Thiers, to whom I said, ‘T am going to see M, Jules Simoa, who, without doubt, 13 already Damed member of the government. Will you pt yourself in communication with bim? It would e the means of avoiding much unhappiness, and erbaps the Corps Législatit will resume sitting. 1. Jules Simon could establish relations with the Hotel de Ville, and the Chamber would sanction the new governinent.’ M. Thiers agreed to my proposal. ton. I calied on M. Jules Simon, aud 1 asked that the new governmentsiould come to an understand- ing with the Chamber and establish harmony.” M. Jules Simon replied that there was nothing unlikely in the story, but that he remembered notuing about the affair, Many peor yee there, Ho had a lively discussion with one of his colle es. He could not affirm that Regére was there. (is COD- versation left no impression on his mind. This an- swer was evidently anything but agreeable to Regere, who sat down hastily, muttering anything but complimentary phrases, M, ETLENNE ARAGO, formerly Mayor of Paris, said that in his opinion Courbet was an artist, not a politician. THE PRISONSR, ULYSSE PARENT, asked M. Etienne Arago to state what he thought of him. The witness replied:—“I am delighted with the appeal which has been made to me by M. Ulysse Parent; for I can say boldly I have nothing but com. pliments to make him with respect to bis conduct while he was assistant and 1 was Mayor of Paris."” M, Arago divided his bow between his two protéges aud retired, agmuch as 19 say, “Goodby, my dear fellows; this may be the last ume wo meet, You may be shot, but I nave done the best 1 could ror you." JULES SIMON LEAVES. I saw M. Jules Simon enter his carriage when he left the Court; he looked like one who had been learfully scared; wao had escaped from a great dan- ger, but who stil suffered from the effects of a iright, It was expecied that the examination Would terribly expose that Minister. The air was filled with sinister rarmors of his having connection With the International. However, nothing of im- ortance camé to light. To-day I hear, from a well- formed source, Why M. Rane (for a time a mem- ber of the Commune, now elected Municipal Coun- cillor of Paris) has been allowed y the government to keep his seat with lmpunity. . Ranc has in his i Sree @ document proving that Monsieur le inistre Simon 18 @ member of the International Society. Igive you the story without vouching for its truth, but at the same time 1 have every reason to believe that my information ts correct, A GOOD CHARACTER. M. Charles Ballot, Consetlier & Ja Cour d’Appel h Paris, and member of the commission of which Courvet was president, spoke well of the accused. He never thought that Courbet wouid play into po! tics; he had ideas different from those of other men bers of the commission, but he abandoned them easily without the slightest illhumor, In the opinion of that witness Courbet was not only a great artust, but a great baby. He was cracked upon two subjects—the reorganization of art and the Column. His idea was to protect the museums, During the siege he rendered great service. During the Commune {ft 1s probabie that but for him tne art collections in the capital would have been pillaged and sold, With respect to the Column, his desire | was that it should not be destroyed, put taken down piecemeal and preserved. M, camille Pelletan, editor of the Rappel, was in the oitice of the paper When Courbet presented himseif to insert in it his resignation, Waen complimented for the act by those present Courvet replied, ‘Those people are madmen; they have learnt by heart the revolution they inake.’” This witness was the last called b: Courbet, woo Wngree Well satisfied with the evl- dence given in bis fa THE GENERAL IMPRESSION in Court was that Courbet will remain longer In this World than was once expected. Several witnesses 4 peruilaaion to correct thelr evidence given on previous days. The Marquis de Piceuc said it wasa tuttake to believe that the bank could not have held out agatmst attack. The cellars had been filled with sand, Gre was not feared, and uf cannon had yed the balding the obsiacles would have increased for the pillagers. The President onea Jourde On Several points, and some ie: documents were added ‘o the dossier of Ferré, | The later expressed his astonishment that fresh barges shoula be daily brought agatust him. Some | of the documents he admitted were correct; others he deciared to be forgeries. To a quéstion from the President conceraing Veysset and the 20,000 francs found upou him he refused to reply. At all times it is a matter of dimculty to hear the | evidence, but yesterday the pattering rain and conuuued storms of thunder and lightning made matters worse, and the evidence given by the, wit- nesses reached the ears of the reporters in itiul gusts; for the most pari it was inaudible, 1 OVERHEARD A CONVERSATION } between two foreigners in court (Amelicans) worthy | of record, as tt forcibly expressed an opinton con- | cerning the trial which I have heard entertained in | Many other quarters. One of the speakers was a | genlieman of well known legal attainments, “I Shuuld ike to defend those men, scoundrels though they be. I would say to the juages, ‘Condemn us, if 1. Shoot us; but In the name of Justice state asous for doing 80 1n plain terms. You ask We ask you What aifrer- your us who we are, of the 18th of March, | Who you are, of tue 4ta of September, } ence ‘Is there between us, except that you suc- | ceeded, we failed? You will condema us because you have the power to do so; but let our sentences bear boldly the statement that failure bas been our THE GENTLE BILLIORAY | rose to deny the existence of torpedoes. His state- ment was confirmed by Assi, who was glad of the | opportunity for display, as during the past two days he has been doomed to silence. With respect to Billioray, a gentleman with whom I am acquainted tells the following amusing story:—It was generally believed that this member of the Commune was the celebrated street nurdy-gurdy player, whose won- derfal performance on that instrument (accom. panied by severai of his children, who played with great talent on various other instruments) have for Years delighted Parisian ears, Hundreds have veen in the habit,of giving silver insiead of copper to the taleuted family, and they have reaped a rich harvest. When it was thougbt that the nurdy-gurdy player had been one of the Commune, and had been ar- rested, great regret was expressed by his in- numeradle admirers. Last week my {riend Was passing through the Kue Neuve des Petits Champs, When his attention was attracted by the sounds apparent of @ violin, Most skiliuily played. Passionately fond of music, he wade his way through the crowd, and to his astonishment discovered that the sounds did not proceed from a@ violin, but a huray-gurdy, fingered by his old friend in most | masterly style. The musician, however, io appear- | ance was most wolully changed; he was wretched- ly thin and evidently the prey of mental anguish, When the collection was made my informant, ac- | cording to his habitual custom, dropped a hali-irano piece into the hat, saying, My poor teliow | taought you were on trial for your life at Ver. sailies.”” “No, sir,” replied the musician, | seizing = th hand of his interlocutor, as tears rolied down his cheeks. ‘I! nave suffered fearfully in consequence of the statement that I was a member of the Commune, I could not support the accusation; 1 became il and my burdy-gurdy scueaked discordantiy. J am an honest man. Thank Heaven, lam not a member of the Commune, but a hurdy-gardy player. Pray deny tne report | and I will play you au air on my hurdy-gurdy in & manner that uo other performer on that iustrument can equal.” Can anything demonstrate more com- pletely tue contempt in which the heroes of the Commune are held by the masses? There 18 a vol- ume 1 Lie words of this itinerant street musician, FOREIGN MISCELLAVECUS ITEMS. The fortifications or Dantzic are to be increased by the erection of a strong fort of middie size on | Holm, an island not far from the mouch of the Vistula. We (London Standard) have it on the best au- tnority that Russia is making extensive purchases | of muittary stores and wanitions of war, Is the | Biack Sea question about to be reopened? | The reception of the Pomerantan and the German | Commission tor exploring the basin and the shores | of the Baltic, says the German Correspondent, proves that public feeling in Stockholm is much less hostue to Germany than It formerly was, The Zastern Budget learns from Constantinople | that Russia has asked permission of the Turkish government to be allowed to send one of her war slips, now stationed at Athens, through the Darda- Lelles inte the Black Sea. Itissaid that the Eng- lish government has advised the Porte to comply with this request, although Russla did not aiege any reason lor making it, The Bank of England return, completed for the week ended Angust 2, shows some important alter- ations. Phe late withdrawals of gola jor Germany has caused a diminution tn the stock of bullion to tie extent Of £1,231,803; the total, however, 1s still large—viz., at 26,218,138. The reserve of notes ex- | hibits a decrease of £1,808,055, the aggregate being | £14,812,180, while on the private balances there 13 4 falling Off Of £2,589,727. In the other securities a | reduction has been made to the extent of £849,105, | the total standing at £17,621,596, A society is being established at Turin for the pur- pose of discouraging the use of the kni/e, which is now 80 constantly resorted to 1a street broils and other quarrels. Besiaes moral means, such as lec- wires, meetings, dramatic representations, books, &c., the society will employ material agents, such as medais in gold, silver and copper, gifia of money in the savings banks, &c. A Senator, the Marquess Pes di Villamarina, is President, and many of the leading gitizens of Turin are on the committee. @ general meenng. A letter from Sailez, in the Journal de Gén ve, BAys:— inks to the invelatigable activity of the population of Buchs, under the direction of the Councilor of state, Zach, we breact in the dykes at that place had been entirely repaired and the Khine is now confined in its uewal channel. A few days suMced for the water to flow of, and the houses of Salez and Haag are at length, with few exceptions, delivered trom ab inuudauon which ) lasted several weeks’? RUSSIAN CONSPIRACIES. History of the Secret Plottings and Plot- . ters in the Russian Empire. The Conspiracy of 1825—Constitutional Govern ment Wanted—The Course Pursued by the Emperor Nicholas—A Reign of Terror— The Kief Conspiracy—Diffusion of Re- publican Ideas—Petrachepsky—The Last Conspiracy and How It is Being Treated—The Dan- gers Menacing Russia. St. PETERSBURG, July 20, 1871. The so-called Netchayef conspiracy, the members of which are on trial, shows once more that though tho Latin races have been always considered the most conspiratory the Slavonic races are by no means behind them in this respect. The fact is that Western revolutionary movements have made more noise in the world and have been more feared than similar Moscow attempts. Uarbonarism spread terror all over Europe in the early part of this cen- tury, and this terror has not given way for a much longer time than the reminiscences of the great French Revolution, while Eastern countries, in- cluding Russia, were scarcely ever quiet for a few consecutive years; but no one in Europe or America cared much about what was going on in those dis- taut regions, RUSSIA AND ITS DESTINIES. Without speaking of endless riots amid tts pea- gantry, Russia had two great mutinies—the one In the seventeenth century, that of Stenka Razine; the other in the elghtesnth, that of Pougatchef. Mili- tary riots were also frequent, and that of the archers during the minority of veter the Great was the most important, On the other hana, Court conspira- cies carried their work in the upper spheres, ending almost constantly in regicide, as in the case of the Emperor Paul. The middle classes and the small landed proprietors were the only ciasses that re- mained more or less quiet until about 1825, when the so-called December conspiracy took place. And since then Court as well as mob plots have com- pletely ceased, as if to give way to the revolutionary activity of the middle classes, which began then to gain strength with every year. THE CONSPIRACY OF 1825 had for its atm the introduction of constitutional government into Russla. It was organized almost exclusively by oMicers of the army and had its ram- itications in all the provinces, It 1s well known that the Emperor Alexander I, thought for some time of emancipating the serfs and introducing a parliamen- tary form of government. But the mystic disposi- tions ofmind of that sovereign, which led him to con- clude the holy alliance, were speedily increasing, and caused him soon to give up his liberal projects. This was the chief reason thatgave birth to the Decem- ber conspiracy, Which did not ripen at the time of Alexander’s sudden death, and broke out only on the day of NICHOLAS’ ACCESSION TO THE THRONE. Alexander died leaving no children, and the throne should have passed to his brother Constan- tine, then Lieutenant of the Czar at Warsaw. But Constantine's personal character made him dislike the réle of a sovereign and scarcely fitted him for the performance of the duties imposed by that role. Consequently he resigned his rights already during Alexander's reign, and a formal abdication in favor of the third brother was deposited in the State Paper office. It was of this transaction, not yet made known to the public, that the Dekaprists (men of December) expected to take advantage at the tume of Alexander's death. Their chief aim ‘was to IMPOSE A PARLIAMENTARY FORM OF GOVERNMENT upon the new Sovereign, and the officers won whole regiments to their cause, But how well the mass of soldiers understood the matter can be seen from the fact that amid the revolutionary fight that took place in front of the palace they cried for Constituzia, understanding by that word not the constitution, but the supposed wife of Constantine, Nicholas not only put down the movement, but managed to rule Russia for thirty years as despotically as ever a country was ruled. Five of the leaders of the con- Nowra of the Mth December—-Beasoulel, Fieah, Viel. Pestel gpd Kenoveny—were he: ho rest Seat tO. siberia. It was during this execu. tion that the rope of one of the condemned broke, and the man exciaimed, “In Russia they do no’ know even bow to hang a maa properly.” For this exclamation Nicholas ordered the condemned to be hanged a second time, a though the breaking of the rope, according to immemorial custom, was con- sidered to be God's order for a pardon. But Nicholas said he wanted to show that Russlans knew Low to hang. As a matter of course the most DREADFUL SYSTEM OF TERRORS was introduced into the political life, and the panic, struck people remained quiet lor several years, until @ less important conspiracy broke out at Kiet, partly with the same constitutional views, partly with some tendency towards separatisin on the part of the leading men of Little Russia. The plot, however, had no organization, the members were almost exclu- sively students and professors of the Un iversity, all of whom were soon arrested and sent into exile. Of these a couple were men of real merit. Pro- fessor Kostomarot, now already an old man and the highest authority in Russian history, was then @ young, rising savant, as well as the celebrated poet of Little Russia, Taras Bieftchenko, Both of them suffered exile and imprisonment for long years, and it was only the now reigning Emperor Alexander Ll. tnat set them again at loerty. A few years APTER THIS KIRF CONSPIRACY another arose at St. Petersburg, tnis time a more important one, aba bearing quite a Kuropean char- acter. It wok place in i549. The European revolu- tion of 1843 communicated its contagion to the Russian capital, aud within twelve months after it had been more or jess pacifled in the Weat of Eu- rope in sprang up itthe East. A few copies of the works of St, Simon and Fourier were smuggled tn, andasecret society was formed witha view to propagate and establish socialistic and republican Institutions. ‘This conspiracy is known by the name | Of ils seader, PETRACHREPKY, and was discovered before any practical steps were realized. All the chief conspirators—abvout thirty in number—were tried by a secret high tribunal and condemned to be shot, without the public having the sligutest idea as to What the intentions and crimes of the culprits were. The preparations for the exe- cution were already made on the Semenofsky Pa- rade Square and the condemned bound to the posts, when a messenger from the Emperor arrived with an order commuting the sentence and directing some of the condemned to be transported from the very spot directly to Siperia and some others to be eulisteds a8 convict soldiers into Caucasus regi- | ments. When 300 members bave been obtained there will be | This conspiracy was the last during the reign of Nicholas. Kevolutionary elements were consiantly developing themselves throughout Russia; but the Crimean war awakened such an amount of patriot- ism that no outbreak could have any chance of suc- cess, and the subsequent death of Nicholas post- poned for another five vears tne revival of these movements. Since 1860, however, they have sprung up with all the more force, aud never have ceased | since in this country. THE COURSE OF THE PRESENT EMPEROR. Tbe present Kussian Emperor when he ascended the throne 1n 1855, and during the first years of his reign, atnnestied all the survivors of the plots of 1825 and 184%. Many of them are now quite old men, enjoying complete freedom and living in perfec peace with the government, Thus the conspiracies which have occurred in Kussta since 1400 can be by no means attributed to the influence of tuese re- turned exiles, It is the workof anew genera- Uion, exerting itself far more earnestly, and doing | all it can to show that the past revolutionary gene- ravion Was mereiy an assembly of poor beginners, Although attempts at the tfe of the Czar have been made only twice—in Paris by Beresofaky, and in Petersburg by Karakozoff—tus assassination has ever been the chief featare of all the plots, and the ESTABLISHMENT OF A SOCIAL REPUBLIO has been their almost invariavle aim. Another and not less striking characveristic Of ail these conspira- cies is that they are conceived and carried out almost exclusively hy quite young and obscure men. DURING THE LAST ELEVEN YEARS there Were at least eleven pilots organized; and scarcely in one of them, except those directly con- nected with Polish affairs, could any man of note or even of mature age be found among the conspira- tors, Students oi the universities, headed by some second rate journailst or national schvol teacher, were all that could then be found, a3 a rule. If @ few young ollicers, professors or civil employés at- tempted to take part in the affair they saw ab once that nothing but the chance of being sent to Siberia could be expected from te schemes of the foolish, enniless fellows, Who had no connection whatever ‘with the mass of the people, and no other basis of action than a few purely theoretical sentences bor- rowed from St. Simon, Fourier, Proudhon or Owen, so intermixed as to become areal chaos. Prince Dol- gorouky, the head of the secret police and the president of all the secret ribunals, used to divide ine RUSSIAN CONSPIRATORS INTO TWO CATEGORIES. those with empthy heads and thov) with, empty pockets, and the classification wa¢ nov incorrect. The great majority of the conspirators were stu- dents, Having nO means of sxistence other than & roanty pittance gained by giving a few occasional lessons, while the few Wealtuy young men (ike SeraoSyiomiewich, Teherkessod or Ounkoleky) coming early into Possegeion, or cneir paternal for- tunes were drawn into the plots by mere ambition, sin@e those bringing money had, of course, a lead- ing part reserved or promised, Yet IF THE POLISH REVOLUTION had been supported by the European Powers or nad arrived at any success by its own Importauce, these piots might Rave become very troublesome to the overnment, Poland was crushed, and then General jouravief began to Might the revolutionary elements of Russia quite a8 thoroughly as those of Poland. ‘The only dujerence he made between the two cases was that he shot or bung the Poles and exiled the Russians, Karakozoff is the only man who has been hups in St. Petersburg as yet, and the new © ir acy, tae authors of which are now on not’ likely to have any grave results, since the person who might have been hung as the cnief ay reper young man called Netchayef— is dwelling safely in London, Besides, the Russian government seems to nave become accustomed to conspiracies, and therefore no more inclined to deal with them in the ferocious manner that pre- valied durlag Nicholas’ reign, The trial reswung trom THE LAST CONSPIRACY has been entrusted to a new tribunal—that 1s to say, not to a secret, but toa public one—and since it 1s trial by jury, there exist fair guarantees that the Joung men who merely wished to try the practica- ity of theorles about which they nave read at 6chool will not be treated as persons guilty of high treason. The murder of a conspirator who intended to betray his comrades will introduce the only sub- stantial criminal accusation, and by entrusting the trial of these conspirators to a common jury instead of anextraordinary tribunal che government has shown a degree of wisdom and a consciousness of 1ts own strength which it has never shown before, . RUSSIAN DESPOTISM. In fact, neither in Europe nor in America can eople properly realize the tremendous power the usslan government has over this immense empire. The emancipation of the ser{s effected a compicte revolution of the social order, a coup d'état that would have led to long disturbances in any other oun Jt was rain for the landlords without, any material benefit for the seris, Yet the nobles nor the serfs attempted any serious opposition to the reform, and only,a fow uasi-liperals among the nouility whispered some- thing like this:—That since the owner loses not only serfs, but land for those serfs, he ought to be SOmRCOEAeS EY the grant, at least, of SOME NEW POLITICAL RIG say in the form of membership of a National As- sembly.” ‘This whisper was heard in one province out of sixty (in that of Tver), and atter the whis- perer had been promptly locked up in a casemate no one aared propose any similar reform, This ower does by no means result, however, in he military force exceeding 1,000,090 men, nor in any particular loyalty of the people to the institu- tions of the country. It results exclusively from the ignorance of the vast majority of the 90,000,000 Of the subjects of the Czar, for whom autocracy and orthodoxy have still all the prestige of a medieval age. As Soon as alittle knowledge shall be diffused mong the masses the power of the government will be cousiderably reduce? and the revolutionary elements uncreased by all the force that must natu- rally accumulate after a long period of rest. The Russtan peasant 1s tenacious in his beliefs, but if he begins to lose them he loses them all at once, and the young enthusiasts of the universities anxiously watt tur that moment when they shall be able to bring their socialist theories before the understand- ing of the agricultural laborer, already a socialist de sacto, for he holds and cultivates his land in common with all the innavitants of his village, THE DANGER MENACING RUSSIA. Here, in the practical soctalism of the peasantry and in the theoretical soclalism of the students, lie the only dangers that menace the Kussian Crown, and if the former is the result of historical circum- stances the latter is an unporied plant, grown in France and transplanted tanto Russia chiefly by two men—Alexander Herzen, who died last year in Paris, aud the editor of the Contemporary (Lovze- menntk), a monthly review, for contributions to which M. Tchernichefsky has been exiled to Siberia, ‘This name 1s much less Known in Europe than that of Herzen, but in Russia Tchernichefsky is known just as much as Uf he had certainly a greater influ. ence. FOREIGN TOPICS. Could Peace Have Been Made with Germany without any Loss of French Territory @ A controversy of interest and importance has arisen before the Commission appointed to inquire into the acts of the government of the 4th of September. It has been aflirmed—at least 50 the Moniteur Uni- versel states—by two former Ministers of the em- pire, that a despatch from General Fleury exists, in which it is represented that, after the French defeats of Worth and Forbach, the Emperor of Russia promised to defend at all costs the territorial in- tegrity of France. If this statement were true the serious indictment would be chargeable to the 4th of September government of having so utterly mis- managed its diplomacy as to estrange and throw into the arms of the enemy a Power full of the best dispositions for France. M. le Comte de Chaudordy has, however, on the part of the 4th of September government, given an altogether differ- ent version of the relations between France and Russia during the war. M. de Chaudordy, it is well known, was M. Favre’s representative in the dele. gated government of Tours and afterwards of Bor- deaux, and, his chief being shut up in Paris, was, wuerefore, practically France’s Foreign Minister during the later stages of the war. In his evidence before the Commission of Inquiry M. de Chaudordy stated that it haa been his endeavor and guiding maxim to follow the invariable tradiuonary French olicy im foreign alfairs. Several times atiempts fad been made to procure an intervention of the neutral Powers in fayor of France, but all such at- tempts had failed before the circumstances, ‘The first of those circumstances was the alliance of Russia and Prussia—an alliance, says M. de Chaudorday, of the existeace of which there can be no doubt, That alliance showed itself even before the opening of hostilities on the Rhine by a procia- mation of neutrality, the concluding woras of which ‘were intended for no other purpose than to prevent ‘ Austria’s taking part in the war against Germany. At that period—furtuer aflirms M. de Chaudordy—it ‘was declared quite unmistakably to France tnat tne neutrality of Russia was Cerrar on that of Austria, and that all intervention of Austria on one side would involve that of Russia on the other. ‘The other circumstance which contributed to paralyze the efforts of French diplomacy was the attitude of England. ‘Apprehending,” says M. de Chaudordy, “that the area of the confict would extend itself, aud that she herself might be drawn inte it, the Cabinet of London became, in the month of August, the promoter of a league of neutrals, whose object was to circumscribe the contest within its original pro- portions; but the resuit of which was to obstruct all the combinations which might have added strength to ourforces, Thus Italy, solicited to come to our ald, was ardently dissuaded from doing so by Engiand in the name of the principles conse- crated by this league. In other circumstances, also, the English government pushed its circum- spection stil further, its mediation was several times askea; but it always refused to take anything upon itself without the concurrence of Russia, which, bound beforehand by a treaty to Prussia, invariably declared its unwillingness to enter upon any coliective step, while it imposed on Austria an absolute reserve.’? Such 1s the report of M. de Chau- dordy’s evidence given 10 some French journals. ‘This story ls very different from that of the impe- rialisis. “General Fleury, it is said, will be sum- moned by the Commission te throw some lignt on the controversy. Population of Great Britatn, We may state, says the London Koonomist, very briefly the principal facts of the census, The first point or all is, of course, the actual increase of popu- lation. Including an estimate for the army, navy and merchant services, and reckoning the popula- tion of islands in British seas, the total number counted on the 3d of April last was 51,817,108, For registration purposes it 18 usual to estimate the population at the middie of the census year, and this figure gives 81,888,564 a8 the total of the population for 1871, As the population in 1861 was 29,358,927 the increase 1s 2,524,637 or 8-00 per cent—the popula- tion of 1561 having increased over that of 1661 by 1,594,893 or 5 er cent. The merease in the de- cade 1861-71 has therefore been greater, both abso- lutely and reijatively, than in the decade 1861-61, We subjoin these figures in a tapular form:— = POPULATION. Middle of Yorr Persons, Middle of Yeurs Persons, 1851 27,7484 1871... +o BT, 883,064 196) 29,855,927 }OENNIAL INOREASE. Parsons, Per cent. 1851-61. 1,594,893. 54 1861-71 123,624,687, Striking as these facts are they are rendered still more 80 When We consider that the Increase 18 prin- cipally mm one out of the three constituent parts of the United Kingdom. To take the population actoally enumerated—that 1s, excluding the Islands in the British seas, and the army, navy and mer- chant services, also making no estimate for the middle of the year—we get the following com- parison :— — -alncrease—— Anint. Pr Che 27,884 18 Pp ation, “1 England and W: 20,088,234 92,704.108 2,65 Bovina sn 62,204 BSORGLB De® 1 1,795,087 5,402,160 —) 895,u08(—) 7 o ceseeses 28,907,485 81,405,480 2,607,005 8.6 —But for the exceptional conaition of Ireland, therefore, the United Kingdom would appear much more progressive than it does. No doubt a large part of the dimmution of Irish population has gone to increase that of England and Scotland, bet still itis only @ part which has done 80, The progressive art of the United Kingdom grows at the rate of about thirteen per cent im ten years, and if the rela- live weight of Jreland continues to diminish, other circumstances being the same, the growth of porn. Jation all over the kingdom wiil be larger in th next census than tt 1s now. While the increase of Engiand was thirteen per cent in 1861-71, it was only twelve per cent in 1s61-61, 80 that the growth of the last decade has been most remarkable. The Fast African Sinve Trade, The London Times saya:—"The Select Committee on the East African slave trade state in their report that they are strongly of opinion that all legitimate means should ve nsed to ont an end altogether to * the slave trade on the east coast of Africa, They De eve that any attempt to supply slaves for do:nestio use in Zanzibar will always be a pretext and & cloak for a foreign trade, and they recommend that it should be notified to the Sultan of Zanzibar that, the existing treaty of provistons having been system- atically evaded, Her Majesty’s government will, unless further securities can be obtained for the en- Ure prohibition of the foreign slave trade, feel itself compelied to abrogate the treaty and to (ake such Turther legitimate measures as it may flnd necessary to put an end to all slave trade whatever, whether foreign or coasting. The committee think that an increase in the Consular establishment Is necessary, @nd that there should also for a time be an increase in the strength of tue naval squadron, which ought, 4f possible, to be provided with eMicient and trust- Worthy interpreters. If the Sultan will enter into @ new treaty the committee recommend the formation al Zanzibar of a depot tor liberated adult slaves; but if the Sultan opposes this step the committee Suggest that a depot should be established at the Seychelles islands. The committee recommend that the services of the present acting political agent ab Zanzibar should be retained, an Bat no technical Tules of the service should be ailowed to interfere with his appoimtiment as political agent, Thev also suggest that the co-uperation of the governments of Germany, France, America and Portugal in the sup- pression of the slave trade should be invited, and that negotiations should be entered into with the Persian government to secure, if possible, for Her Majesty's officers greater facilities for searching vessels suspected of carrying slaves.” Poland Tired of Waiting. The Poles are incorrigible, Spite of miserable repetition of failure they still hope in their final en- franchisement One of their representatives has recently come forward with a somewhat novel solu- tion of the Polisn problem. Ludwig Von Zychlinskl is a Deputy to the Provincial Diet of the portion of Polana which is under Prussian domination, and this may partly account for the fact that it is to Ger- many, of all other countries, that he looks for the salvation of his country. He has just published a pamphlet entitled “Itis Time: A Memorandum to Germany.” In this he asserts that Poland has always looked forward hopefully to the unification of Germany, and that Germany, in her efforts after | a father who loves atte this great national object, always carried along with her Polish sympathies. Let Germany and Austria, he says, rise up tn de(ence of Poland and release her from the Kussians, and to both there will be a rich reward. Austria, he says, and Russia are both endeavoring to attach to themseives a large ortion of the Slave nationality. If Austria heed not ussia will gain the race; but witb the aid of Poland and coniederated with her Austria can ratse Be a bulwark of Slavism and Catholicism between her and Russia, To Prussia our author offers, as the re- ward for her exertions in favor ot Poiand, the Po- lish provinces the Czar at present possesses, Ina German paper you find this scheme severely criti- cised, because it sets out with the statement that the sympathies of Poland have been German, whereas they have been notoriously French. In the Polish papers our author will find scarcely better quarter, or ne proposes to leave @ portion of Poland sull under the Neel of the stranger. Austria and the Czechs. The leaders of the Czech party—Dr. Rieger and Count Ulam-Martinitz—have returned from Vienna to Prague. ‘The Austrian papers still eagerly dis- cuss whether success has or has not attended their negotiations with the Ministry of Count Hohenwort, According to some, the plan of reconciling the dis- contented Czechs is in all essential particulars com- plete—oniy the detatls remain to be filledin. Ono reason for supposing that the Ozech leaders have succeeded in bringing over the Mlaistry to their demands 1s to be found in the violent language of such German organs as the Neue Freie Presse. A number of that journal has recently been confiscated by the government on account of an at- tack it directed against the Mimistry, “No more,” exclaimed the Neue Freie Presse, “is the destruce tion of the constitution to be effected by force, ‘That is now to be done by means of cunning and de- ceit. Legal forms shall, by terrorism and political chicanery, be misused for the criminal work of over- throwing the free institutions. By artistic means, especially by straining the electioneeriug macninery, which belongs to the rural and uliramontane party, representatives are to be brought together, who will have no consciousness of the degrading task en- trusted to them—tne task of destroying the constl- tution, which they exercise, and to protect which they are alone called together.” This language is the language of alarm, and woud seein to show that, Inthe opinion of the Neue Freie Presse at least, concessions, and those concessions of no grudging character, are about to be made by the Miutstry wo ‘the non-German nationalities, The Internationale in Switzerland. Amecting of the Internationals of various Swiss towns was held a couple of weeks since in Rapper- schwyl for the purpose of organizing a general Swiss Congress of workingmen. Jt is known that the Swiss constitution 1s at present under revision, and the object of the Congress will be to influence the Revision Committee in favor of changes in the constitution to the advantage of the working classes. A discussion arose among the Inter- nationals whether any workingmen wav tees Of SWitzeriuna suvua utxe part in unis Cone gress, Finally in was agreed that all work. ingmen who reside in Switzerland should, Whatever their nationality, have their share in the deliberations of the Congress. 1t 18 supposed that this determination will not find favor with a large number of the Swiss population, who are inclined to regard the Swiss constitution as a matter in which none but Swiss should be allowed to interfere. A correspondent of a German paper goes so far as to say that the Internationals have by this step given their cause a deathblow in Switzerland, The Con- gress is fixed to take place in the first part of Oc- tober at Olten, and will last for three days. THE GOLDEN THRONE. The Pope’s Letter to the Presidemt of the Throne Committee. ‘Lhe Osservatore Romano of the lth contains the text of the letter addressed by His Holiness to the Marquis Cavaletti, president of the committee which offered nim a golden throne. It ts as follows:— Very DEAR MARQUIS, SENATOR AND SON IN JE3Us CHRIST—The humerous prodfs of filial affec- tion which reach me from tll pomts of the Catno- lic worid produce in me the liveliest emotion. They oblige me to be sincerely grateful, which I try to be, in praying for so many cMidren of the Church, Every week I offer the saciitice of infinite value, that of the first mass, and conpiylog with the gen- eral desire I will, if 1t piease ¢od, offer 1t again, beg- ging God to deliver our Italy rom all the evils which oppress her every day more. ‘Last of ail, beloved son inJesus Christ, who are always so devoted to the Koly See, I have been surprised at the news you hive given me—namely, that the good Catholics thindof offering me two new and altogether unexpected testimonials of filial Jove, the gift of a Pontifical rove of gold and the addition of the titie of Great o the name of Pius LX. With my beart on my lips ad with the sincerity of tpnateiy his chilaren im Jesus Christ I will reply to@e and other oi those offers. In regard to the preious gift of a golden throne, it has all at once ocairred to my mind that I should employ the sum whch may be collected in releasing young ecclestasic Whom a sinister law compels to military servie. The clergy is the golden seat that sustatos ta Church. So itis agamst the clergy that the efforts of ne present rulers are di- rected. ‘They employ spoliaton and persecution; they study everywhere how to rader ecclesiastical voca- tions very difMicalt, in orderhus to reduce more and more the succession in theecclestasticai hierarchy, which, decimated daily bjdeath and tribulations, leaves continual volds whia cannot be filled, to the great detriment of the Clash of Jesus Christ. 1t seems that the presenruiers have given them. selves the mission of des‘oying everything, and particularl Charon. ‘hile they load ¥tb eulogiuim and grants | of money intended to be a@piied to the encourage. ment of ecclesiastics who «obey thelr bishops and apostatize trom tue {aithibey pursue consistently the infernal system ot cking the good people, only because these are oposed to the doctrines of | their persecutors and the autt-Christian disposi- | tions, But let us leave those Und rulers to follow the path of perdition. Deaf > the first warnings of conscience, sceptics, and freed to ridica'e the good doctrines which are preackd under their eyes, they run in the way that leadsiem to the deep abyss, And now in regard to the feond idea, which Is that | of adding the word “Great to our name, I have pre- sented to my mind a sayin Ol the divine Redeemer, He traversed the varioacountries of Judea aiter He had put op human nate. A person penetrated with admiration of His ivine virtues addressed Him as “Good Master.” ‘Why dost thou call me good? God aloue Js gol,’’ immediately repiied Jesus, If, then, Jesus Chst, regarding Himseli as & man, declared that God.one is good, should not His unworthy Vicar say . his tura that God alone jsgreat’ Great by reasotol the strength Ile gives His Vicar; great by reaso of the support He gives His Church; great by rean of the infinite patience He exercises toward Hisnemies; great by reason of the rewards He keeps \ store for all those who have abandoned the wes of sin to consecrate themselves to the exerée of penitence; great by 7 whatever coverns religion and the | poe ie eS Meal os a ICCC AE, GORTCHAKOFF AND THE MISSIONARIES. Special Report from the Russian Chancellor— Would Not Tolerate the Shadow of Inter- vention—The Missionaries’ Bill of In- dictment—The Prince Refuses to Accept the Address, The following report of Prince Gortchakof to the | Czar, on the tnterview which he recently had with & deputation from the Evangelical Alliance, is pub- Ushed in the Russian oficial journals:— FRIEDRICHSHOFEN, July 4 (16), 1871, A deputation, composed of representatives from different evangelical communities, came to Fred- richshofen for the pur) of peiitioning your {m- pertal Majesty for freedom of conscience, which, it was Po ieee was Violated in Russta, espectally in the case of the Esthonians and Livonians of our Baldo provinces. This deputation your Majesty was pleased to order me to receive. It came to me on the 2d (14th) of July. ‘The deputation consisted of thirty-seven persons, Our interview lasted for upward of two hours, Many of these gentlemen made long speeches, and I considered Inyself bound im courtesy to hear them all with in- exhaustible patience, 1 do not venture to expose your Majesty to the same infliction, and ask permission to report shortly the general contents of what was said to me and of what I answered. By all, without exception, ex- pression was given of deep respect for your linpe- rial Majesty, and of confidence, inspired by the mag~- nanimity of your character. The genuemen lad espocial stress on this, that their preseat petl- tion had no political hue whatever, and that the tep which they ventured to take towards your Majesty was prompted solely by geueral plitlanthropic ends, In couciasion they re- quested me to ask an audience from your Majesty tor them for the purpose of handing to your Ma- jesty the addresses presented by them. Of these ad- dresses there were three: one from the American Evangelical Society, one from the, if 1 may 80 ex- press myself, European Evangelical Society, the text of which was written in London; finally, a third from some Quakers. Isaid to the gentlemen that the principles of toleration ana freedom of con- sclence were convictions of your Majesty, and that you had been pleased to always remain faithful to the example of your predecessors, whose convictions on this point were inpressed on all the leaves of Russia’s history; that tne history of my country in this respect preseuted an appear- ance the like of which we wouid tind it hard to dise cover in the same period in the annals of other countries; finally that this was one of the glorious rerogatives of Russia, which we wished to main- in. Besides, I said the confidence unanimously expressed by them In the qualities of Your Majesty ‘was a sufficient guarantee, and tnat I was notin & condition to offer any but this. I added that come pllance with the requests put forward by them ‘Would entail the abrogation of some laws of the ent- pire; that we in this matter could permit NO FOREIGN INTERVENTION WHATEVER; that though this declaration, that they had no poll. tical ends in view, Was of great weight—and | would give full credence to the complete frankness of thig declaration—the admission to Your Majesty of a deputation consisting of representatives of many nationalities, and the objects of which had become completely public, had the appearance of an inter vention in our internal atfairs, but that we could Not tolerate the shadow of tulervention, from what ever side itcame. ‘This declaration was received with deep regret, Which also was expressed in re- specttul terms. . THE AMERICAN DEPUTATION then requested me to accept their adaress, with the contents of which I had already made wyself priv vately acquainted, and as It coutained only general observations I answered that 1 was ready to lay it before your Imperial Leaded ‘The pvepaty from Geneva thereupon got up and said that those who had commissioned him were in hopes that I would also receive their address, which, in consideration of its numerous signatures, might be called a Euro- ean one. ‘This uddress was, as has been men- ioned above, written in London. 1 requested to have a look at it first. On looking through ttI eemacned that it contained passages wuich looked <1) A BILL OF INDICTMENT. Without hessitation [declared that the references to the pa belief and condition of the Estho- nians and Livonians rested partly on erroneous, party, on msuficient, data; and it appeared to ie, openly sald to them, that these data were derive from partial sources, Whose autuenticity i was allowable to doubt. I REFUSED TO ACCEPT THE ADDRESS in @ very aecided manner, and expressed it as mv personal opinion that it would be betier to abstain altogether from the presentation of an address, since the acceptance of the American address alone would wear an appearance which might be offensive to the whole deputation, Atter consultation amon themselves they agreed to my proposal. last attempt was then made to induce me to give a written statement of everything that had been said, Lanswered that I was, a$ a rule, an enemy of ail ere written dissertaious; that I considered what had said of the convictions and fundamental principies of your Imperial Majesty to be sufficient; that, if they had found any want of clearness 10 this respect, silice, on account of their differences of nationality, {1 had by turns to make use of tne French, English and German languages, L was ready once more to declare our intentions, They answered that they had completely understood all these. “In that case,” said I, “it will be for you to report be your hte nem On our interview. ge © penien TO rei sign vf trrivitiun, aithou a recognition opeer red ne! frat of success was vist bie, and Ido not think Jam in error if I assert that the Irankness and courtesy of'my words met with their respect. The next day I met four memovers of the deputation tn one of the adjacent avenues o! ihe castle—two of them English, two American. Those gentiemen expressed with warmth their gratitude for the reception that had been given them, and said that they had immediately telegraphed to the Lon- don Times concerning the impression and confi- agence with which they had been Inspired by the high quauties of Your Imperial Majesty. FOREIGN PERSONAL GOSS: —Mrs Waters, daughter of the poet Southey, died on the 28th ultimo, at the age of 67. —Miss Jex Blake is taking measures to establish @ hospital solely for female students in Eainburg. —Knhalil Bey, the Turkish Ambassador at Vienna, has been named a Pacha, with the rang of Muchir. —The Princess de Metternich, who was at Johannisburg during the reign of the Commune, has returned to Parts. —Count de Moltke is said to be aMicted with an atcack of gout which, on account of his age and recent fatigues, places his life in some danger. —The Prince of Wales, the Princess Louise and the Marquis of Lorne honored M. Gustave Doré Pata aad with a visit at the Westminster Palace otel. —Professor Reisman, a decided opponent of the Papal claims, has been elected rector of Wurzberg University, in spite of the strenuous exertions of tue uliramontane party. ——Mr. Gladstone has intimated to Mr. Wallace | Her Majesty’s wish to confer on him a baronetoy, in | recognition of his great services to the Exglish resi- | dents in Paris during the slege. ——M. Pau! de Cassagnac resumed his connection with the press by a long letter on Sedan, publisied in the Gauiois, and in which he endeavors to de- feud the conduct of the Emperor, —tThe Marquis of Lorne and the Prince: Louise, ; itis stated, are to visit the Dominion of Canada next fall, and information received im New York states that they will go as far as Washington, ——Pius IX. is said to have signed a brief regu. lating the mode of procedure by which, In case of | his death, his successor may be elected within twenty-four hours, aud without any meeting of the Conclave, ——Mr. David Duncan, of Manchester, England, has beer disowned by tue Society of Friends—that ts, deprived of all the privileges of membersnip—for taking the chatr at one of the recent lectures by the Rey. Charlies Voysey. —The King of Denmark, accompanted by his son King George of Greece, will shortly leave Copen- hagen for Kumpeaheim, where he 18 to meet the Prince and Princess of Wales, who will returo with Lis Majesty to the Danish capital. —he French Minister of the Interior has made an exception in favor of English excursionists wishing to Visit Boulogne and Calais during the summer season, Whereby they will be exempt from the strict but necessary formalities of a passport. ——Prince Charlies of Roumania does not at pres ent occupy bumself with public affairs, but lives in solitude in the monastery of Sinai. According to the Zaghiat of Vienna, he has announced to bis father, Prince Antoine de Hohenzoiiern, his desire to resign is crown, —The Germans of Moscow have purchased a splendid stud of turee white horses for the price of 4,000 roubies, In order to present them to Prince Bismarck. ‘The borses are from the stables of Mr. Surikod, who, two years ago, preseited a sumilar stud to tue Emperor Napoicon, — It is stated by the Férité that several petitions covered with numerous signatures have recentiy been presented to M. Thiers by the business nien of Paris, praying that the state of siege may ve at once raised, as trade is greatly suflering, Other and reason of the rigors ot jive ne will use for the punishment of unbelievé and of all the obstinate enemies of the Church, ‘That being granted, I mstconfirm all I have just sald—namesy, We shail castorate the money col- lecred for the throne vo t) iknsom of young eccle- siastics; and, in the nexwl@e, my name shail con~ tinue to be as it has alwés been. I desire that all repeat, for the glory of of Magnus Dominus eb laudabiis nimis—the Lrafs great and beyond all raise. Such is the wisn xjfessea by the Father to Ris very dear chuidren, at fh expressing this wish he reiterates assurance love and gratitude toward them. 1ti3 truend the title in quesuion— great—has been given ton¢e truly great Ponttts, Dut that took place onlyaipr their death, because then the judgment of mm B cl v and calmer. However, may those Pom remain great on the lips and in the hearts of |,and 1, with overflowing heart, give you, your famymnd all good Catholics, the apostolic benedictiog PIUS, P, P. LX. AT THK VATIOAN, Augst®, 1674, more pressing petitions to the same effect are also said to be in preparation. —The Khédive, having closed the Chamber of Dele; @ deputation waited upon him and thanked him for the facilities which his government had afforded them in the accomplishment of tnetr duties and for the liberal spirit with Which His High- ness had received their demands, notably those which relate to the internal reorganization of the country. — Signor Mazzini has reprinted his articles on the Commune and the Assembly in the iorm of a pamphiet. He persists in his condemnation of the Commune and the Internationale, He makes this remark on the victims of the Versaliles troops:—“L am certain that maby poor, honest and devoted men—Delesclauze among the numper—feil with tha double agony of being vanquished, and, in conse: eer the criminal acts which had accompanied @ movement, OL having deserved to ve so vans quished,”