The New York Herald Newspaper, October 11, 1859, Page 2

2 NEWS FROM EUROPE, eee errr FOUR DAYS LATER NEWS. Onr London, Paris, Berlin, §t. Petersburg, Genoa and Florence Correspondence, VERY LATH FROM CHINA. The Losses of the Chinese’ at the Battle of Taku. MMPORTANT RUSSIAN DESPATCH FROM PEKIN. Ward, the American Minister, at Pekin, The French Force to be Sent to China, PHE ITALIAN QUESTION, Resumption of the Zurich Conferences, THE PROBABILITIES OF A TREATY. "Phe Proposed Congressand the Probable English and Austrian Representatives, Doubts as to the Departure of the Great ' Eastern This Month, POE SAN JUAN DIFFICULTY. Another Soothing Article in the London Times. STATE OF THE MARKETS, ae, Ker &e. ‘Feo steamship Indian, from he morning of the 28th ult., pas: past three o'clock yesterday afternoon, and will reach @eevec about five o'clock to-morrow morni Ber cates are four da: eecived. ‘The steamship City of Washington was also to sail from Liverpool for New York on the 28% Ariel was to leave en the following day The steamship Africa, from New York, arr pool at = The American ship Charles Buck, nearly loaded for ‘Liverpool, was burnt at Bombay on the ‘She was a total loss. Me ship Benefactor, froz Fork, had put back for a sury Ie wae stated that the Zu grezeing. 3 The Paris correspondent of the London Times says, that ‘the task of the Plenipotentiaries has been diminished by dezpatches from Vienna, and that it is be! Liverpool, at 11 o'clock on 1 Farther Point at hati slater than those already re 1 the steamsh uthampton for tbe same ven o*clock on the morning ot th ‘25th ult 23d of August Foo-chow-foo y, having be Conference w 2 pro ed the con- ferences will be terminated in afew days unless fresh instructions should be received. The atmonded Programme is stated to be as follows:—A defi nitive treaty of peace will be signed by the three Powers, when another treaty will be drawo up, by which Austria will cede Lombardy to France, who w make @ouble transfer il The most difficult point in the e debt, avd on this head it is beli over to Sardinia. Docu Austria will moderate her demands. ments will be brought up respecting the Italian Gonfederation, the restoration of the Dukes, and other unsettled questions, but they can only be signed by the Austrian and French Plenipotentiaric Sardinia utterly rejects the restoration of the Dukes, and will not agree to a Confederation under the present cir- eumstances. Spain has reque: gress take place. Te go: Dert will represent England, and the Archduke Maximilian ed to be represented should a Con sof Paris and Brussels state that Prince Al Austria, at the proposed Congress at Brussels. The repairs on the Groat Eastern were going forward actively at Portland, but it was considered doubtful whetber the ship could be got ready for sea during the month of October. The fittings and all matters connect- ed with her sea going equipment had been placed en tirely hands of the marine Board of Trade, increase the expr in the departinent of the thi and it was supposed, would It was thonght probable that ina few days the ship would proceed to Southampton for convenience ing materials from London and for the gratification of excursionist:, who continued to visit her in thoueands. The telegraph cable between Malta and Sicily had boon Successfully laid, and bus ess had commenced upon it. The London Times has another editorial on the now Doundary difficulty with ‘the United States, It that the former treaty should have lett any pretext for the question which has arisen, and says that is a case for the earliest possible settlement. laments Tt points out the ab- surdity of going to war for so trivial a matter, but argues that England must nevertholes: assert her rights are plain. The article concludes with a description of the f they intimate commercial and other relations existing between the two countries, and laments the cflocte that war would have upon both. ‘Thornas Persse has been formally approved as a United States Consul at Galway. ‘The official gazette contains an order extending the time for tho payment of bounties to seaman until the 30th of Noyember. ‘The British Assodiation for the Advancement of Sci- ence has terminated its ananaal session at Aberdeen. ‘The members, to the number of 200, wore entertainod by the Queen at Balmoral. Farl Derby had carried out his threat to clear bis Doon estate, in Ireland, so far as to have every tenant served With @ formal notico to quit, The incentive, it will be Femembered, was tho difficulty experienced in tracing out a murderer, and the conviction that——~ ‘Theo remainder of the news by the Indian will be found ‘on the third page. Our London Correspondence. Loxpon, Sept. 23, 1859, ‘The New York Herald and the San Juan bland Dispule— Opimion and Tone of the Prese—Goot Effects of Mr, Buchanan's Policy—The Ohina War and Its Difficutiinn The Sir John Frauktin Discoveries—Orowds Sil Run to See the Great Eastern—Scott Russell's Explanations of th Fake Disaster— Make a S Pip to Port land—Is the Ita Eni of Strike wy Numerous quotations from the He NEW YORK HERALD, TUESDAY, OCTOBER 11, 1859.—TRIPLE SHEET. here the past week on the subject of the new boundary dis- pute between the two countries. The uniform tone of the journals has been moderate and friendly, presenting a | striking contrast to the manner in which’such topics were ARRIVAL OF THE INDIAN AT FARTHER POINT | handled by the press in this country in former years. It is the settled and universal wish of the people of England to cultivate the most intimate and kindly relations with the United States, and consequently both the press and government now a days seek by their language and acts to give expresssion to the national sen- timent, Not the least apprehension, therefore, is enter- tained of any prolonged misunderstanding between tho two goverumenis, aid great confidence is expressed hero in the ability and moderation of the President, whose cautious and astute policy thus far has made a strong im- pressio. in this country. The Washingtgn correspondence of the Hxratp, per Vanderbilt, was published in all the journals yesterday, and its semi-official tone commanded attention, The absence of any harsh or irritating expres- sions, coupled with the statement that the President was fully master of all the details of the subject, deepened the general belief in an early and mutually satisfactory ad Jostment of the dispute. There is a rumor afloat that the Chinese governmen have offered ample atonement for the late outrage com mitted on the Peiho, but it lacks confirmation. The Coles tials are no doubt in lively apprehension of the terrible ven geance that will be wreaked upon them by France and Eng land, and nothing that subtlety or stratagem can effect but will be ingenious!y employed to stay the storm. Nothing po- sitive has yet leaked out as to the intentions of the Allies, No expedition is ordered, and asingular mystery shrouds the intentions of both governments. Itseems taken for granted that if England should employ a military force, she wil make use of the abundantand well disciplined forces of India, instead of sending out the raw levies picked up by the recruiting sergeant in country towns. It is thought \i admitted here that both the English Minister and ‘al were too precipitate in their movements on the ; yet the condign punishment of these crafty bar- considered on all sides an imperative necessity, sad tidings of poor Sir John Franklin’s fate are pub- hig, morning, and will be widely read inthe States, whore the interest in his heroie efforts and probable de- struction has been as deep and ardent as in this country. All doubt is now removed of his unhappy end, and it is to be hoped that any further attempt to struggle with the gloomy mysteries of these lifeless and impenetrable re. gions will be scouted at as impracticable and absurd, ‘The Great Eastern continues, in spite of her late disaster, to be an object of universal curiosity. Her decks are en- cumbered the live-long day by crowds from all parts of the country, who flock to her present abiding place at | consi le expense and inconvenience merely to con- | template her majestic proportions and speculate on her | future achievements. An admission fee is demanded, and the receipts reach the large sum of $2,500 daily. The in- quest of the jury, who sought to investigate the causes of the late ent, has not disappointed any on cel No other verdict possible. The evidence, how- ever, Was most conilicting; but no doubt is en tertained here that Scott Russell, the ar of the paddle engines, has been guilty of the grosse's | shuitiing, in seeking to eluae the responsibility thatattaches | to him. Several letters have appeared in the Times from | 1 sent, Which prove indisputably that he was in { j * charge of his own engines from the starting of the Great Eastern up to the time of the Tuis he at tre accident denied, under oath, but in y: he was only harge of ist and a straightfor ised and will. be mind, for the fate es of the late | the mammoth | ' for the race. advertised again to start for the United States, and th of Octoher is the memorable day selected. If, sud vigilance can prevent farther accident, | hy of her arrival but less anxiety sto the promised a shewly | will soon be horde yoyal reeent It is stated that the diminished the ardor of who originally meant to orn peep at Yankee same money. Itis thought will reconsider so feasible a project, is of the Lirst great rto kept at he hi nsibiy dividual i ride in at one biow a now that h and caln trial trip The news f ay is of a very tranquilizing character, but what it is founded | on known only ‘to those sagacious pundits, the stockbrokers, “They declare the Malian ques’ | tion is settled, but the rbear to explain The French Faperor s solved to t alter Lis own tashic the officious ail ofa cong tiest point has ever uo quietly overcome so many quite persuaded that he i tain it is, that the funds i !pos tio ke of the operat ns tirmly re and not call in ds, the knot- tal to solve; bat he hi ficulties that people here equate to the occasion, Cer- | aris and London remain firin in what man: : builders is approaching its final phase. Large numbers of workmen, wearied b ness apd annoyed at the loss of their daily gains, whic average about $125 per day, have signed the ple {ge not to join any trades unions hereafter, and returned to their work. Some thousands of the more refractory still remain on strike, and to supply their places the builders are importing workmen from the pro- If this is successful, it would be a fatal blow to tives, and they are making desperate on and menaces,to prevent the men from joming the masters against ‘ound the railway stations in great vinces. the Tondon o efforts, by persua: th th t daily arriv m. y st members, and besiege their new rivals as they come in with carnest entreaties not to combine with “capital”? against “labor.” In some they carry off their eon- verts in triumph, but in others fail.” There is little doubt that the common gense of the workmen generally | is beginning to operste, and they are waking up to the only the dupes of certain de fat living out of their credu- ying chairmen and secretaries of trades unions, w re only yotup to furnish them with salarie: There is not the least attempt to disturb public order, which would end by. tho chairmen and secretaries being ed up in juil, to the great advantage of the working pon. is Teuaily the dullest month of the year in s year the hegira has been universal. The ondid harvest and prosperous condition of the country have inspired a general relich for a‘ bit of fun’? in some direction, and a majoi f the middie class have followed their betters and abandoned London for a time to its fate. Yet a stranger would hardly have suspected such a whole- gale desertion from its crowded thoroughfares, that, like the ocean, never shows any diminution that may befall them. The autumn weather is setting in, and clouded skies and chilly nights give token that holiday weather is ne. The Cockneys are taking the hint, and signs of re- hewed animation are appearing in the ‘city’ and West ® theetres, too, temporarily closed at this time of are painting up their exteriors, and elaborate pre- y pa ations are announced for their carly reopening, for ali which en Ng mater “sce the bills’ on a future occasion. Our Paris Correspondence. Panis, Sept. 19, 1959. Sunday in Parie—Hospital dela Pitie—Jardin des Plante:— Pere la Chaise—Cheap Living in Paris—Cheap Bill of Fare—Pain & Discretion’ —Short Crop in Burgundy, de. de. Your regular correspondent keepe you so thoroughly posted upon all matters cf current news which centre in Parig, that it seems almost superogatory for an “out. er’? to write you from here; and yet there are go many phases of Parisian life, so many things strange, funny and admirable in Paris, which it is impossible for one engaged in keeping himself familiar with the great events now transpiring to find time to attend to, that per- hape you will not consider it presumptuous in me, who more leisure, to drop you an occasional line, treating not upon politics, diplomacy and war, but upon lighter matters of interest in this curiosity shop of the world. The Hersup hae ab oceupied an advanced position on the side of the laboring people of the great cities, whom Porkangs bigotry would geek to prevent from get- ting @ Dreatu of fresh air, and a eight of green flelds and t bue sky and eparkling water,on the only day k which they cail their own, Here you know they have no “Sunday laws,” and, according to the ideas of the straight-laced, aristocratic Christians, who ride to church in their carriages, while they would pre- vent ‘ears from running, the Sabbath is “broken”? into frightfully mall pieces im Paris, and this city is often cited as an exainple of the terrible con- sequences of pon-obgervance of the first day of the week. Last Sanday being a clear, sunny day, and the manner in which it was spent by the majority of the people here affording a fair sample of the way in which fine Sundays are usually passed, I thought that it might not be uninteresting to your readers to know what even such an humble individual as myself saw and did on San. day last, that they may judge whether it is eo very horri ble after all, the manner in which Sunday is spent in this Jand “without the Sabbath.’” In the morning at eleven o'clock I went to the American chapel and listened to a very edifying sermon, and saw a large number of nive looking American ladies and gentle. and contributed two francs toward the “stated of the we a preaching.” In going back to my hotel I saw thousands of neat looking people pouring ont of the churches, whith- er they heen to derive spiritual wl on solath om their ap | one fran ed the cars for Versaities er St. Cloud, or rode on the om- | eure to kill asa Minnie fritle, and are fatal at about tho Deautiful suburbs, or strolled | | nibuges «ut among the through ‘he m.seum asd galleries of art, which are all open on Sunday rv ta ‘he ;eople, whose whole timo during the week \= vo-ed to labor, may see these won- derful works @ Well a3 the upper classes, who have nothing © dv. Afier 'unch { tcck @ wa’k with a friend towards the Jar- din des Plantes. Onour way we stopped at the door of the lista de in Five, and seeing people going in, we followed them. And here we walk- ed through the wards of ‘this immense asylum for the sick, where they are gratuitously’ furowhed with the best medical attendance, and nursed and watched over by (e Sisters (ausels they ought to be called) of Mercy. And here, ou this Sabbath, whichis the general vi- siting day, there was scarcely a sick man’s bed which was not surrout ded by friends, mothers and fathers, brothers and sisters, wives and sweethearts who were administering consolation to th» pale and worn sufferers, in the form of kind words and pleasant smiles, and cheerful faces, and sometimes in the more substantial one of wine and little niceties which they had been allowed to bring ia with hem, Surely, I thought, such a breakage of the Sabbath as this cannot be supposed to entail any very serious con- sequences; and yet the bigoted spirit which would pen up he workman on Sunday in the narrow streets and gtifling air of a hot city, would doubtless equally object to making t the day for thus visiting the sick in their affliction. In the Jardin des Plautes were thousands of people, principally of the working classes, admiring the works of the Creator, in the beantiful flowers and shady trees and wonderful creatures which he has made, all looking hap- py and thankful for the return of this day, which is to them literally a ‘*day of rest”? and relaxation from the cares and labors of the week. From here we went out to the Cemetery of Pere la Chaise, which was crowded with people, come to visit the graves of the loved and lost. It is a beautiful custom, keeping alive pleasant memories of the departed, this going to the graves of friends on the Sabbath, as we would go to altars, and strewing tlowers upon them, and making the burial ground a pleasant, cheerful place, instead of the desolate, ghost-like spot it too often 1s among us. After dinner I went into the garden of the Palais Royal, where a military band was discoursing most excellent music toa crowd of quiet, orderly and delighted people. ln the evening T went out among the Working people be- ‘ond the barriere Mont Parnasse, and here they were un in the way of dancing and music and puppet shows; in short,"” as Micawber would say, “enjoy- ing themselves, and having a gooa time generally.” ‘Twenty thousand people, it is said, went to St. Cloud, it being the second Sunday of the annual féte held there. ‘Thousands more strolled among the shady labyrinths of the Bois de Boulogne, or sat under the trees of the Champs lysses. aay here svems to be emphatically the la boring people’s day, and giving them an opportunity thus to enjoy it seems to be attended with the happiest resalts, ‘There Was bo rowdyism, no drunkenness or disorder to b ny Where, but all appeared determined to com- » largest amount of reasonable enjoyment ito the t posible space of time, and thus prepare them. for the labors of the coming w: This is my ex- peri and observation of a Paris! day, and E must say that although educated in the “strictest, straightest sect,” I not only saw nothing in it to shock me, butevery- thing to please. Those whose notiéns of “Sabbath break- ing’ are hopelessly mixed with ideas of drunkenness, noise and riot and debauchery, which they seem to think must be the necessary attendants, cannot, of course, un- erstand the quict and peaceable character of the Sundays ‘aris. I received a letter a few weeks since asking for some in- formation as to the cost of liv » and I presume su mation might be of interest tanumbers of your iv diferent parts of the count: who hope at y to visit this king of cities, bat Who have been heretofore partly deterred by the been trying some experiments in cheap liv and not “how expensively live iv Paris?” is the question to be answered, I will give you the result of my ¢ nee ip trying to live at as lit- ile expense a possible, and at_the game time live li a Christian. Soon a the “ Grand Hotel, for my room, and Seme, among the students, where I engaged 'y re- speetably sized and furnished room for thirty francs a month. To be sure, it was on the fourth floor; but then, ave me the benetit of the air after I got to it, and the exercise in going to it. In the street just beiow my house Was a neat little “cremeril,”” where ys he universal Varies break a larg p of coffee, with rich hot milk tor the reasonable sum of ‘five sous. ‘This es- secured my undivided custom for several akfusts. For the second breakfast, the “dejeu- urchette,” 1 patronized a traiteur, just beyond. Now a traiteur is not, as his title might seem to indicate to one not familiar with the language, a blood-thirsty, un- patriotic eneiy of his country and bis king, but an ac- commodating individual, who keeps a cookshop, and who K hops and steaks ready cooked, or who will allow you to select one to suit you trom his’stock of provisions, and cook it for you before your face. For seven sous he will fu you with a nice chop, and another sou laid out white man and friend's lette ke |-at the baker's provides you with a roll, and completes your bri Kfast, which you transport to ‘your room and if you are fond of the juice of the grape, a very re- able article of Burgundy or Bordeaux may be had at ring Wihe merchant's for from sixty centimes to the litre (from forty-eight cents to a dollar a gallon) and a glass of which, added to the chop and bread, inakes a cumptuous breakfast. A man who makes two such unpretending meals ought to eat a good dinner, and still anxious to com- bine economy with comfort, ‘the question “Where shalt ane I dine?” becomes an interesting one to him. Bent upon my researches, I deserted the magnificent solons of the Maison Dorée, where anything trom tea up to a hundred francs may be expended for a dinner; eschewed Very and Vefour and the Trois Freres and even passed by the less pretentious dining rooms ot the Palais Royal, where one gets a toleraole din- ner, with a half bottle of wine, and pain d disretion for twenty-six sous. Tlike to try extremes, and so I slid by the connecting links, between extravagance and what some might be inclined’ to call parsimony ,and with a card in my hand, which had been kindly presented me by a man’‘on the corner, who seemed disposed to aid me in my researches, I found my way to the Grand Restaurant de ——. (All the hotels and restaurants in Paris are “ grand,” particularly when they are of the size which we should call ‘one horse.) The card which was presented me, and which determined me to patronize this establishment made the following annoancement:— “Grand Restauraut de ——. Breakfast at fourteen you have a plate of meat, a plate of vegetables, a t, a small bottle of wine, and bread at discretion.’” Tat sixteen sous—a soup, a plate of meat, a plate tables, a dessert. These are the cheapest’ meals. eh Sous more one may have two plates of meat instead of one, and a double quantity of wine. The dishes are very nicely served; a suow white napkin is furnished every day, and everything appears to be neat and clean, Iam not inclined to believe the story told of the restau: rant keeper, who satisfied a curious customer who wished to know how he could afford to give pain é discretion, by showing him several broken pieces which were left on the tables and going through @ pantomimic motion, sig-. nilying that by some process these were all conglomerated again to make patn a discretion. Among other things which surprised ‘me at the Grand Restaurant de was my tmecting, the very first day I went there, my friend Blougher, Who was, when I entered, busily’ en- gaged in discussing a filet aux champignons. 7 Blougher promenades the Boulevards in white kids, and is a man whom I supposed never dined except at the most shionable places, and in fact he bad on two occasions recommended two of the most expensive ones to me, and had even volunteered to show me the way, and when ar- rived there had accepted without the slightest hesitation an invitation to stay and dine. Blougher never returned the invitations, and never informed me where bis room wae; but Talways met him where our countrymen were congregated, and among whom, being well “posted,” he is an oracle upon Parisian ‘matters. 1 find, how- ever, that, like myself, he was making investiga- tions—or at least he said so—and that was the reason why I happened to meet him at the Grand Restaurant de —~. But it was certainly a rather singular coincidence that I should find him there the very first day 1 went, and should meet him there every day afterward as long as I continued to patronize the establishment; for, having satisfled myself of how cheap a man can jive in Paris, have returned to the “flesh pots” of the Boulevards, which I must confess, having a weakness that way,I prefer to my sixteen sou dinners. Weil then, here is the result of the day's expenses : Room, 20 sous; breakfast, 5; lunch 7; dinner, 16—making a total of 47 sous, or a little less in federal currency than that number of cents. But many persons live here at a much jess rate than that. I do not, of course, refer to the laboring people—men and women who live on halt of it— but to clerks, students, artists, men about town, and the Itis nut considered disgraceful here to be economi- cal, and I bave often seen very gentlemanly men coming out of a baker's shop in the morning with a small roll iu their bands which cost one gon, and which they ate as they passed along the street. A’ very distinguished pro- fessor in the college of Sarbonne was pointed out to me, a jew days since, engaged in this economical combination of jocomotion and mastication. I know a@ student whose entire expenses here for the last year have been but two hundred dollars, and he s enjoying the advantages of the thorough course of medical study which may be obtained here, and which will yet make him one of the brightest ornaments of his profession. Many of the students—and indoed most of them—spend a great deal more money; bat these, Iam sorry to say, generally have an adjunct attached w them, ‘or Whose meals and dress they are obliged to pay a8 well as tLeir own. If a man has sufficient confidence in human nature to eat sausages, he may make a lunch at the ebarantiers from one of those savory compounds with aroll of breadfor three sous, and thus reduce his daily expenses. Rooms may be hired in the vicinity of the Luxembourg for twenty instead of thirty francs a month, andaian might get alopg—and many do—with two in: stead of three meals a day, and ¢o the cost of living might nade cheaper still. nw that I have gone back to my good dinners, and my coflee at Tortoni’s, Lam screwing up my courage and my stomach to a stil deeper investigation of cheap living in Paris. Laboring men and girls who earn but from eight to twenty francs a week, manage to live on it. Inthe course of my investigations, I made the acquaintance of an interesting little grisette,a book stitcher, (and being @ Tan whose head is a8 white a8 the frosts of any one of the sixty winters which have pasted” over it, T may be supposed to have a jend without any impropriety.) who has pro- 4 good deal of interesting information apon the which this interest rtion of the Parisian slong with thetr hard work and noor pay. urticle, butof tose d compounds which aro us sume distance, which always go ap when the vintage fuils mapwieres on the priueiple of the man who raised the | price of mock turtle soup, in @ season when there was @ short crop of rt ray A uumber of Americans still linger in Paris, waiting for colder weather to be off for taly. There is aiwo the usual quantity of queer looking Englishmen, and particular! ucer ooking women, who come across the Channel witl heir changes of dress in a reticule, and who, in those hor- rid coal scuttle bats, and dowdy-shaped dresses, promenade the galleries of the Louvre, “the observed of all observers.?? Our Berlin Correspondence. Barun, Sept. 21, 1859. Serious Dificully Between Prussia and Austria—The Ger- man Question and Disunion—Austria will not Permit Federal Changes—The Reform Agitators not Alarmed—~ Tarif’ Reductions—Duties on Raw Iron, dc. The difticulty between Prussia and Austria, of which the German question is the ostensible pretext, appears to be assuming quite @ serious character, and may precipi- tate a rupture which, though long deferred, must inevi- tably take place at no distant period. Prussia and Austria are not only natural rivals, who for the last century and more bave been strugghng—sometimes with arms in their hands, sometimes with the pacific weapons of stateman- ship and diplomatic mancwuyring—for the ascendancy in rmany ; but they are antipodes in religion, in political institutions, in historical tradition, and even in race. Austria regards Prussia as an insolent upstart, who en- deavors to juggle her out of the influence and authority due to the representative of the old German Kaisers, and we have just seem that she has preferred con- cluding a disgraceful peace, which costs her one of her finest provinecs and the fruits of forty years of astute policy in Italy, rather than purchase the assistance of this country at the price of concessions that would have damaged her position in Germany. In a circular note, ad- dressed to all the States comprising the Bund, with the significant exception of Prussia, the Cbinet of Vienna now express their firm determination not to allow the slightest alteration in the federal institutions as established by the compact of 1815, and to oppose any such attempt, whether proceeding from a member of the Confederacy, or from the “eternal enemies of order’’—that is to say, all thoso who do not approve of the Austrian system of temporal and spiritual despotism—with the whole moral and materi- al force at the disposal of his Imperial Majesty. This is a threat levelled point blank against Prassia, for in spite of the cautious language employed by the Minister of the In- Count Schwerin, in his answer to the Stettin ad- » he did not hesitate to acknowledge that the late ents had proved the necessity of “a strong and ener- getic union, to be obtained by a reform of the federal constitution,” He added, indeed, that for the present the welfare of Germany would be more effectually promoted by consolidating the rights already possessed by the vari- ous States of the Confederacy, than by premature attempts: to develope them; but concluded by stating that “the Prussian government were resolved to devote their ener- gies to the furtherance of these objects, and would find means to reconcile the interests of Germany and Prussia with the dictates of justice and duty.’ From these ex- pressions, though couched in the obscure and ambiguous style peculiar to Prussian official documents, and which betrays that fatal irresolution that has so often paralyzed the best intentions, it is at least clear that Prussia does not object on principle to the reforms advocated by the popuiar party, and is willing to promote them as tar as she considers it practicable. Austria, on the contrary, stig- miutizes them as emanating from “the eternal enemies of order,”? and declares that she will oppose them ‘with all the moral and materia] means at her disposal.”’ Here, there- fore, we have an antagonism in the views of the two Powers which can only be removed by a reculade on the part of one of them, or by an appeal to those “material” argn- ments which Austria refers to. We are certaiuly | not warranted in expecting Prussia to display any very great firmness; but the Prince Regeut and his advisers must be aware that if they should back | out once more from a position the most favorable they | would ever hope to occupy—with all Germany waiting, as it were, like a ripe peach ready to drop into their mouths— they will ruin their prestige forever, and completely for- | feit that popularity which they have acquired, not by what they have done, but by what they are expected to do. ‘They must know, too, that in the present exhausted state of Austria—with the Italian diflleuity still unsettled, the nati malities that compose her worthy empire chaling impatiently under the curb, and her finances in a con- dition that beggars all cescription—she is likely to threaten tora iong time betore she proceeds to extre- ; and itis hoped, therefore, that tlas time, at least, Prussia will show a determined front, by wh a_wili sooner be induced to abate its py tifmorous submission. either Austrian blustering nor Prussian ave produced a discouraging ef: verent, Which is proceeding warily and increasing in breadth and intensity. On th: 16th and 17th instant a meeting was held at Fraukfort by We same persons who bad been assembied at Eiseuach, and it was resolved unanimously to elect a permancot committee of twelve, for the purpose of carrying out, by the peaceful propagandism of the tribune ad the press, the objects specified in the Eisenach programme, viz: a central go- vernment and bational representation. Among the o! why bave been chosen aout dist democratic and coustitutioual parties—t several veterans of '48, whose devotion to the of freedom has subjected them to bitter pers has M, de Benningser, 4 h, ex President of the Berlin National Assembly; and, chuitze, of Delitzsch, member of the same; aiso Dr. |, representative of Berlin in the Xecond ’ Prussian Chamber; Dr. Muller, President of the Legislature of the free city of Frankfort, &. They will have their headquarters at Frankfort, and communicate from thence with the subcommittees which are to be established throughout the country. A couple of yeurs ago such unions would not have been tolerated in Germany; they would have been dis- solved by the police, and legal, or rather iliegal, proceed- ings instituted against every one connected with them. ‘The fact of their being allowed to exist is a sufficient proof thatthe movement has acquired so much strength and consistency that the governments are afraid to interfere with it, and think it advisable to wink at a political agita- tion which 1s certainly most unpalatable w them, | and which they would put a stop to immediately if they | dared. Tu agreat measure, indee4, the impunity enjoyed hitherto by the German patriots is owing to the persua- sion that their projects aud aspirations are countenanced by Prussia; if this government were to declare against | them, itis more than probable that their “peaverul propa- | ganda’? would come to a sudden and untimely end. Another meeting—of a character partly political and partly commercial, but wholly official—was held lately at Hartzburg, a romantic village in the duchy of Branswick, the delegates of the Zollverein —s assembled there to deliberate upon a revision of the tariff. They separated again, however, without coming to an agreement on any point, although pro- posals had been made for the alteration or reduction of some of the duties which are considered most onerous. There is the duty on the importation of raw iren which is complained of by the shipowners and all artisans using that metal, who are obliged w importa quantity from England, as the mines within the limits of the Zoliverein do not yield guilicient for the consumption, and in consequence of the price being enhanced by the duty they are unable to compete with other nations. It ‘was proposed by Prussia to take off the duty, but this was negatived by the other members. Then there is the tax on beet root and cane sugar, the former of which is pro- | duced here in immense quantities, the owners of large estates finding it bighly advantageous to cultivate the beet on a grand scale, and having built extensive factories for extracting the saccharine juice from the root, dispose of the sugar in the clayed state to the reflueries, which are prevented from using the cave by the high import duty. It is majutained now by the refiners that they could export their produce to neighboring countries if the tax paid on the beet were returned on its passing the frontiers. This has been agreed to by Prussia, on condition that the duty on West India gugar should be reduced, so that it might be used for refining on an equality with the home-made arti- cle; but here again some of the southern States demurred, and everything had to be left in statu quo. The constitu: tion of the Zollverein is probably known to your readers. ‘The delegates do not vote by majorities, but every motion must be agreed to unanimously, and a8 the League in- cludes nearly thirty members—all sovereign States jealous of their independence—it must of course fre. quently happen that a proposal, conducive tothe gene- ral good, falls to the ground if any State thinks it will affect its individual interests. The meetings are generally held once a year, and the officials who attend them on the part of the respective gov! ents are worthy employés of the Ministry of Finance, who look chiefly after piug up the revenue, without caring whether this object is attained by measures injurious to trade, In the old Prussian provinces, for instance, the merchants have been petitioning year after year for the erection of Chambers of Commerce, such as exist in the Khenish provinces, where they were introduced under the French régime and the Prussian government had to leave them in force along with the Code Napoleon, where- ag in old Prussia everything connected with trade must be managed by the bureaucracy. The Prussian function- aries have long enjoyed the reputation of incorruptible integrity, and this belief is fostered by them and religions- ly adhered to by the simple-minded public, it being con- sidered a high crime and misdemeanor w say a word against the character of a beamler; but alas! human nature is the same all the world over—even a beadle is but a man; and a case of fraud was men- tioned to me the other day in connection with the laws of the Zollverein, which shows that Prussian officials are no better than beadies. In this country an enormous amount of common spirit is distilled from pota: toes, and in order to encourage exportation, a bounty is to the great landholders who have largs distille- ries on their estates It bas been found out now that the casks, after having been inspected by the ollicers, and certified by the same to contain spirits of acortain strength and entitled to the bounty, are carried across the frontior, when the contents, which are of a nature not to offend the most uncompromising teetotaller, are poured out, and the | casks taken back—the officers dividing the spoils with t In America © | escaped, desparate'y ! reealled, and proprietors rh a discovery would eau pers would be full of it for i ore tueaffuir isquictly hushed up, | Prossian beamter MHS Spor and the and the Jere as Li be prouacted for wor lon Our St. Petersburg Correspondence, Sr, PROERSHURG, Sept, 15, 1859. The Vietories in the Caucans and Humiliation of Sha- myl—History of the Russiay Operations ant Nati Op- position There—Funativiem ant Fiyking—Tthe Worle Rusia Had to Do~An Ethnological Uorvection~The | Catcassians not Circwsians, & | My last letter informed you of the de » Successes Ob- tained by Prince Bariatinsky in the Cwucusus, T atated that after the fall of Nedcue, most of the tribes subject wo Shamy! had renounced his authority and acknowledged themselves the vassals of Ruseia; that the great Imaum deserted his followers, was hiding in the recessea of the mountains, and that the war might be considered as vir~ tually atan end. We have now received intelligence that the Abdel-Kader and Osceola of Asia has shared the fate of bis African and American predecessors. His adherents | fter the other, and event his near relatives, the fathers and brothers of his wives, having abandoned him, or been delivered up w the conquerers by their own subjects, he sought refuge in a small moun- tain fortress called Ghoonib, whither be was pursued by the Russian troops and tho native milijia, and taally overpowered. The particulars are not yot known, the news having arrived here per wlegraph; butas it is stated in the despatch that Prince Bariatinsky intends sending his | prisoner to St. Petersburg, we may expect to see bin here in the course of the winter. He is sare to bo the lion of the season; we shal not hang him, as the English do their Indian Shamyis, but treat hin with all the courtesy due toa gallant enemy. ‘The capture of the Imaum is the closing scene of astruggle which bas been carried on with various success for over thirty years, When the Russians first appeared in the Caucasus they met with but little resistance on tho part of the mountaineers, who were split up ito numerous clans, each hostile to the other, and therefore incapable of organizing a common plan of defence, Their occa sional forays were easily repulsed, aud after being d feated in several engagements by the cx A General Yermolof, their princial Khans submitted, swore | fealty to the White Tsar, and accepted rank aud pay inthe Russian army. About the year 1823, how- ever, & complete revolution was eff-cted among them by the appearance of a prophet named Kazi-Molla. Hoe, called upon ail true believers to unite against the Gaiours and his flery eloquence made such an impression upon the warlike inMabitants of the Tchetchmier and Doghes- tan that, after expeliing or murdering such of their chiefs as were devoted to Russia, they chose Kazi- Mol their | leader, and @ formidable political and religious league was then formed which gradually spread over the whole eastern portion of the Caucusus, The government insti- tuted by the prophet was a strict theocracy; the doctrine preached by him was culled the Turigat, and its first pre- cept consisted in jnculeating a war of extermination against the infidels, Russia was engaged at the time in hostilities with Persia and Turkey, which prevented her from paying much attention to what was going on in the mountaing. This enabled Kazi-Molla to exteud his in- fluence, and to collect so strong a force that ventured to descend into the plains and attack the Rus- sians in their fortresses. He burned the town of Kizliar, occupied the Khanat of Tarki,and even pouetrated to Derbend, on the Caspian Sea, which was only saved by the approach of a Ruseian division under General Koha- noff, The Prophet retired to his fortified camp at G followed by Bawn Rosen, Governor General of the Ci casus, who, alarmed at the progress of the insurgents, had taken the commaud in person, and hoped to termi- nate the war by a single blow. Gimry was tuvested by the Russian army, and atter an obstinate resistance it was taken by storm on the 18th October, 18: Kazi Molla himself was killed in the breach, his’ faituful ad- herents died fighting by his side to the’ lust man, and of the whole garrison onjy one individaa 2/8 said to have wounded. This” individual was. a young murid, or warrior priest, a native of Gimry, called Sharnuil (Samuel) Effendi, since su famous by the name of Shamy). ‘This great deteat aud the loss of their prophet could hardly fail to discourage the fanatics. They chose, indeed. a second Imaum, in the person of Hamzat Bog; but this new leader possersed none of the quaiities of his prede- ceassors, Disgusted with his conduct, many of his partisans abandoned him, and it seemed as it’ the spark kindled by Kuazi-Molla was about to be extinguished. The death of Hamzat Beg, however, who was assessinated by his owa People, soon changed the aspect of affairs, for he was suc- ceeded by Shamyl, one of the most reniarkable men of our age, and who, in other times and under more favora- ble auspices, might have rivailed the exploits of au Omar or Tamerlane. We have uo reason to love him, for he chas been the life aud soul of a war that has cost us many thovsands .of brave soldiers, but we have never dove injustice to his command- ing talents and the rare fertility of his resoureas. When he assumed the id, the cause of the Tarigat was at its lowest ebb. He infused fresh vigor into it, and trocuced asystem of military and civil admuistr among his followers, which cnabled him to co: and organize their strength without detracting from the wild energy that char: e Caucasian mountaineer. In_ his strategical ope showed the intuitive genius of an able general, always ready to take advantage of the slightest mistake commitied by his adversaries, and himself never greater than when apparently redue extremity. His persomal courage bas been qu and it has beon remarked that he seldom appe: post of danger, but Jett the most hazardous ent to be accomplished by hiv lieutenants. It ver, he only acted the part ofa prudent commander, who directs the moyements ¢f his § bordinates without dune- cessarily exposing his own safe ‘The same accusation hus been directed, with no better foundation, against Na- poleon L ‘The Russians soon felt the renewed impulse given to the war by Shamy!. The tribes who had demanded peace again took up arms against them, the Russian outposts Were insulted aud driven in,and sndden incur- sions spread terror amoug the peaceable settlements on the plains. After a series of partial engagements which led to no decisive resuit, General Golovin, who had suc- ceeded Rosen, as Governor General of the Caucasus, de- termined to stril wother erashing blow, and in 1839, General Grabbe was despatchei yyth a strong corps to at? tack Shumy! in his stronghold of Akulgo. After a siege of three months Akuigo was carried by assault, and must of its defenders killed or made prisoners; but Shamyl was. not among the number. Once more he bad managed to escape, and take refuge in another mountain fastness, call- ed Dargo, situated in the miast of the dense forest of Ich- keria. A second expedition was undertaken agait trees by Grabbe; but while advancing painfully tbrough the gloomy wilderness of reck and thicket, he wassurrounded ‘on all sides by the enemy, and d to submit with immense loss. This check rd with the most disastrous — con: ind Golovin were hief command in the Caucasus was entrusted to cidbard, ax old German, who had distinguished himself in the Potish campaign) but was quite ignorant of Asiatic warfare. The rapid movements of Shamy! comple fed_him; they were alto- gether at variance with his theory of military” operations, and he remained in helpiess imbecility while the Imaum, following up ry, overran the province of Avaria, pit the Russi the sword, and established his sway f to the Samour, spreading terror alm tos of Teflis. it was at this mement, when the of Russia in the Caucasns seemed to be trembling in the balance, that Count Voront- got arrived there with the title of Viceroy, and armed with extraordinary powers to stop the inundation that was carrying everything before it. Thanks to his tact gy, the tide which had hitherto favored Shamy! degan to turn against bim, In 1845 Dargo was captured by Vorontzeff atter a desperate resistance; Salty and Gherhelil followed, and Skamy] withdrew to Vedene, a position naturally almost impregnable, and which he exerted all the resources of his native skill to fortify. In the meantime, Vorontzoff, by cutting roads through the forests and estabbshing garrisons at ail points of egress, contrived to enclose him ina circle of iron, which kept gradually contracting, excluding him entitely from the Jowlands, and driving him further and further into the barren and inhospitable mountains. More than once he endeayored to break through the barriers raised against him; but, in spite of his skilful manceuvrea and the heroism of his followers, he was invariably repulsed, and forced to seck sheiter in his mountain citadel. The eitnation of the brave Imaum was well mgh despe- rate, when the Oriental war affurded him a temporay re- spite, A great part of the Russian army in the Cancasus was obliged to be marched to the frontiers of Turkey and the coasts of the Black Sea, to make head against the Allies, and the operations against Shamyl were limited to the strictest defensive. He bas often been blamed for not making a better vse of this opportunity, and dealing somo lieavy blows against Russia while her ‘attention was en- grossed in another direction; but the trath is. th in no condition to do so. was too much ed. by his late reverses to snake any great effort, and probably hoped the war would last long cnough to enable him w recruit his forces. The pace of Paris sealed the fate of Shamyl. Relieved trom the burden of a foreign war our government renewed its endeavors to pat an en to the troubles in the Cai us, and in Gen, Endokimoff, un old soldier, who had passed all his life in mountain warfare, they found a man eminently adapted for this service. In 1857 the line of the Argoon was forced; in 1€58 the districts of Salataria and Aoukh were ogcupied; and on the Ist of A) last the fortress of Vedene was re- duced—an event that led to the submission of the whole ‘Tehetchina, and has now been crowned by the capture of shamy! himself. ln Evrope and America the inhabitants of the Caucasus have generaily been incinded under the name of Cireas- tiats,and Shamyl is often talked of as the great Circas- sian chief. This, however, is quite a mistake. The tribes Fubject to his rule were the Tchetchenges and Legghia, strict, Mussulam: id have no connection with . properly #0 , Who inhabit the western ivity of the Caucasis end the ‘littorale of the Kuxine, of ¢ hi and profess a religion compounded of Mahomet’ anism, Christianity and Paganism. The hostilities with ‘the latter “have never been of the game importance as those in the Eastern Guncasus, as they are divided into many separate communities or princi- palities, which, though more or less inimical to Russia. are extremely jealous of each other, and have no com mon bond of union, such the Tarigal pro. Molla. on of the Tchet 5 does not involve the cessa, , however, for the autined to inconsiderable manent result. Besides this, the n possessing the warlike ¢ fon of the Rustory tribe on the + have beon reorou | which, through the affairs, to try, with a brief opportunity for preparation, their the trial has been sustained. than four millions the most perfect order has been main. tained. Assemblies have been elected by popular suffrage, through which the public will has found a calmand legiti- mate expression; the military forces have been greatly increased by voluntary enrolment, efticicnt officers ap- to place that arm of defence in a condition to cope effectually with whatever danger may threa- Sei eneeeneeee eee ey Our Genoa Correspondence, ‘Unrrep Staves Sream Friaars Wanasi, Guxoa, Italy, Sept. 19, 1850, Run of the Wabash from Naples to Leghurn— Visit from Hiram Powers—Flet Caplain Dornin on Duty—2Movee ments of the Spanish and Brench Vessels at GenoaFire atthe Oustom House—Putlic Thanks to the United States Sailors—A Musical Compliment and Sweet Sounding Reply—Hopes for Home—Veaths om Board, de. After leaving Naples, on the Ist of August, we shaped our course for Leghorn, where we had the honor of g. visit fromthe American sculptor, Hiram Powers, an® family. Mr. P. looks hale and hearty, but the silvery lookg- betoken that Father Time had not forgotten him. At Spezzia Capt. T. A. Dornin, United States Navy, res | Ported for duty on board this shipas fleet captain. We arrived at Genoa on the afternoon of August 26, and moored ship on the Molo (our lust winter’s berth), and | since then have been engaged in caulking ship, both ous and inboard. Several Spanish vessels of war that were in port whem we came in have loft, and the French trangport steamers are fust conveying their troops from this place, A few nights since a fire broke out on shore which, when first discovered, appeared to be among the shipping, Assistance was immediately sent on shore, whem it waa found to be the Custom House that was on fire, and for = time threatened the destruction of much valuable propere ty. A letter hag been ree by Capt. Barron, of ‘abash, from. the hhaunber of Commmortes freee indiness of the Captain, 1 sey the following extract:— me) Rees I regret that T am not able to mention the have most distinguished then elves, but it hr ed bear the most ample teatimony to the excellent condoc ean wo wid intelligent exertions of the American sailera and a 18 by whom mmanded. The; now Uy praise und gratitu oot Caen ae Genoa. hamber of Commerce and alb T pray von to convey tothem the acknowledgements same, which 1 have the honcr to express to thet ia ihe ‘uae amber, vot om of @ notice from the JI Moe ish to give speciil notice of the efficacious suecor bee stowed by the sailors of the American frigate Wabash. their hydraulic pumps of superior force, debted for the early concentration of the flames, These are, ho er, but a few of the many compliments paid to Captain Barro. the officers and men under hig command for the very eflicicnt fire department belonging. to the Wabash. published to the ship’s we are specially ,ine The following card has been company, which needs no comment from us:— 70 THe CREW OF TRY UNITED STATES STEAM FRIGATE WABASH. laving pow had an Spportanity of using and testing the qualines of the beautiful instrument (cornet de piston) which Your generosity has so kindly prompted you to present me with, I now take this opportunity of returoing to you my sing cere tnanks, ano Prprresing ‘o you my gratitnde fer the act you have done. I will faithfully keep and preserve the instrus went, and will ever treasure it as a Tost valuable gift. With my best wishes for your (ature prosperiey, setibe myself your very humble servants’ | Pee eave %@ sub JOHN O'NEILL, Ship's bugler and r Guxoa, Sept. 15, 1809. Pre onmnimens Bets are being made by the knowing ones that Wabash witl be ealled home about next May; and boa gentleman, who is more certain than the rest, ollers to bet Ave hundred dollars that he will eat bis Christmas dinner in New York city. Suppose, Mr. Editor, you give us & hivt; we feel anxions to know, and should the “yarns? coutinue, which are now too prevalent in the ship, we will be looking for and avxiousiy expecting our relief. Lieut. C. R. P. Rodgers, executive officer of this ship, has gone to Spezzia to recruit his health, it having been fe r some time delteate. # health of the crew has been tolerably good, havii but two deaths—Amos Wheaton, of Counceticat, an Robert L. Blake, of New York. We understand wi we leave here we take a cruise along the ecast of Spain towards the Rock of Gibraltar, Further than this I know nothing of our future move- ments. The Macedonian has been ordered to the Syriaa coast. Our Florence Correspondence. Frorence, Sept. 16, 1859. Interesting Progress of Popular Reform and Politica Change—Perfect Order in the March to Freedom—The lta lian Confederation Forgotten or Not’ Mentionsl— Princa Napoleon has @ Chance of a Crown in Central Raly— French Influence and the Feeling Towards France—Pied= montese Efforts for a Direct Trode with the United States. A Steamship Line from Leghorn to New York—Good: Effects of the Enterprise, &e. Atno time, perhaps, bas the situation of the provinces! of Central Italy been more interesting than at the present moment. At no time have they so much morited ¢) sympathy and admiration of the world. What apectac! in the history of a State, during a very trying period, c: surpass in moral comliness the conduct, at once fled, temperate and ecarncst, of these populations? Wel may journalism, jn every country where generous sent ment animates the hearts of the people, indulge in wari and eloquent strains of praise and approval. Here ar States whose rulers fled terror-stricken at the firstmomeng: of threatening danger, leaving populations which they had | always declared incapable of taking care of their own first experiment of self government. Every one knows with what success, during five months of unusual peril, Among a population of more pointed, and the organization perfected to such a degree as ten, either within or beyond the borders. The People are now calmly waiting for the word to ba spoken which will allow them to complete the work so well begun, and, as far az the point to which it has been carried, crowned with such perfect success. ‘Tho Italians, in this part of Italy have clearly and emphatically declar ed that they wish to become one people. Patrician and peasants have joined their voices in electing as their civil governor and military chi "the frank and valorous King of Piedmont. Can this fusion of the States of Central Italy with Piedmont, and thus the formation at once of a kings dom with a population of twelve miliions, bo brought abont? Willit be allowed? There apjwars to be now no obstacle to its accomplishment but the consent of the high and mighty potentate of France. We are told that the question is to be settled by a European Congres: ; but the chances are in favor of the belief that the will of the Em- peror, whichever way it may be given, will prevail. Ag the talk now runs, Austria is to consent to the plans of Napoleon with reference to Italy on condition that she receive a8 a compensation a satisfactory portion of the es- tate of the “sick man,” which is to be divided botween the three Emperors without consulting the other European Powers. So little reference is now made to the question of an Italian Confederation, under the Presidency of the Pope, that many have nearly forgotten that the idea has been put forward. A union of these Northern provinces under Victor Emanuel absorbs the mind to the exclusion ofevery other meditated plan. It seems a result almost too great and good to be thus suddenly ace complished—a blessing of which the poople cag only timidly and with trembling bolieve themselves wors thy. Anend which has been the dream and aspiration of the noblest patriots and the best minds of Italy from the time of Dante to the present day, to bo realized al- most in a moment! The establishment of a kingdom of Central Italy, under a single independent sovere! is much more probable than a union of these States with Piedmont. It is said that even Austria would favor the accession of a French prince to the sovereignty here ra- ther than witness such an increase of the power of ax enemy like Sardinia, which she so cordially hates, since it is now admitted that the Dukes cannot be restored. If the people here will it, and King Victor Emanucl also gives a favorable nod, why should not a cousin of the French Emperor, in spite of the opposition of England, be the ruler of a constitutional kingdom it Taly fas well as a cousin of Queen Victoria be the sovereign of a simi Jar State in the North of Europe? A great deal Is said in the English journals about the hostility of tie people here to the idea of the Prince Napoleon becoming their sove- reign; but so far as my own observation goes it is not true to anything like the extent that they try to make the world believe. I think if circumstances ‘are such that they are not able to have entirely their own way in shaping their tuture, the people will willingly accept am alternative which would save them from a worse fate. Any one who witnersed the reception given to Princo Napoleon on his entry into Florence, two months ayo, cannot easily be persunded that he is tho object here of any very extreme dis) In any event, it is certain that French iniluen at present all powerful im Italy, and if the country is allowed w preserve what it has already gained, even the enormous sucrilicos of the late war will be compensated for many fold. By the elec- tions recently held the principle of tha right of the people to establish a political order for themselves has been con- Grmed. The exercise of this right and the establishment of this principle in Ttaly is a thing which, more than any other, is dreaded by a Power like Austria, It isa blow struck at the very ‘foundation of her own system of go= verning, and the’ principle put in force so suddenly im Provinces recently under her sway may be applied to political communities within her present borders. While the people here are every day acquiring more: and more of self-reliance, all eyes are turned with friend~ liness and sympathy towards France, Italy is not un- gratefol, but yields spontaneously her tribute of thanks and honor to the generous country which has helped her to the attainment of so much. French influence is para- mount, and after the King of Piedmont-—the only monarcle j—ie the sovereign of Frau ring their beards @ la Fran- as than ever to