The New York Herald Newspaper, August 3, 1859, Page 2

2 AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. The Mails of the Ocean Queen and Anglo-Saxon. Statement of the English Chancellor of the Exchequer. The German Press on the Treaty of Villafranca. THE CONGRESS OF ZURICH. THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMY IN ITALY, Letter from Kossuth Previous to His Retreat, 0, ‘The mails of the Anglo-Saxon reached this city from Quebec yesterday, and, with the papers received by the ‘Ocean Queen, completed our European files to the 19th of July from Paris and the 20th of same month from London, Wo publish some interesting extracts to day in addition to the nows already given by telegraph. ‘The Emperor of Austria has promised the Emperor Na- poleon that popular reforms shall take place throughout ‘the Austrian empire, but his Majesty gives no bopes of withdrawing from the Concordat, which gives so much trouble and offence in Hungary and esewhere. Addresses are arriving in Turin from all parts of Italy praying for a united Italy, headed alone by King Victor Emanuel. ‘The Paris Moniteur of the 17th of July publishes a de- cree signed by the Emperor, at bis headquarters at Tra- ‘vagliato, which officially anoounces a number of promo- tions and nominations in the Legion of Honor for gallant conduct at the battle of Magenta, The list begins by the pames of General Meilmct as Grand Cross; Genorals De la Motterouge, Vinoy, Lebrun and Lefevre, as Grand Ofll- cers; Generals Manique, Sataille, Coilineau, Anger and Mazure; Colonels Thevenix de Taulay, Poulie, De Cornely, Mallarmé, Lenormand ce Breiteville, Metrhao, De Tryon, Mong, Guigoard, Manuelle, Capriol de Pechassaut and Dupora) Dugeasmeur, a8 commanders, Next follow the names of 30 ag officers, and 219 nominations as knights. A record decree makes two nominations as knights inthe same order, conferred on two Sardinian officers. ‘M. Granier de Cassagnac tells the public in the Paris Pays that people in Paris have no ides of the immense pride which the honeet rustics of the provinces take in the bravery of their Emperor. They are all, ho says, familiar with the story of the epaulette carried away by ball. No doubt they are, forthe anecdote has been moat eedulously circulated by the prefectorial journal ‘The story is avery pretty one, but unfortuna‘ely tt is untrue, a8 M. de Casssgnac knows, or at least has the means of knowing. The simple truth about the epaulette is, that the Emperor, who wears the epaulettes of a gene- ral of division, took one off to give to Brigadier Genora] Auger in token of his promotion while he was lying wound. ed on the field. Chevalier Peretzi has been sent from Floroncs to Paris on a gpecial mission. Prince Napoleon arrived at Geneva on the 18th of July, and was to leave for Paris the next day. A Paris correspondent of the London News, writing on the 18th ultimo, says:— It is satisfactory to learn that the Emperor's protégé Count Arese, has pot succeeded in forming a ministry in Turin, and that the King has sent for M. Ratazzi, whom, as I sated yesterday, Napoleon I[I refused to allow to be Governor of Milan, ‘The effect of peace on the London freight market is thus noticed by Messrs, Sharer, Lamb & Co. :— The unexpectedly penceful news of the last week has unhinged our market, and we have to report a state of suspense and general sloggishess in freights. Oar quo- tations must therefore be accepted with qualification. Mediterranean outward freights are the first to be deci- dedly affected, and homeward are almost nominal, in- fluenced, as ight be expected, by the freeing of French, Austrian, Sardinian and German tonnage. In other quarters the eff-ct is as yet less marked. As usual at this eeazon, Archangel freights are much enhanced. ‘Tho Manchester Guardian of the 19th of July says: Last evening an influential meeting was held ia the pub- lic hall, Rochdale, to take steps for celebrating the return of Mr. 00 Buch & scale as will be unprecedented in that neighborhood. A letter from Mr, Cobden was read, in which he stated that he could make arrangemenis to visit Rochdale on the 27th inst. The committes consi. dered it much better to leave the day open to suit their guest’s convenience. Some of the leading reformers aad several members of Parliament are invited aud expected tobe and preparations are boing made on an exten- sive Baie baring yenarday it was reported to the com- mittee that about 600 applications had been already made for tickets. With respect to the piace to hold the soirée or Danquet in, the committee had not decided whero it should be held, but probably they will make arrangements for about 4,600 people. ‘The following is a return of the total strength of the British army in 1858, viz:—Cavalry, 17,819 (including 7,972 in India); infantry , 150,569 (including 74,731 in In- dia and 32,883 in the colonies); the horse artillery, 2,678; the foot artillery, 20,608 (4,848 in India); the engineers, 4,176; the enrolled pensioners, 15,415; the embotied mi- litia, 21,778, and volunteers, 15,122. The total amount voted for the army, ordnance and commissariat services in 1858, was £11,577,765, against £12,493,235 im 1857. &e., a. THE NEWS OF THE PEACE IN TUSCANY. OUR FLORENCE CORRESPONDENCE. Frorence, July 16, 1859, Excit-ment Comsequent on the Peace News—Indignation of the People—The Paper Announcing the Peace Mobbed— Threats on the Life of the Eailor—Chagrin and Dissatis- faction at the Turn of Eoemts—The Tuscan Soldiery—Is the Italien War Ended?—The Affair at Perugia—Recep- tion of Marquis d'Azeglio at Bolegna—Movements of Mr. Stockton end Mr. Binda, déc., £0. Florence had become so quiet that there was hardly anything leftto talk or write about, Suddenly came a despatch announcing thatthe Emperors of France and Aostria Rad agreed on terms for the establishment of peace. Piedmont was to have Lombardy, Venice was to be left in the hands of Austria, and there was to be a Coa- federation of the Italian States, under an honorary prosi- dency of the Pope, Atthe moment this intelligence was communicated tothe public al! Fiorence was in commo- tion, People were seen hurrying from one point to an other, or gathering ta groups, eagerly demanding if tho information was avthentic, and if such was to be the end of the present struggle, and with it of the new Iiatian hopes. The feeling was so intense that for a time it aeom. ed ad if acts of revolutionary violence would be committed. As it was, some demonstrations were made. A portion of the crowd rushed to the office of the Monitore Tuscano, which contained the firet printed record of the unwelcome intelligence which bad come to hand. fhe whole edition was seized and burned in the little equare behind the Palazzo Vecchio, Some men entered the room contain- ing the prers upon which the papers were printed, and ‘would have destroyed that had not the expostulations of the workmen upon the unreasonableness of their conduct Drought the mob to reaton. To say the least of it, this ‘act of childish spite is the silliest thing that we have yet known the Florentines to do. To execute their wrath upon a printed shect, which in the natural course of things must sometimes be the medium for communicating, with its current intelligence, disagreeable facts, was a manifestation not to be expected from the peojle of a manly and civilized community. In the evening the populace had gathered in such numbers in the streets and equares that the authorities resorted to such measures for the preservation of the poace as they found within thot power, Handbills were affixed to the walls urging the maintenance of order, condoling with the citizens on the receipt of euch unhappy news, and declaring that meseengers to communicate with the government of the King of Piedmont would be immediately sent off. What added to the general dissatisfaction was the fact that the provizional government had fent a dozen despatches during the day tothe ministry a} Turin, asking farther ivformation or confirmation, and had received no reply. As the city was without goldiors to act in case of a disturbance of the peace, the polica ‘was inoreased by the voluptary addition to its force of large numbers of well dirpored citizens, Companies of these patrolled the streets daring the nigit, At midaight the crowd retired quietly, and since the city has reguined ing ite usual repose. It is said that two Americans stro) through the crowd on the evening of the oxcitem dulging that self-assured curiosity which to our countrymen, were taken for Auttriin epieg and banded ever to the police. The etran: g they were speaking was mistakea by tho multitade tor German. Their nationality was 200n mie out and they NEW YORK HERALD, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 3, 1859. feeling of chagrin, dissa'isfaction and uncertainty the Tenmna, chasse by such an abrupt close of the “ exieta, and sane cootinges eee eal are with vgty 1 of their rupaw: to take possession of the Varoue which bo hes Gerted. Tno people may be ageinat it, and the army De against it, but if tue sovereigns decree it, vention contirms it, what can this poor ‘oust couceal tts mortification and smother humiliation and yield to its fate, But, mingled resent fecling of dissppotatment, stromg hope till ex! ere is sufficient evideace that Tuscany Dave a wil! of a ame -! is ng number of pacific way! very large num! in their ‘mhnicipal capacity, have recently provizional government a formal declaration of sire for a fusion of Tuscany with Piedmont. To are nae one Jr pe Principal saualoipality every | few days. wer advantages Tuscany may i from the present Italian movement will be purchased at a moderately small cost. She bas sent her volun- teers to the war and they have }, and perhaps of them have bees, sacrificed ‘armies of Gar Hes t Heactle E and the Ki Piedmont. But of the roguler army of yy bas now beena month in the field, not Polanyi apes ee See a the Tas. cans bave no shed ganguinery fluid. The soldiers have sweated as freely as any others in their long under Prince Napoleon; but their stomache are as delicate as those of women, and the thought of 8; biood fills them with nervous horror. ad cted. How many years will it tako for Austria, with the advantages which she has reserved, to reestablish ascendancy in giving charactor to the policy ofthe country? The more radical parties are ‘ready taking cou . It appears now as if [ts!7 must stil! remain the hearth upon which must burn the fires of revolution. Noone knows when Pius IX , or rather Cardinal Anto- nelli, who is the one to be held responsible, will hoar the last of the affair of Perugia. Notwithstanding tho . cess, in a military point of view, of Captain Smidt and hie motley company of Swiss, Germans and Irish, it was an unfortunate day for the reputation of tho Papal au thority When they marched into the usually quit aad well Bebaved city of Perugia, murdering its ‘invabitants and stealing or destroying their property. A dozon cases Hike shat of the Mortsra boy could not excite such a fecl- ing of abhorrence snd hostility towards Rome ss that aroured throughout Europe by the !mve outrageous acts. It eeems as if a government, not actually gone stark mai, coud mot commit a greater act of imprudence, at a time 20 critical as the present than that of a violent under yoke which hud 0 long pressed beavi y upon them. Pamphlets con'aining the facta of this affair con- tinue to be printed, and to fly about in all directions; let. ters continue to be written, and the nowspapers stili have their articles upon it. A g little body of literature upon this prolific theme has already been created. Tho re eetabligbment of an authority always detcsted, and at best uncertain, is hardly a compensation for the accama- Inted odjum with which it has been attended The Marquis d’Azoglio, the new Chief of Affairs at Bo- Jogna, has been received with an ovation in that city. The spirited people of the Legationa and the flerce inhabitants of the Jeacing town have now a centre of a government ‘snd a politica! head to which they may direct their willing obedience. Whatever adjustment for political rule, in this portion of the Roman States, a Congress may mako, it is pretty certain that the populations in the region of Bologna will not quietly submit to be placed again under ecclesiastical authority, It seems that the Roman go- vernment has established a custom house tax upon goods paseing the line between the towne of Cattolica and Posa- ro, which ig the boundary between the rebellious territory ‘and the districts which have been retained under the Pa- palgupremacy. While this is meant to bea punishment were immediately reicrecd, we may pres:me with an npolog? for the blunder. Ww 2s Lo. oe yusse of wwaignation is evolved, the | for the towns which have renounced their allegiance, it is at the same time a kind of acknowledgment of their ‘inde- pendence. Mr. Stockton, qur Minister at Romo, who was at Leg- horn, bas left that city for the baths of Lucca, where, wi his family, be will epend the warm season.’ Mr. Binda, our Consul at Leghorn, has recently returned from France, where he has been for a long time, trying the virtues of the waters of certain mineral springs for the cure of a paipful malady from which he has long suffered. THE CONFERENCE AT ZURICH. [Paris (July 18) correspondence of London Post. } The Emperor Napoleon and bis advisers have, I learn, succeeded in inducing the Emperor and Cabinet of Austria to agree to a “ conference to regulate the affairs of Italy,” to which France, I believe, desires the great Powers to be invited. Count Walewski was all day long with the Em peror yesterday, and, I believe, pointed out to his Majesty the imposeibility of carrying out with success certain pro- Visions of tbe treaty of peace. The telegraph was set to work between Paris, London and Vienna, and it seems Pretty certain a conference will take place, though no one knows exactly where. It is of the utmost importance that the conference should meet as early as ible. Great agitation exista in Italy, especially in Modena, Parma and the Roman States—the people there agpeciaily protesting against the provisions of the treaty which places them without reserve at the mercy of the sovereigns who had abandoned them. We may hope the influence of England, if admitted, will not be without some weight in the conferences, by which means we can express our sympathy for the italian cause, aad bus confirm a policy towards the Italians which all British governments saving that of Lord Derby’s had hitherto ob. served [whilst no doubt Lords Paimerston and Russell will take care to appoint such envoys to the conference thall represent the feeling of the English nation tow: ‘8 people who have go long struggled for independence and pationality. [Paris (July 18) correspondence o” London Herald } At two Siok tas afternoon an interview took place at the Foreign Office between M Walewski, Lord Cowley and Price de Reuss, who acts 16 Prussian ambassador fn the ebeence of Count Pourtales, and M. de Kisseleff. Tacir excellepctes received in the morning an invitation from the French Foreign Secretary requesting them to call upon him. J have reason to believe that the treaty of Villafranca was communicated lo them. It is to be hoped that some member of Parliament will Pu} a question on the subject, and that Lord John Russell will not be so reserved as ugual on a subject which is no secret in Parisian salons. THE TREATY OF VILLAFRANCA ACCORDING tavern th ae ee PALMERSTON. m the London Post (government organ), July 19. Although there is much to provoke ftp Eh: Ae the first principles of the new halian system, it must be remembered that the materials for the formation of a com- plete judgment are at present wanting. The glaring fact in the peace of Villafranca unquestionably is that Austria, permitted to reiain Venetia, is permitted to retain it member of the designed Italian confederasy. If the king- com of Venetia were to continue aa an int Portion of the Aueirian empire, and therefore to be excluded from the Italian Confederacy, it would be infinitely better for the rest of Italy; nor, 60 faras we at present sce, would it be any woree for the Venetians, We know that stipula- tions in treaties, which read as facts, are often phrases; and though Venetia is to be an “ integral portion” of the Italian Confederacy, i is pretty certzin to be, also, an integral portion of the Austrian empire. It is this fact—not the mere fact that Venetia remains to “Austria—which constitutes the main evil of the treaty. That the Italian question should ‘at Inst be settled by a comprom'se, we would not in the sbstract eye tna This is perbape the lamentable, but at any rate often the inevitable, tendency of human affairs, Where strongth ja met by strevgth it isnot easy for one to compel the other unequivocally to give way. The can. non and bayonets of the French were victorious enough at Magenta and Solferino. But cannon balis have rebounded and bayonets haye been blunted before the walls of Mantua, though they had torn human flesh so fearfully on the ficld. 1:18 caey to flad instances in his. tory where, even after tha greatest ardour, ths questions jor which the sword hes been drawa were settled by a compromiee. So it was with the great Silesian war, which was raging a century ogo. Frederic the Groat vowed that he would gaia the waole of Silesia by force of rms, diaria Theresa vowed that | sne would not iay down her arms until she had driven the Prcssisns wholly out of that provinee. Yet Sileeis, etill party Prussian and partly Austrian, ropregents the into “when the complete subjagation by Austria or Prueaia was impossible. The parallel iseven more close in the apnuis of wars yet more recent. Tue first Napoleon was sincere enough asa bater of Austria; but the cam. paign of Wagram changed his pobicy, and’ he ayandoned bis project of completely dismembering a State 0 power ful ip resources, in spite of its bankraptcy and diaaffec. tion, Tue present French Emperor pledged himeelf to the ¢maneipation of Italy; but, like others” he ‘hay found words easter than deeds, and he too has hatted at the Mincio and has compromisea the Italian question as his predecessors im war have compromised other questions. We repeat, therefore, that, considericg the extent of territory con” quered in fo short # period, and the instability of baman affairs, we should bardly have complained if Austrian influence as well as Austrian territory had been bounded by the Mincio and the Po. We should have said, ‘All that may be wished cannot be realized. Italy contains twenty six millions inhabitants; we must look to the ha, Pinees of the greatest namber. ‘Since it is necessary, the three million Venetians must continue in their bondage, that twenty-three million Italians may be freed at any rate from “Austrian oppression.” This is the language which, when tho neceeeity was apparent, we shoald have beld, in spite of wider aspirations. Pat the iatroduction of the Emperor of Austria, under another name, into the confederacy, greatly changes this view of the qieation. Although, however, we can uever look on this urrange- ment as one which ‘will command the approbation of Europe, much remains uot only to bo known, but even, we BuBpect, to be settled. The undoubted evil, while it cannot be grt rid Y, of the introduction of the Anstrlaa sovoreiga ia a separate capacity into the Italian Confederazy, Is euscep- ible cf being elther miticated or increased, according wo the detail of the arrangement. We can hardly inteod hore that the King of Venotis is to rely wholly on an jian army in his Itaiiaa territory. Probably, if such a clauge were to be enforced by Raropeun diplomacy, it would prove Lugetory, for it would be soon succeeder at once by popular revolution and military revolt, w would bresk up all stipulations and bring a hoat of Gor- mans and Hungarians across the Carnic Alps. There may, however, be a distinct Italian adm\nistration: ai- though, even if Venetia were to bo governed b7 & Podes. ta, we would not give much for his independence, over. awed as he would be by the German Generalissimo of a German army. But what European diplomacy must urge is that the territorial boundaries of cach State must, ex. cept in case of war between the Confederation and some non-Italian power, be the inviolable Rubicon of their armies. The French troops must be withdraun from ali Italy, and they must never be permitted to return The Austrian oops must never recross elthertho Mincio or tbe Po, and that provision of the peace of Vienna which gave to justria the ‘right she has 40 long abused of garrisuning two ‘olion fortresses out of her own territory must be formally abrogate ° | Opart from the aemy of each compo neut State, must no doubt pomwone 9 federal any. It ia compromise entered afeAoration | except in auch a very small ly will be ied by Austria, or remain under her infu- ence. Ite! be stipuiated tr Austria may introduce her own Italian torrito- ry, ber contipgent to the federal army (viele ae exolusive! Italians. What shall be the governing ot the federation, and how shall it be constituted, maine to be determined. This body, be it whut will of course exercise control over the ought, therefore, alae to be provided thatthe federal boty my ; was ve no righ’ to int ‘one of the tovereigns of disputes zation of federal Italy. These are the , by observance of which alone we can hope for aa improve- ment in the condition of Italy. The Saperces ‘of the French and of Austria have settled the principles of the peace. With those princspia ao intervention. But on the masene in which a thus eketched shall be worked out European depends much of the character oF the new i ‘and the public will watch with anxiety the course these events may assume. NAPOLEON IN WAR AND PRACE. {From ihe Para Constitationnel, ouly 18) i ¢ ‘The Emperor, having accomplished the glorious labors of the coief command of the army Sore Oe war, now reeumes posscasion of the government of . At the moment when he crossed the frontier the treaties of 1815 were still in existence, and constituted the power of Avatria on the Alps; Milan and Lom >ardy were only a por- vince of the House of Hapsburg; Piedmont was menaced, end Austrian influence was in all the remain- der of the T'alian pen! ‘To change that state of thinge required more than the, herois efforts of an army; it require4 aleo—at least, such was the general opinion— the indispensable aid of time, Yet, amidst the wonder- mest of all Europe, the whole sytem has been altered in amen Period of two months, and peice has been con- cluded. 4 The triumph which bas been achieved {¢ complete, for it delivere Italy, without encouraging the revolation; it secures to France the glory of an admirable campaign, at the esme \ime that it relieves ber from the ofa universal war. The Emperor Napoleon, with that exalted segacity of which he has given 80 many proofs, compre- bended that peace must be dictated eithor om the Mincio or at Vienoa, We think that after four victories, when the Freveb feet was before Venice, and the cannon alread; planted before the strong fortresses of tho quadrilateral, the road to Vienna might be opened before the French eagies, aud the Emperor might doubtless have given him- self the aatisfaction of sleeping at Schaabrunn in the bed of the conqueror of Austerlitz, Sut the day on which the French army had left the eoil of Italy to set their foot on the territory of the Germanic Confederation, the face of tbe war wonld have been changed, and as the Emperor taid in bis order of the day, “it assumed proportioas which were vo longer in keeping with the interests which we went to defend.” The peace of Villafranca was there- fore coungelled by the greatest interests of humanity; it marks the point at which France was bound to stop short ip order to remain within the range of her enlightened and generous policy, OPINIONS IN GERMANY OF THE PEACE TREATY. [From the Austrian (Vienna) Gazette, July 16,] * * * * Under all circumstances, the end to battles and the ces- Bation of those massacres is something consolatory as re- gercs humanity. The improvements made in the means of destruction Low render every battle a complete butcher; Ta one of thoze which have been fought as mavy men hi been loat as in former times were opposed to each othi The killed and woupde1 are not mercenaries, but are the laborious children of our families, and every man killed ig a national joss. We rejoice, under any circumstances, that our brave soldiers are not to undergo any fresh dan. ers And support any further privations. We shail be re- foiced ‘o seo them retura to their country; they may sbow themselves proudly with their glorious scars, and they will havea right to boast of their exploits before God and before men. But even in a political poiat of view the pesce will not be without profit forus. We have lost a province, and a very fine one, but we nevertheless shell become stronger. Wo shall now beticr expend tho capital which remains to us, and we ball endeavor to employ it in a more profitable manner. We shall make up for time lost; we shall collect our moral and material forces, and shall ecek to develope and iccreage them. Our avguet monarch, in speaking of the em| said that it was advancing in the path of progress. Progress and that developement will henceforth be more rapid. The only aily of Austria bas been her own people and the voice of the German nation. The people of Austria faithfully supported the crown; notbing has been abie to lead them astray or toebake their fidelity. Not asingle man has failed to return to his regiment, and thougaads of volunteers have flocked to take part in thoee sanguinary combats. The confidence of the le merits a return. The govern. ment must now en the ids which unite Aus- trians to one another and tothe imperial family; it must employ the means beet calculated to increase the arsenal of our moral and material forces, in order that if fresh 3 Gangers should threaten us we may oppose to them an impenetrable phalanx. Austria will thus fulfil both her historical and ber German mission. The various States of the Germanic Confederation are following the cxample of Prussia, aud are couatermanding allfurther movement of troo; The Hanoverian gov- ernment hag already disbanded a part of the goldiers who had been called out, and the rezerves of infautry will be shortly dismissed. The Grand Duke of Baden has also tent to their homes a great part ef the mobilized troops, end bas ordered that the companiesshall be, a8 soon as possible, replaced on ® peace footing. have been adopted in Wurtemberg. owise, Jwitzerland and Belgium bave given eR their attitude of observation. The Prussian Gazette Berlin) of July 18 publishes a leading article in defence of the attitude taken by Prus. #1a during the last few months, and endeavors to prove its policy has prevented an untvorsal war. The arti- cle laye the chief siress upon the fact that s real and sub- stantial Daais for joining in the war was Wanting. % The article goes on thus:—Prusaia can draw her sword for German and Prussian interests, but not for maintain ing or ro establishing a state of affsirs in Italy which Aus- tria herself bas recognized as not maintainable, nor for tustaining isolated articles the treaties of 1815. ‘The article further says:—Tae proporals fer mediation made by Prussia were far more favorable than the preli- minaries of peaco which have now been agreed upon. The article concludes:—Prussia has no occasion to be diesatiafied with the unexpected turn matters have taken. Whilat ciscontinuing ber military measures she awaits the further developement of affairs with calmness, arg the Progress gow — Paper), daly 18.) | Austria was only desirous of securing the federal right, as the only basis remaining in the chaos of violent compli” cations, but Prussia put forth demands which favored the belief that the desired to take advantage of the embarrass. menta of the other German Powers to realise tne Gotha idea of © Germany witnout Austria. Austria wanted to leave to the Germanic Diet the direction of the military and political movement of Germany; Prussia, on the other hand, insisted thet everything thould be directed by the sole will of the Berlin Cabinet, to the entire exclusion cf the Diet. In this great historical moment, when the ques- tion had to be decided whether it was better for Austria to give up the position she held in the Confederation or a portion of territory in Italy, the wise policy of the Empe- Tor of the French ended the difficulty. The Prussian jour. als attribute to Prussia the merit of having, by her ar- maments, made a diversion in favor of Austria. Tt dose indeed appear that France was not disposed to fight on two point at once. But the real motive of the trenty of peace was certsinly the game in the two camp:—nameiy, to avoid the interference of Prussia, * * * and therelore it was easy (0 come to an understanding. [From Galignani’s Messenger, July 19.} The language of the Prussian jourtals becomes more and more hostile to Austria. The Nation Gazelte of Berlin concludes an article on the peace of Villafranca in the following terms -— ‘Tho treaty which Austria has miliating that it would be d In the annals of hiswry, It appears that Auttria has pre ferred throwing beri into the arms of Napoleon IIL. to allowing Prusaia to take her proper rank Iu Germany. Tce Viera Press gives the following anticipatory an- Swer to the ahove — ‘When the Ewoperor of Austria found that the mission of Prince de Windiscbgraetz had not eecured the end desired, he resolved to come to a direct understanding with the Emperor Napoleon. Austria deemed @ direct and prompt decigion far better than long and uselcen negotiations. A letter from Munich of the 13th of July, tm the Corres pomdert of Noreraberg, says:— The news of the signature of the preliminaries of peace bas caused here the most painful impression. The re- aiguation of Austria, after #0 short a war, can only be ex- plained by the hope of finding elsewhere a compensation Jor the loses sustained In consequence, partly, of the witbholding of assistance by the German States. It 1s too evident that this hope cannot be in accord with the hopes of Germany. Such are the fruits of the policy of the Cabinet of Berlin, It would be an illusion to believe that Austria wil adopt line Of polloy jess selfish than that of rane st 9 the ht the Slates to allino thaneeiee tobe netncct to eee Fegenn'l satellites of the two Powers? Has not the tima ar- rived for reviving the federal constitution, shaken by Proseia, in such a way that the petty States of Germany shall form a counterpoire to Prussia and Austria, and be capable of defending their interests against those two rere? A Stuttgard letter in the Nuremberg Correspondent faya:— We now sce the fruits of the Prussian policy. Austria makes a direct pence, and almost at tne sme time & ¢iplomatic diversion at Frankfort. Tae Prussian policy will now be under no restraint—that is, it will be alto gether isolated, or will be compelied to take its stand on the ground of federal rights. This dilemma might have been avoided by turning m deaf car to the seductions of Gothaiem, whicb promises much, but performs nothing. OPINION IN FRANCE OF THE ARMED NEU- TRALS. [From the Paris Pays, July 19.] oe Oe ee ast concluded is 60 hu- cult to find anything like it A country whose pretentiots are so liberal a3 those of England, after having committed a nret fault in not pre venting Austria from making war, has committed a se. cond 1h not co-operating « cally in the conclasion of peace. Public opinion in England pronounced so long since for Italian independence that it must be considered as the expression of @ profound conviction, under pain of past: ing for culpable dissimulation. The ‘nation and thé g0- vernment which have not ceased to excite the Penia- tula gud to menace Nuplee, and which have cancel dieepprobation of Autrian domination in Italy, to hs extert of allowing an Aurtrian general to be outrag’ ( and beaten in the streets of London, contd not refrain’) conderoning the illegitimate extension which the { 4’ of Hopeburg has, since 115, given to the situation 1" treaties cr for it between the Alps and the Medit.,- ranean. England ought consequently to have blamed the invasion of Piedmont, and in blaming, have opposed it. Mf England had acted af abe thought, war woald ave been prevented. The Emperor of Austria, who was at the bead of a nemerous and powerful army, and who might bave erroneous oplaions respecting the French forces, would not have withed to have France and England on bis handé atthe same time. It was then, we cannot cease Lereatine. the mnderzaod condygt of the tary ministry Which caused ybe war, a {From the same paper, sume day 4 * The selfish and timid attitude of the neutral Powers, which seemed waitiog until! victory should one them with an opinion, bas been severely judged in France. must be told that the Sod goad and resolute altitude of the of Austria has more success. He has been roe man of resolution in peace as in war. Victory ng in the hands of God, it is geeerally considered that the yet Francis Joseph has done well what he thought it his duty todo. As long as be bad confidence in the conilict be su it with courage; and when the result was clearly made manifest to him, he nobly re- signed himself to his adverse fortune Ho bas conducted himself, the populations say, like a man of and in- teliigence. Prussia is laughed at, the German ic Dietis uni- versally derided, but the Emperor of Austria is highly praieed for having acted openly and frankly. THE AUSTRIAN MERCHANTS AND MANU- FACTURERS ON THE TREATY. {Vienna (July 16) Correspondence of Galignani’s ger. ‘The peace eigned at Villafrancs, notwithstanding the Leer peed it imposes ou Austria, is in general populate regard iin ihe present state Of ihe ‘couatey” lation regard it, In ‘country, ‘ap a real benefit for Austria. No one, however, to see peace £0 pes A concluded, as the goneral opinion was that it could only be brought about by the armed mediation of Prussia and Germany. the acy ed Lombardy Px: Aad the 4 uce & effect on a io bra (ies that Lombardy has ood “the rio, (st country of the monaroby. The largest provin- ces of Austria do not possems 60 much capital snd riches of all kinds as Lombardy, and Austrian ndustry is principally supported by tt. The manufac- urers of Vienna, Prague, Reichenberg, &0., transacted heir principal and moat luorative business with Lom- bardy, and the cloth makers of Bohemia alone furnished it with merchandise to the amount of from 13,000,000 to 17,000,000 florins a year. The Austrian manufacturers do Bot, therefore, conceal their discontent. The productions of their establishments, which are inferior to those of France and Gers ', Were almost the ones that could enter the Italian provinges of Austria, thanks to the 1 persons ‘Austria ought, before giving up Lombardy, to have ap- ealed to a Congress of the great European Powers. Tao Bourse and all the holders of Austrian stock fare, however, fa different opinion. They maintain that the disastrous state of the finances of the country required the conclu- sion of peace without loss of time. THE FATE OF THE FAMOUS FORTRESSES. {From Galiguani’s Messenger, July 19] The Curriere macantile of Geoa, his the foilowing:— According to letters received from the camp, it {s poattively szserted hat the fortresses o! Feachiera aud Mantas are ¢1m- ised within the part of Lambardy wulted to Piedmont, The frontier line {a gnid to cut the Lake of Garda east of Pessbiera, acd to follow the atream Tione, thence proceeding to Oxilglia, on tbe Po. There are various re mors as to the duchies; in the comp there was e general belief that Parma would remain wa- nexed to the Kingdom of Italy. We must here remark that, although the phrase “I'ne of the Mizcio”’ would seem, ehould there be no spectal resor- vation to the contrary, {0 settle the question of Peschiera and Mantua in favor of Piedmont, the above statement must be erroneous at regerdathe Nae of the Tioue. This river wag the old frontier line of Ventoo, but the Emperor of Austria's snnouncement that the peace is basad oa the ime of the Mincio entirely excludes’ tho Tione; and we moet admit that the whole territory comprised between the Mincio and the Adige necessarily remains to Austria, FATE OF THE REVOLUTIONARY ARMIES, A Turin letter of the 16tb of July says:— The Hucgarian Committee, founded at Genoa, is about to have to occupy itself with the fate of the thrce thousand men who bave been enrolled and are now at Acqui. General Klapke is in Turin for this affair. Some pereons atk what is to become of such of Gari- batat’s volunteers as have no resources of their own? It is agreed that Piedmont will maintain the ecgagements of those who wigh to remain enrolled. A number of young Italians have also enlisted, through patriotism, in the French forcign legion of General de Bsville. These young men tre about to be immediately disbanded if they request it, PROSPECTS OF THE HUNGARIAN PEOPLE. A letter from Vienna of the 16th of July says:— Amonget the motives which have influenced the Emps- ror of Austria in seizing on the {iret occasion for conclnd- ing a peace ag honorabie ag circumstances permit, is no doubt the situation, more and more disquicting, which events have made for Hungary. All the news which reachedj Vieuna from that kingdpm—which is without troops whose fidelity can bo counted on—is exceedingly bad. Public opinion, it appears, pronounces in a certain number of commiitats againet the system of absolute cen- tralizetion introduced since 1856 into all parts of the Aus trian empire. Tho Hungarian populations desire to pro terve their old nationality, and to regain possession of the rights and privileges which the Emperors of Austria in their days of danger accorded or confirmed. It is be- lieved at Vienna that the goreroment will henceforth pay the most eerlous attention to Hungary, and that after the conclusion of a definitive peace it will employ all its beri) fo the moral and material improvement of that ingdom. COUNT CAVOUR’S RESIGNATION. A correspondent, writing to the Paris Débatsfrom Turin, gives the following os the cauees which led to the resigna- tion of Count Cavour:— statesman bad conceived bopes on behalf of his king and his country which were perhaps too great for their realization to be immediately possible. He was de. sirous that Piedmont should be tranaformed into strongly constituted kingdom of Ita!y, auch as is indicated by its geographical configuration and its unity of race, language and habits, In other words, Count Cavour desired that, ‘in addition to Lombardy and Venetia the duchies of Parma and Modena, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the ations, and the Marches should be annexed to Piedmomt. Victor Fmaene! would thus bave reigned over fourteen millions ot subjects, and over the finest countries in Europe, ad- mirabiy situated between the Adriatic and the Mediter- ranean, and provided witb excellent ports. The ancient repubsies of Genoa and Venice would have become pro- vinces of the kingdom of Italy, which would hayo boen suddenly raised to the rank of’a great Power in Europe and bave taken the place of Prussia. WHAT SPAIN Bk OF THE TREATY OF The Lem 1, of Madrid, of July 15, declares that the two Emperors who signed the peace of Villafranca merit the benediction of Heaven. us that the prepoaterot Poy in the contest should think of being ad- mitied to decide the Gohditions oi posce, There will not be any Congress, it states, the Emperor of Austria being known to be quite opposed to ary such course, HOW THE AUSTRIAN PRISONERS IN FRANCE __ ENJOYED THE NEWS. The Mimorial des Pyrénnées describes the effect pro- duced upon the Austrian prisoners at Pau when the news of the conclusion of peace was communicated to them by the commandant of the gendarmerie. They immediately evinced their joy by singing, shouting and dancing. About eight in the evening, when the Alées Napoleon aro usually crowded with persons taking the air, the bar- racks presented a most animated scene. The Austrians walked up and down the barrack yard in compact columns, arm in arm with the French goldiers, shouting “Vive i’ Em pereur!”? and singing patriotic gongs. AB a wind-up, they separated into couples, of one Aus- trian and one Freuchman, and executed a’ final galop, which was ioucly applauted by the crowd outside the caclogure. LETTER FROM KOSSUTH PREVIOUS TO HIS ETREAT, The subjoined letter has forwarded to the Leeds Merewy by Mr. Alderman Mi Ii, of Bradford, a gentle man on intimate terths of friendship with Mf. Kossuth, It was written while in Parie, before the exile’s departuro for Italy :— Parts, June 17, 1859. My Dear Farexp—Tho generous country where I rested my tempest tossed bend for many long yoara lies behind me, and outward bound is my small craft on the stormy sea, with nothing safo but my determination, which nothing can shake—that happen what may to mo per- soually, either my country wiil be freo, or else [ shall poo how to preserve her from immolating herself in in. I may become a victim—my nation wil! not become one. I may be instrumental in calling her forth to re- awakening life. an I not do this safely, I shall take care to preeerve ber future uncompromised volving in my mind all the noble, delicate friendship, all the contolations of sympathy which [ was allowed to enjoy in your country from many, many friends—from none more than from you—emotions throng upon me too strong to allow of words. By the Evernal I feel myself a8 much @ man ag any mortal on earth, yet while I write a tear trembles on my whimpers, and I feel not ashamed it. It is @ tribute of @ gratefal heart for benefits received. It is an offering that rere mae my silent but fervent invocation lessings of God upon your country, your boure, yourself, and upon all those of your people kindness and sympathy poured the smallest drop of consolation into the wounds of my adversity. If I succeed I hope to see you, and many of you, in my own home; and no brother ever has greeted a brother with a heartier welcome than I and my people will greet you, or apy of you. ‘If L fall, you will say that I have fallen on duty’s path. If I am spared, but fail, I may sec Eogland again. ‘Then, however, it will be a broken, useloss reed that is cast on your shores, and few will bo the days which it will be able to bear before it rots. “Come weal, come woe,” the will of Him above be done, Farewell, farewell. Ever yours truly, KOS3UTA. THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH IN THE WAR. ‘The electric telegraph, says the Moniteur de V-Armée, of Paris, rendered immense services during tho war. Abbut eighty of the most experienced fuactionarios of the tele grophic department were ecut into Italy, and they or- geuized the various lines with groat rapidity, and worked them with a precision really surprising. The Emperor went every day about twenty short despatches to the Empress, Prince Jerome, and the Ministers of Foreiga Affairs, War, Marine and the Interior; somotimes also to Counts’ de Morny and de Persigny.’ Marshal Vaillant, Major General of the army, also sout several timoa a day rather long despatches to the Minister of War on tho do- tails of the service. OPINIONS OF THE ITALIAN PRESS. “fsersiated from the Upinione of Tarin for the New Yorx LD.J :>#peacefal wind which afow days ago came to us & the Mincio is a lost battle for the hopes of Italy. it ‘woud at present be difficult to determine the causes which have brought that unexpected event about, and yet moro diMoult to foresee the te thereof, The question of the italian Independence is changed, and simply con verted into an increase of the territory of Piedmont, which is a gain; for, in proportion as Piedmont increases, the Italian cause will advance. The peace of the Mincio is a geographical aud not a neliNical pracy it bie alresdy been mare once, dus could Dot last. Europe should gouaiger this fot, thst it hag re- duced Italy to that condition in which nothing cau any Perce, everything from war. optimise, the John usselia, the jamoblere and the taoifurent geuoraily will oxy to en ia at Magenta ant izer, and force her aod hor to adopt better systems of to believe those things to trenquitize the troubled conscience of thoge politicians who, on account of tacir egotism, have condemned Itely to the Procruatean bed of foreign servi tude Bat io Italy whoever loves his country and has the heart open to generous sentiments, understaads that tnowe are idle words 800n to be coutradic'ed by the facts, Ts not the remembrance of the cruelties of Porugia quite fresh? Have not archdukes, grund dukes and Aus- trian dukes borne arms against [taly? Have not the Atrects of Venice been stained with the blood of ite cit! zene afew days ago, because they rejoiced over It victories? Haye #e not dey after day read the gavaco oclamationa of the austrian generala? He » we not Beard of thelr terrible ‘spoliations ana thei egainet unarmed men? And accomplished and ordered those deeds, will morrow be avimated with human thoughts, gener- ous apd iiberal ideas, and Italtan sentiments? 1848 should bave been a dreadful lewson for those poten- tates. With the exception of Piedmont, no Italian sove- reign derived any instruction from the events which took lace at tbat time. The state of things has grown worse— Kuatria bas added the state of siege and military violence oonremon, the other potentates perjury and tho most al jute despotism. After the facts which we have just pointed out, the sacrifices we had made, if the restorations take will atill be more odious to the people than AS that time they tock im conrequence of the defeats sustained by the representative of the ltalian cause, and a hard neces- tity impored submission upon those who had been do- teated. Now, restoration should come after the victorics ot the champions of the Italian causo,ana the people could not understand why those wbo have been defeated +bould again come and impose upon them a detested yoke. The restored princes would not be able to dissimulate the false position in which they would be ia pepe those Lia 4 govern. , if formerly liberty was not poealble in consequence of despotic principles, it ‘would now be jmpossible on account of the aversion, dis- trust and reciprocal hatred between the ruled and their rulers, ‘These sre not the only reasons rendering peace inconzeivable on the conditions, eo far as knowa or supposed. The petty princes of Italy, whoare all of foreign importation, bave no root in the country, and their liberal concessions are as many arms given to the Liberal party against themselves. They can only be sup- ported by foreign arms, directly or inaireetly, by mesos of constant threats of intervention. Now, I’rance is too civilized to thus act ag a constable in Tialy; Augiria re- mains there and she will willingly fill the’ office. And then the work will be recommenced. The only difference will be that Piedmont will baze some miltious of inbabi- tants more, and consequently eome thousand soldiere more. Avatria, while preserving Venetia, whatever may be the form bn‘er which she keeps that possession, will, to interfere, have to employ the game number of so'diers us now, But with the possession of Lombardy, her military position in Italy waa alresdy rainous for her flaaacoa, aod was enfeebling ber policy inthe other parte of Ea: yope Withovt Lombardy ebe will heve tewor men and Jeez rovey, but the expenses will be the se Tn view cf this European combination against her lib erty and her independence, which is revealed ia the diplomatic action of the Powers, Italy is re cuced {o ibe sorrowful extremity of obtaining only through war her total and complote emancipation. Italy will therefore be forced to do everytning in her power to maintain a war until she attains her ends, ‘ope has only one course to pursue to prevent that painful calamity—that is to cease the preesure which sho exerciser, ard to give Italy in reality to the Italians. ig state of things ig not uskoown in Europe. The Engl'sh journa’s avd public opinion in Eogiand open'y proclaim it, epd they demand from the British govern ment that itshall not participate in stipulations which would perpetuate such a state of things. Neither Prussia sor Russia have apy interest which requires that Austria should retain a footkold in Italy; on the coa- trary, they are interested to the establishment ia Italy of an order of things which migut secure the fa. ture of Europe. Italy, not avery long time ago, roved that revolutions and war could arise ia her midet. revolution of 1848 bas extended over the whole of Sore and in 1859 the Italian war bas almost become general. Ita'y alone is not strong enough to expel Austria from the Peninsula, bet she is strong encugh to keep the whole of Europe in axicty, to keep alive wars and revolutions, The experience of the past proves it, but the past shows plainly the way to remove that dangerous power from Italy ; it is to revder it stropg enough to keep the foreiguer at a ciatance and to overpower the revolutionary spirit. Abrolute independerce, civil and political liberty, the for- mation of 2 pawerful State, which might be the guardian of the northern provinces of Italy, from the Mediterra- heap up {o the Adriatic—thoxe are the indispensale con- ditiove cf success. We hope that European diplomacy will acknowledge that inconteetible truth, and that it will act while it is yet time. France, England, Prussia, Ruesia and Sardinia, united together, can still exerctse a peaceful pressure upon Austria lo attain thatend, Avstris, with her defeat- ed army, her deranged finances, and her discontented popniations, could not, in a Congress, struggle against the just demands of Europe. But if such are our wishes, we unfortunately do not be- fieve in their realization. The contrary is posible, but it ig not provable. Diplomacy is too often in the habit of sanctioning les faits accomplis 10 have an hour's rest, Who cares for what comes next? The labor of diplomacy Jg even as that of Sisyphus. We fear groat!y that the hopes cf Italy bave yet for @ long time to rely for support upon revolution and war. Impositions on Shipmasters at Leghora. TO THE EDITOR OF THE HERALD. Lxcuory, July 12, 1859. Alleged Extensive Impositions Practised on American Ship. masters Loading at Leghorn—Description of the Variou, Dodgee—Advice to Shipmasters How to Avoid the Swin- dles—Protest of American Shipmasters, dice We, the undersigned shipmasters, beg leave to place before the commercial community, through your columns, |. fome of the grievances under which many masters labor whilst loading at this port under charters effected abroad, Many vessels evgeged in freigbting to ports on the Mediterranean are chartered to load in this port on their return yoyages with marble and other lawful merchan- dice. It has been customary to regulate the charter money In a round sum, according to 4 specified quantity of marble in blocks, and without regard to other goods, whether light or heavy. Many owners and masters aro totally upacquainted with the many quibbles resorted to by the agents of charterers here, who have the control of the carrying capacity of the vessels, which is, in regard to marble, almost invariably in Genoese palms of twenty five to the ton measurcment. As masters who are now loading, we would earnestly urge upm all owners or masters who may be induced to accept of charters from tbis port to use caution in the various specifications of charter party, thereby avoiding many of tho perplex ing disputes which are continually arising in almost every inetance within our knowiedge. We are aware that the tark of charging custome of ports is almost herculean; yet do %e hope that some of the cases of dissension which we jay before you wili bave @ tendency to ameliorate the position in which many masters are placed. Charter parties for marbie generally specify the quan- tity to be inden in Tuecaa or Genoese tona of twenty-five cubic paims to the ton, end no one blook to exceed a spe- ¢ balance of cargo being free; or, in hb ted gum, the ship is boand to load ‘a fuil cargo of lawfal merchandige, to include and not to exceed” a spacified numer of tons of marble in blooks. Disputes arise froin the inabiity of the master to ascer. tain the quantity aden, His meaturing it alongside ig of little avail. Aboard it must come, Should he dispute the size of a block as being over that specified by his charter, an interested perton is sent to measure and decide the question, and invariably sgainet the master. Lot us cite somo instances coming within our own knowledge, A shipmaster ta loading who agrees to take 600 tons in blocks, no one block to measure over eix tons or 150 r ‘A block in ciapute is measured by order of ship- 1d reported as 148 palms; the invoice is 155; yet Blocks of smaller dimensions are in the game ratio; and when, by bia draft, the master judgea ho bas his weigat on boare, be is much surprised to learn that, according to hoon account, at least one-fifth of his weight is still to be aden, Another quibble is to get nearly all the marble on board, load the veseel down deep with rags, and then in- sist upon sending aboard the balance of marble—that beirg the only article specified in the . A clause was inserted in s charter party effected in Lon- don, “The charterers to pay the stevedore in Leghorn,” which {s sought to be evaded by the payment of one man, simply because the clause is not in the plural. ‘Again, a vessel bas been loaded down with marble and rags; and, on Gnding no more weight will be allowed on board, etevedores are sent to break out regs and stow warble, ard no recompense allowed the veasel for use of blocks and falls. Not to be too prolix we will mention but one more case, ‘A master measures hie carefully, making due ailo ance for cavities in the bl , aud finds to his astonish. ment that the messurement upon his bills of lating are invariably from ten to fifteen per cent less than his own acomnt. Is there no redress for these impositions? We answor, es. Yet mast re have been to so much trouble and diffl- ty to obtain their rights by attending suits that they be almost invariably succumbed to the imposition. To obviate some of these perplexitics ia, in our opia‘oa, very engy. Let it be ingerted in charter party that every block—all of wich are graven with mark and number—sball havo the Toecan measurement thereon, whereby tho master can know by comparison if {t be correct oF not; lot she deep load line be specified; let it be particularly stipulated how mary tons of marble exact are to be laden, inelud ing slabs, tiles and boxes of marble, all of which are tought to be put on board as mercbandiao, and exclusive ot the epecified weight of charter, Also lot {t be iaserted that in case of dispute the cargo is to be measured at port of celivery, and the surplus, if any, to pay fraight pro rata. Such, we believe, would lighten many of the trou- bles under which we labor, and do justice to all. BENJ RUSSELL, ship Sheridan, of New York. ICHABOD G. FRISBEE, sbip Columbia, Southport, ROBE, McMANUS, je New York. @. SOHNEIDAU, ship Noremburg, New Orleans, ‘The Financial Condition of England. [From the London Post, Jaiy 19.) ‘The budget which last night was iat submitted totho Bouse of Commons, was described by Mr. Gladstone, ita nu- thor, not as a measure of prospect! ve or permanent fluance, but asa measure of tem 'Y and provisional arrange ment. This opservation, in faci, affurde a clue to tne whole plen of the right konore’' emer aging the total estimated expendivure of the year at 469,257,000, he fluds ‘hich be expects to reosive wilt on! pri 840,000, leaving a deficiency % Tho resoun,*80f the Country, both as regarda ‘are (28 flourishing condition. This @ last night by referonoe to | the eeults of iho iast bus's% which showed that, ‘new ausies levied upom ey gr era , Disracli's expectations 1 been exceeded by a sue readily and only fair to sagume that the same »paration has influenced the policy Last year the ari estimates: 2 sum of £12,600,000, and navy estimates to the sum of $9,200,000. In the there votes are ‘the 2 a Too, and for the baer, eam 00 . rr for country in to ture LS res] was by the Chancellor of the Exchequer when he stated taat, was ‘1 ‘and ambi ” The wishes of people and of Parliament point to military and naval ar- maments in excess of those which are usual in time of peace, but which are not equal to those which are necesaa- ry in time of war. Tbe pavy must be increased 80 as tobe able to meet all possible contingencies, The internal de, fence of the country must not only be secured, but pro- vision must be made for the relief of the army which occupies India and our colonies, The mili- tia, embodied and disembodied, must be kept in 3 state of efficiency , and for these purposes abips must be built, for- Ufcstions must be erected, the best descriptions of arms which science has invented must be munufactured, aud men must be invited mto the gorvice by large ‘A year bence these preparations may turn out to have been partially a should the converse be the cuse, then every Englishman will rejoice at the fore- sight of the government and of the House of Commons which in time set in order the naval and military defeaces of the country, As the additioual expenditure is litely to be temporary, the Chancellor of the Exchequer now pro- pores to meet it not by resorting to loans, not oy tamp: with apd augmenting indirect taxation the pressure of whi is cbicfly experienced by the poorer classes, but by atempo- rary increase of the income tax, an impoat which toucaes bo men with leas than £100 a year, Every oue knows that, under the act of Parliament, the income tax was to lapee on the 5th of April, 1860, Those portions of the tax which were imposed during the Russian war have boos taken off, whilst he war, tea and sugar duties bave re- ‘Meined, and will continue to remain in forse until 1960, Mr. Gladstone refuses, wisely wo think, to interfero with the malt duty, the spirit duty, and the tea and sugar da- ties. The agricultural interest would ery out, aa It did im the days of protection, it any Cbaasellor of the Exchequer should have the raahnees ond audacity to lay au additional tax upon malt, The spirit duty bas been equalized in the three kingcoms, and it ig doubtful whether the revenue could be permanently benefiied by aay depirtaro from the present arrapgement. Tea avd sugar are arti- cles which importantly contribute to the comfort of tha people, and therefore *@ bélieve tat a more unpopular couree could not be adopted than than that of proposing to rage additional revenuo from these grest necessaries of life. Political ecouomiste tell us hat tue income tax is the beet, because the most direct, impost whicn the ia- genuity of fnanciere has ever devised. If political eso nowisis would equitably adjust the tax by recognizing gome distinction beiween permensnt aud fluctuatiog in- come, then we might agree with tnem; but to ordinary apprebension it appears anything but fair tbat the rea wbo makes £1,600 a year from his profeasioual abilities and exertions Saculd pay precisely atthe same rate as tbe man who posecesed £1,000 a year in laad or the fondz, which he can leave to his children, Po- ltr economisis further tell us that in both cases the tax fallg equally upon annual in. come, ‘This is true, but it is not true when tho tax bas, ic some shape or other, its present prospect of permanency. Bat, saving this inequality, ax is in- finitely leas oppressive than those expedients which inter- fere withthe comfort and welfare of a1 classes of the community, or only throw upon posterity an evor-acou- meu’ating burden, Mr. Gladstone has not feared to ea- counter uppopviarity by proposing to make an addition to the imcome tax. All taxation, we know, is unpopular, bat when a deficiency of £4,867,000 has to be applied for national objects, these porsons who have incomes exceed- ing £160 and £100 a year cannot reasonably complain when they are cal'ed upon to contribute forthe year a sum which, {a addition to the 6d. already charged, will yield romething more than £4,00,000 tothe revenue. The Chanceilor of the Exchequer further hopes, by striking off eix weeke from the six montbe credi! given to malsters, to bave in the Exobequer by ‘the 5th of April a som of £780,000. By these means the eum of £4,947,(00 will be obtained, aad the deficiency will be more than supplied. We belicve that the right honorable gentleman bas taken manly and straigut- forward course by proposing temporary arrangement which will adequately meet a temporary emergency. If the people wish the defences of the country to be main- taived in a satisfactory state they must patriotically sub- mit to some present perronal sacrifices and inconvoni- ences, leaving to happier times those remissions we are sure Mr. Gladstone would have propored with ten times more pleasure that his merely temporary and provisional budget of last night. W. H. SEWARD'S ROCHESTER MANIFESTO. fe The True Issue for Our Novem- ber Election. Proposed Total Destruction of the Southern States and their Institutions, key key ke. Speech of William H. Seward, delivered at Rocheater, Monday, Oct. 25, 1838, Fetitow Crizens—Tho unmistakable outbreaks of zeal which occur all around me show that you are earnest men—and such aman aml, Let us, ticrefore, at loast for a time, pars by all secondary and collateral questions, whether of a pereonaYor of a general nature, ana consider the main subject of the canvass, Toe democ-atic party—or,to speak more accurately, the party waich wears that atiractive name—is in possession of the federal government. The republicans propose to dislodge that party and dismies ‘from its high trust. Tne main sub- ject, then, is whether the democratic party doserven to retain the confidence of the American people. In attempt- ing to prove it unworthy, I think that I Rot actuated by prejudices ageinst that Party, oF by proposseesions in javor Of its adversary; for 1 have learned, by some ex- perience, that virtue and patriotism, vice and selfishness, are found in all parties, and that thoy differ less im their motives than tp the policies they pursue. Our country is a theatre which exhibits, in full operation, two radically different political systems—the one resting on the basis of servile or alave labor; the other on the bass of vo- luntary labor of freemen. The laborers who are enilisod are all negroes, or persons more or less purely of African derwation. But this is only accidental The principle of the system 4s, that labor, in every society, by whomsorver per- formed, is necessarily tnintel'ectual, grovelling and base, and that the laborer, equally for his own good and for the welfare of the State, cught to be enslaved. The white laboring man, whether native or foreigner, is not enslaved only br- cause he cannot, as yet, be reduced to bondage, You need not be told now that the slave system is the older of the two, and tha} once it was universal, The emancipstion of our own ancesters—Caucarians and Baropeans, as they were—hard!y dates beyond a period of five ‘hundred years. Tho great molioration of human soslety which modern times exhibit, ia mainly due to the substicution of the system of voluntary labor for the old one of servilo labor, which has already taken place. This African slave fystem je one which, in its origin and its grow:n, hag Deen altogether fore'gn from tho habits of the races which colonized theso States and established civiliza- tion here. It was introduced on this uew continent as en engine of conquest, avd for the estab- lishment of monarchical power by the Portu- guese end the Spauiards, and was rapidly extended by them over all South America, Central America, Louisiana and Mexico, Its legitimate fruits are xean in the poverty, imbecility and anarcby which now porvade all Portu- guese and Spanish America. The {rea labor system ia of German extraction, and it wee established i our country by emigrants from Sweden, Hollan Germany, Great Britain and Irclan’. We justly recribe to its influence the strength, wealth, greatness, intelligence and freedom which the whole American people now chief clements of the valuo is freedom in the pursuit of happiness. The slave system is not only intolerant, unjust and inhuman towards the tabvrer, only because he ts a laborer, it loads down with chains and converts into merchandise, but yman, to whem, only because he is @ laborer from }, it denies facilities For employment, and whom it expels, the community because i cannot enslave and ccnvert him into merchandite also. sarily improvident and raisous, because, as a general truth, communities prosper and tourish, or droop and de- cline, in juet the degree that they practice, or nogiect to practice, the primary duties of justice ant humanity. The free labor system conforma to the divine law of equality, which is written in the bearts and consciences ‘of men, and, therefore, ia always and everywhove bone- fleent. ’ The’ stave cyitem is one of constant danger, ats aust, suspicion and waichfulness. It debasas those whore toil ‘alme can produce wealth and rescurces for acfirsce 10 the Unwest digree of which human nature it capabl guard ay mutiny and ensurrection, and thus warts encrgic? which otherwise might be employed in national developement and aggrandizement, Tap Treo labor systam, ecucates all alike, and by opening all the felde of indur- trial eraployment and ai! the departmeats of authority to the unchesked and equal rivairy of all clarzen of mon, at once secures universal contentment, snd brings fate the higheet porsipie activity all the physical, moral and social energies ot the whole State, In States ‘whore the siavo fyeiom prevaila, tuo mastere, dircetly or indirectly, secure, all politica) power, and conatitate a ruling aritooracy, Ta tes Where the free labor system provaile, universal suilrege necessarily obtains, and the State inevitalfiy bo- ecmes, fooner or later, a rapablic of democracy. Russia Yet maintaing clavery, and jeadosp Xism. Most of the other European States have a'yolished slavery, an! rdoptea the etem of free labor, {twas the antagonistic po'itical ten- Genoles of the two sydtema which the fist Napoleon was contemplating wher, he predicted that Carops would ulti- mately be either {i Cossack or ail republican. Wevor did human sagasity utter a mors preguant truth, Tag fino systems are at once perecived to be incong:wms But thy are more Dhan incongruour—they are tscompatidle, ‘They never nave permanently existed togetne* ia our country, ond they meer com Tewonlé bo 0 Aosnonatrate 1: mpossibtity, trom Lae irreoonctiag® courraes betword scarcely less 80 to the