The New York Herald Newspaper, July 22, 1859, Page 2

2 a ARRIVAL OF THE AFRICA. THREE DAYS LATER FROM EUROPE. Highly Important from the Seat of War. An Armistice Agreed Upon Be- tween the Allies and Austria. Kxtraordinary Effect of the Gessation of Hostilities in the Money Mailiikets. RAPID RISE IN PUBLIC SECURITIES, | BUOYANCY IN THE COTTON MARKET. Opinions of the English Press on the New Phase in the Italian Embroglio. What the Commercial Circulars Say About It. Napoleon’s Position Towards Hungary. MANIFESIO FROM KOSSUTH. | DEATH OF THE KING OF SWEDEN. AFFAIRS IN ROM What is to be Done with the Revolutionists ? Important Debatesin the British Parliament. Gur Paris, Florence, Berlin and Heidel- burg Correspondence, &., &., to. NEW YORK HERALD, FRIDAY, JULY 22, 1859—:RIPLE SHEET. means ' neous translation vf which has appeared in some | journals :— | @’Autriche et mol, 4 | Des Commisgaires vout atre nomméa pour en arriler la UEMYERRUR A L'IMPERATRICE, Vautecaio, 7 Jaittet. Une suspension d’armes est convenue entre ’Empereur durée ct les clauses, The Paris Moniteur, in pubtishing the official despatch, appends the following remarks:—~ It beceesary that the public sbould not misunderstand the extent of the armistice. It is limited to a mere relaw ation of hostilities between the belligerent armies, which, though leaving the field opea for negotiations, docs not enabic us for the present to see how the war may be ter minated, The Paris Palrie of July 8 said it was neces- sary to put public opinion on its guard against every surprise. Speaking of the ap. proaching negotiations with which the public will be ocenpied during the armistice, the Patrie calls to mind the programme traced by the Em- peror before his departure for the army, which pointed out that Italy must be independent from the Alps to the Adriatic. Zhe campaign in Italy | has given to this project the sanction of a vie- tory; therefore, if the negotiations take place, they can only have as a basis the complete inde- | pendence of Italy. | The Pre of the same date explained the note | of the Monilewr and the official communication as | intended to put the public on their guard against | being led away by visions of peace. All the other papers expressed the same opinion. The Paris Moniteur of July 9 gives the follow. ing:— | The armintice wae signed at Villafranca on the Sth inst. Between Marshal Vaillantand Baron Hees. Lut term te ead for the 16th of August. It stipulates that commercial ves eels, witbout dietinction of flag, anall be allowsd to nav: A despatch from Paris of July 8 says:— Great ogitaton prevatled oa the Bourse to day, and prices | | | gate the Adrintic unmoleated. | } i | coptinued to advance till they were 235 per cent bigner than yesterday: say 66.40 for money and 6680 for ac- count, at which they closed frm and animated. Ralway | shares were from 20 to 30 per cent higher. } | | and vibrating to another great burstin foam, The London Zimes of the 9th inst. says:— We have received the fellowing despatch from our own correspondent at Frankfort:— On the report of the negotiations for peace the Austrian | funds have risen Jrom 48 to 58, The effect of all this upen the public mind in Europe is to be seen in the following opinions of | the London press. OPINIONS OF THE ENGLISH PRESS ON THE ARMIS JOR. [From the London Times, July-8 } While we are discussing the progress of the plot and speculating as to the nature of the catastrophe, the curtain falls Yesterduy France aud Anstria | were upon the point of joiniuig in another desperate | battle. The celebrated fortitied quadrangle had been reached, Pi iera had been invested, had been masked, Verona was upon the being summoned, Venice was threatened, and Gari- baldi was manceuvring upon the rear of the great fortres: ‘The waves of warfare were gudalating fo- day the spirit of peace has breathed upon the waters, and the storm is for the moment at an end. Three months ago we expected peace, and were” surprised by war. To-day Exrope was waiting in breathless expectation fur a great battle, foaght in the very fortress prised by the calm announcement that an armistice es of Austria, and is again snr. The steamship Africa, Captain Shannon, which tee been concluded, and that the two great armies wailed from Liverpool at three o'clock tn the after, soon of Saturday, the 9th inst., arrived a this port | lief to know that the human mis early yesterday morning. ‘The news is of the highest importance. There had been an armistice agreed upon between | the Allies and Austria. It was announced by | Nepoleon in the following despatch to Eugenie:— OFNICIAL DESPATCH. Varteci0, Jaly 6, 1859. ‘Sex Exrsror 10 THE EMPRESS: — 4m armistice bas been agreed on between the Emperor ef Austria and myself. Commissioners have been ap pointed for the arrangement of its particulars and dura tea. The effect of this announcement in Paris and wherever it had been received was prodigious. ‘The greatest excitement prevailed in financial and sommercial circles. ‘Phe particulars of this important change in the aspect of affairs in Italy and Burope are given in foil in our columns to-day. The Minister of War of France and Marshal Pe- Biasier had had another conference for the purpose | of concerting measures fox the complete organiza- tion of the Army of the Eas Le Nord states that the arsenals of Cherbourg, Brest and Toulon had received orders to construct aoertain number of new transporls, Wendel to receive 6,000 men cach, to be ready withiu (he course of four months. One of the episodes of the battle of Sofferino is | the severe reprimand administered by the Emperor 0 Marshal Canrobert, whom he accused of not hav- ing taken a sufficiently prominent part in the bat tle. The Marshal excused himself by declaring that he had scrupulously followed the Emperor's , orders. “If all the other Marshals,” remarks the ebronicler, “were to confine themselves within these limits of obedience, the Austrians would be wouch facilitated in their efforts to expel the Allies from the Quadrilati-re,” The correspondent of the Jadependance Belge ptates that on the 20th of June M. Godard made two balloon ascensions, taking up with him office « Ofthe staffand engineers. They went up from the Bardinian outposts, about a mile from the walls of Peschiera, to learn the positions of the enemy and ‘the condition of the place. On the 7th inst.,in the British House of Lords, the Earl of Ripon stated that it was not at present | intended to increase the militia force in Ireland or to sanction the establishment of volunteer rifle corps, but at the same tine government was as attentively engaged in preparing for the defence of Ireland as for any part of the United King Lord Paget introduced the navy estimates, and | entered at length into the present naval power of England, which he thought was in a state to reflect eredit on the country. Among the votes asked is an addition of 8,000 scamen and 2,000 marines. A supplementary English army estimate had ‘been issued, containing an increase of £1,261,000 to ‘the estimates previously laid before Parliament for ‘the ensuing year. A Paris despatch froma the Principalities to the London Morning Post says :— The effair of Prince Couza is settled. Ho will recoive ‘mventiture by fhe Porte, and will be confirmed ia tho double election, but this exception is not to govern the fu tore. King Oscar of Sweden died at Stockholm on the | Sth of July. He was born on the 4th of July, 1799. ‘The City of Manchester, from New York, arrived at Queenstown at six o'clock on the evening of the Vth, and the Fulton reached Southampton about eight o’clock the same evening. i The Cunard steamship Europa, from Boston and Halifax, arriyed at Liverpool on the 9th instant, at 2:30 P. M. THE ARMISTICE. Hontilities Suspended Between the Allies and Austria. The following important announcement was posted in Paris on the 7th inst.:— An armistice bas beon agreed upon between the Empo- For of Austria and the Emperor of the Freneh. Commig- wmloners are about to be named to fettle the duration and @iavaes of the armistice. The following is the original of the first despatch published in the Pirie Monies, a slightly erry | \ are for the moment no longer enemies. | — ‘Phe first impulse is one of joy. a great re- howe have | from day to day been recordin dogs of wi lion of men have ceas ‘ throats. But, this first congratulution felt and ut- tered, we consider more closely the circumstances of this sudden halt of 2 conquerer in his triumph, and ask ourselves whether this armistice is really the prelude to a peace, or whether itis buta stop to take breath for a further race of conquest The position of the two par is not of that equal chavacter which would enable us to hope that both are in the same degree desirous of a lasting peace. Austria hos hitherto lost ever: thing that she could hage lost. She has been | beaten in every datile™ she has been driven back from every position. All the prestige of her'arms has been destroyed, and her troops are demoralized less by defeat than by a profound dis- trust of their leaders and their military organiza- tion. She could not be ina worse position than she now If she had lost another great battle on the Adige—if Peschiera had fallen, it Verona had been taken, aud if Mantua had been stormed, it would not be more apparent to the world than it is at this | moment thal Austria is vnable lo cope with France as a military Power. To her, therefure, a cessation of hostilities is but the sacrender of all hope of retri ig her military honor. In con- nting to it she must. havi andoned all her pride, and must have embraced only the last hope of safety. She must mean peace, and she must mean to pay the price of peace, if this step is any other than an ill-advised momen- tary expedient. To l'rance, on the contrary, either for peace or for war, this armistice is worth aapther great victory. Paris may illuminate for itas for a victory on the Adige, or for the storm of Mantua. Avusiria is al home, with her re- sources behind her, and with Germany mustering in her rear. Franceis far away, reduced by her hard fights, requiring reinforcements, anxious to bring up her sup- | plies, and desirous of time to enable her combi- nations from the seacoast to develope themselves. | Every moment of d€lay to France isa gain. Every moment of delay conceded by Austria is a contes- sion of exbinstidn, If this armistice is but a trace, like that concluded ten years ago between Radetzky and Charles Albert, then it is a fatal concession on | the part of Francis Joseph, for it will but enable his enemy to repair his strength. “ We will hope, however, that in consenting to this armistice the Emperor of Austria has made up his mind to the necessary conditions of a peace. The nature of those conditions cannot but have pre- sented themselves to him. On the evening of that | day of Solferino ail hope of re-establishing the au- thorily of Austria over any portion of Lombardy must hace passed avay like a dream in the morn vig. He musthaye felt that the moment was come either for absolute submission or tor another obsti- nate and hopeless fight, He has chosen the former alternative. He has submitted. Well, what will be the terms’ The progress of this contest has done much to disclose to us the character of the man who has bronght this campaign to so Speedy @ termina- He never swerves from his formed design, but never clated by success, and is content to march step by step, and by short, certain advances, jects he’ las proposed to himself. He expected to be moderate in the hour of | histrinmph. But, however moderate he may be, ; Austria can scarcely expect more than to be al- | lowed to epjoy what she has for the moment p | served. Lombardy is gone, and the fortresses | which enabled her to dominate Lombardy cannot be expected to remain unconditionally in her | bands, Venice is not yet a part of the Freach con- | guests, and she may stipulate that the Queen of the | Adriatic may be allowed to retain an independent | character under the most popular of her Arch- | dukes. Lombardy, however, hus fallen beneath | the sword, and the conqueror must dispose of it according to his will. | The House of Lords was abort this evening go- | lemnly to debate the propriety of lava by | mediation between the warr! ing Powers, They | have themselves saved us this humane but very de- licate enterprise. The “just and comprehensive terms” which Lotd Stratford de Redcliife was pre- pared to advocate in the House of Lords will no longer be at the suggestion of England or of Ger- | many or of Russia. Austria has chosen to take the | sword, and by the fortune of the sword she must abide. Any recommencement sf hostilitics is out of the question. Her enemy is now in th position | which she herself held when a similag armistice | was made and broken, and when seven days | sufficed for Radetzky to finish the war. Be- fore this trace is ended the French army | will be refreshed and reinforced, a fleet of | gunboats will be ready for lauaching upon | the Jake that surrounds Mantua, and a great army will be ready to make its descent npon the shores of Northern Italy. Broken and dispirited as Aus- tria now is, she is yet better able to fight at this | | moment than she will be at any future time. We | | believe, therefore, in peace, and we hetieve that | | the path to peace will be made smooth to her, for | the Emperor has won the advantage which for the moment he proposes to himeelf. He has climbed his ‘s journey, and he is probably inclined to halt | ‘d rest and recruit his strength, and to measare | the altitude above him. If this should be so, and if this war between France and Austria is ended, { France comes tremendous in power out of the conflict, { and Eurepe will look on with still inereasing interest, much meditating upon the future, while she rests upon | her arms. | {from the London Times, July 9.) ‘ Tle promised discussion of the affairs of Italy in the House of L s has, of course, been abandoned or postponed in consiteration of the late important ; news from the seat of war. Lord Stratford de Red: | | to the ob; cliffe, who was prepared to address the House i general support of the present settlemeut 0 Europe, and the necessity of the British gove 2 ment making its weight felt in the negotiations which may conclude the war, withdrew hls motion, in oder that the Ministry might be in no way ham- pered by Parliamentary discussion at the present moment, This decision was a right one; tor, per- haps, on the negotiations of the next week it will depend whether the blessings of peace are to he restored to Burope, or @ war récommenced which, there is ner reason to fear, will not be conpined to Ttaly, With yegard to the armis- tice there is little to communicate beyond what the public already already know. The news of it took ersons in authority as much by surprise .as I took the rest of the world, All that seeins to be well authenticated is that the proposal came from France, und was the result of the Emperor's own determination. This fact. is, indeed, highly impor: tant, whatever construction may be put upon it ‘That the Emperor Napoleon should stop short in a career of victory, and make overtures to the foe whom he has defeated in two pitched battles and hurled back to the limits of Lombardy, argues either tne moderation or necessities af the French ruler, We can hardly believe that the lat ter have been the cause of this sudden resolve. The war is certainly expensive; the French army is at a considerable distance from home; supplies have to be paid for, and cannot be exacted as in the cam- paigns of the First Napoleon; the veduction of the famous quadrilateral is, no doubt, a brouble- some task, and @ timid general might fancy that it is not too late” for the fortune of war to turn, But these are difficu'ties which must have been foresgan before the war begun. Fortune bas as yet tavel the Freneh Emperor bi Yond bis most stuguine hopes. Within six weeks atter the first shots were fired at Montebello he has defeated the Austrians it @ battie so bloody and de- cisive as to have compelled them to: abandon all thoughts of meeting bim in the open th He is suid to havé promised Paris that the war shonld not last six months. This boid expectation has been | surpassed by the result, for it is quite possible that in a less time a blow may be str against Verona, which will wrtually bring the si le to a close. Italy has responded to his call with enthusiasm; the | army is heabby, fever has not as yet thinned its | ranks; Paris is quiet, France obeys the Empress as cheerfully a8 in former times it obeyed Josephine or Marie Louise, and the people seém to bear the | burdens of war with ap ease unsurpassed even by | quered, there is left be\jmd a %ynening resentment, a keen sepee Of Wr4ng, that will one day invite re- iwiation. Wher. a quarrgy is nobly avenged, when the ol ject of ® war is e4tained, the passionate maa may phinge his sword into the breast of his belly less vicupts, but the wise man sheaths it m the scul bard. It ean hardly be doubted that, great as has been the suecess of Napoleon III. in this short but event- ful campaign ip Italy, he has his adversaries yet in Lis power, and could humble them now, if he wished it, by a stil more crushing blow than any which has yet fullen on them. Though Austria has heen beaten from every battle field, worsted utterly in ever conflict, the Emperor Francis Joseph has stil a great army at Verona, and stands at bay on the frontiers of Venetia, But his ae? is in still greater force before him, and within those lines which the world thought im- yegmable. His position is being taken in ha and rear. ie Piedmontese are already working their way round the Lac de Garda, andthe French ave ready to advance from the Adriatic coast. With an immense army to feed, and that army so demoralized by defeat as to be incapable of taking the field, his communications with the Ty- rol lost, his position assailed on all sides by an ar- tillery ot novel construction and wondrous power, the commander at Verona, though he were the bravest of the brave, must have felt his heart sink within him, and despaired of his cause. With Ve- rona would fall the last hope of Austria in Italy. When Verona is taken, the spay of a quarter of ‘a million are prisoners of war, and Austria is as effec- tually ruined as if the French were in Vienna, Lhe danger was so termble, the chance of failure so cer- tuin, that the friends of the austrian cause were blank and dumb with dismay. There ar w, how- ever, who could have blamed the victorious Empe- ror, so greatly proyoked had he been, so worthy was his cause,if he had pushed his advantage 1 the utter humiliation of his enemy. It might perhaps have been said that the time for consideration was past, the opportunity of merey gone, and that a man does well to strike hard in'a good quarrel. such was the situation, and the issue was some- what unexpected. Anstria lay prostrate, with the sword pointed at her throat, and now—she is spared. ‘ Ir. does not appear from which side the proposal of an ermistice came. It has been accepted, and we trust that it is only the prelude of a satisfactory and Jasting peace. ‘Che Emperor of the French has: now shown to all that he has been actuated omselves. Jf, then, the Emperor is desirous to conclude the war, itcannut be because he finds a coufliet with Austria beyond the powers of himself, bis army, | and his people. No saccess that he had a right to | look for could have equalled that which he has | achieved, and we fully believe that if he and | his rival Emperor were alone in Europe he would | See the campaign until every Austrian was riv | nout of Itay The real cause of the Freach | Emperor's present step will, we think, he found in | the apprehensions whier his iranscendent su has wspired inevery part of Europe. The alarm is so general that even a man of Louis Napoleon's | revolution may not choose to disregard it. Tie | chance of having all Europe against him must be | present to the Emperors mind, and, though | France may still lay claim to the proud motto | Lows” XIV., ©" Nee pluribus umpar,” it is quite possible that the Emperor is unwilling to | trust fortune too far. However this may be, we | are very glad that the proposal for an armistice | came from one of the belligerent Powers, aud not | from our government. England bas not been again meddling where she cauuot interfere with dignity or success. The two antagonists began to tight in spite of our most pressing remonstrances, and it | becomes us now to leave them alove until they | give signs that wiser and better counsels are be- | gipning to prevail, If the next week or two show | that Napoleon and Francis Joseph really wish to | stop the effasion of blood and to settle permanent. | ly the affairs of Italy, we shall be glad to help them; | Hut it becomes this country nol to tower its dignity by pressing her advice unasked on boo Emperors who have shown no desire thal we should share their counsels. | (rom the Landon Nees, July 9} * * * * There never was a question on which the national | will was more deep and fixed than the question of the future fate of Italy; there never was one there- fore on which it more emphatically behooved states- men to contess explicitly the faith that is m them. | After the bitter and mortifying experience we have | hod of the consequences ‘of sending. half-hearted and puzzle) men torepresent us in Baropean Congre-ses, we are in no humor to see the honor, | influence and dignity of the nation jeopardized again | by the choosing’ of some cuuning but colorlessinan | to be Ns representative abroad. We want to see Italy free as speedily and as completely as possible. | he man who has no opinion on this point, or | who, sflecting to have it, shrinks teom publicly com- notting himself to it as a public man, may be | avery able, very usefai, and very honest’ man, bat in this matter of Itaian emancipation he mast | staud aside, for he is not trastworthy in the | partienlar business in hand. For our part we | should infinitely prefer to see the settlement of the great controversy left to the people of Italy them- selves, They, and they alone, cau judge ‘rightly what form or forms of rule ought to subsist ia their country after the foreigner has been vastout. 7 talk of the French Emperor's right to dispose | «f Lombardy because he has driven the Ausirians | Cevond its confines, and of Austria's right to wn- | sist on the retention of Venetia, because its towns are still garrisoned oy her troops, is to deify anew | the brule right of mere po: ‘on by force, against which the war, as a war of principle, was avow- | edly begun. M military occupation be a legitimate | sanction when opposed to the indixputable will of | the people whose country is thus occupied, then | the entrance of the French army iuto Italy two | mopths ago was a mere act of brigandage, and a violation of all the usages and sanetions of | public Jaw. Nothing did and nothing could warrant that momentous interposition on the part of France but the assumed invitation of an op- pressed nation, continually ratified in every variety of form by them, wherever thei liberating Allies appeared. The solemn and explicit pledges volua- tecred hv Napoleon IJ. ere he crossed the Ticino, are sli frech in the remembrance of all Europe. His mission, be declared, was vot te conquer, but to emancipate—not to carve out italy afresh to suit dynastic schemes of power or aggrandizement, but to wrest the peninsula fiom an unsurping and op- pressive foreign yoke, and to leave it free, From thal noble vow the victor of Magenta and Soiferi- no will not be betrayed into departing. His gains fiom the brief but brilliant campaign, now momen- tarily suspended, are wlready vast; but his moral influence witl be stil greater on the day that be Jeads back his victorious legions to their native land, free from the stain of spoliation, or the re- reach of having betrayed the noblest cause that rave men ever drew the sword to win, As for the real or supposed bases of negotiations said to be about to be opened, and to which the armistice just concluded is but a preliminary, we affect no peculiar knowledge. One thing we know, that vnless they admit frankly and fully the renun- ciation by Austria of alt power, either of govern- ment or interference, direct or indirect, present or reversionary, beyond the Alps, their discussion is but waste of tinie, for they can never lead to any- thing but failure and a renewal of the deadly strife. It is no chopping German Jogic about the compara- tive advantages of the line of the Mincio or'the line of the Adige, or the difference between royal impe- rial sovereignty and the domination of anarchducal Puppet, set up to save appearances acd keep up the old avti-Italian supremacy under anotber name. The voice of the people of Engiand—of their press,and Jet us hops ef their Parhament—will unmistakeably d against all complicity, so far as we yned, in any redistribution of the all-buttiberated Peninsula amoug the despotic powers or their creatures. Time was when the offer of partial concessions by the Court of Vienna might have prevented the ive interposition of France, though it could never have sativfied or si- lenced the inalienable claims of the Italian people. But that time is past, never to retarn. The gyves are already loosed, the bars of the prison house are broken. The captive nationality of Italy walks erect and firm, though still bearing the marks of ita fresh wounds, and not yet venturing to sleep on ita blood-stained arms. Yo say that all shall be un- dove, or bal! undone, either by secret compaet be- Emperors or by another Vienna Congress, is it cannot be; and, fur one reason among ers, Lecause the liberal representatives of the people of England in the House of Commons will Dot, we trust, fullow the unworthy counsel given to te peers by Lord Brougham and others, of obser- ving a philo-Austrian silence on the great question, while there is time to appeal to the public opinion of la against any new partition of North- ern Italy. “ {From the London Chrosicta, July 9 J Parce subjeclis! Fora man to strike an ene- my when he is down, to follow up an advantage Jotly when such condnet is likely to ensure the ruin of his edversary, but attended wish small risk to himself, is a line of action which in certain cases May reem politic, but wi savors little of gene- rosty, and less of greatness. ‘The mob are always guided by the dictates of passion, and it commonly fa:es hard with the vanquished when they have such an enemy to contend with, Had Wellington, in 3815, been the tool of the popular will, or Jed away by a vulgar outery, he might have sacked Paris ani shot Napoleon for a rebel. Had | What more is necessary? 1 | might have proved toe much. It wasno part of the neither by selfish nor ambitious motives in_ this } generous crusade for the reinstatement of Italy. Lombardy has been conquered; Venetia lies at his me the States of Central Italy have risen at the voice of the Allies, and shaken‘off once and for ever the yoke of Austria and her minions. The object. of the war has been gained—Italy has as- serted herself nobly—the French, to use their favor- ite phrase, have “covered taemselves with glory.” It was the liberation of Italy that was desired, and not the ruin of Austria, or the injury of Germany. Had more been done it policy of France to offend the jealous susceptibili- ties of the German League; it would have tended little to her interests to have gratified the malevo- lence of Russia towards the House of Hapsburg, too plainly shown in the Jate official correspondence; or ; to have set all Europe in a blaze by showing favor to sentimental enthusiasts and impossible nation: alities. <A kingdom of Ilaly is poss because it ecists, A kingdom of Hungary betongs to the Mudie Ages. The eventful drama of nive weeks’ war is ‘over. The epic is complete—tolus, teres, alque rolundus, There was the oppressed virgin, weeping and in chains, amid olive grounds and vineyards, The tyrant stood over her, with the lash in his uplifted right hand. There were those not for otf who raised their voice in her fayor, and made heroic efforts at her rescue, to their own great peril and suffering. The oppressor had his myrnidons around him, who gave him encourage- ment and assistance as_he bound rhe cords tighter and more tightly, tilt the piercing cry of the vic- tim ascended to heaven. And then sounds twe blast of a trumpe*, followed by the trampling of hoots, and a knight aypears, armed cap-a-pie in hel- met and oreastplate and coat of mail, who shakes his spear atthe tyrant,and dares bim to siugle combat. The myrmidons flee in terror—the slave bursts his chains, while the foes engage fiercely for awhile, till one of them is down. But then the champion, whose cause is avenged, and whose enemy is humbled, sheathes his sicord once more, raises his vor, and Lids the foe depart in peace. For laly is fi #rom the Lontoe Post (govermmvot orgav) July 9) ‘Ibe intelligence of the armistice concluded be- tween the two kmperors has startled the dreams of ihose whose next expected tidings were the fall of Perchiera or Verona; but the result which we yes- terday had to announce was by no means oppos to the traditions of Bonapartean policy in war. Duro giéat rer shave usually suficedto quench the malitary ardor of the Austrian government. It was so in nearly every passage of that great epi- sode of Austrian military annals formed by the.,| contests of the Hapsburgs with the First Napoleon. The peace of Luneville, in 1801, was the result of the two great victories ot Marengo and Hohenlinden, fonght indeed by different commanders and in different quarters of Europe, but still the two greatest tiumphs of the republic. If we pass en four years we shall find Austria giving in again, in 18 after the two disasters of Uhn aud Austerlitz. Four years yet later, in 1809, the battles of Eckmuhi and Wagram tegether’ ex- bansted the belligerent zeal of Austria,and brought abeut the Peace of Schoubrunn in that year. This, in fact, was as true of the other great ‘Continental Powers arrayed 1 hostilities to Napoleon as of Austria herself. The two victories of Jena and Friedland discovraged Russia and Prussia, in 1806 and 1507, from any further effort to resist the ascendaney of the French arms. So, again, in 1813, atter the same Russians and Prussians had sueces- sively lost the battles of Lutzen and Bautzen, they were glad to obtain an armistice, even though the istice resulted jn a fiercer and more deadly war. Just <o in our day, the loss of Magenta aud the loss of Solferino determined the Austrians that treating was, for the present at any rate, better polfey than fighting. The conclusion appears to be that two gicat battles constitute a campaign, whether or not they yet leave strength sufficient tur a revival of hostilities, To ourselves, tacrefore, we confess, judging from history and precedent, the announcemeng, thengh unexpected at the moment, was not altogether as- tonishing. To a certain extent, former wars between Austria and France supplied no exact parallel with the circumstances of this causpaign. Had there becn no such fortresses as the well known Quadri- lateral, we should certainly have anticipated a ces- sation of hostilities immediately afler the batlle of Solferino. This would have followed the campaign of Austerlitz, On the day succeeding that great battle the Emperor Francis went in person to the tent occupied hy Napoleon to arrange the terms of an armistice. Although reinforcements were not dis- tant, the Austro-Russian army had been defeated in an open country, where litle shelter was to be gained from art vr from nature. Austerlitz, there- fore, coming after Ulm, suggested hardly an alterna- tive to negotiation, But at Solferino the case wasin many respects otherwise. The Austrians retreated into a comparatively strong tract of country, witha river in its front, and with tour fortresses at the four corners’of the Quadrangle. Even when the intelli- gence first arrived that the Austriavs had declined to coutest the passage of the Mincio, it was impos- sible wholly to ascribe their passive attitude to the discomtiture of their troops; for it was thought that the advantages of Peschiera and Mantua for de- bouching on the rear of an advancing enemy might render the withdrawal of the Austrians from the Mincio a strategic measure. To suppose, therefore, that the Austrians, with these defensive advan- tages, would have assented to on armistice without a trial of the capacity of the four fortresses for a war of resistance was equivalent to supposing that their famous engineering works were after al] abor- tive, Austria, however, has had to take into ae- count the contingency that, if her fortresses should fall, she would be in a worse position as a nego- tiator than while they remain her orn, and she has had to contend, with the yet graver peril of a Hungarian insurrection while she was maintain. ing @ forlorn struggle with the French on the Mincio. We have said that this policy is not otherwise than characteristic of both belhgerents. The Em- peror Frederie III., one of the Austrian princes of the fifteenth ventury, was wont to compare himself toa willow which habitnally bent, bat was not easily broken. The House of Hapsburg, from that time to this, have consistentiy been animated by a shrewd conviction of the unpleasantness of being broken; avd Une have, in every geueration, and in every war, wisely preferred the moderate alterna- tive of being bent. To be sure, they have some- times been bent nearly double; but they have veually contrived to wriggle back again into th original position. If this was the character of Aus- trian rulers in the great wars that opened the present century on the one side, the counterpart holds also that the first Napoleon, in spite of all his restlestness and ambition, was remarkably alive to the advantage of wewing the tirst practicable moment to negotiate. The trath wag, that war exhausted even the victor, and that wit) him a suspension of hostilities was sometimes deemed neceseury when he had no design of inune- diate peace. So, after the battle of Bantzen, where Radetaky, in ic49, been as humane as the citizens of Viena, he would have made an. example of | Turin. The conguerors of India, in our own day, | in the first dush of victory and the excitement of revenge, might have razed Delhi to the ground f ! and hanged the Mogul, and many would have applauded them. But it is “doubtfal whether evem prudence, to say nothing of would have justified such measures. conquerors deal hardly with the con, negotiation resulted in the fearful campaigns of Dresden and Leipsic. But after Ansterlitz and alter Wagram, he accepted negotiation without any such reserve, for there was alwaye a contin- gent enemy in prospect. There was the fear of Prussia or of Russia—the fear of fresh animositios being kindled and of fresh auxiliaries entering the tela, It cannot be said that at this moment the at- titude either of Prussia or of the minor State, of the Confederation is very menacing; and Austria has more te apprehend {n Hungary than the French Emperor from Germany. Nevertheless, the further the war advances, the more would Germany pre) for eventualities. It was very much with same prudential motives, and & | desire not press war beyond the limits of fair victory, that the tirst Napoleon discussed, in the midst of the battle of Znaym, tive days after that of Wagram, the expadiancy of seerene, the armistice offered by the Austrians. Nearly all the warshals opposed it in the council of war, over which Napoleon presided. “Enough blood has been shed,” said the Emperor, closing the discus- sion; “Iaceept the armistice.” So the story is told by Alison and others. Thus, again, he offered an armistice to Prussia after the battle of Eylau, and accepted the armistice prapeeee by Russia after Friedland. We think, therefore, that such a result as the present armistice was tv be predicated of Bonapartean tactics; and we believe that the present French Emperor, while he emulates his uncle’s genius in war, will surpass him in his readiness to accept whatever conditions may be content with the oljects for which he drew the serord. rom the London Herald (Derby organ) July 9 } As the natural consequence of the news which we published yesterday poring) the hope of a speedy solution of the Italian difficulty once more revived. Tho announcement that an armistice hid been concluded between the Emperors of Austria and of France, showed that if peace was not proba- ble, it was at an rate possible. It wasevidentthat one of the belligerents had from some. cause or other demanded the ‘suspension of hostilities; the request had been granted, and the public felt that the interval, however short, might be turned to good account. The funds suddenly rose, as our readers will perceive from intelligence in another column, one and a half percent; and other public securities, both domestic and foreign, displayed an upward tendency. The general character of the different markets was buoyant. Thus the slight hope of a cessation of the war, afforded by the short telegraphic despatch announcing that an armistice had been agreed upon, was hailed with satisfaction in commercial circles, At that moment nothing but the bare fact of the agree- ment of Austria and of France to an armistice was known. No information had been furnished re- specting the quarter in which the proposition ema- nated, or the objects for which it had been demand- ed and accepted. Everybody regarded it as a good omen, and welcomed it as such, without inquiring too vigidly into its real value. The remarks in the Monileur, by which the aynouncement respecting ihe armistice was accompanied, were received at a later period, and for a short time checked the buoyaney of the markets. The statement in the French official organ is as follows:—‘It is neces- sary that the public should not misunderstand the extent of the armistice; it is limited merely to a re- laxation of hostilities between the belligerent armies, which, though leaving the field open for negotiations, does not enable us for the present to foresee how the war may be terminated.” this it is probable that the armistice was proposed by Austria, and that its acceptance by France does not imply that the Emperor Napoleon is will- ing to make peace without ample concessions. Any inferences that may be drawn jrom this gratifying announcement nist be,” however, purely conjectural until further intelligence comes to hand, and ie do not consider this a proper subject for indulging in speculative criticism. Most sincerely do we trust that this cessation in the struggle may lead to the re-establishment of tranquillity. There are certain conditions on which this result might be secured. Each party must be prepared to make some concessions. Jj’ the Empe- ror of Austria should prove tess obstinate than has been predicted; if the King of Sardinia could be in- duced to dismess from his mind those ambitious pro- jects by which he has ef late been tempted into a false ‘and dangerous poticy; and if the Emperor Napoleon should at this crisis in his career display the sagacity, moderation and forbearance for which his admirers give him credit, then the war might be speedily termi- nated, and peace restored to Italy and to Ei In that case tranquillity will be re-established sooner than the most sanguine anticipated. Great, indeed, will be our satisfaction if a stop can be put to those terrible sacrifices of life and of trea- sure that have brought desolation upon the garden of Europe. [From the London Star, July 9.) * * * * * From With respect to the armistice itself, we may say that there is a strong disposition in influential quat- ters to believe that peace is impending. This view of the case is very much supported by the fact that at the Paris Bourse yester: ay the price of rentes went up not less than two and a half per cent, and carne? shares proportionately advanced in price. There is every reason to believe that obstacles in the way of peace will not be’ found on the side of the Emperor of the French, who is stated to have been the active party in promoting the present sus- pension of arms. 1 Moniteur might appear to cast some doubt upon the probabilities of an early pence, but we repeat that there is great reason to hope that it may be brought about. [Brom the London Giobe (evening) July 8 } We are disposed to interpret the armistice be- tween France and Austria in the sense that the for- mer Power docs not desire to drive the latter— and the latter does not desire to be driven—to ex- tremities, We are disposed, therefure, to interpret itasa prelude to peace; the more so, as it will af- ford gppertaniiy, for that pacific intervention of other Powers, which has been invited by France herself, so soon as events might render it available. The assent of Austria to a present suspension of hostilities is precisely such a conjuncture as admits of that peacemaking process. # * * * * In considering the motives that may have led to the armistice, we must not overlook the military ee of the contending armies. It can hardly @ denied that, supposing Austria could find an able general, she could prolong the war. The po- sitions she occupies have been often described, and except so far as the partial investment of Peschie- ra {8 concerned, those positions have not been compromised. Austria is nearer to her reserves, and her supplies of munitions, than the Allies. She holds four fortresses and sti)] commands the passage of one decp and unford- able river. The Allies have been reinforced by the Fifth corps, but that probably only fills up the gap caused by losses. It is true that the possession of the Adriatic menaces Venice and the Austrian rear, and the occupation of Cherso may point to an invasion of non-German pesto on that side with a view to raise Hungary. But the expedition said to be intended fo- the head of the Adriatic and the rumored attack on Venice are still only projects. If, therefore, the Austrians chose to continue the war under a Rood general—if they can find one— they still retain the means of doing so with conside- rable effect. On the other bind, if the Austrian army be demoralized, and the Austrian generals in- Me ihe although their positions are still formidable, all the advantages they eonfer in their would be practically counterbalanced. Bit we know too Jittle of the real state of affairs, in a military point of view, on either side to forma decisive opinion how far these may have be ae in determining the two Emperors to suspend hostilities. {from the Manchester Guardian, July 9.) The note in the Woniteur confirms the general anticipation that the armistice was dictated by po- litical and not by military considerations. The Emperor of Austria has not yet been so thoroughly. beaten that he is reduced to the humiliating neces- sity of begging terms of peace from his adversary. The victory of Solferino, complete as it was, only forced the Austrian army to retire to its natural base of operations; and, although people’s faith in the quadrilateral, as many other Austrian iNusions, is beginning to fail, no one doubt- ed that covered by their strongholds the Austrians would still fight another desperate battle to save the empire that is being wrested out of their grasp. At the same time if the Emperor Napoleon were ambitious only of the fume of a conqueror, and desired nothing élse than to bring the war to an end as speedily as possible, it would have been @ gross blunder for him, in his military capacity as commander-in-chief, to delay even for a single day pressing the enemy while his own resources were all complete, and the Ans- trians had not yet recovered from the demoralizi effects of their defeat at Solferino. Therefore, Louis Napoleon had only beena French general, we may presume that, patLonia Francis Joseph to have prayed for an armistice, ho would peremp- torily have refused the petition. But as the ruler of the nation whose armies he leads to victory, the Emperor of the French has to think of other things than planning attacks on Verona and Mantua, His coup del must embrace the whole of Europe, instead of restricted to the battle fields of Lombardy, and he has to calculate the effects of his military successes not only on the cnemy within range BoM rifled cannon, but atthe Courts of London, Berlin and St. Peters. burg, and upon the whole German people, which 20 impatiently awaits the moment when it will have an excuse for entering into the war. Having regaid, then, to his political position, there can be no doubt that it is @ master stroke of craft on the part of the Emperor Napoleon to grant an armistice to Austria at this conjuncture. Prus- sia, alter long hesitation, seems after the battle of Sulferino to have made up her mind to act. Her military preparations were completed, and orders iven for sach a disposition.of the German army sat it might be ready at any momenttoassume the offensive m a warwith France; and, having thus taken her measures, Prussia offercd to the neu trals and the belligerents proposals which in her opinion ought to serve as a basis of peace. What then terms are is still uncertain; but fr scoras Pro- bable that they would give freedom to Lombardy and retain the province of Venetia under the rule of an Apstrian Archduke, and Jeave other points of = oR A the Italian question to be discussed by a Buro- poor Canerem. Of course the Emperor Napo- eon might popscnobly urge that it is ua- fair in Prussia to try ck his conquering ca. yeer by insisting on such terms now instead of at the commencement of the ae when he was ready to listen to negotiations. Austria, he might, say, had declared war for the purpose of determinin, ‘ once for all, whether she could maintain her hold on her Italian provinces, and by the chances of that war let her abide. But Napoleon is as wary as he is audacious, He knew that it was useless to ap- peal to the reason of a people who are at present, entirely given over to the influence of their ex- cited feelings, He maght possibly take Verona and drive the Austrians beyond the Adige with- eenay oe if he did so, he would wadoubt bring all Germany into the field against him. Malin a virtue of necessity, ‘en he’ resolved to astonish Europe by display: that “moder. ia victory” w! the aareaee Regent so nena prayer fer. What better opportanigy could he ope for of proving to the incredulous nations he is of a forbearing and magnanimous isposition? Fortune has showered fovors upon him, he has reaped a harvest of glory in thia short camoaign: yet, far from being elated by his trium, ee pauses as soon as he hears the first note peace, checks the advance of his troops in nit of the flying enemy, and humbly submits hi If to the. spommens of European diplomacy. Can an: jing nobler or more disinterested than incl oat duct; and does there yet remain one person on earth who can after this doubt the generosit and single-mindedness of the Emperor fspoleon? While we are all watching the Freuch eagle as it: soars aloft and prepares {for its final Swoop on its. quarry, what can be finer than to see the noble bird halt in its flight, and remain calmly poised in air, as if conscious of its strength and disdaining to- touch its predestined victim? “Jt is true that the Sar seeing eye of the eagle may delect danger which: is nol obvious lo human sight. Itis tyne that the seeming clemency of the Mreuch Emperor be the result of the glimpse he bas had of those 000 German bayonets which are still beyond the Alps and on the right bank of the Rhine. But lo the wulgar his last act will only be one more reason Ser Soplauniny: to the echo the great and merciful Liberaior of Haly; while even those who appre- ciate it shy Joey will ackuowledge it to be another proof that Louis Napoleon, in peace and in war, is the most successful conspirator that ever plotted. He plays his part so marvellously well, and is in appearance so exceedingly honest, that it. ‘oes to one’s heart to distrust him. We can sea: ly hope that there is any real intention on the part. of the French Emperor, or that itis even ia his power, to conclude peace till his programme {3 com- pletely carried out, and Italy is freed to the Adriatic; and it appears to us that he joinsin the nego- tiations which are now about to be resumed, because he thinks it may still be possible to play of England and Russia against’ Germany; fant while, al any rale, the seeming moderation of con- senting to talk about peace at such a time, is a sop thrown to the clerical party, to soothe their alarm at the progress of’ liberal ideas in Realy. But nove will more gladly find than ourselves that. our suspicions are unfounded, or will more sincere- y rejoice if the honest effurts of Eogland and other Powers succeed in restoring peace to Europe. (From the Liverpool Times, July 9 } * * * .__It is premature to discuss the terms on which the. impending peace may hang, but itis evident that: the rock ahead, as ‘regards Louis Napoleon, is- the temporal power of the Pope. The indepen- dence of Italy can never be plaved on a safe and satisfactory basis while the States of the Church are ruled by the ecclesiastical power, and recent events show that his Holiness has no idea of parting with his ghts of sovereignty. In his recent allo- cution to the Secret Consistory, the Pope menaces with excommunication all who dare tb attack his temporal righta, but he relies, he says, on having the integrity ef his dominions respected by the French Emperor, who bas declared to him that the French army in Italy will do nothing against the dominions of the Holy See, but on the contrary protect and maintain them. It will be soon ascer- tained whather this pledge will be kept. Fom the London Post (Government o gan), July 9. Nenciean Til. has paused in the Mall sarser of victory to tell the world that he is at the head of bis army not to destroy Austria but to liberate ae le knows when he has succeeded, and is willing to save Austria from further loss, if she is wise enough to know when she is beaten, He has shown what the arms of France can do,and he asks Austria if she wishes them todo more. Ina word, he offers peace. And he does so because he is in a position to do it with honor, and with honor Austria may accept his terms. Had enmity to Austria been his motive, or the predominance of French power in aly his object—had he, in short, had any suppressed evil parpose at heart, he need not have taken the step that has just given so much 1 toEurope. He has never known areverse since e took the field. It is scarcely likely that any dis- astrous repulse would have thwarted his further - progress. He had but to push on, and ix due tine the four fortresses would have been taken, and the whole Austrian army, or rather what was left of it, would have been compelled to take refuge within German territory. The Emperor of the French would then have stood before the world the first general of his age and the most influential sove- reign in Continential Europe. Bat though such a course would have covered him with nilitary glory, it would not have made the case of Ttaly more secure than it is now. It would only have completed by frightful waste of life a work which - may be finished by diplomacy. Cabinets may now conclude what camps began. it is well known for what avowed cause the sword was drawn. Lis for the losing party to say"if they will now con- cede what that cause implies. It 'so, not another shot need be fired. But if not, the soldiers of France are perfectly ready to march forward to - further victories. It was for France and Sardinia, as eonquerors, generously to give Austria the op- ortunity of rescinding her chadiancy and retriey- ng ues Sass enn eg been done. e propor e] ite from the right persons at the right time. The further proseantion of © hostilties must have involved a fearfal sacri- fice of human life on both sides. Certain as we may reasonably feel that the Allies would have ultimately ‘hoisted their flag on the ramparts of Peschiera, Verona and Mantua, yet at what a cost to all parties must such triumphs have been won! No doubt their capture would have added to the military glories of France. But there is a moral greatness which is nobler than military renown, and no one understands that bet- ter than the Emperor of the French. He prides himself upon knowing how to do the right tl in the right way, and here is another instance Orbis skill in the discernment of his opportunities. It is perhaps too early for Austria to sue for peace, but « not for Napoleon to offer it. He who has conquered at ever Y step can lose no dignity by forbearing to eee his successes to an oxteut unnecessarily hnmi- inting to his adversary, B; he not only saves life on sides, but he pro- - tects Enrope from further complications. The nearer the allied armies approached the German . frontier the greater inust have been the seeming « menace to the whole Germanic Confederation. Pledged, as the word of Napoleon was, to m sintain the war within Italian limits, it would have been - impossible for Germany to see without alarm his victorious army pressing ever nearer and nearer to « her own defences. To be prepared for war with France at a Moment’s notice would have heen geld hse experience shows that troops kept on the look-out for an excuse for hostilities soon contrive # make one. Zo have necessitated the placing of a Prussian army all along the line of * the French frontier, and to have pushed the Frenc) army forward to the very borders of the Frontier of Austria, would have multiplied the chances of hostilities with Germany a thousandfold. And. though, if circumstances required these risks, Napoleon is not the man to shcink from them, yet, when the fortune of war has not laid that necessity upon him, he is not so foolish as to create it; or rather, when he sees the opportunity of relieving all parties from the miseries of war, actual or pro- fieceiee ae has the sense and self-denial to em- race it. ‘The greatness of the monarch has overcome the fet pride and ambition of the soldier. The love of wnan kind has reached furtier than the love of conquest or the love of self. In the course now taken the Emperor has given a splendid nonp!ns to. his numerous detractors. He has been charged with the lust of ambition, the greed of power, and 1 reck- lessness of the lives and happiness of men. His. object, said many English publi ications, was to“ set, ee in a blaze” —" to find work for his army” — “to help despotism”—and “to crush liberty.> Let facts answer, Were these his objects noth ing could be easier. He never had,and probably never Will have, so good an opportunity of accomplishin, such nefarious designs. Europe might easily be se’ in a blaze at the present moment. A aot from a. French gun-boat off Trieste, a razzia of a French: detachment futo the Tyrol, would light up the flame, The utine is ready, all the combustible elements: are there. It needs but the hand of the incendiary, and the gigantic mischief will be perpetrated as certuimly ag a magazine may. be exploded by- a single spark. But what does Napoleon at sachs a moment?) What is his course when, if his de- signs are 80 wicked, everything is in his favor ? He offers peace. He says to Austria, “Yuu have proof enough of the strength of our will and the: capabilities of our armies, If you are wise you will now give in —if you refuse, we go on.” The bee ms irresistible, an so we trust that peace is now possible. It is now that the other Powers of Europe will be called in to assist, The bases of negotiation must of course he in substance those which were declared be- forehand to be essential to tie regeneration of Italy. France, in offering peace,can contemplate no other terms, hese imply the extension of Sardinia ta offering peace now,