The New York Herald Newspaper, October 6, 1870, Page 4

4 “MIAT HEATHEN CHINBE,” A History of His Origin and Development. The Coolie Merchants and Their Victims. ‘Who is Responsible for the Asiatic Inundation ? Habits and Characteristics of the Oriental Laborers. THE TRAFFIC IN HUMAN FLESH. New England Spiritualism Coexistent with the Days of Confucius. How They Bury the Dead in the Flowery King- dom—What They Eat and How They Cook It— Rats, Dogs and Cats a Necessity and Not a Luxury—Facts, Figures and Statistics, Anecdotes and Historical Reminis- cences, Tabular Statoments and the Results of the Personal Observations of a Disin- terested American. Boston, Oct. 3, 1870. Of all that has recently been written and said about the absorbing questions of the Chinamen and their introduction as laborers into the United States there has been little given to the public which is likely to throw more timely ana intelligent hght upon the subject than @ work shortly to be issued by a Boston publisher. It is the effort of Colonel Russell H. Conwell, of this city, a young and observing Yankee, who has just returned from the “Flowery Kingdom,” and having had rare and favorable oppor- tunities to ascertain something of the Caucassian race, a8 well as to inform himself of the causes | which inspire them to desert the land of their na- tivity for the “home of the oppressed of all nations,” he has supplied much information which at this par+ ticular time is highly important and useful to the American people of all classes. During his ansence the Colonel gave some very clever newspaper letters over the signature of * but he seems to have reserved for his work just prepared his more elaborate accounts and conclusions con- cerning the Chinamen asa race, and their probable influence upon the destinies of the American re- public. The title of his book is “Why and How,” and what it endeavors to explain is why the Chinese | emigrate, and how they contrive toreach America. | Having had an opportunity of perusing some of the | advance sheets, Iam enabled to give the HERALD readers an exclusive and early account of what ime ; torthcoming work will contain. | INTRODUCTORY. In his preface the author indulges in a few gen- eral remarks upon the subject of European immi- | gration, attributing the cause to a vague tea of a | ssell,"? NEW YORK HERALD, THURSDAY, OCTUBER 6, 1870. -TRIPLE SHEED, y tm the mysterious influence of the moon and stars Upon the destinies of men, and the idea that by | been wold. They seldom in these laiter alchemy may yet be { way of tural r poser RY found a Way of turolng iron 01 orgilver, There are in this, asin the | in one Boodist religion, any number of gods, the greatest | stantly of which ts worshipped under the name of Laoots, or “The Old Bor, aud the most merciful of wuich is Lootyoo, the god of medicine, ‘There is another sect to which all the government offictals ostensibly beioug, Which cannot be caliea a religion, but rather the absence ot religion, The adterents of this doctrine Claim to be foilowers uf the Confucian teachings and practicers of those Ta- tionalistic theories 1o which his precepts tend. Con- Tucins recognized no God, but went about teaching morality and advising people to practice it ior their own welfare on earth, ‘ THE RIDICULOUS FEATURES OF CHINESE TIANITY. The laborers of China, as & class, have no clear idea of any one religion, ‘The belief of this ceolie class (if their faith may be called @ belief at ali) 1s made up by a strange combination of all that ie un- natural and stertous to be found in the faich of all of the several sects. They i equal devouon o the gods of each. Boodist, Tauist, vonfuctan, Ma- hometan, Jewish, Cathoiic and A heistic ideas, com- bined with @ superstition that makes every circum- stance in life to portend some evil or good, serve to make up the faith of the class from whence come the laborers for America. There may be something poetical about the mind that Finds tongues in books in the running bro Sermons {n stones, and good {a overyihing? o* but the. coolies’ belief that trees, brooks and stones are endowed with real intelligence and can injure or benefit man, as they may happen to Leel, 1s iar irom being @ poetical one, It keeps the soul in constant alarm and loads the mind with care. When com- bined with the other covlle ideas, that the heavens, the earth, the sea, the sky, Paradise and heil are filled with wrangling, fickle, avaricious gods, whose occupation Is to fight over the disposition int shall be made of man here aud his soul hereafter, it becomes doubly terrible, Then the beasts, the birds, the fish, the reptiles and the insects are su| 4 tO contain the souls of future generations, or of the generation that past. To really believe that hs deccased ye mother is a cow, his grandiather wo alligator, littie sister a codfish, his father @ butfaio and his mother in Hades, wandering avout in starvation alone, because he has no means to purcnase and burn “mock mouey” vo supply her necessities, is as terrible aud harassing to the believer as it is ridicu- lous to us. His life is @ state of fear. Blue devils hold dire calamities over his head at night, and white-robed imps pepene the threatenings by day. He will be puntshed by one god if he does an act, and scourged by another tf he does it not. THE ILL WILL OF THE GODS, This superstitious religion of the lower classes places a great and dangerous power in the hands of the rule.s. They May be never so cruei and the igno- rant coolle wiil excuipate them from all biaie, and, stili thinking the Chinese government the best on earta, Will atiribute all his hardships to the ili will of some devil god whom he has offended, ‘This has been the case for the past tweive years. ‘ihe tyranny ol the rulers, shown by the laxity in the CHRIa- execution of justice, high taxation und low wages, combined with a threatened famine, has awakened the fears of the coolie classes, and made tnem doubly vigilant in their sacrifices to the evil spirits, Tais ne 0 strongly excited In 1855 and again in 1559, has n keptup and increased ¢: year by the exactions of the gov- ernment until the Teligious condition of many at present is a state of terror, AN INTELLIGENT CHINAMAN ON THE SUPERSTITION OF HIS RACK. The following letter, written by an intelligent and educated Chinaman, gives interesting testimony on the matter of the superstition of nis race:— “SACRAMENTO, Cal., Jan. 27. DEAR Str—It is with some doubt that I take my pen in hand to communicate with you. Your kind note of the 15th found xe full of business for my countrymen. and I must beg pardon for this iong delay. { hope you don't mean to pubish what write, a8] am 4 poor scholar in Kuropean, and would be not pleased to have you do so. 1 #0, do not say L write ft. My opinion about the religion which vou call “superstition” is found inthis: I think ihe people are poor, and as they have littie chance to grow in education {a China they believe what is told them. I have always believed in Confucius, and am still, The diMculty which our king (we call him Woong tye in Ching) has with this part of our people, in his governing, is because they cannot und er- stand, They think they have bad time in China, and some Nykoos (nuns) tells them that there will come a famine soon time, and they frighten at ft and say, *How can we live ? We ave much family and no rice, no ush.” Toon they hear that they can come to this country and get puy. so they come. “They think some time business wil! be better apd the Jamme gone, Then they will go back. They don't all so think, and some that have been in Sacramento for @ long time dou’t seem to be ing {a bellef, but there in China they get strange ideas tha: makes them Uneasy and want to go away. How bad I should feel, and i think your people would, if the things do | happen that my people speak about. ‘They expect to sce in | China ali slaves and no rice at ali, whieh woud de xd. ‘They | tell me strange siories about their seeing Buddah with a | Jand without tyranny, and a generai hope for the | material improvement of their social, moral and financial condition, remarking m the course of these | observations that if the nations of Europe recog: | are | forests would watt | nized the sublime principle that ‘all men created free and equal” our mucn longer tor the axe and onr prairies bear many more crops of wild grass than present appearances would seem to indicate. Feeling that with their many privileges they are still oppressed the Euro- pean peasantry leave their native soil to avoid further suffering. What, then, said of the Chinaman, who, under vere penalties, leaves a land dearer to him by far than Europe ts to the European, and, leaving his family bebind, crosses the Pacific with no hope of citizen- ship when he shall have arrived at his destination ? Is it oppression at home or the were love of yold Let us see. THE PATRIARCHAL GOVERNMENT OF CHINA, | Alluding to the harmonious working of the go- | vernment of the empire, with four hundred millions | of people under its sway, all directed by a single mina, Colonel Conwel| declares the laws of Caina to be worthy of the greatest jndictal minds of the age. Thetr code of laws he believes to be simple, conc easily understood, and, with the exception of th penalty for treason, scrupulously just. Notwith- between the perfect siate of society for which tne | laws provided and the deplorable « people whom he saw around him. THE LAWS IMPERFECTLY Where the law provided for plenty there was s¢ city, and where by the code there should be ent freedom there were tyranuy and slavery. tn the appearance of te people or country would suggest to an unprejudived observer the existence of such equitable laws as are fonud in that code; nor would any person acquainted with Cumese society and the disintergrating elements of wiilch it is com- posed, account for the stability of the empire by a reference tothe code. On inquiry of a mandarin, ndilion of the OUTED. whose business it was to execute we laws in his immediate 1 received this rather evasive Americans have a holy code, which you cali the Bible, and [hear that its precepts are excellent. But [ never have seen an American obeying those precepts | literally, and 1 often hear that, in the ports, they utterly disregard them. Now when you will tell me why you pay so littie attention to your code I shall be able to explain why we make so little use ofours | No doubt it is an excelient thing if we could only practice it.” The Chinese nation to-day appears to the traveller in the provinees like @ conquered coun- try still under martial law. ery office, except those occupied by a few petty village officials, 1s filed by direct appointinent from the Hinperor, or by high officials in his name. The will of every oMcial 4s law in the district over which he is appointed, not- withstanding the existence of this excellent code. One of the reasons for the long and firm standing of | the empire, the author thinks, Is the systematic and ‘well appointed tenant system carried out. RECONSTRUCTION NEEDED. What 18 required in the devastated districts of | China, a3 in all other new countries, is, in the first | , place, labor and capital to prepare and ttl! tne soil. Next to these, if at all inferior, are the means of transport. It may almost seem a paradox to affirm that labor is scarce in China, yet ail experience goes to prove it; hundreds of poor wretches wander aboui or nestle in the large citi but most of these now bear the undeniable t of confirmed mendicancy. The features so easily recognizea among the foliowers of the Tien Wang will seldom be looked for tn vain among 2 wa or Chinese beggars; the habits of rapine and croetty fostered in the Taiping ranks were far too strong to be eradicated. But even with a superubundance of labor the settter on the deserisd soil finds i¢ impossible to bring his land under cultivation without capital. The old ties of family are broken up; he finds he must pay for hia daily labor as weil ‘as for the seed to put m the ground. Cnless he meet with some extertor support he rapidly falis to the condition of a squatter; and such, in fact, is tne posi- tion of most of the inhabitants, CHINESE RELIGION AND SUPERSTITION. Among that class of Chinese who emigrate to America there 18 in reality no established religion. In fact, the tenets of the diferent religions are 80 in- termingled that the priests themselves have consia- erable difficulty in deciding which is Tauist and which is Boodist. Boodism consists in the worship of 4 divinity, which, in connection with inferior spirits, nas especial regard for good works,aud rewards those who live virtuous lives with @ lappy or oblivious hereafter. Its devotees believe in the transimigra- tion of souls, and in a former state of existence, when the present souls of men were the spirits of Deasts, birds or reptiles. They believe also in a he asks, shail be | Nothing | | ttve 8 buried in a great aword trom horizon to horizon, and that they find od in the clothes When they wash, and that they see Uhina metimes in the acy with a great smoke u il, and so they don’: any (god. on": waht to tel You must not think anything of tt, 4 they are poor and not knowing, They wouid know better cannot think many or them bere came be- ed China. ‘They want money and ® place where they do not frighten. ‘They like here and so do I. | But we wiil all go hom hen the »hang- (go) thinks we I untrymen | much business ang . ‘They are | foolish as those who firs | say avout your told you that my jew n i donit_know what J can ‘They were not wise who . All of us will wet Civina suflers at this timne, . Please write me and say 1% you love this me. nestion [more i 5 NNING OF THE COOLIES. jer of opinion may be entervained | about their intellectual abuity, or with regard to in- | dividual integrity, there caa be but little controversy over the statement that pride, fear and cunning are | the most prominent featares of the coolie’s charac- ter. Tne, pride themselves on their ancestry; tacy | pride themselves upon their family with all the re- lations; and they pride themselves upon their fea- tures, and any race that ditfers iroia them is ugiy j and unattractive; and they pride themselves on thelr dress, aud even the best educated glory in # hew gown or a new pair of Shoes with all the simplicity of a child, Fear, as nuters largely ipto their religion, sacrifice olten to the devil-god, and per- ous ceremonies to insure thatdeily’s wiule they alinost wholly neglect the a yhom they are has pee: and th COnSIsL, IM a great upon the fears. ‘Chey ler th dare nov stir im defence of rown laws, and sufer aliuost than offend an officer of traid of every person oceup ying tian themselves, and to all oat- ‘lL appearance would her than trausyress Lis slightest will With ali their | disrespect for fovelgners they are afraid of them, } and the prescuce of a Wuropean bearmg an official horacter seems to strike them with soimething like uve. ‘They are also v deceitiul and cunning people, «i Whenever th a transgiess a custom or a statute without exposure to ridicule or the penaities | of Jaw I think they wonid not hesitate to do it, pro- | Yided they were to gaim anything by so doing. ‘They dare’ not take much msk, and they are eun- niug enough to Know aud wWelgh the chances. if the, contemplate any unlawful deed they will tarn tae subject over and over tn thetr minds and look at it trom all possible situations before they make any move, The policy of the goverament in its inter- } course with foreign nations shows this same spirti of pride, fear and cunning. Had it been bold and less | prond, depending ou the justice of its proposals ; rather than on the secret policy which they covered, | China, and T may say the whole world, would have been inuch benefited by our diplomatic litercourss. THE BURIAL OF CHINAMEN IN CHINA. the most patriotic peopie on the face of the whole | earth. Tots idea has donbtiess arisen from the exhibitions of national pride to be found among the higher classes, and the walversal desire of emi- grants to be Tied back when they die and be buried In thelr native soil. The latter fact, how- ever, 18 owing mucit more to their snperstition than to their love for the land or its stitutions. They have an idea—the co ‘3 more espe that somehow the spirit lingers near the body fits back and forth between the gra and the Jettered tablet set up to be worshipped in the ki! ° of his relations. They also beueve that cetrain localities are lucky and cercain others unlucky, a that a well-made grave with plenty of burning jos: sticks Will often ward of the evils of an unluck. locality. If the body of a deceased parent or rela y fortun: J an uauginery spirtt of is Diessed by ut tuck, called F Shway—t! believe that this’ propitious circumstance Wil butld up the fortunes of his muy by making it As ihe Chinaman dependent upon his 1ev’? to make Mis pur- u g relatives for “mock 1m) y vd that chases while in purgal their Mtercession 10 sec! his next spirituai abode, reful to select a burial place which will give his descendants or relatives good fortine—making the performance of a filial duty serve a selfish purpose. In foreign jands he has no choice of burlal places, and doves not feel sure but that, even suould he select oue and be ouried in # lucky locality, bis body iay be removed by some heartless toreigner before his spirit, 8 clear of purgatory, and consejaent rum be brought upon his family and bimsell, The idea that the whole family are participators 1a watever good or til juck the gods vonchsaie to any one of them seems to keep famiues togethes, and to make then much more careful of each other tian would be the case did these relations depend upon their dulled natural affecuons. A good evidence of the exist- ence of other motives than that of patriotism is found in the fact that it is seldom the Chinese in the colonies of Singapore or Penang send honi bodies of the dead. They have secured from the English authorities @ permanent titic io a locality, and, althoagh they claim to be Chinamen still, and are surrounded by Toreigners, yet aceui it uo hardship to be interred there. CHINESE TATRST Por GOLD. Colonel Conwell reserved an ¢ .Ure ch discussion of the avaricious clement in Chinese character, because of the almost untycrsal opinion that a natoral “thirst for gold” lias been the only In@uence animating the hearis of voluntary imui- grants from China. The experiences of the laborers in China would seem to make the love of money (they have no gold) much sironger in their breasts than in those of other nationalities, Certainly there 1s no country, not excepling Syria, where the lower classes sulfer So much on ifs account. Let me epu- merate further. ‘he cuviie laborer in China re- pter for the d of purgatory to which all souls go after death bart prepared for their future existence as earthly beings. During their stayin purgatory these souls have need ot the ‘necesstties of life,” and the irtends on earth must supply them with money or they will suffer. Tawsm is a kind of materialism, the de- votees of which believe that the earth, the planets and each separate thing upon them is endowed with an inviigent soul. Conuccted with it 13 a beligt ceives in the agricultaral districts eight or ten dol- lars a year, with his own board. Out of this eight or ten doliars he must provide for nis family and clothe himself, 1f his family is large it will cost Six dollars to clothe them and more than the balance to board them. Now, it would seem that these cir- cumstances, if there was nothing more, would be sulicignt to give them au unconiegliable erged fur endure much privation | the | “jaeky” | It has been supposed by many that they were | p) | to sign | { } } i i ; ) | | | | | themselves, bauditti brought in their mate and female prisopers and sold them in jois to the traders, for which sums never money. But the best part only of the story has now assessment to the full amount of thetr i m_ debt Actitious misdemeanors mandarin, and, means go und the stocks, presen nd _ ’ nishing an excuse to * to Por uguese traders, “they. are tors, who want Macy the tect are puiled fo make Are often punished, together lage, for the act of some man ‘They are accused oi many riors have committed and do they die of fatigue in the hot lingering death, adlueted with i drown themseives in the ¢:@eks want of a few cash with whieh (0 bay rics of life, “Money! money starved children, “aioney |" wile, “Money |" call the tented and poverty-stricken of Hades, “Money |’ culls “Money!” demands the lessee “Mouey!" thunders the nim) 3 the mandari ta the oy i ‘ i z 5 gs . i E i - i if i : E t $ Hl ; z ip 3 é i apt Be 5, f irl uit : it just ce himself, aud kno’ conditioa of his class; iying, Ding, extorting, mu! 7 ail the whtie within the « ance—all for money, ‘These With his belief that with mone: nal bliss, not only (or himself ancestry and posterity, would awaken such a tirst for mone) : : i : : i i i z: g B E PH sf if EATING RATS AND CATS. Connected with this subject ts the the Chinamen live apon rats, dos, ver: order to hoard up money which 4) ovlige them to spend for proper tood, true that he 1s fa the habit of saving of food which he does not need, his money in cl or Fae that the coolle provides Wuolesome food whenever to do #0, To this there Hone, i PE, are vabiy, pride ving | respectably, vo food and clothing, and I Baye yer of an instance where the coolie's by fear, did not overcome any mi had acquired. ‘The laborers in Caiiforuia may deprive themseives of the necessities of lite im order to send money home to pay their devise or for their iamulies, 48 they Would more naturally take it that £ HH sist 2 t i gates vigils : pride in #60 doing then in having a costly among the “barbarians.” Thave no douvt i the poor, Cnproeens Coolie in Cama often eaw rats and ogs, and ing food, for the verv rexson ‘hat he would starve if ne did not, although no such food has ever been brought to my notice. Lhave tasted of some doubdui dishes at the table of Chinese gentlemen, both in California ang China, and suppose the laporer to be even less refined in his tastes. His condition would naturally make him 80. Butt ts evident that rats, cais, dogs, &c., are never eacen irom choice. In the culouies and sea- ports \ here the coolle escapes the extortions of tn- tenor officers and gets average wages such a thing is never known. Yet dogs are so plenty as to be a nuisance, aud as for the cals, there Would be a thousand thankful hearts if tne Chinamen would dispose of them and their horrid night yawing b; eating or otherwise, Kats also revel in luxury and security around the wharves, Warehouses and dweil- ings. even more disgust BEGINNING OF THE COOLIR TRADE, ‘The way the coolie trade began ts interesting. In the spring of 1847 a Spaniard who entered tue port of Macaow was surprised with the cheapness of labor in China and tncideatally wished tha, he had @ thousand Chinese in Pera, ‘This led to the discus. sion of the expediency of taking the Chinese to Pera, and finally to an attempé on their t to load nis vessel with coolies, This they did under ihe pretence of shipping them for Java; but waeiher auy contracts were made with these men 18 not at present known, ‘They obtaimed three hundred cool- ies, for whose passage the spaniard became re- sponsible. Near the Ist day of June the vessel sailed out of tne port of Macaow with three hundred as happy men as ever trod the planks of a ship. Bollteving the falsehoods that had been toid them, and expecting soon to return to their homes wealthier men, they looked back upon the cuaappeariag, shores, sighing only Cor the tune when they should see them again. It ts doubtful If any one of thein has yet seen his native land, and 3 douvtiul that any of them ever will do so. after one hundred «ays of storm, exposed to cold and heat, with balf rauons and but little water, 176 were Janded at a port near Callao, to be treated even Worse on Lind than taey bad been on the sea. Tae »paniard swore to lis own story, and noone could undersiand the Chinaman ’s complalntif he had any to make. They were put on @ plantation i the interlor where they could not run away, and tli experiment of coolie labor tried for the first tine in that State, It was satistaciory vo the coniractor, and another cargo was sent tor. Coming to the ears.of planters in Cuba, who knew that ina few months they must part with their siaves, they also sent sny to bring over the Chinese. The story of the success- Tu coolie traffic soon spread over the Spanish and Portuguese domintons, and Peru, Australia, Suri- nam and the [Indian archipelago vied with Cuba in the traffic of human labor. But it was not to be ex- pecied that many cargoes of voluntary emigrants could be procured when i was found that the time for the return of the first shipload iad passed, with no news from the husbands and fathers who had left. Besides tils, Tumors vegan to be afloat that the coolies ere taken bo “the other side of the world” to be ved tor a series of years and finally murdered, When the ships which followed the Don Pedro on her second visit arrived at Macaow the Chinese were too much alarmed to be induced by any offers ‘then began that sytem of KIDNAPPING COOLIES, purchasing, chaining, starving, and, as tt may appro- priately be cailed, murdering, which for twenty years shocked the /ecliugs of all humane persons and cast adark blot upon the Portuguese and Spanish es- cutcheons that can never be expunged, Fathers and mothers sold thelr sons, fugitives bargained away to go on board, exceeding ten dollars per person were thank- fully received, ‘The market being ill supplied With purchasable huwan betngs, the traders organ- ized bands of night theves, whose business 1 was to steal into the cabins of the laborers and carry on board the ship the father and sons, and sometimes ihe whole iamuy. Although these bands were numerous, and coolles were captured by the thoa- sand, still the demand increased beyond their kidnapping capacity. ‘Then ships called “Lorchas” were manned and armed as if for war, and seut up the bays and rivers to fall suddenly upon the unsuspecting inhabitants of some rural district. This was a great success. In tiie face of the navies of the cy x world these pirate vessels carrying the Por- tuguese flag wonld enter some town unpercetved and captare whole cargoes ata single swoop, Old men were seized in the rice fields, boys in the schoolroom, young men in the shops, and carried by force to the snffocating holds of tue vessels av Ma- caow. THE PRESENT COOLIE TRADE, Yei this dreadful traffic im coolles still goes on. The action of civilized nations has, however, co: lined itto @ single port (Macaow), and even there are making some eifort to “regulate” 11. The Put Craitic at Macaow Consists of prisoners taken in the clan fights, whic are of constant occurrence im the western districts of the province of Quantung, and who are sold by their captors to Chinese or Portuguese man buyers upon the in. terior waters, of villagers or fishermen kidnapped along We coast by the lorchas still kept in the traders’ employ, and of Chinamen who, after having been enticed into the gambilng houses, sell them- “as In honor bownd,’’ to pay their losses, are established coolte brokers in the city, who depot or privat? jail in which they put each they get him until they have a rall cargo, when they sell thea “in bulk’? to Un iu bidder. ‘They usually minand a ry! from” ten to even dollars per aman, according to thelr physical strength. During ihe years 1864 and 1865 there y 700 sold to Citvun traders at Macaow, and nearly 000 at the pert of Canton. How many Were taken that island as voluntary emigrants from other ial Sources, All and involuntary, are forced oniract to labor jor # term of years, and nents a vid at auction when the coolies Juld pot ascertain from these coolies, voluntary 1" arrive 1 Cuba, usnally bringing from to $600 for eight years’ service, «during which time, and usually years alter, the coolte 18 entirely at the disposal of the purchaser, interesting Co tie read it may be to know what were the means adopted at the poris for the prevention of tis slave tramie, and below give a condeused summary of the regulatiois at present in force at the port of Hongkong, from whence come nearly all the emigrants for Ameri First-—The harbor master or commirsioner shall by an in- terpreter qnestion every Chinese emigrant to ascertain if he ix going of hin own free will. Scont—the name and occupation of every emigrating Chinaman shall be entered in the register, aud suilicient time be registry and tailing uf the \easel (0 cer fit to remain at home he can do y have been given fo by paying a Dim aud the co vw (h—No person oder twenty-ive years of age shall be wod to emigrate without the conseat of his parents or evardian, " the whipmasters or agents must guarantee to the all his Legal privileges We jad to whieh they take him, and shat: pledge themacives to afford him the facilities | for Writing or wi wending uioney to his friends, ‘Sith ersous devaining « coolie against tis will are xub- Joct to heave fines. Seoruth—The cup must mak el_ carrying Chinese pas: vt to the authorivies beore vdatious for pas he has on voard destination, and & sufl- very kuch ship must have a clent supply of medicines, Aint.-The owners or agents of the veasel suail be under bonds to deliver the coolies at the port for which they are shipped if not prevented by bad weather, accident or #ick- ness. Under these regulations, which seem to be care- fully opserved, it is now a very diMeuit thing to carry away a coolie without bis consent. The following table, which, owing to the lack official records 11 some ports, and to the fact that vesse!s often take on large numbers from the shore after leaving the harbor, has been made up tn part by careful estimates after 2n examination of ali me oificial records that have beea preserved, ana will serve to give the reader some tdea of the number of Chinamen taken away by force or fraud between tue year 1947 and 187. © ‘Thla dora potincinds yolup- emirranta, hor any of the number taken to we Sandwich or smalier Philippine = ib aletes 3188 Li) 00'S = O0O'LE ‘ooo'ee = oot | be Hd, eal i? tla ls Hagio WHAT BROOMES OF THE CUINAMEN. be & meatter of Interest te the reader to nivamen. Statewents, pot very trust worthy, however, have come to the author from Havana deciaring that there were less than 74,000 cookies on tbat January 1, . He cannot really accept this account because It does bbe U wo large @ proportion as one-half have ied since thetr arrival, Cerwin it is that few bave ever eseaped from the ishend, and if taere are bat 74,000 leit the cholera, yellow fever and the cruelty Of their taskmasters hays been jmore destructive 4 n 3r wanda ainty than ip Caba, owing to the aphowitn, atmosphere of the gueno isiands, the total disre ra of the coolies’ health by teskmasters, and the enor. mous Dumber Of suciics Some few have from Pera and Chai by smargiing themselves on hoard stips bound for the coast of (he United States, but the Bummber is very stent, AMERICA AND CHINA-RESCROT FOR TUR UNITED eTarra, The author represents (hat the Chinese have the KTeatest respect fot \merica, and some betieve that the IWO greal Countries Will some tine be united, ‘This “superstitions novos.” taken by itself, seema Aimust too alwurd t) be |, and would not have been in (his place but lor some strange corro- borative facts which have recently come to the writer’s kno’ Charles Foster, of United States Navy, writing from shang ar ‘1857, states thal While they were discussing priety of joining with the Bngleh navy pose of bringing the Chinese orament forms the ‘vou wan viewe Oy officer. Upon being questioned Uons of war and the tuea taat might take part, ‘te void us that the American aad China brothers, We couid not fight China, Tae commanded the shot of Uhinamen to Melicans, and the shot of our guas Sa, lessly over OChinamen. ly Det tat a war Wiih America Was impowsble, on religious ounds.” flow they obiain these ideas has uover Boon explained, nor has 1 ever been attempted; al- though lor some years the thet of ther prediec- tions in favor of Americans fas been universally acknowled, NESE IDEA OF AMERICA, An enthusiastic admirer of the Chinese character asked a Chinese salior on board of an Am o steamer What was the wisest saying of Une greatest phitosopher in the Untied States, and reecived Im reply a perfectly accurate quotation from the De- claration of Independence, stating that “Ad men are created equal and are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among whieh are life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” The author does not believe, from what he saw of them in California and in their own country, and from the testimony of men who have had the very best of opportunities for observation, that the great mass of returning Chinese have any correct idea of our system of government. Certain it is that the ra- mors which preg 1a circulation about it are very far from the truth, It is also evideut that these falsenoods have had # i indueuce i accelerat- ing emigration than ‘he same number of truths would have had. Another most powerful reason for their faith in America is founded on the prompt action of our government officers iu China in suppression of the coohe trade, When the lower provinces of China were wild with terror, and when lathers, broilers, sons and moro were being killed, matmed or kiduapped by traders, and the gods seemed to have the hands o/ fiends and devils, the Untied States was the first to come to practical relief, ANSON BURLINGAME. In 1856 the United States sent Mr. Wiilam Read a8 @ peacemaker to mediate between China and the allied forces of the Englien and French, and in 1668 the treaty was made which recognizes Cama as be- ing in every respect entitied to the same privileges as other nations, and offered the assistance of the United States in ali nauionsl eaverprises tending to- ward a betier civilization, This treaty had another merit, which to the Chinese mind 18 even greater than the text, viz., it was drawn and negotmied by Mr. Anson Burlingame, Whatever difference of opinion Europeans may have bad upon the mission aud siagemanenip ot tuat most noble represeniauve of America, the Chinese looked upon him as @ bet almost perfect. Much to the honor of the man an the nation wio sent him as its minister, their contl- dence was inno wise misplaced, By his generous interest in thetr history and literature, his straight- forward manner and admirabie voclal and dipio- matic qualities he won their entire confidence— something which no other foreigner bas ever done, So great was their respect for him that, after his death, while representing them at the Court of\St. Petersburg, they gave him a tabetiu the Fee 1g Pekin, and prepared the way for saosequent deif- cation. His life, treaty and deati have given the Chinese a confidence in our nation which, of itseif, is sudidlent to bring them unhesitatingly to our shores. HOW AN AMERICANIZED COOLIE BEHAVES APTER RETURNING TO THE FLOWERY KINGDOM. All th€ coolies that have come to the United States, with only a very few individual exceptions, have come from what is called the “Canton dis trict,” and all of them upon their return are landed at Hong Kong. If in their gambling among them- selves on board the ship they have not lost their money they are almost certain to do so in the hideous gambling dens which the English —_ ment licenses fn the colony of Hong an -— if they have ie f 3 sesttdiaais o harn, : are always on the watch for them, and never before had any inclination to weir belief in chance as a dispensation of the gods will cause them to listen to the wily arguments of their Chinese tempiers. Their arrival on the soil of China, and being so near home, er with the pretended friendship which suddenly seizes upon a set of native swindlers, and their own desire to show their wealth and import ance, lead them into all kinds of extrava- gance, and give to the thieves around them a most desirable chance to cheat or rob them of their money. If it should happen thai they Te the claws of the Hong Kong Vultures they wil) unced by the officials at Canton or in the in- rior, under cover of the law against emigration, and feeced of ail they have, in the shape of bribes and fees paid to escape the prison or headsman, If they should slip through the hands of One mandarin by ‘bribing him Lhat same oiicial would send « | courter ahead of the Victims to tell the wext manda | rin of their coming and how iach money they have lett. Notwithstanding these reverses, which are sure to greet the emigrant on his returs, and throug waich he is fortunate to escape with his personal liberty, he still rehearses lis wonderiul stories of the Unitep States, ‘The emigrant usually ca‘is first on bis aged mother or grandmother, te receive her congratulations. and then goes to the residence of his own family, if he 1s the fortunate possessor of a wife. Whatever changes may have occurred tn hes religions opimons While in America, he usually returns ostensibly a mere | devoted idolacer than when he went away, and bis first thought after peing restored to his wife i* of an offertng to the gods in honor of iis return. He i naturally Willing to Teneve taat the peopie’s Kew of his nobieness 1s by no means false; and, i the en- jJoyment of ms temporary glory, does everything he can Lo show his greatness. He walks as they walk in Californta, Bolds his head as they do ia San Fran- cisco, talks down im his throat like the miners, and acts in maby respects as some feolisn American women do just upon their return from the foppish city of Par He talks about “‘muchee dollar,” and “me cat pidgeon,” with all the dignity of a San Francisco bauker. He slides his skull-cap over on one side of lis head, gloats in high boots and a shirt collar, and otherwise astonishes his less favored assuctates, He rehearses his prepared tales to the wondering muititude with @ pompousness that as- tonishes even Nimself, He tells of great mountains of goid, where all a man can hit is had for the taking. THE RESULTS OF MISREPRESENTATION. Mere is a chance for the poor man to escape tyranny and want and become independent and happy. His forefathers have sald that America was a happy land, and he has heard that @ Chinese family first acttled on its flowery domain, and now the gods seein to point to it as a way for him out of his trouble. Who knows what thoughts fill his brain and quicken his heart aa he lies down upon the coid damp ground of his hovel the night after the receipt of the circular, resolved to emigrate to America? given the poor laborers mio | there are shousands of others who arrive at the same conclusion at nearly the same time. Circulars and runners often misrepresent the condition of the Chinaman In America, and, for the purpose of filling @ ready vessel or Ing out a contract within the supulated time, give reasons for their haste which are not Susealneh 4 by the truth. They offer Kitng laborer, whether he & Weaver, carver, 4 hatter or farmer, a lucrattyo situation in America. where he will be employed at his own trade, They say nothing wbout the cost of living in the United Staves, aud lgave it to be inferred that tt will be no more expe! than ft is in China, while the wages will be twenty times ag much. They even go far- ther, and most grossly misrepresent the accom- mo ‘ations on board the ship. the food that will be furnished them, and the reception they will be likely to meet when thoy arrive in Amertoa. THB PACIFiO RAILROAD AND THE CRINAMEN. Although brokers and other interesied parties have been in the habit of publishing circulars upon the subject whenever @ cargo of cooites was wanted, yet the drst occasion, as 1 am told, on which they met with any definite return was at the time of tue ga demand for laborers to bulid the Central jo Railroad, At that time the isolated State of California was not suMcientiy supplied with labor- era to carry on its own liberal guicinriags, and con- sequent!y was ill prepared to tindertake the grad- {ng of a thousand miles of raiiroad, which must Caio aera ant ny before tt reached the great basin of Balt Laxe.* in this €: icy an appeal made to the Ohina- *Jome over and help us!’ echoed across the Pacific. ‘We have money to spend, but no one to carn it,” sald the despatches to Hong Kong. ‘Then the brokers began to print their circulars, the boarding house keepers to rearrange their rooms for temporary ra, while the authorities enterea ‘upon fresh expedients ie preventing anything but free emigration. Meanwhile couriers scoured tho country from Swatow to Liuchau, and from Yang- Nan scattering the invitations every- re and ming to the wonder-struck cooiles that ® great nation need of them. These ovuriers into the i i went into the hovel and told of fine houses; recemes abe spoke of healthier ocoupa- * the shops and ridiculed the , and ity, 80 long ax the oficials left them to sow discontent in the already desponding hearts of every laborer’s family. Men who had heard only asa land of fable, where aone bat ees were allowed to go, heard it then tor the me in connection with themselves, came. Every valley and mountain tn Fukien, every plain and river in Kwantung, contribute i to the army of iabor which was to give to the Union peece And prosperity. many came to the ports nat there Were not ships cocugh to take them, nd years before all had left Hong Kong wo me to aoswer the invitation sent by the Pa- cific Raltroad. Since that cali there has been but tile difieu'ty in obtatning ship loads at any time for America. This “emigration fever’’ steadily in- creases, and tt may be ely estimated that, im ‘this time jorth, if no measures Gre taken to preveut it, the number of cool es coming to this country dur- ing any one year willbe doublea during the subse- quent year, SPIRITUALISM IN CHINA. The discip'es of Confucius have often demon- strated that what has asnally been supposed to be of recent origin ts really of long standing in their coun- ty. By is this the case with Spiritualism, Not oniy, savs Colonel Conwell, do t. h:nese Spir- itualists beheve in the same agencies and the same | resuits which distingaiah te sect here, but they also all the wet adopted in this country for spiritual communication, and & hundre: others that do not seem to be known here. By tiis means they determine what their deceased relatives are doing; how they live and what they cat; what are the trou- bles aod pains of reteeory and what is the remedy, ‘They believe that the land of purgatory is like this earth, socinily and politically, with the exception of the absence of work and wages. The spirits are supposed fo @at, drink, sleep, quarrel, fight, sing, dance, &c., just as they did on earth, But as tife there as here they can have but little = on corn sen ey money, expenses, uring the si ol nether world, which 1s but tem- of certain powers, by expect tuem to make their can rap on chairs and turnitare with permis- | siou of the kitchen god, they can make notses in the air, on instruments, show their foot- in the mud or sand, sprinkie water on the of the dead, pull the hair or clothes of the talking through them, her strange Ways, show their desires, The most common method the Cuinese is that of the medium or ~ aiking with the human mouth,” aud to such a 2 source will the coolie go for the information which the kitchen god has aed to give. The medium is ly a young girl of eighteen ‘oT \hereabouts. Who, alter beiog propitiated by an fraple aay of cash, advises, ax the mouthpiece of ‘spirits, that the coolle take an immediate depar- tare for the United States. He ti proceeds to prepare his relatives in the other world ror his long . They mast have money with which to buy ritual feod and clothing, and his family will, 1m absence, be too poor to supply them until after joney has been received from him. So he prepares enough tok the spirits with strict econo. my until ne has time to reach the United rm 4 Sliakes, ond send it hane, This money is made of , bamboo leaves, bark or of other available materiai which can be marked with When he has manufactured @ quantity which he is assured will be satisfactory to the spirits, be yg a bane! ein a boxes for purpose, aud inar! hpon the cover the ancestor's name for whom it 1s intended. One of these boxes ts placed before each ancestral tab.et— which 1s usually 4 piece of paper ated up with the ancestor's name vpon it—and Phere barned to ashes, while the coolte prays the an- cestor to hts ‘dmongre gift.” Some of tins money ts also burned for the benesit of the kit-ven : and the tree at the back of the house comes in for ite share. Food, in the shape of rice cakes and Vegeiabies, bt offered to the gods aud to the ancestors by setting i apart frou the food of the family for @ short time, joss sticks are lighted in various places, and the ignorant coolie supposes that his ancestors are provided for. WHO COME HERE. Out of the large number that je Hong Kong in the year 1868 for the United States, nearly one-third be- jonged to that class of cooltes who ow” ho property and who can scarcely live from day to day in Cluna on their wages. The others belonged ‘o the next higher class, who may be the owners of cabins, Pieces of land or other properiy suMicient to secure & passage and yet be far from the danger of want or even of starvation in case of any accident. Among the higher or partially edncated classes money can be borrowed of Iriends With or Without security, 80 that f! a man is poor himself tis wealthier relatives mey him the necessary fonds, Of thts class few ever a they Consider themselves well situated m Of the Very highest classes none ever go out of their native country, The lower classes are mily the ouly persons affected by the United States law or who would be change. They ave We most anxious to and yet must ondergo the hat to get out of the conntry. little betier than slaves, they have a in some localities in Ching see African seidom or never saw in slavery Is not, however, strictly hereditary, and when @ coolie selis his son or da to convey any right to the ichidren. This right mortgage: and the ov chattels to offer the payment of his pass ge across as security the Pacific Ocean may picdge the life services of sou, lis wife or of we eure ws, The Coolie Is Copelied to Ww the “elders” of Lhe nearest vil for information a» to the best possi. ineaus reaching: Chited States. ene officers Correspond some) omctas tion to the Kelectmen of towne In [is country. the lower Classes to them in cases taal or p eahy, and as they are etected te otice by a vote of the free- holders tuey Weually istea gravey to every petition, with an eye, perhaps, toe falure vote. Ln fact, they } are the only wis (© whom the laborers can | apply. Every other oMoerr in (he nation ts appointed aud eror and, apparently for jose Coeur dagnity or make local connections Which Would be dangervus to the ——. the Emperor sedem keeps min one | locality over Unree years, and dues not permit their wives or children te live im tac same town Wiha them during their oMeiai (rw. | The “elders” are superintendents of police and | mi Judges COMbIBED — “local fathers,” Whore duty it ts to Chastse the evi deers amd setile each BS ATO DOL Of HUMCIeNt nagnitide to amfect atairs of Stace, These “joeal fi the popuiar ‘Their tetm may be long or short—for a year or for ) life to the Vole of the at their | election. At first thoagh', one would suppose that Uils right of electing ‘veir own municipal oMlcers | was a redeeming teature tn goverament, aus one Which would be likely to prevent grime and «Metal | CXLOrtion. But in those provinces Wause Whauitants nave miaay represepiaiives in ihe United Stables this right of ei¢eton ts nothing put (he “present of a halter with which to hang (ne! ia this voice in the municipal affairs. Ue imperial cers expect good order and Erin joyalty trom a) People, and where they de not find it they the of the locality le and yp them Ke. Jfone wan sieals the Whole Village is often fined. If murders and Cscapes the whole Village must sader a fine. The principle ts, that the people have the power tw prevent crime aud if they do not the Emperor will Ways two or more parties at each election, bet, un- like the parties existing in democratic goverpments, they usually ar each other a deadly grudge. The bad execution of the laws leads the peo lo organize in their own defence, and when member of a family ie wed of misde- meanor all the relatives try to sive the honor of the house ie 4 united effort to get him acquitted. Of course the friends of the injured party are equally anxious that he should be condemued. This leads ‘to hostilities between the fmends of the ac- cused and the accuser, in which the other citizens of the vill usually take part. Soon the whole community joins in the méiée, ani the two clans re” areeleciet | i them to account. | In China, asin every other coantry, there are al- | —— street Nights, grave robbing apd other scts of law. lessness, Neariy every clans, between which th these include numovous which circumstances make for Pes sy Pech bee tr the othe mun! elections, having the largest Sousls of adherents carrying the cloction, and men ss Baa “elders” who will clear the and the alike of the dominant party and coude.wn gon whom they accuse. When this 1s ac: Mt behooves the deieated gry ry wo “change color of their politics” aud join the successful yarty, or they run the great risk ot Josing their property and of being sold into slavery or to coolte traders, through the oonnivance and vil Of the Oppo-ts> party. me He Doers eure of 7, Y anovber 398 within the fold of the successiul one, cui t favo contending factions, whose dumoulties wilt not be healed until another electios or # bloody street fight shall place one Bren in the ascendant. ‘Thus an “elder,” instead of beng an upright judge and a careful superintendent of the police, 8 simply the leader of a faction. THE SHYLOOKS OF CHINA, Just here, Colonel Conweil remarks, that the interposition of the elder a mandarin w who will not only grant the desired permission, but also advance the [unds necessary for the passage, For tis amount he charges the moderate rate of seventy-five per cent, and the coolie executes a bond pledging the bodies of his wife and children to #e- cure the payment ther.of. If he saould fall to pay Tue amount 1D dine Mouths trom date, cither at the Chinese banking house named in San traucisco, or at the office of the mor ee, then the family may be sold forthwith, together, if they will bring money enough to cancel the devt, aud singly 1 20 one per- oD Can be found to buy them ,all.at & price. : THE CHINESE CRISPINS, The Chinese a3 4 people havea special liking for mysterious rites and stranze ceremoaials, fecling has given rise to a great many secret socie- ties, clans and brotherhoods, in which candidates for initiation are passed through severe tests aud symbolic manguyres. Like the Freemasons and Odd Fellows of the United States, these sucieties have no connection whatever with governmeut. The clans that capture 80 many of the prisouers who are sold to the Portuguese ‘coolie traders” are usually « kind of secret tamily organizations, the purpose of which is to exierminate the family of some enemy, Another kind of a secret soc ety Mm that entered into by laborers to tnduce ad) in their wages. This is in every Way @ counterpart ofthe organized “strikes” of tue Crisping, minera, printers, &c., of America; but they seldom accom- plish avything permanent. Perhaps a continued secret a@unoyauce, or a threatened calamity from a body of men, tie numbers and character of wich is uo- known to him, may induce the capitalist to raise their pay for afew weeks. in order that he may get his money out of the business and tavest it eme- where; but beyond that nothing has been done, For two thousand years the laborers have beem “striking,” burning, marderiag and otherwise mis- behaving themseives, yc. they are as much Op- pressed as over, and We rate of wages now 1s nob over tive or six cents a day, The Capitalists have become too much airaid of ‘strikes’? to luvest im manufa: turing euterprises, and high and low, rich and poor sutier im consequence. 4 arketmen oF merchants dealing in tue same articles often com- bine, und ia secret conclave resolve the pr up or’ down, at the same time sett ufloat such rumors, or adopung snoh decertte behavior, as will create a demand for their merchan- disc. ‘hus it will be seen that the Chess were “Crispins,” ‘Sons of Labor,” &c., and formed trade combinations and monopoiles a thousand years or more before America was discovered. Insurance associations, by the terms of which assistance i rendered te any member in case of accident either. to his property, family or liimself are often 1ound, and even umong, the very poorest population such associations are Jourlshing and beneficial. They in- sure each other’s crops, animals and clothing, and unite in tue expenses When a relative of any mem- ber dies. Iv is said that they insure poor young men a happy marriage and take risks on tbe sex Of an unborn child, each member paying his share of @ Joss On the “mutual”? plan, BURIAL SOCIETIES. Since the emigration to America became so active, @ variety of societies have been organized for the purpose af insuring to the emigrant a su: trip, sound healti, or a safe return. These, iis said, aid a great business at one time, but owing to the dificulty of colectung premiums froin members, or dues from the company in case of loss, tney have hearly all died out. Out of these has sprung another, which, as it 18 founded on a much firmer basis Uian its predecessors, may enjoy a longer and more prosperous life. It 1s called by Europeans the “Barial Insurance Company.’ [is mem- bers are so bouad by oatas or contracts thas they have been known to deny tue very existence of the society, the veneilts of whose care they shortly after received. Knough is seen of 1, how- ever, to know that the body of any inember wao dies abroad will be brought home at the expense of the society and buried with his ancestors. The agents of ihe company make it a part of the con- tract, when procuring passage for meinbers, that 1m case Of death on board the shipmaster shall embatm and send home the pody, itis anperent that each member ts the authorized agent of the company, Im case Ot a death, and all of his expenses in attending to the transportation of the body on land or water, with the cost of emdauning, is pald promptly upon fhe receipt of bis bill 1a Hong Kong. ‘This society also cares for the bodies of men who are not mem- bers, and has nade a contract witn the steamshipa aud oer vessels that ply between San Francisco and Hong Kong, the terms of which place the cap- tain and surgeon of each ship under obiugation to eim- balm and bring to Hong Kong the body of every Cni- naman why dies upon che ship, ‘The usual price paid for this service is twenty-live or thirty dvlare. When the body of a man is received who has no cere tificate of membership tue company pays the charges, and, adding ts fees, sends the bill with the body Lo the town where live the friends of the de- ceased. The party having charge ol the body is in- structed not to deliver tt antil the bill is patd or apie security given for its future settlement. As the Secretary keeps a record of all who emigrate from that port, with the addreas of their relatives, ‘he cannot fail to find the family; and as the friends would make any sacrifice rather than suffer the spirit to curse them for the nelect of tne body they Tuanage in Some way to pay the company’s account, nad bury the remains according to their superstt- tious customs, THE PASSAGE HITHERWARD. After the usual examination by the United States omMcials, Whose duty it 1s to prevent what ts called “ooolle siavery,”’ the men embark for their voyage. None bat healthy persons are tuken on board the steamers, and, altuough they refuse to take medi- cine at the hands of any poysician other than of their own race, but lew deaths ov ‘Their time is dissipated in gambling, Opium smoking or in otner methods wich the genius of the Chinese mind tn- vents to while away the tedious hours of a voyage at sea, 1 am speaking now of the pi on board the steamers, With sailing vessels the case is sometimes different. In some in- wiances @ large percentage have died from the egects of bad food and iosuficieny ventilaven. The law of the United States has 80 regulated the emigrani trafic that a United States consul will nos clear @ Vessel that 13 crowded beyond a healthy and comfortable limit, But many sailing vessels, atter obtaining @ clearance from the Consul General at. Hong Kong, heave to in the straits below that city and take of board a large number of coolies, sent down in small boats for chat purpose. The coolies have no thought of disease, and wilingiy crowd into the vessel as long as the oflicers will receive them. ‘Jt 18 in the interest of the owners of such ships that false circulars are sent into the country, while the food and accommodation which the passengers get may be said Lo be in an inverse ratio to the alluring promises made to them in the placards. HUMAN SLAVERY, it has often been stated by writers upon Ching that slavery in that country was a very “mild form of servitude; and their conclusion 18> usaaily reached by a comparison of the cvolie in a state of slavery with his condition before he became a bomd+ man. This Would be a correct inference if the pre- vious condition of the covulie Was u state of Ireedom; jor Wwe status of 4 slave in China 1s buta very lite jower than that of the lowest ciass of free cooltes, waile in some instances the former condition is tar preferable to the iatter, ‘Lo be a slave 1s to be the roperty of vome rich man, who, although he as aosolute coutrol of tne laborer, with take some litte care to provide sufficient jood and clothing to keep him in @ working condition. ‘fo be a free laborer is to be subject to the same conditions which hamper the action of slave, While, With the wages he receives, he cannot provide himseif with the necessittes of life, nor ob- tain the simaiiest poriton of the care which is be- stowed upon the slave. Such being the case, the stale Of absolute siavery .« bata single step down- Ward, and has advantages which make it ‘mild’? indeed. But when we consider the condition of the higher classes, Whose sons have the advantages of seaools and social training, and to wlom all the best offices nthe empire are open, and afterwards jance gown @ the degradation which marks the features and behavior of the siave and his cnildren, - f Z i is f é Colopel Couweil conciudes tnat, instead | being @& ‘mild’? state of slavery, it 19 the very Worst. The slave in China is whipped, branded, pat in stocks and pillories and otherwise | malticated as often as were the Airican slaves in the Southern States of the Amcrican Union. ‘They have as Lard tasks to perform, ay litle of the luxa- riesof life, and gre nearly as olten separated from | thetr (amatiies as were the bDondmen m the English colomes, in China it 1s not considered respectable for 4 master to sell a husband away Jrom his whole faulty, atthoogh the girls may be sold at any ume. | Netther 18 it fashionable to keep a male slave after he b thirty years of age withoat purchasing a wite tor hun, bas if native evidence Is Lrustworthy, the omeervance of this moral liw is the exceptoa rather | tren the rule, The male siave is a valuable piece of » | property, aud the heathen master is more apt to use | WC in the Way Which Will return the greatest dividend, | without regard to morality or suiering, than 1s the | slave OWner im civilized lands, FEMALE PROSTITUTION. ‘The worst features of Chinese Londage is seen in the dealings with females. The women in China, among all Classes, are at the best bat a low order of slaves. They are salable thiags, and tne circum. stances of The parents always determine their vaiue. if the pareuts fecl at the birch of a caughter that there Wi! not be a demand for girls owing to the iT ee in the neighborhood of maie chiid~ hot hesitate to swangle or drown the i being Who Was #0 unlucky as to be In their best estate the gtris are un- and consequentiy immoral; and are treated like useless, itrading dogs until they be- come grandmothers, when, in accordance with some Strange superstition, they are treated with muoh re- verence and generosity. Houses of prostitution are found in every town and village, however small, and city bawdy hoases are almost numberiess, These are Whule the agricultural cocile iy makina ba resolve | piven temporary gettle tsi dices bY may" L payally filed Wilh daugters whoge faucrs sald