The New York Herald Newspaper, December 11, 1870, Page 4

4 THE PAPAL Graphic tlistory of the Catho- lic Church. Influence of the Popos in the Past. RISE OF THE TEMPORAL POWER. Contentions Botweon Emperors and Pontiffs. Causes and Era of the Reformation and Pro- gress of Protestanti m. Effects of the French Revolution on the Papacy. THE POPES IN EXILE. The Councils and Diets of the Roman Church. Progress and Close of the Tem- poral Power. The Eternal City Becomes the Capital of a United Italy, ‘The important events that, for three months past, | have been transpiring at Rome have already led te Uie extinction of the oldest dynasty in the ¥ dand deprived the Popes of thet temporal ju vetion they have held since the days of Chalemagne, aithough they stili claim spiritual supremacy over nearly two hundred wililions of Christians, A trust. wortay history, therfore, sach as has not yet ap. peated in the columns of the press, of the rise, growth ana influence of that power cannot fail to be acceptable to our readers, and such, compiled with much care and impartiaiity, we now place before tuem. CLAIMS OF SUPREMACY sx THR ROMA It is not, of course, Lew Co our readers to hear that the Popes of Rome claim supremacy, by Vivine right, over all otuer bishops, regarding themselves as the legitimate successors of St, Peter, who, they hold, had the primacy of the Aposties bestowel on him and founded the See of Rome, in which ctiy he was martyred in the year 66. Ranke tells us, in his “History of the Popes,” that ‘no long time had clapsed before the bishops of Rome acquired tie supremacy.” “It 1s, indeed,” he says, “a vain pretence to assert that this supremacy was universally acknowledged by Kast and West, even in the dist century, or, imdeed, at any time; but it 18 equally certain that they quickly gained a pre-eminence, raising them far above all other iignitaries.” The un- daunted firmness which the bishops of Rome dis- piayed throughout the Tul persecutions to which the Christians were subjected during the first two centuries was well calculated to secure to them this position; one after another they cheerfully foi- lowed their predecessors in the path of mart Their supremacy was further strengticued the emperors from the time VConstan) embraced the Christian faith until the partltioa of the empire. We find Theocosius the Great commanding that all nations clamming the protection of his Grace should receive the faith as propounded by St. Peter to the Romans; while Valeutiuian forvade ine bishops, whether @f Gaulor the other provinces, to depart from the received customs of the Church the sanction of that venerable maa, the Pope of the Holy City. The appellation “pope,” a Greek word, signifying “father,” appears to have been first taken by Hygi- nus, who held the See early in the second century. Innocent L, who began his reign 402, was decided in his avowal of the authoritative position he heid, using the following words: —“Al) ecclesiastical mat- ters throughout tke world are, by Divine right, to be referred to the Apostolic See—that 18, to St, Peter, the author of its mame and honors.” Towards the close of the same century we find Pope Felix IL, who was the first to apply the term “vicar,” to him- self, equally emphatic mm the assertion of his claims, saying, “St. Peter, the apostie, speaks in me, his vicar, and Christ speaks in him.’? The emperors of the East, however, were averse to the recognition of the supremacy of the See of Rome in their dominions, and it was, Goubtiess, owing to their influence that we find, during the reign of Pope Sunplicius, the sees of Constanti- nopie, Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, s'rug- gling respectively for the supremacy, their claims obtuining only a partial and temporary recognition. We meet the tit “supreme pontiff,” first applied to Theodorus, who ascended the Papal chair in 642, by the African bishops, who addressed iim as “supreme pontiff of all bishops.’ DISRUPTION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. The important part played by the bishops of Rome during the disruption of the empire led to the founda- tion of the temporal power of the Church. When the Roman empire, so long conquering and para- mount, was in turn invaded and overcome, Christianity, amid the general convulsions that ensued, received @ violen: shock, and the Church found herself in entireiy altered circumstances. From the commencement of the fifth to the middle of the eighth century Rome was repeatedly taken, sacked and burned by the Goths, Huns and Van- dais, and other endless and barbarian hordes who poured out their savage multitudes over Italy. ROME PLUNDERED BY THE GOTHS AND VANDATS, In 410 the city was taken and pillaged by Alaric, King of the Goths. Next came Atilla, the Hun, called the Scourge of God, with 500,000 followers, who are described as more like demons than men. He was met, while yet in the North of {taly, by Pope Leo, accompanied by a few ecclesiastics, who suc. ceeded in diverting him frem his fierce purpose, Soon after came Genseric, one of the Vandais, He set sail from Africa, and, when axked by the pilot, “Where shall I steer ?? answered, “Leave that to the winds; they will take me to the country God ts angry with.” He landed near Rome. Again the Pope went forth with afew unarmed ecclesiastics, and, though he did not succeed in turning, him back, he obtained for the people the best terms he could, The horrors at that time were so great that when the Greek General, Narses, took the city, im 552, it ‘was the fifteenth time it bad been taken by an army ‘within sixteen years. Meantime the Lombards, as neighbors most dan- erous and hostile, had established a powerful overeignty in Italy, while the Arabs, inspired by fanaticism and » dogmatizing creed directly ep- posed to the Christian fath, now began to pour themselves over the West, as they bad previously Gone over the Hast. v had gained possession of Africa after repeated attacks, had made them- gelves masters of Spam by one battle, and their General, Musa, had boasted that he would march by the Pyrevees, ciuss the Alps into Italy and have the name of Mahomet prociaimed from ‘the Vatican av Rome. To add to the pertions position of Roman Christen. 2 Iconoclastic dissensions had Emperor at Constantinople Bd the party to which the Pope was opposed. Martin L, who ascended the Papai chair in 649, was risener by the Pmperor’s orders,conveyed to the isle of Naxes, and suijecied to great indigaities. Bubsequentiy he was taken to Constantinopie, brought to. a meck trial, accused of conspiring ayatust the Emperor, stripped of his pontifical robes nda dray through the sticets with an tron cellar neck. He was then cast into prison and shortly after banished to the Crimea, where he died of privations in 666, SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY IN EUROPE. ‘While Christianity was then almost exterminated In + ¢f Mohammedanisim, anc ait with a war of extermina- z nristend Hon, the faith had spread beyend We | without | | POWER | | ging | Darmoniousiy, aifording NEW YORK HERALD, SUNDAY: DECEMBER! 1; 1870.—TRIPLE SHEET, 08; pgs, 16 which the Pope, who so long bravely stragy) against his enemios, could stretch forth his hands aud find succor. Among all the Germanic nations tac Franks alone had become Catuolic from their trst rise bem provinces of tho-Roman empire, and this ackuowlédgiment of the Koman See had secured important Sdvausaged to the Frankish nation, ‘fhe most attached of all, however to the See of Rom+ were the Anglo-Saxons No more linportant results ever ensued from the resolution of any other Py than trour that of Gregory the Great, who, wher he saw the fair Anglo-saxon eaplives for sale in the streets of Rome, determined on the conver- Sion Oc that peopie, ‘They received, together with Christianity, @ veneration for the Holy See greater than had uitherto existed in any nation, hey made pilgrimages to Rome, sent taeir youth thither to be educated, and King Oifa established the vax called “St, Petor'’s Peary” for the relief of pilgrims and the education of the ciergy, Boniface, the wuposue of the Germans, Was also an Anglo-Saxon, largely shariag im the veneration of his mation tor St Peler and his successors, in all the German churches fuunded by him he imposed an extraordi- nary obligation to Obedience, Every bishop was re- qatred by nim to promise unlimited opedieace to tue See of Rome, Presiding often mm the synods of tbe Gailican bishops, he inculcated the same aitach- ment to Lome; and thys did tue devoted subuasion of the Angio-Saxons extend itseif over the whole realm of the Franks. ORIGIN OF THE TEMPORAL POWER OF THE CHURCH, When other reals were sinking nso one common ruin, aud the world scemed about to become the prey of the Mosiem, Pepin of Herstal, the soa of Charies Martel, and founter of the race, aiterwards called the Carolovingiau, had msen te supreme power, and that race 1b was which offered the first efectial resisusace to the Moiammedan coaquerors, Rarke tells us that “av this ume the Bust Roman empire Was faliing into ruins, incapaple of support- Ing Christendom agaist Isiamisin oot defending iis own domains tn Lualy agaiust tae bards, yet coummuing to Claim, pagreunaey even in spiritual atfairs; ou the other band, the German nations, ull OF the most Vigurous ite, victorious over the Musiem, attacned to that authority (the See of Lowe) of whose Deciding und restrictive Ul ces Utley sulli feit the need, a Miled with an ted and most treely rendered devotion.” VHE POPE SEEKS THM ALD OF KING PEPIN. was the condition of aiairs when Stephea II, appiled tor aid to King Pepin against the Lombards, Who had taken possession oi the exarchate of Ravenua and adjoining territo} and, wader their King, Asto.phus, had laid siege te Rome. Pepin laid siege to Pavia aod wrested the exarchate frum the Louvards aad transferred tt vo the Pope in 754. He alse caused ine keys of tne conquered towns to be placed on the altar of St, Peter, and in this act is veleved by some to have laid the foundation ol the whole pos nie pdb of the Popes, who aie becume recognized temporal sovereigns in tly. lu strict justice, however, historians say that the exarchute should have been restored to the Roman uiperor ‘tom whom the Lombards had wrested it, and that wen the proposal for such restoration was made to Pepin his reply was that ‘for ne iavor of min lat He entered the strife, but from veneration to St. Pever alone, aud in the hope of obtaining for- giveness of bis sins, CHARLEMAGNE AND THE POPES. in 774 Chariemagaoe, having succeeded to the throne on the death of Pepin, his fatuer, and Adrian 4 most energetic Pope, being in the chair of Peter, » Lomburds became again aggressive. Ciarie- inague crossed the Alps, driving ‘then before hin, alia sent Ukeu King Desedertus & prisoner to france. Tuas endo the dominion of the Lombards in italy. ‘this mozaren showed the most profound desereuce jor ine Pope; visiting Rowe, he kissed the steps of St. Peter ws he entered the vestibule where the Pon- ul awadted hun. He centirmed ali the possessious awarded by Pepin to the Church. ORIGIN OF ‘TITHES. in 772 Charlemagne enforced throughout his douin10n8 the imposition of tithes for tue support of the clergy, churches, Schools and tie poor. CHARLEMAGNE CROWNED BMPEROR OF THE WEST, Jn v0, full of fame and victory, having united “his b& ner the w greater pari Of the ivinanu- o Germanic nations Christendom, and being session of all the seats of the R emperors, Whether in italy, Germany or Gaal, acd inbherlung their power, he again vised Kome and was crowned Emperer o} Tue West on the Feast of the Nativity by Leo UL, wita great pomp, in the presence of the clergy, nobles aid peupie of Rome. With reference to tie date ot the origin of the Pop.'s temporal sover- e.guly, We may uere remark that the historians of the Catholic Charch claim ut to date from the days of Pope sylyester L., aud -nat King Pepin ouly re- {and Charlemagne confirmed to the Church Which for upwards ef four centuries had ve- to ker, And as evidence ol this they say that m the act of donation by Pepin there is not a ‘especiiag the city Of Rome or the other ter- depeudeat upon that Duchy, and therefore that tuls Was al that ume under the temporal. rale Fope. shey also heid that this view is fur- utimed by the fact that Charlemagae, when he Visited home iu 774, Claimed ao sovereignty over it, but asked permission irom the Pontul to enter 1. toat he might pay his otion at the churches; nd further, that Louis Deboanair, wo was crowned by rope stephen V. at Rhenms, in si oth his grandiather and father, Pepin an ze, resvorers to the Holy See of rights Which it aiready possessed, LHR YORE AND NAPOLEON 1. yeu al sssors towards Charlemagne. Charlemagne found Rome in the hands of the Popes; he recog- nized, he uureservediy confirmed, them in tue pos session Of their domains; he augmented them w.tn new donations; he never pretended to any right of domain or supertomty over the temporal sovereiguiy of the Pontitts; he never claimed from laem eitner dependence or the homage of a sup- ject.? The iurcther remarks of tiis Pontiff! we Uuuk quite pertunent, contaming all Liat it 1s neces- sary to Say ro er con, and With them we Close this question. He adds:—“But, im fact, ten centuries since the me of Charlemagne have rendered use- less all further invesugattow. An undisturbed pos- session Of a housand years is a title the most clear Which ean exist between sovereigus; the fact of that possession has proved that, whatever may have been the Understanding between Obariemagne and the pontiils ia those obscure tunes and under those tempesiuous circumstances, the Holy See has never, in rejerence to her territorial dominions, held any otner relations with the successors of Charie- magne Uian those which exist between every mde- peadent sovereign and other sovereigns.”? POWER OF THE POPES IN THE MIDDLE AGES, From the ume of Charlemagne, in 890, uutil the final expulsion of the Saracens from Italy in the be- ing of the eleventh “century, the Pepes acted a Conspicuous part in the affairs of Europe, had their temporal possessions largely increased, and main- tained elevated ideas Of not only the pontificate, but the episcopal ofice. Kugentus 11., who com- menced his reign in 824, is said to have been the first who introduced organs into the churches of the West, and Valentine, who succeeded him in 827, the first upon whom the ceremony of kissing the toe Was practised by the Senate and the people of Rome; while Sergius IL, who became Ponti in 644, 1s reputed the first who took anew name at his ejection, his real one being Osporci, or Swinemouth, Leo LV., Who snccecded him in 847, Was eminently distinguished for zeal and courage. Under him the Saracens were defeated with great loss at Ostea by tue Romans and Neapoliians, commanded by Co- sarins, son of the Duke of Naples. He did much towards tne repaira of St. Peter's and the Vatica: and enclosed the city with a wall, He anointe: King Alfred of Engiand, who was sent to Rome for confirmatien when five years old. Adniaa IL, who began his nin 867, held lofty ideas of the episcopal office. He decreed ‘that no bishep should ahght from bis horse for any secular rince.” John Vill, who crowned Charles the Bald $75, and obtained ‘from him a confirmation of all former praite and the cession of Capua to the pairi- mony of the Holy See, heid ‘that obedience was due to him from princes, and that he had a right to ex- communicate them.” DEFEAT AND EXPULSION OF THB SARACENS FROM ITALY. . John X. defeated the Saracens on the Gangliano, beimg preseni in person at this victory, which, ac- cording to Wilks, in kis history of the Papac’ ie acieved with great renown, assisted by the troops of Berenger, of the Dukes of Benevento, Naples and Gaeta, and by the general of the Greek emperor. He crowned Berezger Emperor of the Romans, A. D, 916, who cenfirmed all the grants of his predeces- sors to the See of Rome. In 967 the Emperor Othe restered to the Pope various territories in the neighborhood of Ravenna and elsewhere which had been seized by former Kings of Italy. John XV. gave hissanction to Hugh Capet, who had seized the crown of France in 987, anu is considered the tira: Pope who practised canonization. The Saracens were finally expelled from the coasts of Italy and the territories of Rome during the reign of Benedict VIL, which com- menced in 1012. Damwastus LL, who began his reign in 1047, 1s said to Lave been the first Pope who us- sumed the tiara, THE FIRST PAPAL ARMY. He was succecrted by Leo IX., an eminent Pontiff, and the oret who kept @ reguiar army in his pay. He confronted the Normans with it in battle at Civitella, but Was defeated and made prisoner. His enemies, however, asked his forgiveness, and placea their couqnesis at bis disposal, He then bestowed upon them the whole of Lower Italy, to be held as a “fief of the Holy See."’ In 1066 Alexander Il. gave his sanction to William the Norman’s invasion of ye oe granting lim the kingdom to the nawe of it. Pete: ES FOR SUPREMACY BETWEEN THE PoPEs 5 AND EMPERORS. With the accession to the Papal chair of Gregory VIL. (Hildebrand), in 1073, began that strugzle for sapremacy between the emperors and princes of Enrepe and the Popes of Rome which convulsed rope for centuries, Hitherto they had co-operated each orher mutual support. The Pope had not previously claimed the direct nomination of the bishops througheut the empire. He had referre@ the choice te the chapters, amé in these the bigh German nobility had exercised a commanding influence; but now the emperors aspired to ap absolute control over nvestitures, and Gregory, perceiving the end to which tuings were tending, determined to free the pontiiicate irom any interference with its appointmenis on the part of the empire. Having fixed his thoughts upon this subject he imits of the | exercised, The contention malatained by the cansed @ resolution to be adopted by one of his counsels that no clerical office should in future be conferred by a layman, thus directly conflicting Witha right or custom the Kmperor had hitherto Popes Was long aM1 sanguinary delore they could their enterprise to a fortunate mauve. Although Gregory #0 humbled the Emperor Henry LV. that he kept nim three days and three nights barefooied, in the depth of winter, at the gates of Canossa, Dé. a adi roaghege’ wudiende, mf Li ened that the Popes were compelled, duri the struggle, to fy from their capitsle nnd: forced te ‘witness ascent of anti-Popes to the Apostolic Sot, Vil. bimseif died in exile at Salerno, exclaiming before his death, “Ihave loved Juatice and hated iniquity; therefore | die an exile.” Alter, however, long confusion and doubtful strife Roman See succeeded in asserting the principle for-which 1t convended; the clergy: became wholly dependent on it. Celibacy had slso been then fully enforced among them, and the administration of every diocese was controlled by the Pope. KXTENSION OF THE TEMPORAL POWER, This, their spiritual supremacy, fudapendens of prinves, having been fully admitted, the Pontifts began to attend to the importance of the consolida- tion and extension of thelr temporal possessions. Let us here again quote Rank on ths matter. He says:—"Whatever judgment may be formed as to the of the earlier ages, it 18 certain that they had always important interests in vigw-—the duty of upholding an oppressed religioa, iat 9 contending with paganism, of aiffusing Onristianity among the nations of the north, and of establishing an imdependent hierarchical government, ‘to bring will, and to achieve sume great o+ject, is proper to the dignity of human nature; and while such was thet: tendency the Popes were sustained in their lofty exiorts; but thts spirit nad passed away with the times by witch it had been awakened, Schism had been suppressed, but 1b iad become ebylous thal 20 hope rematued: of effecting a combined action against thesenemy of the Church, Men would no longer give their lives vo aetend her from the Turks. it thug followed that her spiritual nead new devoted Diinself to the interests of his temporal sovercignty, and pursued these with an ress hitherto un- known. And this was in accordance with the tem- per and direction of the age. ‘I had once thought,’ Temarks one of the speakers at the Council of Basie (1483), ‘toat the secular power shoulu be wholly Separate from thatof the Church; put I have now learned that virine without force 1s but slightly re- epecied, and that the Pope, without the atrimony of the Chureh, would be merely he servant of ki end = princes.?? The perer eric Tossa renewed the quarret with the Pope, seized Rome and drove Alexander LiL, who had formally deposed bim, into exile at Benevento, It was during this Denutficate that the Council of Lateran, held in 1179, deiined the nigit of election to the Papal See as vested in the cardinals alone; hitherto it had required the conotrination 0: the priests and people of Kome. Oue Of the most courageous asseriers of the rights of nis office was Innocent IIL He claimed for the See unt- versal control, and formed with the cities of Tuscany the Gueiphic league, in which they agreed to recog- nize no king, duke or governor, Without the appro- bation of tue See of Rome. FURTHER INOREASS OF THE PAPAL TERRITORY. He took Spoleto and Ancona under the plea that they had been conferred by a grant of the Empress Mathilda on Gregory VIL, aud retained them for the paurimony of St. Peler. He created kingstn Armenia, Bulgaria, Bohemia and a crownea (tno IV. emperor, excommunicated Philip il. of France, and put the whoie nation under interdict till that sovereign consented to take back his queen, Ingeborg, whom he had discarded; placed England under edict 1n 120%, excommunicating Kiog John, who had resisted the appomtment of Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury, and, indeed, heid all the sovereigns of Kurope in passive obedience. ACOESSION OF THE HAPSBURG DYNASTY, Under the direction of Gregory X. the princes of Germany elected, in 1273, as Emperor, Rudoiph of Hapsburg, tne founder of the present house of Aus- tria; bui Nicholas III. refused to crown him ism- perer of the Romans until he had confirmed all the clauns, spiritual and temporal, of the Holy See. Under this Pope the whole of Romagna and Bologna was acquired as ‘fiefs of the Holy See.” Clement V., who became Pope in 1305, removed the seat of the Papacy trom Kome to Avignon, wiiere it con- tioued during the reign of the five succeeding Popes, or for a period of seventy years, when it was again transferred to Rome by Gregory XI. It was during nage’ commanding his nobles to rebel against im, MURTING OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT, He then proposed @ general council at Mantna, with reference to the disputed questions of doctrine, with the expectation of healing the digsensiens ex- ist pg among Christ ‘rhe Protestant party obe jected to Milan as the place for holding it; 1t was therefore convened at Trent 1545, Its alttings were s00n alter adjourned to but the Pro- testant princes objected also to this place as too much under Italian influence, and the Council adjourned ja 1546, the year in which Luther died, without hav- ing effected ‘any good. Julius IIL, who ascended the papal chair in 1550, reopened the Council in the following year, but, offended at some of its decrees regarding the presentation to benefices, st ded its sittings Soon after this Maurice, Elector of Saxony, join- ing the Lutherans, formed a close alliance with Frauce, surprised the Emperor Charles at_Inspruck, and extorted from him the brie d of Passau, 1n 1552, by which toleration was accorded to all Protest- ants. This was afterwards fully confirmed in the Diet of Augsburg, opened by Ferdinand, the Emperor's brother, wherein was decreed that all who had sub- scribed to the confessions of Augsburg (1530) were entirely oneinips from the jurisdiction, spiritual acd temporal, of the Roman Pontiff, and thus the re- formed Cae ag legally recognized in Germany, ‘The Council of Trent was again summoned in January, 1562, by Plus LY,, and dissolved December, 1563, ‘This was its untrd and last sitting, From its first openlug unut its final close all Northern Ger- many, Denmark, Sweden, England aud a part of Swiizerland, had ceased to be connected with the Church. For ten months there seemed liutie hopo of the Council coming to an agreement; but at length Cardinal Morone gained over the Emperor Ferdinand L, Cardinal Guise assented on behalf of the King of France and the Pope prevailed on Phiip JL of Spain to give his support, Though the Coun. oil failed to reanite the Protestants with the Church discipline Was rigorously restored and the authority of the Ponti much strengthened, as to him was reserved the right of interpreting the Council's de- crees. LOYOLA FOUNDS THR ORDER OF JESUITS—ITS SUP- P EB SION. ‘This result was mainly brought about by the exer- tious of the Jesuits, an order ounded in 1540 by Ig- natius Loyola, of 8 for the educauon of youth and the support of the The influence exercised by tuis order trou time until its Bup- pression, in 1773, by Clement XIV., was unbounded, jauded by it friends, but charged by its opponents Wilh @ restless and unscrupulous spirit, and by sove- reigns and princes with repeated plots and intrigues against thelr persons and powers. Ita members were expelled from Portugal witn great cruelty in 1759 ‘They were-trausported to Rome, where they laid all tncir influence and riches at tne feet of. the this period that Avignon, the patrimontial estate of Joanua, Queen. of Naples, was sold by her to Pope Clement VL, and that Rienzi, the son of humble parents, was twice elevated to the dignity of dic- tater by the citizens of Kome, to check the tyranny of the nobles, SUPREMACY OF GENERAL COUNCILS, From the return of Gregory VIL, in 1877, until the era of the frst French revolution, a space of mere than 400 years, Rome was in the sion of the Pepes. During this period some of the most momentous events in tory toek place, It wit- nessed the rise of the Reformation, which stripped the Popes of spiritual jurisdiction over a great por- tion of Europe, tne curtailment ef their temporal Possessions and the establishment from the time of the Council of Constance, in 1418, to the close of the Council of Trent, in 1563, of the spiritual supremacy of the councils of the Chureh ever the Pontilfs. Previous to tne Council of Constance the Popes cialmed and exercised ior many centuries unguall- fled opedience ou the part of bishops, priests and people to their mandates, but in this council, con- Sisting of bishops, abbots, professors, ambassaders Of priuces and dectors of law, it was decreed “that @ general councii had recetved by divine right an authority to which every otmer, even that o1 Pope, must submit.” The Council of Basle, held in 1433, also declared its authority paramount to that ef Pope. Its ducrees, however, got the seal of Nicholas V. attached to them, although they eircumscribed his spiritual ower, and he vigorously set about strengthening is temporal sway. GREAT EXTENSION OF THR STATES OF THE CHUROH. Julius 1, who became Pontiff in 1503, may be re- garded as the founder, or rather soldifier, of the late ecclesiastical States. During his short pontifl- cate he extended his dominion from Terracina to Placentia, and trom the Mediterranean to the Adriatic. He also taxed lightly the cities he ac- quired, employed Bramante and Michael angelo to erect the new St. Peter’s on @ gigantic scale, alter the model of the ancient Pantheon; caused the old Basilica to be pulled down, and laid himself the first stone of the new structure. He also restored the Vatican amd employed the Fran- Ciscan mendicant friars to replenisn his ex- chequer, ene of whom, it is said, brought him in 27,000 ducats, He endeavored to subdue ail the petty sovereigns of Romagna and to acquire a per- manent territory for the Church. He expelled the Baglioni from Perugia and the Bentivogit from Bologaa, which last city he entered in triumph A, D. i606. He further allowed all cities he conquered municipal and other privileges. In pursuance of lis pee of lerritor‘al aggrandizement he joined the eague of Cambray, with France, Spain and Ger- many, against Venice, The Venetuans being defeated at the batule of Gheara d’Adda in 1509 he obtained from them the remaining cities of Romagna, and then making peace with them he repaired to his re- cent conquest of Bologna, whence he thundered his anathemas against the Duke of Ferarra, tae Em- peror, and the King of France. Tn this state of affairs a council was summoned by the Emperor Maximilian and Louis XIL, King of France, against the Pope, at Pisa in 1511, which soon after adjourned to Milan, The Ponti then sum- moned a council at Rome and formed with Venice and Spain the Holy League against France and Ger- many, Henry Vill, ef Engiand also lent his name to the league. The Pope took the Swiss into hie pay, and the Emperor Maximilian having ultimately jpaned the league, the French were finally expellea rom Italy. Heis said to have raised his annual revenue, ordinary and extraordinary, to a million of ducats, or about two aud @ quarter millions of dol- lars, Under Leo X., who succeeded him In 1613, the temporal power was still further consolidated, and proj made in the erection of St. Peter's, Under the reign, however, of Clement VIL, Rome was taken and pillaged by the Spanish troops of the Emperor Charles, aided by a German force, and led by the Gonstable Bourbon, who was killed in the breach, and the Pope finaily compelied to surrender Ferarra and enter into Pac Mod peace with Fran- cis the First at Marseilles mn 1 THE ERA OF THE REFORMATION. Meantime the nations of Europe were being pee, agitated by the controversies entered into tween the reformers and ther opponents, wnhile strenuous efforts were also being made to effect a recouciliation, Pope Leo the Tenth had sent, in 1618, the Cardinal Cajetau, ve dispute with Martin Luther, an Augustine monk, who had published ninety-five propositions against indulgences, at Wittemberg, in Saxony, October 31, 1517, but the disputation only served to further fan the flame of controversy. LUTHER BURNS THE POPE'S BULL. In 1519 the views of Luther were adopted by Me- lancthon and Zuinglius, and in the same year he was excommunicated by Leo, but in retatitation burnt the Pope’s bull and declared himself out of the Communion of Kome. In 1521 the Diet of Worms was held, which outiawed Luther, but from which he retired under a safe conduct of Charles V. In 1622, Adrian Vi. having succeeded Leo, the Diet of Nuremberg was heid, to which the Pope sent Cheregato as legate, with full powers to enforce the edict of Worms against Luther, and to reform apuses among the clergy. ‘The Germans drew ap their vances in 100 articles, and demanded a eneral council of the Olturch. Adrian having died the following year and been succeeded by Cle- ment Vil., the German princes renewed their dj mand for a general council. The first Diet of 5) re, held in 1526, granted free exercise of religion to the reformers in Germany, Ferdinand |., brother of the Emperor, qlgning the decree. The second Diet of Spires, hoWever, held in 1629, decided against Lu- ther, and enforced the edict of Worms; but six Ger- man princes had meantime become Protestants, and ii the Diet of Augsburg, held in the following year, twenty-eight articles were drawn up by elancthon, which formed the foundation of the Lutheran ereed, Charles V. and the Diet, however, refused to subscribe thei. CONTINUED PROGRESS OF PROTESTANTISM. In 1631 the Provestant prmces formed the league of Smaikaide, which England, France, Denmark and other States supported. The Emperor in the mean- time, bemg hard pressed by the ‘Turks, concluded @ truce with the Provestanta at Nuremberg in 1582, Two years aiter, in 1534, Ferdinand I. concluded with the Protestant princes the treaty of Kadan, and all Northern Germany adopted the reformed faith, Meaatime Sweden, under Gustavus Vasa, had adopted the views of Ulaus Petri, a disciple of Luther, and Denmark, had followed in the same course In 1627, under Christian 11.; while the Queen of Navarre, sister ef the King of France, had joimed the reformed religion in 1523. Pope Clement, after repeated delays, Dnaily refused to disselve the mar: riage of Henry ViIL, King of England, with Catna- rine of Aragon, the aunt of the Emperor, and forth- with Henry discarded, in 1634, the supremacy of the Pope; but it was not unwl 1648, under Edward VL, son of Henry, that the reformed religien was adopted in that country. Une of the first acts ef Pope Paul LIL., whe succeeded Clement VII. in 1634, lish @& sentence of excommunication Kipadem updyr was to egainst I ms jcnsy VI. and lace Wa Pope, whose Minister, Torregiant, adopted their cause In Opposition to all the Catholic Powers. The order was expelled from France in 1762, under the Ministry of the Duke de Chotseul, notwithstanding the protest of the Pope, who declared ihe euict to be null and void. In Spain, Charles [1L, persuaded that they were intr.guing to dethrone hiin in favor of lus brother, Don Louis, caused every house of the order to be closed in one night; Ferdinand ex- elled them from Parma, Spain, France, Naples, Portugal and Parma all combined to demand their exunction. France seized Avignon, Napies ovccu- pied Benevento and Ponte-Corvo, promislug only to return these sequestrated provinces on the suppres- sion of the Jesuiis. ‘ihe event, ,however, did not take place until 1773, in the reign of Clement XiV,, who reluctantly consented. The following 18 the text in ‘which he an- nounced to Onristendom the abelition of that order, Which for upwards of two centuriea ad so strenuously supported tbe ascendancy of the Churci:—“Inspired, ag we “trust, by the Divine Spirit, umpelied by the duty of restoring concord to the Church, convinced that the Society of Jesus can no longer effect those purposes for which 1b was founded, and moved by other reasons of State policy which we rotain concealed in our own breast, we do extirpate and abolish the Society of Jesus, its offices, houses and instituuons.”’ ¥ROGRESS OF THE CHURCH IN CHINA AND JAPAN. ‘The losses sustained by the Church in Europe, owing to the Reiormation, were more than compen- sated for numerically by the large accessions to her ranks from. missionary labors in both Kastern and Western henuspheres during the sixteonth century, while she also regained much of her former pres- lige in Poiand, Bohemia, Austria, France ana other Voey of Europe. Under the Jesuit missions to the East three hundred thousand Christians were com- uted to have received baptism in Japan tn 1677, and rather Valiguano, woo died in 16u8, was reputed she founder of three hundred churches and thirty houses for Jesuits in that country. Many Oriental Christians were again united to the See of Rome, and considerable progress made in bring! about union of the Greek Christians resident in the Turk- ish empire, ‘s A simtlar process was, at the same time, in action through East india. The historian Maffet tells us:— “Catholicism obtained a central position of great value iu Goa. Thousands were converted ever, ear; even as early as 1665 three handred thousan nristians were computed to be in and around Goa, the mountains of Cochin and Cape Comorin.”” THE OHURCH IN SOUTH AMERICA. Progress was still greater in the New World. Rauke tells us “that so early as the beginning of the seventeenth century the Catholic Church was com- pletely organized in South America, possessing five archbishops, twenty-seven bisheps, with four hun- drea monasteries, and pee cha: innumer- able. ‘the Popes about time aiso did much to- wards the improvements and decorations of the city of Rome. Sextus V., who pas his reign in 1536, expelled the banditti from Ituly, improved the ports and draincd the Pontine marshes, He also encouraged the manufacture of silk, brought water twenty-two miles to Rome from the Agra Colonna by the Sistine aqueduct, completes the cupola of 8t. Peter’s, and, on the death of Alphonso IL, Duke of Ferarra, without male heirs, claimed the territory and took possession in person Muy, 1598. He 1b was who fixed the number of cardinals at seventy.” COMPLETION OF ST. PRTER'S AT ROME, Paul V., who succeeded, brought a further supply of water to tne city by the Aqueduct Paulina, thirty- five miles distance, and completed the Church of St. Peter, the erection of which had been progressing under eighteen Popes, for the space of 100 years. In 1631 the territory of Urbino lapsed to the Church on the death of the last Duke, who had held it as a “fief of the Papal See.” In 1644 the Duke ot Parma, being unable to pay his debts, ceded Castro to Innocent X., the Pope undertaking to satisfy his creditors. DECLINE OF THE TEMPORAL POWER, With the commencement of the eighteenth cen- tury began the curtailment of the Papa territories, At the peace of Utrecht (1713) the islands o1 Sardiola and Sicily were bestowed on the Houses of Savoy and Austria without the Pope's consent, although he claimed both as ‘iiefs of the Holy See,” and on the extinction of the House of Farnese the Duchies of Parma and Placentia were, in spite of his protests, bestowed py the Emperor on the Infant of Spain. Moceingo, writing in 1737, says:—‘It is certain that the sovereigns of Europe are making rapid progress 7) ‘d depriving the Koman See of ali its secular a matives."? ‘his was consummated by the ‘rench republic before the close of the century. THE FIRST FRENCH REVOLUTION, In 1796 Italy was invaded by Gencral Bonaparte at the head of the troops of republican France, who compeiled the cession of Bologna and Ferarra to the Franch, while a subsidy of twenty millions of franca was algo exacted, and a hundred of the most exqul- site of the Italian works of art had, at the same time, to be given up to the French Directory. By the treaty of Solenteus (January, 1797,) still more humil- jating conditions were imposed—the whole of Ho- bar gy Was surrendered to France, Avignon seized and a further sum of upwards of six millions of dollars extorted from the exohequer. IMPRISONMENT OF PIUS VI. BY THE FRENCH DIREC- TORY. This was subsequently followed cB by an advance by rthier, Aide-le-Camp of nae parte, and in February, 1798, the eee was made a prisoner in the Vatican, burried off to Florence and Imprisoned in the convent of Chartreuse. COURAGE AND DEATH OF THM POPE. He died in 1799, a prisoner, in the eighty-second year of his age, Rome meantime having aban- doned to pillage, and the whole Church property in the Papal States confiscated to the French republic. ailson says:—“There is something sublime and woes, of @ purer and holier faith in the reply of Pope Pius VI. to the French Directory, when he was ordered to dispossess himself of his temporal au- prepared ‘for every ce. As Supreme Pontiff Iam resolved to die in exercise of my powers, You may employ force— have the power to do so; but know that, though you nay be masters of my body, you are not so of my 801 Free in the region where it is placed, it fears neither the events nor the sufferings of this life. 1 stand on the threshold of another world, There I shall be sheltered alike from the violence and impiety of this.’ PALL OF NAPOLEON 1 POPE'S TEMPORAL POWER. Pius VIL, his successor, one of whose first acts ‘was to restore the Order of Jesults, was’reinstated in all his territories by the Congress of Vienna in 1816, on the fall of Napoleon L., avignen excepted, tothe surrender of which Louis XVUI., who as- cended the throne of France, was opposed, From that time until 1848 the Popes remained in posses- sion of Rome. THE IMMACULATE CONCEPTION—INPALLIBIUITY: OF THE POPES. In 1846 the present Pentiff, Pius IX., ascended the cpalr of Peter. His reign has already been, we be- ve, the longest on record, with one exception, since the days of the Apostles, and has been marke by religious and political events of the greatest pos- ole importance, Among the religious we bave his dogmatic definition of the doctrine of “immaculate conception” in 1854, which then became an article or Roman Catuolic faith, and the assemblage ofa General Council in the Vatican in 1869-70, the first held since that ef ‘Trent, more than 300 ys before, Whicn has conferred upon him and successors a spiritual supremacy the highest ever claimed for the occupant of the See of kome by declaring the renee t of the Popes in tueir ex cathedra teachings of the Church, walle the pro- Mulgation of this was rapidly follewed by the loss of ail bis temporal power. On his accession to the Pontificate he was regarded as aprelate of great piety and moderation, and to mect the requirements of the times granted liberal reforms. They did not, however, satisfy the popular demands. Insurrections broke out in Italy, and in 3848 he was forced te fy from Rome, taking up his residence at Gaeta, while a triumvirate, consisting of Mazaini, Armeilini and Sam, took contrel of Kome, In 1849, however, the French republic sent an army against thom, Louis Napoleon being then President, and General Oudinot invested the city and took it by assanit, compelling the triumvirs to fly, and the Pope returned io Kome in the following year and assumed control over the territories of the Church, THR FLIGHT TO GARTA. ‘The war of 1869 by Victor Emmanuel, King of Surdimta, amalUst 4 and 1D Which ho Wee AND RESTORATION OF THE ted the Em B ped fhitn hum of all hist Naitittear an Ue ception of betwe four and five miles adjacent to Rome, and consid less a iniiiion of subjects, the kingdom of ay bane under Victor Emmanuel, to which they were an- nexed, Since that time until the 0 tween France and Prussia @ Frenc! mained in his dominions to protect him from the efforts of those italiana who ,were desirous of | making Rome the capital of a united Italy. 1.085. OF THE TEMPORAL POWER. ‘The withdrawal of the French forces by the ex- Emperor Napoleon has been followed by the march of the troops of Victor Emmanuel upon Kome and the surrender of the city, 200 ah roomie 1870, after a feeble resistance, ‘fhe of ‘Italy. meantime | professes that he has been compelled to allow his troops to take possession, lest a revolution, if he declined, should unseat him and inaugarate an itallan republic. He further pro- to protect him in the exercise of his spiritual jurisdiction. Thus for the present has come toa close the temporal sway of the Roman Pontiff, which has at least lasted for eleven bundred yeats, and re- peatediy exercised so marked an influence on manv other dynasties. The Pope has yielded his posses- sions under compulsion; whether he will remain in Rome or go into exile he appears to have not yet ae- cided. Temporal jurisdiction is not. regarded, as essential by his followers, whose attachment to him 1s more likely to be increasgd than otherwise by the events which have occ@rred, The Popes at ont cae Poirthyr a Seiies than when at a y of the past, that a nee may not have elapsed before the occupant of the Papal chair may not again be reinstated in the temporal possessions his Predecoaiorn a0 tong ruled’ Macaulay, the British historian, thirty years ago, in speaking of the Church of Rome, said:— “she saw the commencement of ail the govern- ments and of all the ecclesiastical establishments that now exist in the world: and we feel no assu- rance that she 18 not destined to the end of them all. She was great and respected before the Saxon had set foot on Britain, betore tne Frank had. assed the Rhine, when Grecian eloquence still lourished at Antioch; wnen idols were still wor- shipped in the temple of Mecca, And she may still exist in undiminished vigor when some traveller from ‘New Zealand shall, ip the midst of @ vast soll- tude, take his stand on a broken arch of London Bridge .to sketch the ruins of St. Paul's.” STILL ANOTHER PROTEST. Fordiam College Boys Declaiming Against the Spoliation of the Papal Territory by Victor Emmanuel. At a meeting held by the students tn the College hall on Friday evening last, over which Mr. John . Keveney, of the class of 1871, presided, aud Mr. Alpin J. Cameron, of tie class of 1872, acted as Secretary, the following proceedings took place:— After the object of the meeting had been fully stated by the chairman, Mr. John O'Neill, A. M., arose and addressed the meeting, The geatle;nan having had the benefit of a rest- dence in Rome, depicted in vivid and touching colors the well known religious ceremonies on Easter Sunday in former times, and contrasted the present humiliating position of the Pontift with that scene of splendor and imposing solemnity by which he was surrounded on that day, He then proceeded to show, by strictly logical argu- ments, that the invasion ot the peaceful dominions of the Pope, without cause or provocation, without any declaration of war, could find NO JUSTIFICATION in any of the established principles of international aw. He showed that Papal sovereignty had existea for upwards of a thousand years, bringing peace and happiness to the Roman people, proving con- clusively that the Popes had acquired inalienable right to the crown by prescription. He stated that the Pope 18 no stranger to us. He is the Holy Father, the head of that spiritual body, the Catholic Church, of which 1t is our biessed privilege to be members. He is our father. Weare his children, oung and insignificant bongs we be. Whatever is is we, ag Catholics, claim to be ours. That territory, 80 necessary for the FULL AND FRER EXERCISE OF HIS AUTHORITY and salutary influence over his world-wide flock, we hold to be not oniy his property, consecrated by ‘ages of possession, but the property, and domain of the entire Catholic world. Every injury or msult flung at Pius IX. recoila upon us, his little ones, We have, then, in common with all Catholics, nob only a right but even a solemn duty to protest in this instance, because our possessions have been in- vaded and stolen, our father has been despoiled and BUBJECTED TO VIOLENCE, And our protest must be all the more energetic be- cause @ hypocritical government, calling itself Catholic, has been the offender. He urged the stu- dents not tobe passive witnesses of this flagrant violation of all law, but to give evidence to the world that the spirit of trge and lively Catnolic bt hl and thrives under the old walls of St, john’s. Mr. William Ahearn then followed, arguing against the legality of the Plebiscitum, and also stated that the Roman people were deluded by the false ideas of liberty which prevail at the present day, and Proceenes: to show that they gained nothing by the ransformation which has been effected in the Eter- nat City.* The city was formeriy the most orderly and moral city in the world, and now vice and im- morality parade themselves unblushingly in the open light of day, and although now surroundea by gloom and darkness the Catholic heart must not falter, for the dawn will break at last. Mr. Frank Adams, of Columbus, Ga., with all the characteristic (eryor of @ Southerner, portrayed in glowing terms the amiable and saintly character of our beloved Pontiff. He remarked that in the con- sideration of his personal virtues alone we behold a just condemnation of this last effort made by the powers of darkness against the impregnable rock of Peter. His mild and paternal rule contrasts favor- ably with the iron yoke witch the Romans are now compelled to bear. Mr. John Sweeney, of Lawrence, Mass., suggested that we accept with pleasure the invitation of our sister college of Georgetown, D. C., to join with her in protesting against ‘‘the ‘action of the usurping authorities in closing the colleges of Rome as indica- tive of a spirit hostile to the cause of education and progress. He stated that this was a matter of pe- Cullar interest to us as Me students, and com- mented on the condition of the Roman college, which has been virtually suppressed. Let us show, he added, that we American students are not imfertor to those of Europe in our appreciation of the importance of a soun Christian education, and that although we believe in a republican form of govern- ment, nevertiieless we cannot be silent when reli- gion is dethroned and learning proscribed. He ended by requesting the students to contribute lib- erally in aid of the Holy Father, remembering that whatever we give is a practical evidence of our zeal for religion and our devotion to our persecuted Pon- tiff, and will surely meet with a reward from the hands of that generous God who looks with a par- ticular pleasure on the devotion of youth to His holy Church, Mr. Henry Schachte, of Charleston. 8, C., then of- Tered the following reso.utions, which were unant- mously adopted:— Whereas we behold in the action of the government of Victor Emmanuel, King of itaiy, in violently seizing posses- sion of the city of Rome, the capital of the Pi ‘ana of the Staies of the Church, violation of inter- ato law, accompanfed by peculiar circum- stances of treachery and baseness, and eat injury done to the whole Catholfc Church throughout the world, which re- quires for its happy, spiritual direction the entire freedom and independence of its spiritual head, the Pope, in his epts- copal city, which is the centre of Catholic unity and govern- ment, a freedom and an independence which he cannot gnioy a a the subject of Victor Emmanuel or of any other Resolved, That we, students of St. John's Coll Ford. of ham, protest against this outrage; that we deny the right of the Ttalian government, In defiance of solemn pledges and treaties, to {nvade the domain of a prince with whom It was ‘at peace, without any declaration of war, and annex bis ter- ritory by the sole power of might over right, Resolved, That we renew our assurance of affection and spiritual fidelity to our Holy Father, Pius 1X., who, during twenty-four years, has shown himself tobe the best of ru: Jers and the best of men—an assurance in which we believe his loving people of Rome would join with us were they al- lowed free utterance to their true desires; that we commise- rate with him in his present shameful captivity and sball un- ceaaingiy pray for his release, : Reso) That we unite with our fellow students of Georgetown College in revrobating in particular the conduct of the usurpers in Rome m closing the Catholic Col- lege city, mduct opposed to the true interests of secular education, as this directly intended 10 prevent the teaching of Christianity to youth. Resolved, That consequently to prove the earnestness of our convictions and the sincerity of our devotion to a cause which we believe should be ‘bat of all who still believe in honor, justice, fixed principles and Chriatian trath, we here, by declare our intentlon to Join according to our might in the fund to be raised by the American youth for the relief of the prasent necessities of our Holy Father, and us a testification Of our constantand unswerving attachment to his august peraon. ‘These resolutions were signed by the following gentlemen as a committee in behalf of ali the students of the college:—Henry Schachte, class of "71; K. A. Chapoton, class of 72; George Denegre, class of 78; Michael McDermott, ciass ot ’74. FIRE IN Conflagration in State Street—Loss Twelve Thousand Dollars. A fire broke out shortly after two o’clock yester- day morning in the building in the rear of No. 46 State street, occupied by the manufacturer of the “Patent Lock Shank Button.” It spread with con- siderable rapidity and defied the efforts of the firemen to extinguish it, The loss of the company, of which W. 8. Atwood ts President, amounts to $10,060, principally in stock and machinery. The property is insured im several New York com- anies to the amount of $40,000, The names of he companies could not be ascertained yesterday. BROOKLYN. The buliding 1s owned by A. Houghton, whose loss is $2,000; insured. ‘The buildings Nos. 216 and 518 Hicks street, owned by K. H. Ludwig, were damaged to the extent of $200 each. Insured for $8,000, ‘Tue dwelling house No. 274 Hicks street, occupied by John Letler, was damaged to the amount of $1 as was also No. 276 Hicks street, in which resi Georce Bash Tha dite wae of pcaMenisl Oscte THE INPANTICIDE CRUSADE. The Police Actively Engaged in Carrying Out Judge Dowling’s Suggestion—Child-Mur- der Under Difflonities—A Cruise Among the Temples of Guilt and Dens of Crime, Yesterday, which shone 80 brightly ana for all good citizens, and in the crispiness and health- Tulness of its atmosphere afforded delight to those Whose business called them on our splendid prom- enades, was dark and lowering for those accursed enemies of society, the infamous wretehes who thrive on the practice of infanticide and wax fat in worldly wealth through murder of the innocent offspring of unnatural parents. The recommenda- tion of Justice Dowling, the Tombs Police Magis- trate, that an officer of the law be placed atthe door of each unhaliowed den devovea to abortion, was carried out by the Superintendent of Police. At each and every door leading to houses in this city where 1t'was known such infamous practices were carried on policemen were stationed at an early hour, and there remained until late last night, THE RESULTS OF THE DAY'S WORK in behalf of doomed innocents showed the wisdom of the recommendation and the timelness of tte adoption. And, moreover, had this measure been adopted years ago, before the detestable French doctrines of maternal responsibility nad gained its preeens foothold, there 1s but too much reagon for hehe ag the onene — of the met is would have far exceeded the count Kare Bl SS SOPs y auc ere a the view of ascertaining by actu: = tion the kind of women ‘wha seaors i the abor- tiontsts, for the fell pornoes of destroying the lives of their yet amborn children, and 80 by crime of murder ridding themseives of their proper respon- sibilities, a HERALD reporter yest visited @ number of the dens alluded to, or rather he con- sulted the policemen stationed in front of the doors ol those places and waiched the conduct of those who sought admission. He found the oficers te be intelligent men, specially selected for their trust- pores by Superintendent Kelso, They stood Ou! THE DOORS OF THE INFAMOUS WRETCHES, against whom it was their duty to warn off callers, apparently in a listless, care.css manner, but reatly lynx-eyed and watchful. Whether, however, it was thatthe would-be murderers for whom the ‘doo- tors” and ‘doctoresses’’ of aboriton were anxiously, Waiting had read tte morning papers which an- nounced the intention of the Superintendent of Police, or that the sight of a blue-coated, brass-but- toned guardian of the law at the entrances they de- sired to pass unobserved, were the repeiling cause, there were NO FEMALF CALLERS at these honsez of ill repute. The policemen, how- ever, on post at the doors Lad, on numerous occa. sions during the day, the r atiention calied to per- sons in Vv les, which ia the morping drew up at the sidewalk before them, aud on seeing how mat- ay. None came on foot to any of the uptown houses of infamous practice, but in the lower part of the town, at the more vile and notorious dens, frail women, a [ew of the hum~ bler class, but more whose appearance indicated that they were well to do in the world, aly ae roached Where the policemen kept watenful guard, ut quickly and stiepliy wens thelr way. ‘The reporter, in pursuance of his Instructions, first visited the establishment at the corner of Fifty second sireet and Fifth avenue. a house whose splendid exterior appearance well might lull to sleep all suspicion of its disreputable character. AD oflicer was here found on duty. HIS OBSERVATIONS DURING THE DAY were not noteworthy, and indeed the closed blinds and silent aspect of the splendid mansion plainly indicated that the Madame was fully alive to the ex- Igencies of the eccasion, and that her scouts, of Whom the ofticer alleged she had quite a number in her pay, had posted her customers, conferring bricfy with the policeman the reporter was turningaway, when he observed com ing from the direction of the Parka splepdid car- riage, drawn by a pair of magnificent bays. Stopping to gaze for a moment on this most aristocratic turn- out he was surprised to see it draw up betore the perilous portal. ‘The door of the carriage opened, & datity foot rested on the step; but at that moment @ hand waved from a window directly over tite police- man’s head and the lady drew back into the car riage, which in a few seconds drove rapidly away. The reporter saw at once that this was a lady too much occupied to read the morning papers, too SUNK IN THE DARKNESS OF SIN to sea the light; one radiant with the adornments of wealth and fashion; p ossessed or the evil spirit of the time; whose riches brought no comfort or maguificence ease: a creature a. to sacrifice her unborn babe on the altar of deadly pleasure. He had thought of seeking this woman who kept the house and listening to her story, but the reflections which rose in his mind at this incident—the police dec.are them to be so common as not to deserve even a passing notice—that he had no heart for i and involuntarily turned away with A FERLING OF UNITrEaANLR DISGrsT. Presently, taking acar, he returned down town and paid a flying visit to an establishment in First avenue, the siaugliter-nouse of the new notorious), infamous ‘Dr.’? Evans in Chatham street, ant another place, of not equal ill fame, but of equal in- terest to the police, in the same locality. The oft- cers had but littleto say more than ts stated in the foregoing as to their experience during the day, but all were found unanimous in the opinion that their presence prevented many a would-be murderesa rom the commission of crime. A LAGER PROBLEM, Important Law Suit in Jorscy—Legal Battle Over a Patent Ice Wouse—OCan Beer be Brewed all the Year Round? The fact is probably generally well known that until recently lager beer could only be suctesstully brewed during the winter months, and hence the brewers were put to an immense expense in the construction of mammoth storehouses, capable of allowing the stowage away of thousands of barrels of beer, 8) a8 to mect the great supply demanded during the summer months. In the effort to conceive some method whereby the erection of these monster storehouses could be dispensed with fabulous sums of money have been exhausted, and scientific and inventive brains have toiled endlessly during a long series of years. Constant dripping, however, will wear away a stone, and finally, in the ty ar 1863, a patent was granted to E. D. Brainerd, of Albany, by the suthori- ties at Washington, for what igciaimed to be THE GREAT DESIDERATUM, acombined ice refrigerating and store house, by which it is declared lager can be brewed as success- fully in the month of July a8 in January. The Tangement may constructed of any size. Its external appearance is similar to that of an ordinary barn or icehouse. It is divided into three stories, the upper one next the roof being the icehouse, the next below the refrigerating room and the ground floor the storage room. The chief feature in 1ts construction centres im the roof, a great otjest being to effect a saving in 108. . The ceiling, instead ot being flat across, 1s in the form of aletter V. ‘The troubic heretofore has been that the ice as it evaporated collected on the roof and then dropped back on the ice, thus causing an immense waste. By the patent a channel is placed beneath the point of the “V,”’ the vapors run down the sides: and are carried off outside the butiding. In the year 1869 @ company, of which Lawrence ‘Augster, of Newark, N. J., 18 the chief, se- cured ‘a patent for a similar apparatus, the only essential difference being in the construction of the ceiling, and even that is based on the same general principle, to wit:—in- stead of one large V there are dozens, an admitted vast improvement. Now comes Mr. Brainerd inte the United States Circuit Coart at Trenton and brings suit against Augster & Co. for AN ALLEGED INFRINGEMENT of his patent, with a view to recover damages. Dur- ing the past two weeks in Newark the testimony ior the complainant was taken before General Oliphant Clerk of the Court, which concluded, the taking testimony for the defence was adjourned tli next February. The suit is one that excites a lively in- terest among beer brewers throughout the country. THE SHOEMAKERS’ REVOLT, Prospect of » Compromise=The Men Willing, but the Employers Not Ready. The committee of four appointed by the Orispins at their last meeting called upon several of the most prominent employers yesterday afternoon and submitted a proposition for the settiement of the existing difficulties. Althongh not at liberty to make the basis of their offer known. until it shall have been laid before the “District Council,” the committe: nevertheless expressed a hope to the re- porter who visited them that 1t will be accepted, and that to-morrow the men will again return to work. At the manufactory of Mr. K. C. Burt, it is thougnt, work wili be resumed about Lime fd Wednesday at a compromised rate of wages. This compromise ‘was offered by the “jours” of that establisument last week, and was, in eifect, that the men who had been receiving higher wages for vert work than the society demanded would accept its rate, striking off the surplus. Whether the committee who yesterday called upon the employers made this kind of a pro- position or not 1s not as yet known, but it is highly able they did. fi Pin conversation: Mr. Burt, who employs a iarge number of men, stated to & representative of tue HERALD that, as faras he knew, there was not as yet any prospect of work being resumed very soon in his establishment. He had not received a proposi- tion of any kind from any such commitice as is above referred to, and, so far as le Was personally concerned, was very well satisfied with the condition of affairs, as trade Was just now extremely dull, This was found to the sentiment of several leading firms, while others, again, were a little de sirous of an adjustment of the present diffquities bes ioe im some WOY sDEOLUY arrived wh