The New York Herald Newspaper, May 25, 1866, Page 5

mae a targer part of the military having followed Yturbide im bis wulcesses were m favor Of the Jatter movement, The adherents of Yturbide dhl not, however, feel them: selves sufficiently strong Ww atiempt this wovement while. the clergy favore@ the Livurbonists, Thus the interests of tle diflerent pa'Ges daily made a Wide gap between teem and daily poiuied to the necessity for some strong hand to turn the powerful revoluiionary clemonts into a peaceful channel. In ‘this nm oC afluirs news arrived from the Cortes had refused to ratify the treaty of Cordova which the Viceroy ‘O'Denoju had signed with Yturbide, They thus rea- = it Impossieie for any Spanish Bourbon to ascend that PROCLAMATION OF YTURBIDE 48 EMPEROR. Tn the unoertain position in which the Bo rbonists eow fond themsiyes they wore unprepared to oppose the rapid ackon of ihe Yuurbdisis, woo pow proclaimed Yturbide Emperor, under title of Augustin I, ond forced Congress te ratify the usurpation, Immense sums were Yoted to mainiain the royal dignily, a large army drained the resources of tue people, and the Emperor, waiving all const.tt caai considerations, made himself virtually dictator, ‘Tue reign was, however, a very short one; the federal party hast grown forwidab’ pandering more esgentially to tho snverests of the church issued a *pro- @unclanento” which rouse! the country, won over a larga part of the army and resulted, through Gene! Victoria and Santa Auoa, who here tirst ap upon the stormy waver of Mexican politics, in the -estabiisiment of a representative Congress in Au- | gust, 1623. the xwearing of 4 new constitution in 1824, | ‘andthe appointment of Goneral Victoria as first Presi- dent of ihe repubiic. MEXIC@ UNDER REPUBLICAN INSTITUTIONS, ‘The Mexican Chnrch was in trovble The elements of b the mew lights of education and advance. the clergy to direct the storm they could still clung closely to that cnese ic ~which bas been so fruitful im ; pontiff. The Agured to exempt themselves entirely {rom au of government control over their property ad r ‘The.old shadow of caste crept into it; parochial clergy were confined to the lower Priests. All the bis! ul ee i as ‘parish ones during colonial rule to xed races wereeligible. Thus still shook its he above the with the clergy, cursed the nut » ERRSEE Be tae i Hite He ih ‘ ; i & iF ve for ‘a half comtury from she date ide, bepress Peres Mice ia- ‘French there were ne les than seventy-two eae, under varios impurisl and re- Lexan Sy 9 head of Mexican irs, bam erg megtionin, pnumerable vernments Rove fro ene to time Raeweattel Ve ery provinces and which havefer the moment controlied the districts within their immediate reach. Some of the (s were very short lived; among them Santa who iollowed him, ruling for eight days; Gen pa RT en eo month ip 1855, General La one month in 1865, General Robles Puebla two days in 1658, BEVIZW OF THE SITUATION OF MEXICO PRIOR TO THE FRENCH INVASION, Goveete, of America severed tho ties had bound them 4o the tron embrace of Spain ‘they found thems:ives exponed to the wildest theories @f government, It had been less than a half centur; since had been allowed internal communication with each ower. We have seen that the only. political-educa- ‘tion they had recvived was the history of Spain, ‘which bad for centuries shaped its laws under the shadow of the inquisition. The vast influence of the Jesuits and orders of the Romish cl all tended to the for- ‘maton of governments én ‘the New World which might @riish out every spark -of {formation which had not the censorship of ‘the Church. The religious of Spain, which we have seen educating itself in indred years ef Moorish warfare, had spread its iH Hf a forcs over the colonies and ‘repelied every ray of which attempted to penermate the Golversal poe Saige 97 goat gp’ ae ‘ng their war of independence eople looked across fer in government wad they saw—chaos! “Should they be republics _— ‘ i H it i # : Pe aa : i FE ta | iH a fF ile: e' = 5 i A 5 4 ii | f i é § a i ly Hy i Ht i it fl E i - i i" f l i f i 2 : i & FE tt fy g +] ; H H i | i i ee i g al &, i i i | 3 Hy i H : { i Ht F i i an § i gevolution ; the effects had w be modified In a late ad- Ss the Rhode Island Historical society, the Minister Don Do- f E i i : i. I : i t i ! 3 i i eRe i j i i : ! i 3 and i ¥ = 3 : i f iG | ‘ i i ffs i as E 7 i of ie ie they founs themselves the i 4 £ ration of inkle of fire Rip Van lunged into the mad race of tho around them for the elements effect the ration, and what did they possess? The whole land was a wild wreck Of devolation. Who were ther educated men who were © gropyle with this giant problem? edacativn been limited to the old Spaniards whom their ten y of civil strife bad, as the fire sup towards i ber: foreed from the country. The aba their soil bad produced was as with which they were to t which war, famine and entailed miseries bed forced upon them. Where were their teasers? Whore were their school There private ours, and thee uuder conteal of @ Sigoted clergy. Were thore nny es devowd to | the expansion of the ioteilectual coos’ You migh ravelied trom San } rancwwoe to Ch lo” wikhows ang | one. Wien schools were organized, to what thfven ware they subjected? & ppore at the beg opine of @ixteenth century a schoo! (or the teaching of liberal guv- @rmmont, the laws of progress, the sciences, and all tone great elements of ninoteenth century, rental dove! had been to 1 what seculer power Wanited uly by ecclesiastical effort, would have trained Ne ordnance pine 'e fpot im thetr mid pn A re TT ippeared, if oly by revoly, forces! Yor this is the pictare 0! Spanish America when "broke from | of the con NEW. YORK HERALD, FRIDAY, MAY 25, 1866—TRIPLE SHEET. ascending one step highet mM the scale of political Pre sree, Another seed which Bolivat planted in the political oti of Spanish America was that “knowled’e and bon- || esiy, not money, are the requisites for exercismg poiit- ical power.” Ho evidently valued the brain, not for the bich enabled it vo reflect light, but fur its pow- of absorption. Never were human talents put toa severer test than were those of ish America, and especially the Mexi- can portion, to bring order out of this vast pool of the, | gathered misrule of centuries; and never have patriots worked barder in @ glorious caure than have those of Spenish America for the regeneration of their land. But amid all the clements which they found wanting to aid thgm ia their heroic siruggio that of education was the foremost; how te educate the people beenme the great preodem which bas to this day agitated the first minds of the country, and which hes be au fraitful in revolution. ary opposition to its proyress. The fret necessity was to copfipe within proper limite the influence of the | Church; and in Mexico constant hammering at its power for fifty years, although with feeble force, has produced the effect, if only by abrasion, to tear off sume of its ten- tacula, whieh had been fixed upon every element of pro- gress in the land, and which had spread their slimy curse upon every effort at mental development, Never did a ore bitter tide Bow over a land than that of the clergy over Mexico, It has thrown sure after surge of revulu- tion from one end of the country to the other in its mad efforts to Progresi, or at least to guide upon its dark tde the elements which it has been unable fnlly to hurt back. Ite vast monopolies of estates have held. one half of the country in mortmain, and have made the whole land. palimy wi age after mungorse heen rubbed in to give place to the next. hat. wonder that their land 1s revolutiona-y! what wonder if they should take a hundred years to free themselves from, this leper spot upon the'r soll! We, born under a happier sky, and with religious wars fought out forus by almosta. ReiGcenttay of Fowolitonery Sontich in Enron. should ) Moke sympathy upon the struggle of a people ous and Sirlt frocdan, Th the ears of the brain, bi and, though Dut of slight inoment, treasure of the eonbiry tosink it among the dark barbarities of the past. mach time, then, should we give to a people to shake off at one effort ail the curses herein enumerated? The nursing which the Spaniards brought to the New World was the mcentrat: of ligious bij hich had fr ns Svain ae ae of eon om wry. 1e “ looms of the ristian era to the time that the light of modern civilization broke in apon Europe, it & garment woven by the seven acknowledge their mental superio want time; their revolutions are absolutely their The Mexican Emperor, Yturbide, in his ostracism at Leghorn, aptly siludes to the false which bas been taken of Mexcan affairs, He sa: of very, and from a state of ignorance such as has bees inflicted wy us for three handred years, dur- ing which we have had neither bocks nor instructors; ment, that we could acquire every virtue, forget prejudices, and give up false pretensions, was a vain ox- Pectation, and could only have entered into the vision Of ap enthusiast.” In up to the time of Juarez, the holy Catholic eburch has the main featere in ont oat i 3 i i SeE7E52 5: 5 g 3 j | i i ru F i : | I fi 1 f i H el i i ir i i i Sf i i i i | it af HF He ate 3 § i i 5, E} country of é i Ht | : [ : f f I z i i g q oH i 5 i i a8 a ir | At Eg i i a RF ait ° / = Py Z * 8 3£ H F z i rH FH; ef all 3 i if i ; H Tt H inted President, By the jaws by this y tho tights of the church to property held im | mortmain had been assailed im past. The great fault Was that thio laws wore not suMlictently nworping; the tame policy of a partial attack opon the cierical do- the tlergy, overthrew the constitution to which he had madé oath sixteen | The ‘reartioniste,”’ assisted by Comon the sew plans, and the Church Lov dl memed again to be in power. The whole land had, however, sworn the new constitation of 1867, and even thea, in common with the other States, a a of te | noe of Mexico adbered to it, Comonfort, too tate, bis error; a suceersion ef waciiinting acts remuited | a ete ide of the 16th January, 1954, to give wa, who neurped the prosidential ehair. ACHES OF JUAREZ TO THE vaRsrDENcY, — | ¥ ‘om the country when Comontort joi wists, Benito Soarer, the oesnetitadonal Pres by virine of his offee o Chief Justice, returned a few monthe after, in 1868, demanded and | received the allegsdnce of Pinter moat tmpree. ry with bheral idens conmqueotly the freest fnflocnve. "He" established his bp otfeeto nb piace to% the atiention cond ition Lauder Zuloaga, formerly a croupier in & gam! bow J Miramor, the forces of the ehoreh, well su Ah material of war, Waged heres comfi.ct with the pat rota who gathered, hall-rtarved, poorly elad and Iack- ing in everything except determination, under the ban. of Juarez, 2 Contest had at length, throvgh all the ennficting clemenia which Span had Leyueathed to Mexico, oar. rowed itself to two great parties aud the country began to see the dawn of a permanent peace The Hherais, 4, wok by and (irvogh Sificuities determined patriots, their | evil rule of the and relizions reforms of 1857. He dismissed the ramis- fers of Spein, keusdor and Guatemala and the repre rentative of the H ly See, M. Cle veuti—all Cor machina- tions in favor of the ecci siasieal party, Op she 9th of May, 1861, Juarez addressed the (ongress and pro- Claimed that front the efforis of the liberals “were born the laws of reform, the nationalization of estatos held | in mortmain, liberty of worship, the absolute indepen. dence of civil and religious powors, the secularization 0 to epeak, of society Whose marci has been detained | by a bartard alliime wh eh profaned the name of God and outraged human dignity.” ‘The church stilt maintained, under Marquez and others, small forces in the by which comurtted the most breial excesses They distinguished newher be- tween foreigner nor native, bet upon every one they levied contributions of blood and trea-ure, It appeared to be their desire 10 make @ pandemonium of the land, the better to induce a foreign intervention, under plea | of humanity to a people whom they were crushing un- der tieir bloody despousm, To the s nshine which lighted the land the banners of Juarez the church opposed the dark creed which, forced into the Atlantic | by tho civilization of Europe, bad swam the ocean and Songht refuge in ite last stronghold, Mexico, Look! here is the contrast between the nineteenth and fifteynth centuries :— JUARIZ OR LINMRAL CRARD, Constitutional government in place of dictatorship, Treedom of Freedom ot the press. Nationalization of chureh property. Army suberdinate to civil power, Free and full opening for colonization. CHURCH ORFRD. Inviolability of church property, and re-establishment of former exactions. ‘The military and clergy responsible to their ewn tnbupala, Catholic the sole religion, paorship of the press, No immigrants except from Catholic countries, ae gee 4 ctator, bgp ehpagione to the church, or if eo s ores a monarchy European INTRIGUES OF THE OLERGY TO BRING ABOUT A FOREION INVASION. t gobane a in 1839—about expedition against Mezi- leaders of the Church party, ostracized the libe- als, filled Paria with false representations of coun- Miramon and Almonie, with others of the occupation of Mexico by Zuloaga came two decrees annulling the alienation of church Property, and restoring the ecclesiast'eal and military ju- risdiction as it existed before 1863, M. de Frevch Minister to Mexico, was quite prominent at that me im rendering assistance to the party, for ina letter ot 27, he recalls to the Arch! of Mexico the services which he has rendered to the country and to the Holy Church of that ecclesiastical province, “M. Zak the intimate frend ot MM. Gabriac aa ‘Otway, \ conten himself with im- posing atax uy) cupital of £1,000 sterling and upwards, " ssc’ A 7 18569, M. Miramon, another. not leas intimate friend of these gentlemen, had attacked (and a usual as an “extraordinary” reve sone Prop- erty of £200 ere. and upwards, and included the epee im the impost, In May of the same year he me nen lBi ed ‘on real Then came the ‘* law, or collection of a wi which wax called at that time the ,”’ the aame Miramon taxed all at once, Mareb — Wrat—! ive of £200 and uy Seomd—The ii awd industrial feenions. See ree ven ae upon the wages of ‘amount of taxea, which had been loago in 1858, was. in case of by Za- by Miron in 1800, and whose i i 5 them country, ight give the mosas to restore these Sasmcee to-a bealibfe! condi. In the long series of revolutions the evil minded of both parties—for that we tro; with the Soath of iF pockets, to maintain thomecives, ® ruinous discount, leges existing im the cou: 1641 General Bustamente He received for it $200,608, Pp Wey Oh Pe market for nine crnts Wvilege Juana) Ererefor 871,000, cash if they would take it im yearly snmaiments each. The government | the country of al upon whieh could lay hands, of conse. | ject ayatem of | onerous taxes | ery LS eg of but the very liettest Part | in wh of th arden to which the people were subjected September, 1 M. Lefevre, & resident of Mexico | the time, relates that “General Miramon called to- | gether a now amembly of twenty.ex capitalinte— Jost the pamber of notables who had been eum to make iin President—and demanded of them, ace ing te hia invariable custom, revolver in hand, the trifte ‘of £100.00 storing." the \delénders of order ’ determined to seize £152,000 sterling belongiog to British bondholders Thie cash was in the afer of the Prition lon, aod protected by the British seale | General Marquez, charged with the taek, in a letter en trety unique, demanded that the funds “which might unger ex clreumstaces, run great risks incase of distarbance,"* ahonid be delivered safe keoping to the Comm sary General, Two legotion refused to de ind the erais, bearing the arms of nwland, were nd the removed by the Church party of revctionists, Marquez alterwarda received the cordon of Commander of the Legion ot Honor,” probably for com: & deed Fo omential to give ihe allied inter. | veution a Coloring of justice, INABILITY OF JUAREZ TO COMPLY WiTh THE Fr NCTAL DEMANDS OF THE KUKOPRAN GOVRRN- MENTS, The government of Juarez, required by its position to gain time, until by regenerating the country they might Tesiore bealth to the Were almulviely forced through laability to comply with the treaties which the reactioniata tad folated upom the country in 8p unfortunate hour to dectee the J ment of the payment of mterest on all foreign eben tor t Bo exbauetive bad bees the rule of their fiwe per nile @pen yorta bi ible for guvernment use, ait bet nneteon cont hat been | ments to foreign bondolders, The set of the payment of interest on forego ith Ure moun'ain of uBredresed grievances years, caged the French and British Min- to ah oper | rotease—rather ‘ban tonch a ceut of the assignments | destined for the a:psomatic couvention and the Laude debt, Sir Churies Wyke, in uis answer, said :—"tA star ing Mau may Jortify wy hisown eyes the fact of his wteal- ing 4 Al OD tho ground that imperious mecersity lim | pelied iim thereto.” Tle of We Mexican Minbstor | Was apt: —“It would be raver that »/ a father overwhelm: | ed wih debis, who, wits ouly a coal suns at lis dis posal, scarcely eutticient to ianian his ebldren, em- ployed it im the por-haso of bread instead of the pay- tea, of his DULL.” The Mexican severnment was ac- tuaily so poor at this time t.ct it could not provide their Minister to France eno.gi iouey to pay bis passage hota. 1t appeared that foreien governments, reason- ing Git p 4 bub anarchy-—not* great priwel- | ples—bal been Cstablished by this long and dis- | mat penod of revoludenary contests between liberal and almost obsvlote ideas, wore willing, at the very mo- ment when the batile had beea fuished, the victory won | and @ liberal procrossi: ¢ governinent esiablished over the | Jand which had been so long priest-riddea, to pr ss to the wall the liberaiists aud p dom peers over the rising sun of Mexican giory. The Lberala, exhausted of trea- sure, with mavght left them but their own good swords, aud after a sanguinery and terrible straggie of tifty years for principles which overy civilized wation hus inscribed fn its code of Jay's, now found themscives likely to be assailed by a wave from those nationa whieh pre- tended '@ leach them ihe ecience of goverument It waa dgstined we dash upou thom, retard their progress and add jts desolation to <be iand which Europe bad already RENEWED ACTIVITY OF THE CLERGY ‘TO BRING ABOUT A FOREIGN INVASION. Meanwhile the clergy were active with their machina- tions, Miramon was busy in Spain, where O'Donnell, ‘Whe Prime Minister, lent a willing ear to the flattering hope that Mexico was now r.ady, like a ripe peach, to drop iste the hands of any prince whom Spain might eel disposed, by the aid of a little force, to place upon ‘the ubrone of ber former viceroyalty. The hope was (oo much in common with the Spanish dream of restored colonial rule to be treated lightly, and an expedition was already upon thy eve of orgamization for beuefit of the Mexican clergy, for tho redress of manifold griov- ances and for the jueult tw Ber minister, Sefior Pac! a who bad been axpeiled from Mexico for meddling im the politics of the ceuniry. CAUBE OF THE ALLIANCE BETWEEN FRANCE AND RNOLAND, ‘Wo come now to the causes of the union of France this expedition, whose inception was it is matter which will not ad- matical demonstration, owing to which are behind the scenvs, wo show ry, Franca deemed it. to h_@ throne in Mexico, In ry Ad of July, 1862, after thrown: ‘and France had been of conquest, the Emperor Na- present state of the civilization of ! Hf it i § 5 r ; i is & HH He eit i F q iF 8 : ‘ 5 & i : ure its raw material in a single market— which it has tobear. ¢ © @ ‘If, om the contrary, Mexico maintains her indepen- dence and the integrity of her territory, if a stable gov- ernment be there constituted, with the amistanco of France, we asbali have restored to the Latin race on the other side of the Atlantic all ite strencth and its prestige; we shail have guaranteed — securi to our West India and to those Spain; we shall have established our friendly influenco im the centre of Amer- fea, and that influence, by croating immense markets for our commerce, will procure us raw materials indis- pensable for our manufactures, * * * “Mexico, thus regenerated, will alwaya be well disposed towards us, Rot only out ‘of gratitude, but also because her in- terosts will be in accord with ours, and because she will find eupport in her friendly relations with European Here, then, were the trae causes of the expedition which, condensed, meant the commercial and po- tical aggrandizement of France and the inter- of a barrier to the extension of tho bic. There was, however, une more element all powerful with’ the French Emperor. It was the glory of the Cathohe faith throaghout Christendom, as the champion of which France now stands foremost. We cannot forget that Pepin, , A of Charles wi the crown of Frence and that a compact was made between him and Po , z Pepin eet the Pope was freed from Constautl- nople and Lombards; that the mext year Pope Stephen IL visited France, anointet jm with of st and thus in- *-holy oil,”’ tn the monastery Denis, dieechabiy linked the throne of France to tho Vatican. The iniluence bas never teen lost, and France, by her power, has in latter years become the expenent of the charch militant in ; the mantle of Spain, an the ‘bulwark of Christendom," falling upon her shouiders. In the restoration of the Cathotic pewer in Mexico to a healthy must one of the most power- ful of intervestion, aod the up, as it is to-day, by French is not backward in-demaniling of its faithful of the Mexicam church. To- it at the same time the symbol of our faith, which ‘We protect, and to open & worl’! lo our commerce,” Anotber | reasum for the French eccupation of Mexico is ts commanding position, which is salient above all other countries, as we have shown in the open- r Emperor Napoleon the policy o! France has been to extend in all directions net cate lal interests, and in common with her great rval, England, whese policy she enjulates, to gain poreresi vn either by force of purchase of al! pe ‘and controling Ponts apge the globe. At the Inuwis of Buex, in the face of engineering di*i-vities pronounced by English engineers imsurmouatalie, the science of is through from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, reconnecting the waters onited by Rameses [I., nine great point for ia route has fallen into her posses. 7 the Corps Legisiatif a French minister Dousts “that between Singapore and Chine an immense aid magnificent possession takes under our flag a rapid march towards @ brilliant future.” THR MOTIVES ALLROZD YOR THE INTERVENTION. ‘The reasons which France gave for the Mexican inter- veation were the merest bal upon the great ocean of other interests which she sew for future: ', pro- viding her efforts were successful, ax from the then condi- Wo beileve tion of the great republic she hed ev ory in the speech quoted above, political vistas are they would be. M. Billaull says of Mexico:—" There, also, opened to eyes; contact, and it is Bet: a have detalied, was nut dilatory in 3 come an active pawt in tbe enterprise. fe shall see further on she could fot carry out her views in lene Bm respect 00 largely he wishes of the Mexican eburch, wo the old the wi system, and, if 5 of the to restore the lost ‘nish crown, by the creation of a epee ores oanschy ta Wiostons <5 this (september 10, 1861) came the Span: toe othe alee to. joie tn the Intervention In the unbappy revolutionary condition of Ainerica |t bas been the drean of Spwin to restore her former viceroyal dependencies to he of Bowbon princes ' Bpain has sion, and it gave rine to the again the leah and rod which (or cowtur « made rrore a proverb. Spain seizes the Chincha Islands, ru protests, some troahle ocears premives and wn detente $8,000,000 inden hee fiag And Spain docla: ww mankind how weak New World haa made her bones, — sty ye af the intellectoal giant of 1a Manchy » herself the great Don Quixote .f the aia. wal ue show th rveniion ; the giant bas bis mercies exe de The sthieve bas aud now, in « feud and pow avke nothing b won he victories, establiabed pomeion of @ line of wand seotianls enoiectia * que contented to be p vee and manafactores and ¢ to cond aabip or two to Mex labs onde in part and ¢ duturved. F Spain from fn gal ny oh Americas, wherety the im mene With them might be hampered, a Spanish poliey when she leld tne po g the | tened swiorent jams bad there aod tempts to gato & foothold. In the it wae advocnted that Bigdand jotned nie wh cle raeht Carb Whe growth of her young ofeprme, the treat repable, who breakfasts on Lrcwana, laneies on Florida and Texas, dines on New Merion, Arianne wd the Fa ie sope, Std, 1 be feared, wil ep op Tt ® tree thet, at © metter pol tenene (he Ue Staten were meied; Waban the allies agreed belor (he treaty & Octover Bi, 1861, wan vigned, “Operetions might be commenend Withoul swat 1 the anew or of Lue Amencan government.” } TAR_AUSTRIAW PLEtewr. The policy of France, ax wan wet) knw vemed in Parte before the mail ng of ibe sapediion, was the plaring of the Autrian Are’ o ware open the throne of Menten throogh the) = sss sppors of twa | army. During the month of th rign , | ibe ur aty of wwlervenuca, the Freach ot ‘Yoragn attain, | apeak ng of tho disolution of Mexico, sald:—"Such an erent cannot be awarter ef odideence w England, and the principal means, in ovr opluion, W provent ith ac- comp!ishinent woull be the establieument in Mexico of A regenerative government strong enough Lo arrest ite internal dissolution." Thon, xpoaking of the disinterest: edness of France, he -a: us of respecting the | susceptib tities of all parties, it would geo wit pleasure the choice of the Mexicans’ fail upon a prince of the House of Austria.” M. Thouvenal wrote, Getober Lb, 1861, to M. Barrot, French Ambaesador at Madrid that’ in case of an eventual return of a moa archy in Mexico:—*The Emperor, foresceing such an eventuality, with perfect disinterestedness resigned beforehand ail cand: dature for any pone of the ln poral family ; and he did not doubt that the other two govern. ments entertained similar dispositions, Fnaily, that in regard to the choice of a dynasty ia the eventual y ia dicated, we had no cand date to propose, bat that auould the fact happen, an Anstrian prince would meet with our aseent.”’ We shall eee lacer how Spain, fo i @radually into @ secoucary pomtion, instead of holding to ber pri- mary one, yielded to her great rival and embarked forces for home, it Is a settled fact that France fort her plans for the estabiishment of @ monarchy be! the expedition was organized, and she fixed upon the Archduke as the one whom’ she would place upon the Mexican throne, THE TRUMPED-UP FINANCIAL CLAIMS. The allies being agreed, it wax necossary on the part of France to find some good pretext for intervantion, The Dest one upon which she could fix was the debts due to her from Mexico, But notice the smallness of these, In 1863 M. Jnloa Favre stated befvre the legisiative assembly that ‘Mexico was our debtor, according to treaty signed, for $760,000, Thera were other claims, but they were con. The amount did not reach 6,000,000 franca’? $1,000,000), There was also the Jecker debt of 16,000,000, which Franco held in reserve for her ultl- We shail speak hereafter of the Jecker claim, frauds ever per- matum, which was one of the moat petrated. SIGNING OF THR TREATY OF ALLIANCE. ‘The pragmatic treaty between tho ailies waa at length signed at London, October 31, 1861. Is stipulations were peculiar and showed tho jealousy with which the parties watched each other. @ second article stated that “the high contracting parties engage not to seek for themselves, in the employment of the coorcive measures con’ by the present convention, any somnigiien of territory or any special advantage and not to exercise in the internal affairs of Mexico an: influence of a nature to prejudice the right of the Mex: can nation to choose and to constitute freely the form of its government.” How well Napoleon Til. kept this treaty, to which he solemnly swore, the sequel proven, SEIZURE OF VERA CRUZ BY THR SPANISH’ YLRRT. The Power which could take the ivitiative in the Movement and which sunt the largest force, war Baturally tho one to direct the future policy of the country which Spain and went to con Both of these Powers made undue haste to sailors and marines abeut dition nambered in soldiers, 19,000, Of these the English furnished only about 700 marines, France about 2,500 effective soldiers aod Spain about 6,000, the balance being satlors. fact, that and which bad the largest money debt due from Mexico, furnished absolutely no regular forces for the purpose of invasion. It proves that Article II., which we have quoted from the treaty of London, was inserted at the dictation of England, and she entered the ‘expedition with the intention, #o far as lay in Lor power, to prevent either of her allies from stealing a march upon ber and affecting ber future in the New World. INEFFICIENT CONDITION OF THE ALLIEG—THEIR E DISCOURAGEMENT. ‘The allies had landed without war equipments suitable to the campaign which they were about to undertake; they were unprovided with camp equipage or means 0 transportation. The emissaries of tho clergy had repro- sented to them that the whole country was ready to ‘throw itself into their arms and accept any government which the allies might dictate; but the monarchical party who were to effect a revolution did nothing; on ‘be contrary, every day Juarez grew stronger. Admiral Jurion de la Gravibre, seeing the falsity of the represen. tations of the “reactionists” which had been presented it is w notable to France, wrote to General Prim, in command of the have always been disposed to agree with you in recognizing the necessity we are under here to avoid embracing the cause of the party which Spanish forces, saying; composes the minority and which has opposed to it the general opinion of the country."’ France had counted upon obtaining supplies and mates from the Inbubitants, but found that they would not welt them at any price. whole Mexican people ready to recet of a diferent kind from what they anticipated. TREATY OF LA SOLIDAD. the French were in much the same condition. éroops upon the high ground inland, where, free from te miasina of the Here extend, they might open pego- tations with a government whose existence they had icmored before their jure from Kurope. It was a bemuity bei ore the world which they had pot antic.pated. ‘They had traversed six thousand miles of water to find that Mexico had . ment; and = required mo other form to preserve peace maiatain the laws of the land. They had in Europe oclaiined that the goverument of Juarez was without jaith, without honor; that no treaty could be mad» with it witbeaut guarantows; that it wana perfect farce to treat uBder apy circumsmances with such perjurers; and yet, the very first article of the “Treaty of La Sotided,” which, afier the allied ultimatam had been sent forward. was the opening of negot signatures of the representatives of the allied Powers, ‘was :—-First, ‘Admitting that the censtitational govern. ment, which at present directs the affairs of Mexico, hax manifested to the comutesioners of the allied wore that it has no need whatever of the assistance so k iy offered to the Mexican people, saving at ite ow poral sufficient elements of force and public vpinion to Maintain iteelf against all intestine revolt, the al therefore, deem it ther duty to enter upon the ee treations for the purpose of drawing up the ciaime whieh they have to make in the mame of nations.’ In article second the allies protest “that they will at- tempt nothing against the ndependenee, sovereignty and integrity of the territory of the republic.” allies, plainly admit that Mexico is perfoctiy able to manage her own affaire. This treaty had arsen from the necessity of an ultimatam to the Mexican govern- leh should embody the demands of the matter of no small diMeulty for tue commie agree upon the amounts to bo demanded = It was claimed on the part of France that each Power bad ® right to Ox ite own reclamations, regardiess of the others. The truth is that France aod Mpain hed, in their i he nation whowe grievances were greatest, | General Uraga, commanding the liberal forces, laid waste the country around them, and they found almost the them with arms ‘The allies were then subjected to great straits for which, haked to the rickness of the coast and the rapidly ‘approaching season of the “vomito,”” made their cause look mont dismal. The Spanish force had already two thousand sick in hospital, the En.beh ome hundred and thirty rick out of seven ponerse, ene ey then requemed from the very government which they came to overthrow, tho privilege of eacamping their that she | ations, and which rece ved the | thelr rexpective | ” ' game. in whose primary mever she had been so succosme ful, Im aeror ance wit col wheeb had beon fixed upon {hem ihe iueep Uh enterpriae } ree cnvmen rau WORK THE MASE, The Chareb party | the mank m few of the ng care of the puntry in blood, y bands which, vy, had never ceased t nie issued paper mo! d dis ed Admirat Jorien e8, HOW wivanced toward & weil support!’ too Mexicans red. He ated, thr the reor ns of the charch party, tat he had only to mar d to be welcomed ax the savior and liverator of ry; that the people who tn one year, 1858, had fought in elvil wa soventy-one engage. ments, oat of which eight were prtehed battles, would | vine “a mame to welcome a foreign invading force, and | that the phantom of a government of Juarez would Yauieh before him, Surely tue Freceh. Emperor can- hot bes poor a judge of human nature, oF imagine there exixt 40 V Ve & peaple on the face of this arth that they Wili not defend themselves under any elreum- stances from foreign invasion; and yot how closely France bas bugged this delusion (or several years pamt may be #en by the thousands of Freneh troops she hae buried under the soil of Mexico, and the millions of trea- sure she has wasted in the pursuit of an idea wistets it te hardly her destiny to realize BPYRCT OF THE DEFRAY OY THE FRENCH GenmRAL LORENORZ. We need not detail the de vat which the brave General Lorences reqived at i'uebia on the Sub May, 1862, the herule fortitude with which he sumtaines Iw litte army hie retreat from ‘The news nee slaughter of the French troops bere Pucbia was | shock whieb France wae bat poorly prepared to receive. | It wax suddenly divcovered that the French treaye had | pomething more than a to make In Mexico. | French Lonor now came in as one of the primary ele- ments of the . General Forgy was despatched with large reinforcements, and with orders to assume entire command, both political and wilitory, of the ex- pedition, ARRIVAL OF GENERAL FOKRY. Upon tho arrival of Gen val Forey at Orizaba, with the reinforcementa, Le also discovered would be loog detained at that pot from oe pra the Moret Coyne Baid pg bame e Emperor I declared wy yeu #0) Me since thes again repeat to yon t-day— F the soldiers of Franco have vot come here to im- upon you @ govornment”’ ¢ © © “That one Bove no other miasion but that of consalting the natiot wish as to the form of government it may 4 mire.”" What claim to-day if, against her united ple, the nations of Eu to mareh wy with such a manifesto? Now, either General wes deceiving the Mexican people or disobeying his orders, | for the Emperor, in tite famous letter of instructions In July, 1862, wrote:—"The demands of our policy, the tn- torest of our industry and our commerce all impose upon ‘us the duty of marching upon Meaico, there boldly Pex ing our flax and establishing perhaps a monarchy, If not incompatible with the national sentiment of the country, but at least a government that will promise some stapil~ ity.’ Compare these instructions with the following extract from « letter of the Emperor to General Loren cen in 1862:—“It If contrary to my interest, my origin and my principles to impose aay kind of government | whatever on the Mexican people, They may treeiy choose that which sults them best” ° SI1KOR OF PURNIA. Almost a year aiter tho defeat of Lorencez the French forces under Maratal Forey again sat down before Puebla, and with forty thousand men, assisted by the renegaden and bandits, who, under Alitonte und Marqnos, added | thoir strength to the French troops, commenced a sexe | Which wast take rank in heroic defence with Numantia, Saguutium and Zaragoza. As if to remind the Mexican troops of their duly to their country, their forces were commanded by General Zaragoza, atsisted by able gen- erais and an able engineer, to whom very much of the credit of the defence belungs. Inch by inch the doxpor ate defenders of the city « ded with the aa-atinnte ; barricade afier barricaie sprung up before the French, and every foot of ground gained was at the cont of & score of brave men; wholy blocks of builds defenders, were dermined — ai It was only after the mort desperate oy Impresmion och rained an and ie couvents, whieh had boen turned into forts, fortwo months the Mexicans gave their foon that warm weleome which wey had be promised by the clercy before th France. The city at length saccumh @ w the |ndom~- itable valor of the 7, fieators,"’ and Marshal Forey noon after appeared before the capital, and, entering it, took ponsearion Jume 10, 1°64. ELECTION OF THE ASHEMBLY OF NOTANLES—max- IMILIAN CHOKEN EMPEROR, In pomersion of the city, Marshal Forey immediaely took measurer to allow the Mexicans to select the form of governm nt that pleased them. HM) appotmted thirty. five notables, twenty-two of whom were ff mombers of the reactionary ingot, and most of them of the Junta of Miranou 16 eo notabies Immediate) elected a regency of three, designated to them by Gen- oral Forey as men who w: meet bis views These were General Almonte, Venera! Salas and the Archbiehap- of Mexico; they were m turn to elect a pew assembly | of notables, two Hundred and fiicep ia wuimber, | ‘The procramme being ail arranged, 1 Layo on the Tih J ly. The principe! mountetanks ag glera bing ail ir places, up went the curtain the farce of Mi itian 1, oF Le rf egy Kegenev imity they elected the Arehd: th ‘The mutablen, all good representatives of electow | for the proreeding — | “Mexien has been guverned by Orinaeds. vagahonde incendiaries.” They bad @ wuwderful lax that moment, for Uvey forgot thet | period 1t had heen their party whic sted goons of the mond mation bad ‘ommitted a blackened Heures casela” ompire, afier s terrible wiragrie, had yee varion provers, and the pent set was to offer milian the crown which (he pacived Mexican people Jiling!y conferred. For thi purpore a conminin wat deapmictied to Austria, bot the ‘ance of wow ng o MeRiCan people Wn select their own form of guveri ment hed been so boldly and yet eo stuprdi that, tu the fee of the public oplolon of | Maximilian evaid not accept the erown (rue him, wniewn, to emooth over this mont giaring the wineteernth century, a vte—e iy wat e world, offered we taken, whereby it might be | that oo wnt indeed parified . that it had weloomed ite | imveders; that there | no bloody defeata and -qualty biewdy victories, that attempts to overreach each other, taken no tine to con. | the heroes whe (ht under the Dauner of Joarex were alder the amounts justly their due. France, taking care | bandits and ou! and all Christ ana euch oe Mirsmon, to have ber demands cover ail contingencies, Gxed the Almonte, Marquez, Mirands, Seles, Mejia and other amount in her ultimatum at twoive million dol- | ‘“tonservatives,’ who bad for Gly years caused the lars, «The immediate jscution of the Jerker | country to reel in Dron ication of |, were the only Contract, which had beon made with the who were unetured with cirilisaiton, and who ernment of Miratmon when totiering w ite i, was nino required, Jecker was a Bwiss bankar who after passing through twenty years of the vicissitudes of Mex! can commercial |i 6, during which time be was engaged in many doub.ful enterprises, mt length entered into a contract with the government of Miraasoe to negotiate « loan of $15,000,000, out of which. by several very doutt. fal Auavcieriug mover, he reaped $14,210,000 ip toads, ned Miramou and bis churel party §160,000 carb PEMANDA OF THR ALLIEN. The demands of the ilies amounted, without Jorker cane, to $40,000,000, or four times the yeuty Tevenue of Mexico, The parties were surprised at others claims, espe ialiy did the Spanish sod English commissioners demer at the of the Jeckor (road the demand, which would swell it $65,000 90, 4 in which they knew it was impossible for Mexico to pay. They finally were 0 uncertain whet w require, wont forward the that they the coanci'* of Uneit tavaders and me, whieh was oon “Treaty of te Of the capture « march whieh Uney bad feinforcement of iy ¢e me command of the whole French upon the pected apy Spain f rath'd all the finely pr Apain had deluded An 10 OppMe whjertic i Sranen demanded of Me 1 in las protests againet m the minister from fo prmed, Anonber very perv shoo onder the circumaanc nee for the withdenwal of Hpain « nh ate 4 from the ‘lm, wae the presence in comp of Almonte the “infatnons Marques,” and others of the mooarchical of ‘reactionary’ party, who bed, though outlawed, emered Me ty under pr fn terre | tectiom Of the Preset fag, and cotminenerd ineuing “pre Breipcaento, aed infaw matory aprwals to the people afier the amoal mune of inciting © Mexivam tevotution Miratoom bad leo landed at Vern Crot, bat the Raglan threatened to arrest bim for his wheteale robbery of holt Legation, before mentioned, ata be was obliged to Bato Mavanns QUABRELA OF THR ALLIEA— RETIREMENT 01 FSOLOM AND OF ANIEH CONTINOR OT Joarer dementia that (he Walore and outlaws natag protertiog of the Frenet thowld be me jort @ dommes Tie wae UAtie inclined to give wp the | viens of the Chath party, whowe cause his taster, the French Viemperor, ted Generet Prim 04 bir mania ted Uber the demande of dures tt, and lowed thet President Juaret it the government of that Geveral Almonte had the Veench governmest, aut thas he the | the germs of the confusion which | | Were indeed the lords of the roti; ll whe, with “liberty: and reform’ oa their banner, and #bo w | for the new regime, being owteante | etation, exeopt through the onsiant and | ploy of from forty to fifty thousand French | ing clergy who represe caure of “law aad order, | THE SANCTION BY & PRETENDED ForvLan VorR. imatooers Matiniten sald w the comm wu ltrage under | lably calewiatad by M. iorasion, that when Gener Anant 1 tale the vole we | of Merce and twenty-e were beyond the lines of Vr three hundred men ec It pecemary te apd inake he our The ection for the Anmirinn areidabe, with the fesall, sseeded eoutury Dmales and ears jain the pam The vied a the Rite be trees w hb ty 8 emerebical ger cement 7 aed mone arTCRe OF THE FARTeO Were Tan cHencn vaer France bad at leeyth reached & point where it eas prcemary \) ahept @ policy ever ies the oGIAry an@ We fate © Ao-vebmrnent: they ” end foratd the principle Of We pagy whowe canon had eapomend totally igeompatl | Merten, end, te eontiomiy wf | Seton (bronghant the ruven am, 0 Principles af the very party wind heid thelr “vos Open ropeens we } tad betrayed the qusmiry | Ther echoes, thew ge | degitinale (1.16; Ue cheray had | Sold be Wrned tack pon ite | Tate wank be ematticbed, whe wary ai power, ail wenth ans » | Breneh commander, with « & . Whee wick eariremet (be pen tam ig the f the Verne, wins bea | the beech peg wech proyerty | tere wah the te 4 the | ee mg at } were bathing Th } from the comer . Win, After seme correnye | etvop and Gravee | benwed & Jolt praca, * 7 | Be dermeat Opening wih | for bewing betrered Bxeperot Mageton Ut 1 reatored i af! ile former r we they pre. tot 8 Ce Wremtenent ot her receved, and wtate thet + Cotnpolnen Wn Ke mane holy rebte aed in he rviy equa Wo hak whieh It wultered Clemrols might mene fT into the Wo oo by man peg emteniet