The New York Herald Newspaper, July 7, 1859, Page 4

4 NEW YORK HERALD. James oe i aee OF FIOM H.W. UORMHS OF FOL COR AND WARSAT OTH Taman Moog sh yet ae Oe oe te Pore connie Pom yl yan tok woah to af Che bencler hid, 0 Cee, Oper wana Ate? Pdi Searg.eny 8 re mms depy. oF 83 per annum; Slate per py M per annan nw part of Great Posiogs the te tevebate Oe Ebnchie <i tratit ctend es Der copy. oF $1 OF per annus. Tie FAMILY HERALD. om Pednencmy, oh ner sonia oe POLUN TARY fORRESPONDENUR, aalatning emportans mewn, coy graves of the world: sed ‘Wernlly tar Ovx Poros Oonemronperte ane Pawicotanss Rearwenmn v9 Smer 25 Twerewe ave Pow os aera NOTE fakes a anonyme cnremondence 4 de Paturn reiectrd comm: . ADVERTISEVENTS renewed derted tm the Wawxty Hevatp, anert nett rb “Om Vy siD, Fike nena, ond tthe By! conden TOR'PRLNTLNS arscuiee wrth neainass, cheapnees and de gpotch =——_—_O_O ‘Vokume XXIV.,......... ave -velll@e 186 AMUSEMENTS THis BVBNING. NIBLO'S GARDEN, Brosdway.—Toopurs—MiwuiERs— Manwiep Raxe. BOWERY THEA’ Swiss Swains~ Sr. 8, Bowery.—Tus Qumsn’s Pior— Baceers. METROPOLITAN TH#aTRS Bartou’s).~Gasar ‘Travio pe EL a WALLAO®'R THEATRE, Broadway.—Lausa AssoRANCE— Youra Acrsusa. LAURA KRENWS THRATRY, No. 524 Broadway.—To ‘Osics Basson — Masse meiLo, NATIONAL THEATRE Chatham street —WaLiace—Wax- penirG Bovs—Frisky Connex. BARNUW'S AMERICSN MUSRBUM, Broadwav.—Afer. won —BaRxBY THB Danon—'Twas Byening—Macig BL ‘WOOD'S MINSTREL BUILDI9G, 561 aed 663 Broadway — ‘Buniortss Sones, Dances, &c.--Daneiss om THe LRVER, BRYANT’S MINSTRELS, wechanios’ Hi 471 Broadway. —Bucro f0xcs ayy Buniesauas—War 1 racy. ew York, Thursday, July 7, 1850, ‘The News. By the arrival of the Vigo off Cape Race, and the Adelaide at St. Johns, we have highly important news from Europe. The dates are to the 25th ult, three days later than the accounts brought by the Vanderbilt. The Emperor Napoleon telegraphed to the Eat press on the 24th alt. intelligence of e great battle, and a great victory over the whole Austrian army, numbering 280,000 men, and the capture of cannon, flags and prisoners. The battle lasted from four o'clock in the morning till eight at night, and covered an extent of five leagues along the Mincio, on the left bank of which the Allies had established themselves. A despatch from Vienna confirms the fact of a battle, but gives no particulars. It is be- Yieved that not less than four hundred thousand * combatants were engaged in this terrible conflict. Prince Napoleon had advanced as far as the bor. ders of the Duchy of Modena. Tt is announced that Prussia was about to move anarmy to the Rhine, and that she had threatened to suppress any insurrection in Hungary that may occur. ‘The Swiss mercenaries sent from Rome to Perugia had had @ sanguinary collision with the inhabitants, whom they shot down indiscriminately. ‘The London money market was somewhat strin- gert, ard a decline in ike funds, both in London and Paris, is reporied. American securities had mndergone no material change. ‘The steamship Glasgow sailed from this port yes. terday for Glasgow. She will call at St. Johnsand convey the shipwrecked passengers of the Argo from thet port to their destination. In Liverpool American produce was generally depressed. The decline in cotton was one-six- teenth to one-eighth of a penny. The steamship City of Baltimore, from Liverpool for New York, met with an accident to her pro- peller and pat back to Queenstown. The Vigo, of the same line, took her place. * The Adelaide left St. Johns at daylight on the 6th inst. for New York. She has over five hundred pas- sengers on board. ‘The following named steamers are now expected at this port with news from Europe:— Day of rang Where from. Liverpool. Qasenstown ; ++ Southampton. , By the arrival of the overland mail we have news from San Francisco to the 13th ult No arrivals from Atlantic ports are reported. Business con- tinued very dull, with a decline in the prices of most of the leading staple articles of merchan- dise. The political excitement throughout Califor- nia was at fever heat. We have already published the republican nominations for State officers and members of Congress. There appears to be no prospect of harmonizing the democratic party: Governor Weller would probably be renominated by the administration wing of the party, and John Curry by the anti-Lecompton section. The Legisla. ture of Oregon adjourned without choosing a United States Senator to succeed Delazon Smith. The mail brings later » from Fraser river, which are regarded as decidedly unfavorable. Large numbers of emigrants were leaving the country for Californie and Oregon and Washington Territories, The Persia sailed from this port yesterday for iverpool, with 230 passengers and $753,750 in spe cle. accoul found in another column. ‘The New York Republican State Committee met at Albany yesterday, and appointed the 7th of Sep- tember next as the time, and Syracuse as the place, f olding the State Nominating Convention. The C ‘tion is to be composed of two delegates from each Assembly district. the Emigration Commissioners met yesterday at Castle Garden. An invitation was received from the Committee of Germans who are making ar- rangements to have mock obsequies in honor of Baron Von Humpeit on the 11th inst., inviting their aitendance at the ceremonies, The invitation was accepted. The President of the Board took occa- sion to contradict a statoment which appeared in a maornipg paper to the effect that ihe Commissioners of Emigration deciined to receive the Falcon, aud also to mention that they have yet taken no action in reference to the floating hospital. The number of emigrants arrived during the week was 858, svaking the number since December 40,003. The number which arrived during the month of June was 12,361, and of these 2,476 arrived in steamers, and 9,885 in sailing ships. The balance of the com- mutation fund now amounts to $11,763 04. The interesting exercises which took place at the commencement of Geneva College, in this State are fully reported in our paper to-day. A listof the names of the graduates and honorary members is also given. At the meeting of the Health Commissioners yes terday the City Inspector presented reports from the Health Wardens, stating that the streets throughont the city are cleaner than they have been within their recollection, The Board dis- charged some miscellaneous business of no marked Snterest, which is mentioned in our report of their proceedings. In the Board of Edocation last evening Com- missioner Waterbury asked permission to prosent a minority report on the Bible question, which was denied after a warm and prolonged discussion. Our report contains an abstract of the debate, to- gether with the other proceedings of the Board. Beef cattle were more active yesterday, at an ad- vance of half @ cent a pound, in consequence of a falling off in the receipts of 744 head, and a slight improvement in quality. Cows and calves were unchanged in every respect. Veal calves were in snoderate supply and fair request, at 3c. to Sc. for Laferior to good, and jc, to Gf. for first quality. list of the names of the passengérs may be, Sheep and lambs were not so ylang: and prices ad- vanced 25¢. to 50c. per bead; sales at from $2 8 $40 $6 per head. Swine scarce, anl je. higher, ranging from Go, to 6fc., as to quality. ‘The cotton masket yesterday was without change, while lees spirit provailed, as deaiers were entiousiy awaiting the receipt of later foreiga news, Tho sales om- brared about 800 bales in lots on the basis of the quota. tions given in another column. The receipts in the Southern ports bave since the firet September last reached 3,635,987 bales, There ts ess than. o months intervening between the present date and the Lat Septem. ber next, the termination of the cotton year for 1858-59, To bring up the crop to the estimated amount of 8,700,000 will require additonal receipts in that time of about 66,063 bales. Tue receipts tor the month of July last year were 36,006 bales, and for August 34,000 bales— giving & total of 70,000 bales. Wo havo reasou to believe tat the receipts for this month ant August ox: will fall below even the 66,068 bales required ty make the 3,700,000, and hence the probability is that the ctop ‘at the end of the geason will rathor ‘al! below than ex. coed the above catimate, The figures, including receipts and exports of thie year, compared with 1856, approxi mate each other more closely than the intermodiate re- sults of 61 and ’58, Although three years have passed over, the crop will exosed that of 1856 (which was 8,528,000) admitting it to be 3,700,000, by only 172,000 bales; while the total exports for the two yoars to the present time, and stocks in Liverpool and in this country, exhibit still repancy. No:hing but the war in Burope has prevaliag this from having been one of the most prosperous cotton years known in the history of the country. Flour wes firmer yesterday, and quite active, with a good demand from the trade. Some do- seriptions closed at an advaace of a>out 5 a 10 cents per barrel, Wheat exhibited more steadiness, while sales were moderate. Corn continaed frm and in good de- mand, with sales of yellow Jersey and Southern at 90c., and cound Western mixed at 870, Pork exhivited a littie more steadiness, withont change of moment in prizes, while the demand was fair, both for future delivery and onthe spot, Sugars wore firm and quite ective. The sales caabraced about 3,000 bhda., including both reflaing grocery goods, at rates given in auother columa, is steady. A cargo of Santos was wold, compris ing 2,600 bage (“as it Is?) a 113c., 200 do. Rio at 11c., and 150 ¢o, Maracaibo at 113¢c. Freight engagements wore modorate, while rates were heavy. Among the transactions were 1,000 barrels spirita turpentine, taken for Loudon at 43.; rosin'ut 1s. 64.; pork, to Liverpool, at 2d., and $,000 busheln whert, in ships’ bsgs, at 544. Thi ig the first shipment of this grain mado to Faglish ports for several months. Khe First Great Batile on the Mincio— Victory of the Frenca. ‘The news received by telegraph last night from Cape Race, which point the steamships Vigo and Adelaide, respectively of the Cork and Galway lines, had passed on their way to St. Johns, Newfoundland, with dates ap to the 25th of June, acquaints us with the fact that the expected battle on the Mincio had come off on Friday, the 24th, and was claimed by Loais Na- poleon asa great victory for the French. Tue despatch announcing this important event was sent to the Empress at Paris, and was dated, ac- cording to the telegraph, from “Candia,” which doubtless means Candelo, a town on the east tide of the Mincio, within the strategic quad- rangle, and directly south of Villa Franca, where, at last accounts, Francis Joseph had con centrated his entire army, said to be 280,000 strong. The French Emperor states tuat the whole Austrian force was engaged, extending a distance of five leagues; that the ter:ible cou- flict lasted from four o’clock in the moraing «ntil cight in fhe evening, and that the result was a decisive victory ana te captare af oan. nons, flags and prigoners. From this brief ac- count it would appear that the first great batile on the Mincio was as important and terrific in its character as was anticipated. It must be observed that the newsof this action is confirm- ed by despatches received at Vienna, though neither its details nor results are given in the Austrian accounts. It will be remembered that, according te the Vanderbilt's news received here on Sunday, which brought acconnts from the seat of war to the 21st Jone, the French and Sardinian armies were at Brescia. It would appear now that the French marched from that point in a south- casterly line, passing through Montichiera along the common road to Goito, where one of the four bridges crosses the Mincio, aad there Goubtless effected a passage of that river—the westera boundary of the Austrian stronghoid— and at this place it is most likely the terrible conflict commenced. The Piemontese army meantime pushed on by the railroad from Brescia to Peschiera, the northwestern fortress of the famous quadrangle. But of the result of that movement our des patches do not inform us. It may have been, however, a simultaneous assault on the Austrian line of defences, Prince Napoleon, it is said, had advance! hie forces through Tuscany as far north 2s the bor- Gers of the duchy of Modena: thus hastening to ontflank the Austrian position towards the east. While such seems to have been the decisive ection of the belligcrents in Italy, we learn that Prussia had offered her mediation to obtain a eessation of hostilities, but upon terms not likely to be acceptable to France; on the con- trary, with such resuits.as would probably involve her in the war. Whatever the character of the Proposed terms were, it would appear that the alleged determination of Prussia to assist in sup- pressing any attempt at insurrection in Hangary, thus virtually aiding Austria and thwarting Na poleon’s revolutionary policy, combined with the rumor that she was about to march an arny to the Rhine frontier, hud the effect of renderiag bugatory her offer of mediation ; for Louis Na- poleon refused any such offer, unless asa basis of negotiations he received permission from Haao- ver to march 30,000 French troops through that kisgdom to the banks of the Rhine. Thus the porition of Germany seems to have become siill more complicated. In the absence of more detailed news of the great battle on the Mincio, we have but to con- clnde that ench events have transpired in that quarter as verify what we have all slong pre dicted, that the strategy of the campaign was ceptreing on that point, and that the ixsue of the contest was to be settled there, either by the total defeat of the Austrians, or by proposals of peace from the other great Powers of Europe. Lance Deposrrs ws THE Savincs Bayxs— Prosrexity or THz Worxmwa Crasses—The best evidence that the late financial revulsion through which we have paesed has not very se- tiously uffected the working classes in this city is to be found in the amounts deposited in the savings banks. iu the savings banks of New York and Brooklyn there are upwards of $30,000,000 deposited, bearing interest at rates varying from four to six per cent, which have been made since the Ist of January, 1859. On the Ist of ‘hi: month they paid to sew. ing girls and working people generally, in dividends, a million and a half of dollars lt is clear, then, that these classes have not been very sorely distressed by the financial panic, A considerable portion of the savings banks depo. tits is invested in public loang, State and fede. ral; thus our working classes, like those of France, England and Proseis, are lendors ta ths NEW YORK HERALD, THURSDAY, JULY 7, 1859. government, though in a different fashion, and every one who deposits money io a savings bank is, to a certain extent, interested in the public debts of the confederation, fi Navieation or Tu8 Am—Banioontna on & Granp Scax—Tne Latest Experment.—The idea of satliug in the atmosphere, if not so ancient as that of pavigating the ocean, is at all events of very great antiquity; bat old as it is, it bas pever got beyond the condition of au idea, and in all human probability never will, Still it must be admitted that the latest experiment in aérostution has been wore successful than avy of the preceding oues of which we have any record, We published yesterday an account of this ex- citing serial voyage. Two well known and ex- perienced acronauts—Mesera, Wise and La Moun- tain—baving reasoned themselves iato the ¢ :n- viction that to cross the Atlantic by means of a balloon is by no means infeasible, and having determined to give some evidence toward up- holding that conviction, started from the city of St. Louis last Friday evening, the lst inst, on an experimental trip to the Atlantic coast, intending to descend to the earth in the neighborhood of this city, Their balloon—named after the Atlantic, which it is intended to cross—is one of the largest that has ever been constructed, being elxty feet in dia- meter, and the,entire length from the top of the balloon to the bottom of the boat being one hua- dred and twenty feet, Its buoyant capacity was estimated at eight thousand pounda. ‘The purty consisted of four persons—the two professional aeronauts before named, Mr. Gager, who furnished the capital, and Mr. Hyde, a St, Loufs reparter, whore function appears to have ‘been to supply ballast and to write the history of the voysge. The chief point of distinction between this and previous air voyages consists in the fect that in this one the place of land- ing was indicated in the programme, though deviated from pretty considerably in the exceution of the project. The trip was to be from St. Louis to the Atlantic seaboard, some- where in the neighborhood of New York; but if the proverb that “man proposes and God dis- poses”’ can be more true of any one human pro porition than of another, its greatest verification must be in ballooning matters. “The wind bloweth where it listeth,” says one of the inspired writers; and no plan has yet been discovered by which a balloon can be guided in a courée con- trary to the direction of the wind. But Mr. La Mountain bas made, with respect to wind car- rents, a discovery similar to that made by Lieut. Maury with respect toocean currents. His obser- vations lead him to the conclusion that at a cer- tain elevation from the earth, and more partion- larly in the summer season, the direction of the wind ig almost uniform from west to east. Of this knowledge he proposes to take advantage. and to the ordinary modes of elevating or de. pressing the balloon, so as to get into the desired current, be has added an inveation of his own in the shape of rotatory fans. Tf, therefore, the theory about the wind cur- rents were correct, and if the contingency of etorms could be guarded against, there might Teally be come ground for faith in the ultimate partial snecess of the scheme of aeriat navigation. But the winds are not to be relied upon, and storms are dangerously frequent during the sum- mer season. Aud so we find that Messre. Wise and La Mountain, instead of landing near the Atlantic coast, as they proposed, came down in the porthwestern part of New York, four or five hundred miles from this city; and that, owing to a burricane which stack them as they descended, itis little short of a miracle that they were not dashed to pieces in that fearful pascage throngh the woods described in the account that we have published of the voyage. Therefore, while this Jast experiment in bsl- looning is the moet successful that has been yet made—nearly twelve hundred miles having been travelled within twenty hours, or at the rate of a nile a minute—it does not hold out the fuintest shadow of encouragement to those who believe that this mode of travelling across the Atlantic will ultimately be inaugurated. On the contrary, it only furnishes another proof to the many which previous experiences have furnished of the utter impossibility of such a thing. When we see how powerless against storms are even thoss birds that are strongest and best adapted to re- sist them, how sea birds are blown in to land and land birds blown out to sea, we may rest aseured that no flying machine, the work of mere human invention, can ever be practically utilized for traveling purposes, and that all such attempts must result, as they berctofore have resulted, in failures, sometimes ludicrous and sometimes de- plorable. Prorerty Increasey Twenty Mutaons ww THE Ciry—Acrtion oF THE Su isors.—If the aeserement rolls submitted to the Board of Su- pervisors on Monday by the Tax Commissioners Teprerent an accurate valuation of real and per- sonal eetate in this city and county, it has in. creased more than twenty millions since last year, and of couree the taxes will increase ia like proportion. The value of real and persoual property in New York in 1858 was $531,221,940. This year it is represented, as atseased by the new Tex Commissioners, to be worth $551,923,- 122. We muy fairly calculate, then, that the property of the city is increasing at the rate of about twenty millions a year, for taxable pur- poses at all events, if for no others) There is very little donbt that the amount of taxation to be levied this year will show a high rate of per centage on property, but what the exact rate is cennot be known until the Board of: Supervisors | settle their differences as to the recognition of the Comptrolier’s Tax Commissioners created by the Legislature of Iset seseion, and the aecept- ance of the assessment rolla. Ta addition to the tax levy already confirmed by the Legislature at Albany, there are other taxes epecially provided for by statute which are not subject to legislative eupervision, and there are ethers egain Jeft to the option of the Snper visors. Until some action is taken upon thee, thercfore, we must remaio in the dark as to what our taxes this year really are. In thic condition of things it is éesirable that the Board cof Supervisors ehould come to some immediete conclusion on the points of dif. ference between the members. At present they have deferred apy decition as to the legality o the amesement rolis nntil their “Committee on Apnusl Taxee” shell have reported. Shoald the committee report adversely to the constitu. tionality of the new Tax Commissioners’ Board, we would mnggeat, as we have done before, that the question be eubmitted to the Courts at once, in order that people may know whetber the taxes have been logally sesessed or not, and whether they ought to pay them. The complicity which sorroundes thts question of the present tax com. mincion is another statking evidence of the nul ance which Albany legislation for the affairs of tbe metropolis has become, Wherever it has in- terposed there has been trouble, difficulty and grors injustice, Heavy suits at Jaw, involviog the city in great expense, have resulted from the Metropolitan Police bill; the attempts to amend the charter eo as to curtail the term of office in some cases, and extend it In others, for party purposes, have threatened to reduce our whole municipal system to chaos; and now, by the erection of a Board of Tax Comwmissoners, of at Jeast dubious legality, for party purposes also, the wheels of government are blocked in this ereat city, and a state of things is brough: about which js perfectly disgraceful to any in: telligent community—so deeply sunk in cor- ruption have become politicians of all parties and classes, Tho News from Europe—Work for the Dipie- matists to Perturm. ‘The political arpect of the news from Europe, which we publish this morning, is apparently more dark and gloomy than apy accounts hith- erto received, and it seems to portend « general war, The most important point is the position takeo by Prussia, as a mediator aod possible bel- tigerent if ber pacific offers are rejected. Itwill be remembered that at our last previous advices Prussia bad determined to mobilize her whole army, and to proffer certain terms of pacific ar- rangement to France sad Austria, These terms had been drawn up, and Count Rechberg, the Austrian Prime Miuister; Baron Werthier, Prus- sian Minister at Vienaa; and Count Portales, Prussian Minister at Paris, had gone to Veroua to Jay them before Francis Joseph, and from there, probably, to comaiunicate with Louis Na poleon. Whether these propositions on the part of Prussia were instigated by the Russian cir- cular to the German Powers, or whether they spring from some arrangement between Prassia and Austria in regard to the German Confedera- tion, is not certainly known. The current re- port was that if the mediation was defeated by the demands of France, Prassia would move her troops to the Rhine, and take part in the war as an ally of Austria. We now learn that the Prussian propositions were uot likely to be acceptable to Louis Na- poleon; that Prussia has ordered her troops to the Rbine, France making a correspondent movement with her army, and demanding of Hanover the right of passage through her terri- tory, and that a great battle bas just taken place on the Mincio, Louis Napoleon having broken into the famous strategic square. Whatever may have been the result of this battle, it can hardly be called the decisive one. The four great for- treeses are still intact in possession of Austria, and she may hope to retrieve her fortunes in the field before they can be taken. Then, too, she may entertain. the belief that Prussia, and with Prussia the whole of Germany, will join her, We already know that Pruacia agrees to ald her to suppress a Hungarian revolution, and there are nota few of the statesmen of Europe who believe that all the Powers will eventually be brought into a war with the Napoleonic ideas. It now remains to be seen what influence can be brought hy Feglaua and Ruesia to wear upon Prussia and France, and to limit the war to Italy, One of the foreshadow- ing indications of failure in such an ef fort is exhibited in the active movements of Koseuth and Klapka, under an evident ar rapgement with Louis Napoleoa aad Victor Emanuel. If the movements against Austria are to be strictly confined to her Italian possessions, the labors of Kossuth and his companions will only accrue prospectively to the benefit of Hungary. But then the doubt arises whether the hopee of other nationalities than Italy, once rouzed, can be allayed. Much will depend on the couree that Prussia takes, and of this we hove as yet only a partial foreshadowing, and that is for war. The new British Ministry are likely to have their hands fulJ, and Palmerston may yei bave to meet taunis as bitter as those he recenily flung in the face of Lord Derby on the floor of Parlinment. The news leaves matters in a crisis on the other side of the ocean, which now makes it doubly desirous to receive further intelligence, —_—_—______.. Baronet Exercise iN THE ScaooL oF ttt Souvier.—Neither in the United States arniy nor the militia forces of the several States is the use of that formidable weapon, the bayonet, sufficient. ly understood. The bayonet bas effected most important changes in tactics, and many a field cf battle bas been decided by its assistance alone, The weapon was invented in Bayonne, France, from whence it takes its name, and was frat employed ia action in 1670. The varions imptovements on the original invention have rendered it a most effective instrament of atiack, but a thorough knowledge of its use would also make it an incomparable instrument of defeuce in the hands of the infantry soldier. It is now in vogue with all the regular armiesin the world, und is no longer, what was once claimed for it, “a peculiarly French weapon,” though its effica- cy is perhaps more apparent in the French ser- vice than in any other. ‘The French infantry soldier is tanght to fence with the bayonet, sé that when not acting in taass he is able to defeud bin seencely against aseaults either from the sabres of cay alry or the bayonets of infantry, That euch a power over bis weepon must impart courage and a renee to the eoldier when a breach, or when rokex ap by cavalry, is manifest. Daring the war in Mexico, Gen. Scott adopted lds tactics to give but two or three vollies, so 28 to disorganize the linea of the cne. ‘hen finish the work with the bayonet. » recently we have seen in the battles of Palestro, Magenta and Melegnano, the principal part of the fighting was done hand to hand with that weapon, It basin fact become ihe great nilitary arm, nolwithstanding the wonderful im. rovements fn the range aud accuracy of fire wns; #0 that the jafantry soldier unskilled io of it is bot balf a soldier, and his efliciency greatly depreciated. We are glad to perceive that in Gonera) Seott’s late army orders he directs that the men shall hereafter be regularly and ys tematically instructed in bayonet exercise Tt has been repeatedly urged upon the com mending officers of our First division of Siat- militia that bayonet exercise should fiad an im portant place in the school of the soldier, and we hope the action of Gen. Scott may stimalat: them in that direction. There Is aa excellou: book on the subject, translated and somewhat modified to suit our tactics, from the irench of Gomera, by Capt. Geo. B. McClellan, of the Anwy Corps of Engineers, which will exable our militia officers to instruct their men in the science, And while upon this topic we woald euggeet that a better kaowledge of very species of Pea of erm is required by our State militia Maay of them who can carry the musket very well oa EEE York” aud the “iohsbitaats of Mavhattay’a iceland” euch a county, aud wherever county pow- qarade do not kHow how to fire it, aud few of | ers are conferred, a8 in the twenty-sixta aad ‘bem can mabe @ telling shot at mark. Shoot | subsequent sections, the “oouaty,” with ail the ing gat cries and other facilities should be fur- | powersof such a body under the laws of Bog- viehed by the State if oor woops are expected to be efficient soldiers, and not mere toys to amase women and children on gala days. ‘The Revolution tn the States of che Church— @he Firat Biovd Shed by the Pope's ®r00p0. The Pope’s Swiss regiment bas copiously shed the blond of the people at Perngia, So it is an- noupeed by cur tlegruphic intelligence from Earope in another columa. We bad recently prepared our readers for the exteusioa of the revolutionsry movement in the States of the Church. The most important cities oa the northerm side of the Apennines had revolted: first, the great city of Bologna, and then Ravenna and Rimini, on the coast of the Adriatic; and we bad learned that the Pope had sent bis Swiss Guards to suppress insurrec- tion in Perugia, which is ou the southera slops of the Apennines, or the side next to Rome aod the Mediterranean. That town was much nearer to the capital than the others, and thus was within easy reach of the Pope’s troops, land, is expressly mentioned. It isthe prevaitiog misapprehonsion of this distinction which bas ovessioned mach of the disorder ia the laws relating to the city aud county, A coaflict of jurisaiction is naturaly the readiest method of bringing law into disorder, and the indiscriminate mixtare of city and soun- ty affairs, upon their necessary separation after the Revolution, bas bean @ constant source of re- curring diffionlty, Ordinary city officers never realize these distivctious wish respect, for ia- stance, to a cburter oflicer for the couaty ands charter officer of the city, under the Colonial grant, The separation of city and county was pee- fected in law by the delegates from this and other counties in entering upon the new com- pact of the firet State constitution, by which they necessarily dissolved and merged all the old jorme of government in the new. This county, like the others, bas siave been by law a body oor- porate and politic by itself. The city has also Perugia is a town of about 20,000 inhabitants, | bees 8 body corporate and politic by itself, being near the banks of the Tiber, more jhan oae bun- dred miles north of Rome. It is ten miles east of the eelebrated Lake Thrasimene (now Lake Perugia), near which Hannibal defeated the Ro- man Consul Flaminins. This fine sheet of water, about thirty miles in circumference, is situated in a basin, being enclosed on every side by the Ap- eninnee, The inhabitants of Perugia are there fore mountaineers, and are animated by that love of liberty which generally distinguishes men who dwell under the shadows of lofty mountains, Against this town the Pope sent his foreign hirelings to cut down the natives of the soil. The Vicar of Jesus Christ on earth, claiming to be the representative of the Prince of Peace, has taken the responsibi- lity of shedding the first blood. bave thought the poor old man had so mach pluck in him? But itis more the work of hir Minister, Cardinal Antonelli, than the Pops bim- self. Yet, if the Holy Father is to be any longer 8 temporal sovereign, he must fight for his throne like other princes, with standing armies, and slaughter his rebellious subjects when they dare to demand a change of government. The Austrians have now enough to do to fight for them- selves, and the French very prudently do not in- terfere outside of Rome. So that the Pope will have to do his own fighting this time. When St. Peter drew his sword to fight for Christ, the Redeemer of men ordered him to put up his weapon, a8 His kingdom was not of this world: 80 specified in all the amended charters, Ia the county corporate of the old charter the city awl county appear as one body corporate aud polite, although a city and county combined. From fs latter the error of confouadiog city aed county hes arisen, eo as sometimes to present ths absurd assumption that the city and county now comprise one body corporate uniting two bodice politio. Under the present charter of the city and the general and special laws relating to the county, the line of separation is practically drawn, ex- cept in a few remaining entanglements. The Courts, and even police, the City and County Clerks, the Supervisors and Asgessors, are ect apart as county officers, where, under the old Who would charter, such was the mixture that the Mayor aad Aldermen personified in turn all the Courts now eitting within the City Hall park. The dispute between the Supervisors and the Comptroller ia regard to the extraordinary method of appoint- ing Aseessors for this county will probably be the means of firally divorcing any prima facie official identity between the govera- ments of the city and the . county. Such, it is well known, is the real aim of the Supervisors in the stand they bave taken im regard to the new tax law. As 8 neces sary preliminary for the proposed consolidation of the metropolis, their position is very impor- tant, and in every aspect will prove to be highly popular, But as the Pope’s kingdom is of this world—as | The Folly or War—Is the World Growing it is a temporal sovereignty—he must uphold it by the same means by which other kings uphold their dominions, aud use force when his people attempt to throw off bis yoke, In this ho is only consistent, and if he offers up his subjects In lhecatombs to the god of war, he will be then the more a true king by the grace of God. Nor is he without examples and precedents. Ina single battle at Ravenna, in which Pope Julius If. commanded, twenty thousand dead lay upon the field; what rivers of blood flowed in the wars of Gregory VIL; and before the struggle is over which bas now been inaugurated at Perugia, who can tell jow many lives will be-sacrificed ? In the present temper of bia people it seems a desperate act on the part of Pins IX. It is very clear he must either follow up this blow, and subdue, if he can, numerous rebels by the sword, or he will very soon be driven from Ttaly—the last of the sovereign Pontiffs. His fate hangs upon the will of the victorious Em- peror of France, ——_ Prorosep Coxsoumpation or TIE METROPO- Lis—Union or New York anv Brooxtyy—Dr- YORCE or 1HE City anp County GovennMenTs.— to a consolidation of the two cities in one‘grand metropolis. Sach a scheme bas at times been mooted hefore, but upon the impracticable baais of uniting the two corporations, as in the case of Brooklyn and Williamsburg. Now, however, something feasible is proposed in a union of the Supervisors of the counties of New York and Kings, 50 as to comprise one metropolitan county or district, which shall include also a portion of Westchester county as far up as a line drawn across to the Sound from Spuyten Duyvel creck. ‘The Supervisors elected within this circuit would naturally comprise a harmonious local legisla- tare, which, being organized upon the plan of the Supervisors of this city, would afford a new and reliable check to the corruptions of the local corporations, and might be made the engine by which a pressure could be brought to bear upon the present apparently incurable extravagance of the Common Councils of the two cities. Such achange would instantly advance New York te the first rank amoug cities, and exercise a vast influence upon the real property and com- mercial interests of both sides of the tiver, by meaus of the prestige which New York would gain asthe unapproachable and unquestioned permanent metropolis of the New World. The separate municipal governmenis of the two cities need not be disturbed, nor any queations affecting their separate taxatien be raised, It is only necessary to glaace at the relations of the city and county governments to see how fur ‘heir separation already facilitates and points to this proposed consolidation. We cannot eay to what extent the error may prevail with the lawyers, but among very weil informed persons on the outeide of the bar there is a curious misapprehension upon the nature of the “rights, liberties,” &e., which they are eupposed to inherit under the various “city charters.” Going back to the chief instrumsas of these, the “Dongan and Montgomerie grant,” it is commonly wccepted as equivalent to the sual monicipal act of incorporation, There arc Hot many who realize that the Montgomerie grant is a charter of the “county.of New York,” includiug therein also the .municipal priv- ileges of the “city of New York.” The city charter of 1857 isa legislative act of indorpora- tion regulating the strictly corporate and mu- whatever may belong to the county. All the he charter since the Montgomerie grant are, charters, expressly repealed, leaving the old charter and the new to stand in contrast—the one a full digest or representative of Mmanivipat rately detined under the general laws of this State; the other a Mike embodiment of all the powers and privileges of a county corporate, under the law of Ragland, us in the days of Blackstone. The initial preamble of th gemerig great covstituies the “city f four years, another war uicipal attributes of the city, carefully avoidiag | yast expenditures of money and hamav hb to complete ihe undoing of what intervening acts substituted for and amending | was done, lish + Supeistencture raised by the treaty of Vienna, aud cemented with so much bl corporate privileges, as they have been clabo- | has by a pi sc a stone is left upon another, will level it with the ground; but whether gomo: thiog as bad or something better shall supersede it fs @ question which time alone oan wolves. @ Mont | Judying from the pact, the Italians will probably of New "bp sauistied with the game kind of goverameat ‘Wiser? Another fearful carnage has taken place ia Italy. The great expected battle has been fought; we have not the details of the numbers slain, bat the havoc must have been terrible. Previous to this action some fifty thousand bad fallen in the compaign. And now probably fifty thousand more have been put hors de combat. Yet this is but the boginuing of the war. Before the Crimean campaign it was snppoaed that education, science and civilization bad at last got the better of the clergy and the military; that the arts of peace and industry would prevait, and that the nations would learn war no more; that neither for religion nor to gratify the ambi- tion of kings, would men in this enlightened era lend themselves to the work of mutual destrac- tion. But it seems the world has as yet grown but little better or wiser, and all the great soien- tific discoveries of the age, including steam and the telegraph, are applied to war, to render i¢ more destructive than ever. For the last few years the science of gunnery and the law of pro- jectiles have been studied with great diligence and success, The result is the Miale rifle aud rifled cannon, acd other arms which cast former weapons of destruction into the shade, Even the bayonet, £0 long in use, is no longer used in the former inefficient manner. ne bayonet, which has always been, as Napoleon TL calls it, “the terrible weapon of the French * army,” is now rendered more terrible by its scientific use. The soldicr is taught not to Tush on with it indiscriminately, as in past times, but to wield it as. good fencer wields his eword, not only to thrust, but to parry the bayouet of the enemy, sod kill him in despite of his superior strength or length of arm. Thus are the fruits of scientific research and the mea. tal activity of the age laid ander contribution to render war more destructive than ever, and Kings acd emperors still pour ont the blood of men like water to accomplish their selfish aud ambitious purposes. There seems to be no hope for nations. The present is but the reproduc. . tion of the past, and but little wisdom is gained by history. Wars come round in cycles every thirty or forty years, or in other words, wito every new generation. The present gencration, who have had no experience of thg past, look ouly at the bright side of the picture, aud they will not rest satisfied or proceed with the work of civilization till they have destroyed « our- tain number of their fellow men. In the Ciristian Crusades of the Middle Ages ugainst the Turks it is estimated that two millions of men perished In the religious wars since, in which the Christiaa sects butchered each-other, how many more mil- lions bave fallen! And the world is little beiter in recent times. ‘To carry on the wars of the past century ia Evgland the currency was depreciated, papor mouey was increased, and the circulation, from afew millions of dollars in 1688, increased ta $250,000,000 ia 1815, besides inland bills and notes for $2,500,000,000. By this meaus tae taxes, of less than $10,000,000 at the Eng. lich revolution, were increased to $350,000,000 in 1815, vd the annual public expense from $15,000,000 to $650,000,000. Iu one single year (1815) the British government ap- propriated to the prosecution of a war to sus tain deepotiem in Europe the unparalleled ‘amount of five hundred and fifty millions of dol- lars ($550,000,000), to say nothing of the vast amount of property destroyed and the namber of human victims offered to the insatiable Mo- loch of war. And now, after the lapse of forty- is waged, with , thea The English goverament look asjon in armed ueutrality, while the Hu -- ople sympathise and applaud. The legrees crumbled away, and searce| ly one The present war