The New York Herald Newspaper, December 11, 1870, Page 6

4 THE PAPAL Graphie History of the Catho-: lic Church. Influence of the Popos in the Past. RISE OF THE TEMPORAL POWER. Contentions Between Emperors and Pontiffs. Causes and Era of the Reformation and Fro- gress of Protestauti m. Effects of the French Revolution on the Papacy. THE POPES IN EXILE. The Councils and Diets of the Roman Church. Progress and Close of the Tem- poral Power. The Eternal City Becomes the of a United Italy. Japital ‘The important events that, for three months past, have been transpiring at Rome have dy led te ule extinction of the oldest dynasty in the world and deprived the Popes of thet temporal jurisdiction they have held since the duys of Chalemagne, aithough they still claim spiritual supremacy over nearly two hundred millions of Christians, A trust. wortay history, ther-fore, such as has not yet ap- peated in the columus of the press, of the rise, growth ana infaence of that power cannot fall to be acceptable to our readers, und such, compiled with much care and impartiaiity, we now place before tuem. CLAIMS OF SUPREMACY px THE ROMAN SEE. Iv is not, of course, new to Our readers to hear that the Popes of Rome claim supremacy, by Divine right, over all otaer bishops, regarding themselvés as the legitimate successors of St. Peter, who, they hold, had the primacy of the Apostles bestowed on him and foanded the See of Rome, in which cliy he was martyred im the year 66, Ranke tells us, in his “History of the Popes,” that ‘no long time had clapsed before the bishops of Rome acquired the su) sat 1s, indeed,” he says, “a vain pretence © that this supremacy was univers lly acknowledged by East and West, even in the iirst century, or, imdeed, at any time; but it 18 equally certain that they | quickly gained a pre-eminence, raising them far above all other ecclesiastical dignitaries.” The an- daunted firmness which the bishops of Rome dis- piayed throughout the fearful persecutions to which the Christians were subjected durmg the first two centuries was well calculated to secure to them this position; one after another they cheerfully foi- lowed their predecessors in the path of martyrdom, Their supremacy was furtier strengthened by the emperors from the time Vonstantine embraced the Christian faith until the partitioa of the empire, We find Theocoslus the Great commandiag that all nations claiming the protection of his Grace should receive the faith as propounded by St. Peter to ike Romans; while Valentinian forpade tne bishops, whether @f Gaulor the other provinces, to depart from the received customs of the Church without the sanction of that venerable maa, the Pope of the Holy City. ‘The appellation “pope,” a Greek word, signifying “father,” appears to have been first taken by Hygi- nus, who held the See early iu the second century. Innocent L., who began his reign 402, was decided in his avowal of the authoritative position he heida, using the following words: —“All ecclesiastical mat- ters throughout the world are, by Divine right, to be referred to the Apostolic See—that 13, to St. Peter, the author of its name and honors.’ Towards the close of the same century we find Pope ¥ who was the first to apply the term “vic: self, equally emphatic im the assertion of his claims, saying, “St. Peter, the apostie, speaks in me, his vicar, and Christ speaks in him." The emperors of the East, however, were averse to the recognition of the supremacy of the See of Rome in their dominions, and it was, doubtiess, owing to their influence that we find, during the reign of Pope Sumplicius, the sees of Uonstanti- nople, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, s‘rng- gling respectively for the supremacy, their claims obtaining only a partial and temporary recognition. We meet the tith “supreme pontiff,” first applied to Theodorus, who ascended the Papal chatr in 642, by the African bishops, who addressed iim as “supreme pontiff of ail bishops.” DISRUPTION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. The important part played by the bishops of Rome during the disrupuon of the empire led to the founda- tion of the temporal power of the Church, When the Roman empire, so long conquering and para- mount, was in turn invaded and overcome, Christianity, amid the general convulsions that ensued, received @ violent shock, and the Church found herself in entirely altered circumstances, From the commencement of the fifth to the middle of the eighth century Rome was repeatedly taken, sacked and burned by the Goths, Huns and Van- dais, and other endless and barbarian hordes who poured out their savage multitudes over Italy. ROME PLUNDERED BY THE GOTHS AND VANDATS, In 410 the city was taken and pillaged by Alaric, King of the Goths, Next came Atilla, the Hun, called the Scourge of God, with 500,000 followers, who are described as more like demons than men, He was met, while yet m the North of Italy, by Pope Leo, accompanied by a few ecclesiastics, who suc- ceeded in diverting him from his fierce purpose, Soon after came Genseric, one of the Vandais, He set sail from Africa, and, when asked by the pilot, “Where shall I steer }’ answered, “Leave that to the winds; they will take me to the country God ts angry with.” He landed near Rome. Again the Pope went forth with afew unarmed ecclesiastics, and, though he did not succeed in turning, hun back, he obtained for the people the best terms he could, The horrors at that time were so great that when the Greek General, Narses, took the city, im 552, it ‘was the fitteenth time it bad been taken by an army ‘within sixteen years. Meantime the Lombards, as neighbors most dan- os and hostile, had established a powerful vereignty in Italy, while the Arabs, inspired by fanaticixm and # dogmatizing creed directly ep- posed to the Ohrisuan futh, now began to pour themselves over the West, as they had previously done over the East. They had gained possession of Affiea after repeated attacks, had made them- gelves masters of Spam by one baitie, and their General, Musa, had boasted that he would march by the Pyrenees, cioss the Alps into Italy and have the name of Mahomet prociaimed from ‘the Vatican av Rome. To add to the pertious position of Roman Christen- dom at this period the 1conoclastic dissensions had broken out, and the Emperor at Constantinople | ad the party to which the Pope was opposed. L, who ascended the Papai chair in 645, was made a prisoner by the Emperor's orders,conveyed to the isle of Naxes, and subjected to great indigaities, ubsequently he was taken to Constantinopie, brought to a meck trial, accused of conspiring fyatust the Bmpero:, stripped of his ponttical robes and d through the sticets with an iron cellar about his neck. He was then cast into prison and shortly after banished to the Crimea, where he died of privations in 666. SPRBAD ANITY IN EUROPE, ‘While C) ‘was then almost exterminated In Africa by the sf Mohammedanism, and alt Christen: with a war of extermina- tion, the faith bad spread beyend the limits of the aud tind succor, Among all the Germanic nations tne Franks alone hat become Catnolic from their first rise in the provinces of tho. Roman empire, and this ackuowledgment of the Koman See had secured important advu. to the Frankish nation, ‘The most attached of all, however to the See of Roms were the Anglo-Saxons. No more Lnportant Tresuiis ever ensued from the resolution of any other Pope than frou that of Gregory the Great, who, when he saw the fair Anglo-Saxon eapltives for sale In the streets of Rome, determined on the conver- Sion Of that people, They received, together with Christianity, @ veneration for the Holy See greater than had ultherto existed in any nation, they made pilgrimages to Rome, sent taeir youth thither to be educated, and King Oif@ established the wx called “St. Petor's Ponty for the relief of pilgrims was long a1 sanguinary belore they could bring their enterprise to a fortunate mauo. Although Gregory 80 humbled the Emperor Henry Iv. that he kept him three days and three nights barefooied, in the depth of winter, at the gates of Canosaa, Des fore he admit Lae! to an audience, i 0 ain appened that the Popes were compelled, ri the struggle, to fy from their capital, and forced te witness: ascent, of anti-Popes to the Apostolic Gregory VII. bimself died in exile at Salerno, exclaiming before his death, ‘+1 ave loved Justice and hated iniquity; therefore i die an exile.? (cer, however. long confusion and doubtful strife the Roman See succeeded in asserting the principle for which it contended; the clergy became wholly opgadant on it. Cclioacy had also been then fully enforced among them, and the administration of every diocese was controlled by the Pope, KXTENSION OF THE TEMPORAL POWER, This, their spiritual suprenacy, independent of princes, having been fully nara l. Rie Pontifts began to attend to the importance of the consolida- tion «nd extension of thelr temporal and the education of the ciergy. Boniface, the apostle of the Germans, was also an Anglo-Saxon, largely shariog in the veneration of his nation for i» Peover and his successors. in all the German urches founded by him he imposed an extraordi- uy Obligation to Obedience, Hvery bishop was re- quired by nim to promise unlimited opedieace to tue See of Rome, Presiding olten mm the synods of Ube Gailican bishops, he inculcared the same aitach- ment to Lome; and thus did tue devoted submission of the Angio-Saxons extend itseif over the whole realm of the Frauks, ORIGIN OF THE TEMPORAL POWER OF THE CHURGH, When other realms were sinking 140 one common rain, aud the world seemed about to become the prey of the Mosiein, Pepin of Herstal, the som of Unuries Mactel, and founcer of the race, alterwards called the Carolovingiau, had msen te supreme power, and that race it Was Which offered the frat edectial resistsace to the Moaammedan couguerors. Rarke tells us that “av this ume the Kast Roman empire Was falling into ruins, incapaole of support- Ing Christendom against Isiamisin efending lis @wn domatns in Luly against the bards, yet conumung to Clam supremacy even in spiritual affairs; ou the other the German nations, Jult of ' the most vigorous tife, victorious over the Musiem, attucacd to that authority (the see of Kouwie) of whose protect and restrictive influences they sul fet the need, @ filied vith an ted and most freely rendered devotion.” ‘VHE POPE SBRKS THM ALD OF KING PEPIN, Such was the condition of atfairs wuen Stephea IIL, applied for aid to King Pepin againsi the Lombards, who had taken 1 sarge oi the exarchate of Ravenua and adj terriiories, and, wader their King, Astoiphus, had laid siege te Rome, Pepin laid siege to Pavia and wrested the exarchate frum the Loibards and transferred 1t vo the Pope in 754. He alse cauwed ihe keys of the conquered towns to be piaced on the altar of St. Peter, and in this act is believed by some to have laid tne foundation ol the whole temporal power of the Popes, who Cae becume recognized temporal sovereigns in taly. lu strict justice, however, historians say that the exarcnate shouid have been restered to the Roman Kamyperor (rom whom the Lombards Lad wrested it, and that When the proposal for such restoration was mude to Pepin his reply was that “for ne favor of man lad he entered the strife, but from veneration to St. ever alone, aud in tae hope of obtaining for- giVeness of Mis gins.’? OHARLEMAGNE AND THE POPES. in 774 Onariemagoe, baving succeeded to the throne on the death of Pepin, his fatier, and Adrian 1, a most energetic Pope, being in the chair of Peter, burds becaine again aggressive. Ciarie- inague crossed the Alps, driving them before hin, alia sent their King Desedertus & prisoner to France. ‘Thas endca the dominion of the Lombards in italy. ‘‘his monaren showed the most profound deierence Jor ine Pope; visiting Rowe, he kissed the steps of ‘St. Peter as he entered the vestibule where the Pon- til awaited lum. He confirmed ull the possessious awarded by Pepin to the Church. ORIGIN OF TITHES. In 779 Charlemagne enforced throughout his douun10ns the imposition of tithes for tue support of the clergy, churches, schools and tie poor. CHARLEMAGNE CKOWNED -SMPEROR OF THE WEST. dn 800, full of fame and victory, having united under his ba ner the Fait part Of the iwinano- Germanic nations of Christendom, and being ia possession of all the seats of the Westerh emperors, Whether in ltaiy, Germany acd inherlung their power, he again visied Kome and was crowned Emperer ol fhe West on the Feast of the Nativity by Leo LL, with great pomp, in the presence of whe clergy, nobies aid people of Rome, With reference to the date of the origin of the Pop.'s temporal sover- eiguty, We imay mere remark that the historians of the Catholic Charch claim ut to date from the days of Pope Sylyester L, and .nat King Pepin ouly re- stored aud Charlemagne confirmed to tie Church tat which for upwards ef four centuries had be- jonged to ker, And as evidence ol this they say that m the act of donation by Pepin there is not a Word respeciiag the city of Rome or the other ter- Ttory dependent upon that Duchy, and theretore that this Was al that ume under the temporal. rale of the Pope. xshey also heid that this view 1s for- ther conti:med by the fact that Charlemagae, when he Visited Kome la 774, claimed ao sovereignty over it, but asked permission irom the Pontul to enter 1. toat he might pay his devotion at the churches; und further, tat Louis Debounair, Who was crowned eiuperor by rope siephea V. at Rheims, in 8h styied both his grandiather and father, Pepin an Cnharlemuge, restorers to tne Holy See of rights which it aiready possessed, THR POPE AND NAPOLEON I. Pius VIL, 10 a letter to Napoleon I., who claimed sovereignty over Kouie, as he asserted Charlemagne, did, is equally expucit iu the maintenance of the sane rigat, He says:—‘‘Your Majesty says that our relauous towards yeu are the sume 48 tiuse of our prececesssors towards Charlemagne. Chariemagne Jound Rome in the hands of the Popes; he recog- nized, he unreservedly confirmed, them in tie pos- session Of their domains; he augmented ihem w.tn new douations; he never pretended to any right of domain or superionty over the temporal sovereiguiy of the Pontitis; he never claimed from tnem eitner dependence or the homage of a sub- ject.” ‘he iurther remarks of this Pontiff! we thunk quite pertinent, containing all that it 1s neces- sary to say ro er con, and With them we Close this question. He adds:—“But, im fact, ten centuries since the time of Charlemagne have rendered use- less all further invesugation. An undisturved pos- session Of & housand years is a title the most clear Which can exist between sovereigus; the fact of that possession has proved that, whatever may have been Lhe understanding bevween Obariemagne aud the pontiis iu those obscure umes and under those tempesiuous circumstances, the Holy See has never, in relerence to her territorial dominions, heid auy otuer relations with the successors of Charie- magne Wan those which exist between every mde- peadent sovereign and other soVvereigns.’? POWER OF THE POPES IN THE MIDDLE AGES, From the ume of Charlemagne, in 800, uutil the final expulsion of tne Saracens from Italy in tue be- ginuing of the eleventh ‘century, the Pepes acted a conspicuous part in the affairs of Europe, had their temporal possessions largely increased, and main- tained elevated ideas of not only the poutificate, but the episcopal office. Eugentus i1., who com- menced his reign in 824, 1s said to have been the first who introduced organs into the churches of the West, and Valentine, who succeeded him in 827, the first upon whom the ceremony of kissing the toe was practised by the Senate and the people of Rome; while Sergius IL, who became Ponti in 644, 1s reputed the first who took anew name at his ejection, his real one being Osporci, or Swincmouth, Leo 1V., who succeeded him in 847, Was eminently distinguished for zeal and courage. Under him the Saracens were defeated with great loss at Ostea by tne Romans and Neapoliians, commanded by Co- saris, son of the Duke of Naples, He did much towards the repairs of St. Peter’s and the Vatica: and enclosed the city wiih awall, He anointe King Alfred of England, who was sent to Rome for confirmatien when five years old. Adriaa 1, who his reign in 86%, held lofty ideas of the episcopal office. He decreed “that no bishep should ahght from bis horse for any secular rince.”’ John VAIL, who crowned Charles the Bald $75, and obtained ‘from him @ confirmation of all former grants and the cession of Capua to the pairi- mony Of the Holy See, heid ‘that obedience wasdue to him from princes, and that he had a right to ex- communicate them.” DEFEAT AND EXPULSION OF THE SARACENS FROM "ALY. John X. defeated the Saracens on the Gangiiano, beimg present in person at this victory, which, ac- cording to Wilks, in kis history of the Papacy, he aciieved with great renown, assisted by the troops of Berenger, of the Dukes of Benevento, Naples and Gaeta, and by the general of the Greek emperor. He crowned Berenger Emperor of the Romans, A. D, 916, who confirmed all the grants of his predeces- sors te the See of Rome. In 967 the Emperor Othe restered to the Pope Various territories in the neighborhood of Ravenna and elsewhere which had been seized by former Kings of Italy. John XV. gave hissanction to Hugh Cupet, who had seized the crown of France in 987, and is considered the firsts Pope who practised canonization, The Saracens were finally expelled m the coasts of Italy and the territories of Rome iz the reign of Beneaict VIII., which com- Ae i012. Damasius L., who began bis reign in 1047, Is said to have been the first Pope who as- sumed the tiara, THE FIRST PAPAL ARMY, He was succeeded by Leo 1X., an eminent Pontiff, and the drat who kept @ reguiar army in his pay, He confronted the Normans with it in battle at Civitella, but was defeated and made prisoner. His enemies, however, asked his forgiveness, and placea their conquesis #t his disposal. He then bestowed upon them the whole of Lower Italy, to be held as a “fiet of the Holy See.’ In 1066 Alexander 11. gave his sanction to Willlam the Norman’s invasion of { ray a tes granting him the kingdom tu the nawe of St. Peter. STRUGGLES FOR SUPREMACY BETWEEN THE POPES AND EMPERORS. With the accession to the Papal chair of Gregory Vil. (Hildebrand), in 1073, begun that strugale for supremacy between the emperors and princes of Enrepe and the Popes of Rome which convulsed Europe for centuries. Hitherto they had co-operated harmoniously, aifording each other mutual sup ort, The Pope had not previously claimed the direct nomination of the bishops througheut the empire. He had referre@ the choice te the chapters, amd in uiese the high German nobility had exercised a commanding imfluence; but Dow the emperors aapired to av absolute control over mvestitures, and Gregory, perceiving the end to which things were tending, determined to free the pontiiicate irom any interference with its appointments on the part of the empire. Having fixed his thoughts upon this subject he caused @ resolution to be adopted by one of his pt counsels that ne clerical office should in future be conferred by @ layman, thus directly conflicting witha right or custom the Kmperor had hitherto exercised, The contention malayained by the Pepes Possessions. Let us here again quote Rank on tus matter. He says:—*Whatever judgment may be formed as to the popes of the earlier ages, it is certain that they had aiways important interests in Vipera, duty of upholding an oppressed religtoa, that of contending with paganism, of aiffausing Christianity among the nations of the north, and of establishing an independent hierarchical government, ‘0 will, and to achieve sume great object, is proper to the dignity of haman nature; and while such was thet tendency the Popes were sustained in their lofty eciorts; but this spirit had passed away with the ‘times by witch it had been awakened, Schism had been suppressed, bul ib had become ebvious that 20 hope remained: of effecting a combined action against thejenemy of the Church, Men would no longer give their lives to aelend her from the Turks, At thug followed that her spiritual nead new devoted Diinself to the interests of nis temporal sovereignty, and pursued these with an rness hitherto un- known. And this was tn accordance with the tem- per and direction of the age, ‘I had once thought,’ Temarks one of the speakers at the Council of Basle (1483), ‘toat the secular power shoula be wholly Separate from that of the Church; out I have now learned that virine without force 1s but slightly re- Bpecied, and that the Pope, without the atrimony of the Church, would he merely ki; and princes,” The Emperer Frederic Barbarossa se renewed the quarret with the Pope, seized Rome and dreve Alexander LiL, who had formally deposed bim, into exile at Benevento, 1t was during this penttticate that the Council of Lateran, held in 1179, deiined the right of election to the Papal See as vested in the cardinals alone; hitherto it had required the confirmation 0: the priests and people of kome, One Of the most courageous asserters of the rights of his oitice was Innocent Ill He claimed for the See uni- versal control, and formed with the cities of Tuscany the Gueiphic league, in which they agreed to recog- nize no king, duke or govermor, without the appro- bation of tie See of Rome. FURTHER INCREASE OF THE PAPAL TERRITORY. He took Spoleto and Ancona under the plea that they had been conferred by a grant of the Empress Mathilda on Gregory VIL, aud retained them for the patrimony of St. Peier. He created kings in Armenia, Bulgaria, Bohemia and Aragon; crownea Otno IV. emperor, excommunicated Pullip 1, of France, and put the whoie nation under interdict till that sovereign consented to take back his queen, lngeborg, whom he had discarded; placed England underedict 1n 1208, excommunicati King John, who had resisted the appotntment of Langton Archbishop of Canterbury, and, indeed, heid ail the sovereigns of Europe in passive obedience. ACCESSION OF THE HAPSBURG DYNASTY, Under the direction of Gregory X. the princes of Germany elected, tn 1273, as Kmperor, Rudolph of Hapsburg, the founder of the present house ot Aus- tria; but Nicholas IL. refused to crown him &m- perer of the Romans until he had confirmed all the clauns, spiritual and temporal, of the Holy See. Under this Pope the whole of Romagna and Bologna was acquired as ‘‘fefs of the Holy See.” Clement V., Who became Pope in 1305, removed the seat of the Papacy trom Kome to Avignon, where it con- tinued during the reign of the five succeeding Popes, or for a period of seventy years, when it was again transferred to Rome by Gregory XI. It was during this period that Avignon, the patrimonial estate of Joanua, Queen of Naples, was sold by her to Pope Ciement VIL, and that Rienzi, the son of humble parents, was twice elevated to tne dignity of dic- tator by the citizens of Kome, to check the tyranny of the nobles. SUPREMACY OF GENERAL COUNCILS. From the return of Gregory VII., in 1377, until the era oi the first French revolution, a space of more than 400 years, Rome was in the possession of the Pepes. During this AM ivi) some of the most momentous events in tory toek place, It wit- nessed the rise of the Reformation, which stripped the Popes of spiritual jurisdiction over a great por- tion of Europe, the curtaliment of their temporal Possessions and the establishment from the time of the Council of Constance, in 1418, to the close of the Council of Trent, In 1563, of the spiritual supremacy of the councils of the Chureh ever the Pontilfs. Previous to the Council of Constance the Popes claimed and exercised for many centuries unquall- fled obedience ou the part of bishops, priests and people to their mandates, but in this council, con- Bisting of bishops, abbot professors, ambassaders Of princes and dectors of law, it was decreed “that @ general councii had recelved by divine right an authority to which every otner, even that ol Pope, must submit,’ ‘The Council of Basle, held in 1433, also declared its authority paramount to that of Pope. Its dcrees, however, got tne seal of Nicholas V. attached to them, although they eircumscribed his spiritual power, and he vigorously set about strengthening his temporal sway. GREAT EXTENSION OF THE STATES OF THE CHUROH, Julius 1, who became Pontiff in 1503, may be re- garded as the founder, or rather solidifier, of the late ecclesiastical States. During his short pontif- cate he extended his dominion from Terracina to Placentia, and trom the Mediterranean to the Adriatic. He also taxed lightly the cities he ac- quired, employed Bramaate and Michael Angelo to erect the new St. Peter's on a gigantic scale, alter the model of the ancient Pantheon; caused the old Basilica to be pulled down, and laid himself the first stone of the new structure. He also restored the Vatican amd employed the Fran- ciscan mendicant triars to replenisn his ex- juer, ene of whom, it is said, brought him 000 ducats. He endeavored to subdue ail the petty sovereigns of Romagna and to acquire a per- manent territory for the Church, He expelled the Bagliont from Perugia and the Bentivogit from Bologaa, which last city he entered in triumph A, D, 1666. He further allowed all cities he conquered municipal and other privileges. In pursuance of lus jans of lerriter.al aggrandizement he jotned the eague of Cambray, with France, Spain and Ger- many, against Venice. The Venetians being defeated at the bate of Gheara d’Adda in 1509 he obtained from them the remaining cities of Romagna, and then making peace with them he repaired to his re- cent conquest of Bologna, whence he thundered nls anathemas against the Duke of Ferarra, tae Em- peror, and the King of France. In this state of affairs a council was summoned by the Emperor Maximilian and Louis XIL, King of France, against the Pope, at Pisa in 1511, which soon after adjourned to Milan. The Pontiit then sum- moned a council at Rome and formed with Venice and Spain the Holy League against France and Ger- many, Henry VIL of England also lent his name tothe league. The Pope took the Swiss into hia pay, and the Emperor Maximilian having ultimately pinot the league, the French were dnaliy expellea rom Italy. Heis said to have raised his annual revenue, ordinary and extraordinary, to a million of ducats, or about two aud @ quarter millions of dol- lars. Under Leo X., Who succeeded him in 1513, the temporal power was still further consolidated, and progress made in the erection of St, Peter's. Under the reign, however, of Clement V1, Rome was taken and pillaged by the Spanish troops of the Emperor Charles, aided by a German force, and led by the Oonstable Bourbon, who was killed in the breach, and the Pope finally compelied to surrender Ferarra and enter into a meh ad peace with Fran- cis the First at Marseilles in 1: THE ERA OF THE REFORMATION. Meantime the nations of Europe were being fohed agitated by the controversies entered into tween the reformers and their opponents, while strenuous efforts were also being made to effect & recouctliation. by Leo the Tenth bad sent, in 1618, the Cardinal Cajetau, ce dispute with Martin Luther, an Augustine monk, who had published nineiy-five propositions against indulgences, at ‘Wittemberg, in Saxony, October 31, 1517, but the disputation only served to further fan the fame of controversy. LUTHER BURNS THE POPE'S BULL. In 1519 the views of Luther were adopted by Me- Jancthon and Zuingtius, and in the same year he was excommunicated by Leo, but in retatitation burnt tne Pope's bull and declared himself out of the Communion of Rome. In 1521 the Diet of Worms ‘was held, which outiawed Luther, but from whicd he retired under a safe conduct of Charles V. In 1622, Adrian VL. having succeeded Leo, the Diet of Nuremberg was held, to which the Pope sent Cheregato as legate, with full powers to enforce the edict of Worms agatnst Luther, and to reform aonses among the clergy. ‘The Germans drew up their grievances in 100 articies, and demanded 8 general council of the Ohurch. Adrian having died in the following year and been succeeded by Cle- ment Vil, the German princes renewed their Je. mand for a general council. The first Diet of Spires, held in 1526, granted free exercise of religion to the reformers in Germany, Ferdinand J., brother of the Emperor, geicning. the decree. The second Diet of Spires, hoWever, held in 1529, decided against Lu- tier, and enforced the edict of Worms; but six Ger- man princes had meantime become Protestanta, and iu the Diet of Augsburg, held in the following year, twenty-eight articles were drawn up by Melancthon, which formed the foundation of the Lutheraa ereed, Charies V. and the Diet, however, refused vo subscribe thein. CONTINUED PROGRESS OF PROTESTANTISM. In 1631 the Protestant princes formed the league of Smaikaide, which England, france, Denmark and other States supported. The Emperor in the mean- time, bemg hard pressed by the ‘Turks, concluded a truce with the Protestante at Nuremberg in 1582, Two years aiter, in 1534, Ferdinand I, concluded With the Protestant princes the treaty of Kadan, and all Northern Germany adopted the reformed faith. Meantime Swedeu, under Gustavus Vasa, had adopted the views of Ulaus Petri, a disciple of Luther, and Denmark, had followed in the same course In 1627, under Christian IlJ.; while the Queen of Navarre, sister ef the King of France, had joimed the reformed Boy en in 1523, Pope Clement, after repeated delays, Unally refused to disselve the riage of Henry VIL, King of England, with Catna- rine of Aragon, the aunt of the Emperor, and forth- ‘with Henry discarded, in 1634, the supremacy of the Pope; but it was not unul 1548, under Edward VL., son of Henry, that the reformed religien was adopted in that country. One of the first acts ef Pope Paul IlL., whe succeeded Clement VII. in 1534, was to Publish @ sentence of excommunication against Leny V! . ad piace Wa . NEW YORK HERALD, SUNDAY: DECEMBER) 1, 1870,-TRIPLE SHEET. Ansarstio’, commanding his nobles to rebel against him, MHBTING OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT, He then proposed @ general council at Mantua, with reference to the disputed questions of doctrine, with the expectation of healing the dissensiens ex- ist pg among Christians. ‘Yhe Protestant party ob- Jecte’ to Milan as the place for holding it; 1t was therefore convened at Trent in 1545, Its alttings were so0n alter adjourned to Bol but the Pro- testant princes objected also to this place as too much under Italian influence, and the Council adjourned in 1546, the year in which Luthor died, without hav- ing effected any good, Julius IIL, who ascended the papal chair in 1550, reopened the Council in the following year, but, offended at some of its decrees regardiug: iy} Cena to benefices, suspended its sittings 1 1652 Soon after this Maurice, Elector of Saxony, join- ing the Lutherans, formed @ close alllance with Fraxce, surprised the Emperor Charlies at Inspruck, and exvorted from him the Treaty of Passau, in 1552, by which toleration was accorded to all Protest- ants. This was afterwaras fully confirmed in the Diet of Augsburg, opened by Ferdinand, the Emperor's brother, wherein was decreed that all who had sub- scribed to the confessions of Augsburg (1530) were enurely exempt from the jurisdiction, spiritual avd temporal, of the Roman Pontiff, and thus the re- formed religion Was legally recognized in Germany, September 25, 1555, | fhe Council of Trent was again summoned in January, 1562, by Plus LY,, and dissolved December, 1563, ‘This was its unird and last sitting. From its first openilag unul its final close all Northern Ger- mauy, Denmark, Sweden, England aud a part of Switzerland, had ceased to be connected with the Church. For ten monihs there seemed liutie hope of the Council coming to an agreement: but at length Cardinal Morone gained over the Emperor Ferdinand L, Cardinal Guise assented on behalf of the King of France and the Pope prevailed on Philip IL of Spain to give his support, Though the Coun- oil failed to reunite the Protestants with the Church discipline Was rigorously restored and the authority of the Pontiff much strengthened, as to him was reserved the rigut of interpreting the Council's de- crees. LOYOLA POUNDS THE ORDER OF JESUITS—ITS sUP- PRESSION. ‘This result was mainly brought about by the exer- tions of the Jesuits, an order 1ounded in 1540 by Ig- natius Loyola, of pain, Jor the educauon of youth and the support of the Holy See. The influence exercised by this order from time until its sup- pression, in 1773, by Clement XIV., was unbounded, lauded by it friends, but charged by 1ts opponents with a restless and unscrupulous spirit, and by sove- reigns and princes with repeated plots and intrigues against thelr persons and powers. Its members were expelled from Portugal witn great cruelty in 1759. ‘They were'transported to Rome, where they laid all their influence and riches at the feet of the Pope, whose Minister, Torregian!, adopted their cause In opposition to all the Catholic Powers. The order was expelled from France in 1762, under the Ministry of the Duke de Chotseul, notwithstanding the protest of the Pope, who declared the euict to be null and void. In Spain, Charles IIL, persuaded that they were intr.guing to dethrope him in favor of lus brother, Don Louis, caused every house of the order to be ciosed in one night; Ferdinand ex- elled them from Parma, Spain, France, Naples, Portugal and Parma all combined ‘to demand their exunction, France seized Avignon, Napies occu- pied Benevento and Ponte-Corvo, promisiag only to return these sequestrated provinces on the suppres- sion of the Jesuits. ‘the event, jhowever, aid not take place until 1773, in the reign of Clement XIV., who reluctantly consented. The following is the text in which he an- nounced to Onristendom the abelition of that order, Which for upwards of two centuriea had so strenuously supported tbe ascendancy of the Church :—“Inspired, ag we “trust, by the Divine Spirit, 1mpelied by the duty of restoring concord to the Church, convinced that the Society of Jesus can ny longer effect those purposes for which 1t was founded, and moved by other reasons of State policy which we retain concealed in our own breast, we do extirpate and abolish the Society of Jesus, its oflices, houses and instituuons.’” ¥ROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN CHINA AND JAPAN. ‘The losses sustained by the Church in Europe, owing to the Reiormation, were more than compen- sated for numericaily by the large accessions to her ranks from. missionary labors in both Eastern and Western hemispheres during the sixteenth century, while she also regained much of her former pres- uge in Poland, Bohemia, Austria, ana other arta of Europe. Under the Jesuit missions vo the ast three hundred thousand Christians were com- puied to, have received baptism in Japan in 1577, and ather Valiguano, wuo died in 166, was reputed the founder of three hundrea churches and thirty houses tor Jesuits in that country. Many Oriental Christians were again united to the See of Rome, and considerable pesgreme made in bringing about a union of the Greek Christiaus resident in the Turk- ish empire, c A similar process was, at the same time, in action through East India. The historian Maffet tells us:— “Catholicism obtained a central position of great value im Goa. Thousands were converted every ear; even ag early as 1665 three hundred thousand nristians were computed to be in and around Goa, the mountains of Cochin and Cape Comorin.”” THR CHURCH IN SOUTH AMERICA. Progress was still greater in the New World. Rauke tells us “that so carly 88 the beginning of the seventeenth century the Catholic Church was com- pletely organized in South America, possessing five archbishops, twenty-seven bisheps, with four hun- dread monasteries, and parish churches innumer- able. ‘The Popes about this time also did much to- wards the improvements and decorations of the city of Rome. Sextus V., who began his reign in 1586, expelled the banditti from Ituly, improved the ports and drained the Pontine marshes. He also encouraged the manufacture of silk, brought water twenty-two miles to Rome from the Agra Colonna by the Sistine aqueduct, completed the cupola of St. Peter's, and, on the death of Alphonso IL, Duke of Ferarra, without male heirs, claimed the territory and took possession in person Muy, 1698. He 1t was ‘who fixed the number of cardinals at seventy.” COMPLETION OF 8T. PETER'S AT ROME. Paul V., who succeeded, brought a further supply of water to the city by the Aqueduct Paulina, thirty- five miles distance, and completed the Church of St. Peter, the erection of which had been progressing under eighteen Popes, for the space of 100 years. In 1631 the territory of Urbino lapsed to the Church on the death of the last Duke, who had held it as a “flef of the Papal See.” In 1644 the Duke o1 Parma, being unable to pay his debts, ceded Castro to Innocent X., the Pope undertaking to satisfy his creditors, ‘ DECLINE OF THE TEMPORAL POWER, With the commencement of the eighteenth cen- tury began the curtailment of the Papa territories. At the peace of Utrecut (1713) the islands o1 Sardiola and Sicily were bestowed on the Houses of Savoy and Austria without the Pope's consent, although he claimed both ag “iiefs of the Holy See,” and on the extinction of the House of Farnese the Duchies of Parma and Placentia were, in spite of his protests, bestowed py the Emperor on the Intant of Spain. Moceingo, writing in 1787, says:—‘It is certain that the sovereigns of Europe are making rapid progress toward depriving. she Roman See of ali its secular prerogatives.’? is was consummated by the French republic before the close of the century. THE FIRST FRENCH REVOLUTION, In 1796 Hot bed invaded by Gencral Bonaparte at the head of the troops of republican France, who compelled the cession of Bologna and Ferarra to the Franch, while a subsidy of twenty millions of francs ‘was algo exacted, and a hundred of the most exqut- site of the Italian works of art had, at the same time, to be given up to the French Directory. By the treaty of Solenteus (January, 1797,) still more humil- jating conditions were imposed—the whole of Ro- ee was surrendered to France, Avignon seized a further sum of upwards of six millions of dollars extorted from the exchequer. IMPRISONMENT OF PIUS Vl. BY THE FRENCH DIREC- TORY. ‘This was subsequently followed up by an advance y Be upon Rome b; rthier, Aide-le-Camp of na- andin February, 1798, the Po) ie & prisoner in the Vatican, hurried off to Florence and imprisoned in the convent of Chartreuse. COURAGE AND DEATH OF THM POPE. He died in 1799, a prisoner, in the eighty-second year of his age, Rome meantime having aban- pillage, and tie whole Church property in the Papal States confiscated to the French republic. alison says:—“There is som sublime and wol of a purer and holier faith In the reply of Eds! ‘ius Vi. to the French ordered to dispossess hims thority. ‘Iam prepared ‘for every pe As Supreme Pontiff Iam resolved to die in jhe exercise of my powers. You may employ force— yeu have the power to do so; but know taat, though you inay be masters of my body, you are not so of my 30 her Free in the region where it is placed, it ' fears neither the events nor the sufferings of this life. 1 stand on the threshold of another world. ‘There I shall be sheltered alike from the violence and impiety of this.’ FALL OF NAPOLEON Il. AND RESTORATION OF THE POPE'S TEMPORAL POWER. Pius VIL, his successor, one of whose first acts ‘was to restore the Order of Jesuits, was reinstated in all hig territories by the Cougress of Vienna in 1816, on the fall of Napoieon L, Avignon excepted, tothe surrender of which Louis XVUI., who as- cended the throne of France, was opposed. From that time until 1848 the Popes remained in posses- sion of Rome. THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION—INFALLIBILITY’ OF THE POPES. In 1846 the present Pentiff, Pius [X., ascended the cpair of Peter. His reign has already been, we be- evo, the longest on record, with one exception ce the days of the Aposties, and has been marke by religious and political events of the greatest pos- ple importance, Among the religious we bave his dogmatic definition of the doctrine of “immaculate conception’ in 1854, which then became an article or Roman Catuolic faith, and the assemblage of a General Council in the Vatican in 1869-70, the first held since that ef ‘Trent, more than 300 ears before, whicn has conferred upon him and iy successors a spiritual supremacy the highest ever claimed for the occupaut of the See of Kome by declaring the infallibiuty of the Popes in tueir ex cathedra teachings of the Church, wile the Oo Mulgation of this was rapidly follewed by the of ail bis temporal power. On his accession to the Pontificate he was regarded as prelate of great piety and moderation, and to mect the requirements of the times granted liberal reforms. They did not, however, satisfy the popular demands. Insurrectious broke out in Italy, and in 1848 he was forced te fy from Rome, taking a his residence at Gaeta, while a triumvirate, consisting of Mazainl, Armellini and Sam, took contrei of Kome. , however, the French republic sent an army against them, Louis Napoieon being then President, and General Oudinot invested the city and took it by assault, compelling the triumvirs to fly, and the Pope returned to Rome in the following year and assumed control over the territories of the Church, THR FLIGHT TO GARTA. ‘The war of 1869 wi by Victor Bmmanuel, King of Surdiala, BeALDSE J Whish ho Wat supported by the Em spec ore auc kite or eit Ris teceitorioes enee tetoee between {¢ and five miles adjacent to tome, and considera! fons than s mnliion of subjects, the kingdom of Italy being f¢ under Victor Emmanuel, to which they were an- nexed, Since that time until the it war pe- tween France and Prussta a French force has re- mained in his dominions to protect him from the efforts of those Italians who were desirous of making Rome the capital of a united Italy. L088, OF THE TEMPORAL POWER, ‘The withdrawal of the French forces by the ex- Emperor Napoleon has been followed by the march pero! of the troops of Victor Kmmanuel upon Kome and the surrender of the city, 20th September, 1870, after a feeble resistance, ‘The of I meantime professes that he has compelled to allow his troops to take possession, Jest a revolution, if he declined, should unseat him and inaugarate an italian republic. He further pro- tposee to protect him in the exercise of his spiritual jurisdiction, Thus for the present has come toa ‘Close the temporal sway of the Roman Pontiff, which has at least lasted for eleven bundred years, and re- peatediy exercised so marked an influence on many other dynasties. The Pope has yielded his posses- sions under compulsion; whether he will remain in Rome or go into exile he appears to have not yet de- cided, Temporal jurisdiction is not, regarded: a8 essential by his followers, whose attachment to hin 1s more likely to be igor than otherwise by the events which have occfrred. The Popes at Avignon were not less respected than when at Rome, and who can judging by the histor of the past, that oie ans Of a eentary may not have elapsed. before the occupant of the Papal chair may not again be reinstated tn the temporal possessions his prodecoators se long ruled? Macaulay, the British historian, thirty years ago, in speaking of the Church of Rome, sald:— “She saw the commencement of alt the govern- ments and of all the ecclesiastical establishments that now exist in the world; and we feel no assu- rance that she 1s not destiaed to the end of them all. She was great and respected before the Saxon had set foot on Britain, beiore the Frank had assed the Rhine, when Grecian eloquence still lourished at Antioch; woen idols were still wor- shipped in the temple of Mecca. And she may still exist In undiminished vigor when some traveller from ‘New Zealand shall, in the midst of a vast soll- tude, take his stand on a broken arch of London Bridge to sketch the ruins of St. Paul’s.”” STILL ANOTHER PROTEST. Fordham College Boys Deolaiming Against the Spoliation of the Papal Territory by Victor Emmanuel. Ata meeting held by the students tn the College hall on Friday evening last, over which Mr. John ©. Keveney, of the class of 1871, presided, aud Mr. Alpin J. Cameron, of the class of 1872, acted as Secretary, the tollowing proceedings took place:— After the object of the meeting had been fully stated by the chairman, Mr. John O'Neill, A. M., arose and addressed the meeting, The geatieman having had the benefit of a resi- dence in Rome, depicted in vivid and touching colors the well known religious ceremonies on Easter Sunday in former times, and contrasted the present humiliating position of the Pontft with that scene of splendor and imposing solemnity by which he was surrounded on that day. He then proceeded to show, by strictly logical argu- ments, that the invasion of the peacefal dominions of the Pope, without cause or provocation, without any declaration of war, could find NO JUSTIFICATION in any of the established principles of international aw. He showed that Papal sovereignty had existea for upwards of a thousand years, bringing peace and happiness to the Roman people, proving con- Clusively that the Popes had acquired inalienable right to the crown by prescription, He stated that the Pope 18 no stranger to us. He is the Holy Father, the head of that spiritual body, the Catholic Chureh, of which it is our blessed privilege to be members. He is ourfather. Weare his children, ‘oung and insignificant though we be. Whatever is is we, as Catholics, claim to be ours. That territory, go neceasary for the FULL AND FREE EXERCISE OF HIS AUTHORITY and salutary influence over his world-wide flock, we hold to be not only his property, consecrated by ages of possession, but the property, and domain of the entire Catholic world. Every injury or msult flung at Pius IX. recoils upon us, his little ones. We have, then, in common with all Catholics, not only a right buteven a solemn duty to protest in this instance, because our possessions have been in- vaded and stolen, our father has been despoiled and SUBJECTED TO VIOLENCE. And our protest must be all the more energetic be- cause & hypocritical government, calling itself Catholic, has been the offender. He urged the stu- dents not tobe passive witnesses of this flagrant violation of all law, but to give evidence to the world that the spirit of tege and lively Catholic Sanitved and thrives undéf the old walls of St, john’s. ‘Mr. William Ahearn then followed, arguing against the legality of the Plebiscitum, and also stated that the Roman people were deluded by the false ideas of liberty which prevail at the present day, and proceeded to show that they gained nothing by the ransformation which has been effected in the Eter- nal City.* The city was formeriy the most orderly and moral city in the world, and now vice and im- morality ere themselves unblushingly in the open light of day, and although now surroundea by gloom and darkness the Catholic heart must not falter, for the dawn will break at last. Mr. Frank Adams, of Columbus, Ga., with all the characteristic fervor of a Southerner, portrayed in glowing terms the amiable and saintly character of Our beloved Pontif. He remarked that in the con- sideration of his personal virtues alone we behold a just condemnation of this last effort made by the powers of darkness against the impregnable rock of Peter. His mild and paternal rule contrasts favor- ably with the iron yoke which the Romans are now compelled to bear. Mr. John Sweeney, of Lawrence, Mass., suggested that we accept with pleasure the invitation of our sister coliege of Georgetown, D. C., to join with her rotesting against ‘‘the action of the usurping authorities in closing the colleges of Rome as indica tive of a spirit hostile to the cause of education and progress, He stated that this was a matter of pe- cullar interest to us as @ollege students, and com- mented on the condition of the Koman college, which has been virtually suppressed, Let us show, he added, that we American students are not inferior to those of Kurope in our appreciation of the importance of a soun Christian education, and = that although we believe in a republican form of govern- ment, nevertheless we cannot be silent when reli- gion 13 dethroned and learning proscribed. He ended by requesting the students to contribute lib- erally in aid of the Holy Father, remembering that whatever we give is a practical evidence of our zeal for ne and our devotion to our persecuted Pon- tiff, and will surely meet with a reward from the hands of that generous God who looks with a par- ticular pleasure on the devotion of youth to His holy Church. Mr. Henry Schachte, of Charleston, 8, C., then of- Jered the following reso.utions, which were unant- mously adopted:— eatin, fe orien ct te memes of i , in violently seizin, al sion of the ofty of Rome, the capita of the Papal ta and of the Staies of the Church, a flagrant violation of inter- national and moral law, accompanfed by peculiar circum- stances of treachery and baseneas, and a great injury done to the whole Catholic Church throughout the world, which re- quires for its happy, spiritual direction the entire freedom and independence of its spiritual head, th in his epis- Copal city, wuloh is the centre of Untholio’ unity’ and govern- ment, # freedom and an independence which he cannot enjoy as the sul net, of Victor Emmanuel or of any other king; therefore, be it; Resolved, That we, students of St. John’s College, Ford. ham, protest against this outrage; that we deny the right of the Italian government, in detiance of solemn pledges and treaties, to favade the domain of a prince with whom it was ‘at peace, without any declaration of war, and annex bis ter- ritory by the sole power of might over right, ved, That we renew our assurance of affection and spiritual fidelity to our Holy Father, Pins IX., who, during twenty-four years, has shown himself tobe the best of ru- Jers and the best of men—an assurance in which we believe his loving people of Rome would join with us were they al- lowed free utterance to their true desires; that we commise- Fate with him in his present shameful captivity and aball un- ceasti ray for his release, ‘Reatlveh, That. we unite with our f students of Georgetown College in revrobating in particular the conduct of the present usurpers in Rome m closing the Catholic Col- Jeye of that city, « conduct opposed to the trae interests of secular education, as this directly intended 10 prevent the teaching of Christianity to youth. Resolved, That consequently to prove the earnestness of our convictions and the sincer:ty of our devotion to a cause which we believe should be ‘hat of all who still believe in honor, justice, fixed principles and Christian truth, we hero- by declare our Intention to join according to our might in the fund to be raised by the American youth for the relief of the prasent necessities of eur Holy Father, and us a testificution Of our constant and unswerving attachment to lis august person, These resolutions were signed by the following gentlemen as a committee in behalf of all the students of the coliege:—Henry Schachte, class of ‘71; B.A, Chapoton, class of 72; George Denegre, class of 73; Michael McDermott, ciass ot 774. FIRE IN BROOKLY\. Conflagration in State Street—Loss Thousand Dollars. A fire broke out shortly after two o’clock yester- day morning in the building in the rear of No. 46 State street, occupied by the manufacturer of the “Patent Lock Shank Button.” It spread with con- siderable rapidity and defied the efforts of the firemen to extinguish it. The loss of the company, Twelve of which W. 8S. Atwood is President, amounts to $10,000, principally im stock and machinery. The anies to the amount of $40,000. The names of he companies could not be ascertained yesterday. The buliding 1s owned by A. Houghton, whose loss ts $2,000; insured. by K. H, Ludwig, were damaged to the extent of 200 each. Insured for $8,000, by John Leiler, was damaged to the amount of $1 as was also No. 276 Hicks street, in Re aps property is insured in several New York com- The buildings Nos. 216 and 318 Hicks street, owned ‘Tne dwelling house No. 274 Hicks street, occupied Genres Baa Tye tre wan of pcamenial THE INPANTIGIDE CRUSADE. The Police Actively Engaged in Carrying Out Judge Dowling’s Suggestion—Child-Mur- der Under Difficulties—A Cruise Among the Temples of Guilt and Dens of Crime, ‘Yesterday, which shone 80 brightly and pleasantly for all good citizens, and in the crispiness and health- fulness of its atmosphere afforded delight to those Whose business called them on our splendid prom- enades, was dark and lowering for those accursed enemies of, society, the infamous wretehes who thrive on the practice of infanticide and wax fay in worldly wealth through murder of the innocent offspring of unnatural parents. The recommenda- tion of Justice Dowling, the Tombs Police Magts- trate, that an oficer of the law be placed atthe door of each unhaliowed den devovea to abortion, was carried out by the Superintendent of Polico, At each and every door leading to houses in this city where it was known such infamous practices were carried on policemen were stationed at an early hour, and there remained until late last night. THE RESULTS OF THE DAY'S WORK in behalf of doomed innocents showed the wisdom of the recommendation and the timeliness of its adoption. And, moreover, had this measure been adopted years ago, before the detestable French doctrines of maternal responsibility nad gained its preeens foothold, there 1s but too much reason for elieving that the ceusus. returns of the met is would have far exceeded the count given by Mare shal Sharpe and his wen. Wita the view of ascertatning by actual observa- tion the kind of women who resort to the abor- tonists, for the fell pornos of destroying the lives of their yet amborn children, and 80 by orime of murder ridding themselves of their proper respon- sibilities, @ HERALD reporter y' visited a number of the dens alluded to, or rather he con- sulted the policemen stationed in front of the doors of those places and waiched the conduct of those who sought admission. He found the officers te be intelligent men, specially selected for their trust- ae by Supermtendent Kelso, They stood about THE DOORS OF THE INFAMOUS WRETCHRS, against whom it was their duty to warn off callers, apparently in a listless, careless manner, but really jynx-eyed and watchful. Whether, however, it was that the would-be murderers for whom the ‘doo- tors’’ and ‘‘doctoresses” of aboriton were anxiously wailing had read the morning papers which an- nounced the intention of the Superintendent of Police, or that the sight of a blue-coated, brass-but- toned guardian of the law at the entrances they de- sired to pass unobserved, were the repeiling cause, there were NO FEMALE CALLERS at these honsez of ill repute. The policemen, how- ever, on post at the doors bad, on numerous occa sions during the day, the r atiention calied to per- sons in Vehicles, which in the morping drew up at the sidewalk before them, and on Seeing how mat- ters stood quickly drove away. None came on foot to any of the uptown houses of infamous practice, but 1n the lower part of the town, at the more vile and notorious dens, frat women, a few of the hum- bier class, but more whose appearance indicated that they were well to do 1m tne world, timidly a) roached where the poit en kept watcnfal gi 4 ut quickly and slieatiy went thelr way. ‘The reporter, in pursuance of bis instructions, first visited the establishment at the coruver of Fifty- second sireet and Fifth avenue, a house whose splendid exterior appearance might lull to sleep all suspicion of its disreputable character. AD oflicer was here found on duty. HIS OBSERVATIONS DURING THE DAY were not noteworthy, and iudeed the closed blinds and silent aspect of the splendid mansion plainly indicated that the Madame was fully alive to the ex- lgencies of the eccasion, and that her scouts, of whom the ofticer alleged she had quite 2 nuuber in her pay, had posted her customers. After conferring bricfy with policeman the reporter was turningaway, When he observed com ing from tue direction of the Parka splendid car- riage, drawn by a pair of magnificent bays. Stepping to gaze for a moment on this most aristocratic turn- out he was surprised to see it draw up before the perilous portal. The door of the carnage opened, & daiity foot rested on the step; but at thar moment hand waved from @ window directiy over the police- man’s head and the lady drew back into the car riage, which in afew seconas drove rapidly away. The reporter saw at once that this was a lady too much occupied to read the morning papers, too SUNK IN THE DARKNESS OF SIN to see the light; one radiant with the adornments of wealth and fashion; possessed of the evil spirit of the time; whose riches brought no cumfort or qaagutficence ease: a creature neenk to sacrifice her unborn babe on the altar of deadly pleasure, He had thought of seeking this woman who kept the house and listening to her story, but the reflections Which rose in his mind at this incident—the police dec.are them to be so common as not to deserve even a passing notice—that he had no heart for tf and involuntarily turned away with A FEELING OF UNITrEaANLR DISGraT, Presently, taking acar, he returncd down town and paid 4 flying visit to an establishment in First avenue, the siaughter-nouse of the now notoriously infamous ‘Dr.’ Evans in Chatham street, and another place, of not equal ill fame, but of equal in- terest to the police, in the same locality, The om- cers had but little to say more than is stated in the foregoing as to their experience during the day, but all were found unanimous in the opinion that their resence prevented many a would-be murderesa rom the Commission of crime. A LAGER PROBLEM, Important Law Suit in Jerscy--Legal Battle Over a Patent Ice Douse—Can Beer be Brewed all the Yenr Round? The fact is probably generally well known that until recently lager beer could only be suctesstully brewed during the winter months, and hence the brewers were put to an immense expense in the construction of mammoth storehouses, capable of allowing the stowage away of thousands of barrels of peer, 8) as to mect the great supply demanded during the summer months In the effort to conceive some method whereby the erection of these monster storehouses could be dispensed with fabulous sums of money have been exhausted, and scientific and inventive brains have toiled endlessly during a long series of years. Constant dripping, however, will wear away a stone, and finally, in the year 1863, a patent was granted to E. D. Bramerd, of Albany, by ‘he authori- ties at Washington, for what igclaimed te be THE GREAT DASIDERATUM, @ combined ice refrigerating and store house, by which it is declared lager can be brewed as success- fully in the month of July a8 in January. ‘fhe ar- be constructed of any size. appearance is similar to that of an ordinary barn or icehouse. It is divided into three stories, the upper one next the roof being. the icehouse, the next below the refrigerating room and the ground floor the storage room. The chief feature in 1ts construction centres in the roof, a great object being to effect a saving in ice. ‘the Ceiling, instead ot being flat across, 1s in the form of aletter V. ‘The troubie heretofore has been that the ice as it evaporated collected ou the roof and then dropped back on the ice, thus causing an immense ‘waste. By the patent a channel is placed beneath the point of the “‘V,” the vapors run down the sides and are carried off outside the butidi In the year 1869 @ company, of which wrence Augster, of Newark, N. J., 18 the chief, #e- cured ‘a patent for a similar apparatus, the only essential difference being in the construction of the ceiling, and even that is based on the same general principle, to wit:—in- stead of one large V there are dozens, an admitted vastimprovement. Now comes Mr. Brainerd inte the United States Circuit Court at Trenton and brings sult against Augster & Co. for AN ALLEGED INFRINGEMENT of his patent, with a view to recover damages. Dur- ing the past two weeks in Newark the testimony ior the complainant was taken before General Ronnie Clerk of the Court, which concluded, the taking testimony for the defence was adjourned til next February. The suit is one that excites a lively in- terest among beer brewers throughout the country. THE SHOEMAKERS’ REVOLT. Prospect of » Compromise=The Men Willing, but the Employers Not Ready. The committee of four appointed by the Orispmsa at their last meeting called upon several of the most prominent employers yesterday afiernoon and submitted a proposition for the settiement of the existing difficulties. Although not at liberty to make the basis of their offer known. until it shalt have been laid before the “District Council,” the committe? nevertheless expressed a hope to the re- porter who visited them that it will be accepted, and that to-morcew the men will again return to work. ‘At the manufactory of Mr. K. O. Burt, it is thougnt, work wili be resumed about bila 4 Wednesday at a compromised rate of wages. This compromise was offered by the “jours” of that establisument last week, and was, in effect, that the men who had been receiving higher wages for vheir work than the society demanded would accept its rate, striking ig the suxplus. Whether the committee who yesterday called upon the employers made this kind of a pro- position or aot ie not as yet known, but itis highly they did. f Prin “conversation Mr. Burt, who employs 4 iarge number of men, stated to a representative of tue HERALD that, as faras he knew, there was not as yet any prospect of work being resumed very soon in his establishment. He had not received a proposi- tion of any kind from any such commitice as is above referred to, and, so far as he was personally concerned, was very well satisfied with the condition of affairs, as trade was fare now extremely dull, ‘This was found to be the sentiment of several Jeading firms, while others, again, were a little de strous of an adjustment of the present ditfguities be ioe in Some Way SDECAUY Asriyed Wh