The New York Herald Newspaper, May 28, 1859, Page 3

and it is probable that Zt Ni CY A Brussels, comes nearer to the fixes the forees of ho German pga py Bl rr ie i Corp) men are foun temporal sate in their houses) as follows :— m FIRST COMBATANTS. Men. 38 ae | SECOND COMBATANTS» Comaiizariat and health service, iC. Roses sree 42/327 ‘General total... suceldecsescescgccsuece coOG0,103 ‘Pais general total is divided into ten bodies and one di. ‘Yirion of reserve, com of the contingents of the principalities, thie division beng destined to rein- inp and the federal fortresses in time of The strength of there ten bodies, subdiviited into three pal branchee, ie as follows :— ‘iat, 2d and Sd bodies (Austrians)—Infantry ,135,750 ry, 26,940 horses; artillery, 19,059 men; engi- 6,139. 'Toral, 19,344. : bth and 6th bodies (Prussians)—Infantry, 127,513 men; cavalry, 24,290 ores; artillery, 14,475 men; engi- neers, 3,014. Total, 176,047. ‘un’ body (Bavarians)—Infantry, $4,127 men; cav- elry,7 “cd amend artillery, 5,073; engineers, 800 men. Total, 7 ory boy (King of Wurtenberg, Grand Dukes of Hesse and Baved)—lotaniry, 34,802 men; cavalry, 7,406 horses, artillery, 6,844 meu; engineers, 731 men. - Total, 61,085. Mtn body’ (King of Saxony ‘and Etectoral Heese}—Ia- fantry, $8,822 men; cavalry, 7,977 horses; artillery, 4,596 men: cgincers, 693. Total, 45,877. 0th body (Hanover, Brunswick, Meckleaburg, and the Anseatic Cities)—Infaatry, 33,584 men; cavairy, 6,190 ond artillery, 3,996 men; engincers, 616 men. Total, 6 jivision of Reserve (Duchy of Saxo Thuringios)— 16,891 men. jt is known that Auetria and Prussia do not contribute to the formation of the federal army, except with the quota which corresponds to their purely German pre- ‘Vinces; but let us suppose & coment that Austria, Prussia ‘and tLe German Confederation ehouid unite their forces in Q@War,and jet us have the estimate of Prussia and Ger- many on the smallest ecale, that of the Augsburg Gazelle, ‘but including the fifth of 1859—and we shail have the fol- lowing round numbers:— ‘st, 24, and $d body, Austria, leaving besides in the depots and in reserve 100,000 men 4th, Sin aud 6th body, Prussia, leaving the Lanawebr of tne second ban and the depots of 166,000 men... seeesee seeecees ‘Ith body, Bavaria, leaving in the country the re- served depots of this body and the three follow- jog. bf ‘Volunteers, Heavy be -1,182,000 serves there ia then, beyond. all doubt, existing in Austria, Prussia and the German Con- feceration 1,600,000 men who are iustucted ia the urt of war, 120,000 borees and 2,800 pieces of artillery, There are, benides, their siege trains and their trains for erect- ing military brioges; and there exieta, even in the States of second ava third order, an immense amount of warlike elementt and raaterials, capable of serving for the cloth- ing, equipment and’ armament of 2,000,000 men. ‘Wil there exiat union, and will there be money to place and maintain these idwense armies oa « complete war footing? Will there b man capable of undertaking —we ‘wnl not ray such w command, but the superior direction of swo and three commands ia chief even ualitice? s the Second and Archaukes Charles do not iso with the eveutualilies of @ war; and Aiexan- der, Hepnibal, Cesar and Napoleon hayg for two thousaad ocd inthe ravks of the proudest warriors of the In regard to the millitary forces of Piedmont, here is its most modern cetimate, which we take from the Uaiversal Miliary Gazette of Darmstactt ‘the muitary forces of Viecmont, in time ot peace, con- elet of 49,633 men and 7,562 hor and, ie time of war, Of 122,136 of the first, aug 18,71 the secoad. view of thess immeose numbers of the Freach, Aus- trian ava German armies, which are put into line aud Mavceuvred ag eagily av u Dox of leaden soldiers on a tabie or on paper, the most patient of all materials, wbich the most pacific ot Madrid, Paris or Vionaa, ad mire with enihugiaem acd even with ecstacy, without thnking of anytniog more; but to the military inan who reflecls, @ muluvude of questions are immediately Bug- gested, worthy of tho mort patient aad careful satisl top, aud among others:— 1. Are these effective statistics effectual, real and tru 2. If they are, how many soidiers ought to be dis- counted for those not yalorous, non-combatants, depots, garcisons, &e.? 8. supposing the remainder perfectly instructed, clothed, equipped, armed and provided with their bridge and seige trains, &c., and with even threo duys provision for men and fodder for beasts, how is the future sustenance ‘ef such masses to be provided cor? 4. Are there hospitals capacious enough to accommo- Gate the sick and *ounded Of such numerous armies? 6. Isthe presumable theatre of war vast euough and fertile enough to require and permit the empioymeut and ‘as we may say, tbe strategic movements of such masses ? 6 Is the.e apy one who can Assume such a com- mand? 7. Bow many of these hundreds of thousands of sol- diers Would iorm the bead of a coiumn if the army, at one dred or more leaguce from ita primitive base of opera- tions, gives field avd decisive battice? 8. Are were sufliceot reserycs of men and materials to meintein Wem efccuvely and oa the same footing for a Jengthened period ? ‘Upon cack of these questions volumes have been and ean be written, OFFICERS OF THE FRENCH ARMY OF ITALY. [From the Moniteur de ’armée.] At the moment of the entry of the of Italy wpon a campeign, under the command in cnief of the Emperor, we are happy to state that the different corps, of all arms of which it it compoted, are organized upon the moat complete war footing, both as regarda pertonnel and matrriel. We give a list, nearly compiete, of tne generals who are placed a the head of our valorous soldiers, fol- lowing the date of their commissions :— ‘MARGUAIS OF FRANCE AND GRNERALS COMMANDING CORPS D’ARMER, H.R. H.PrinceNapoleon, General of Division Regnault Mavsbal Vaillant, ce SatatJean d’Angeiy, Merebaib.reguay ¢’Hilliers, Gen. of Invision M’stanoa, Canrobert, Gen, of Division Niel. GENERALS OF DIVISION. Repault, Metoet, Roguet, De 1a Motterouge, Berbulon, Ubrich, Espinagse, Vinoy, Comou, Bazaine, Jeugurault, De Railty, Periouneaax, De Mont-betlo, i Bourbaki, Ix Cone, Le Beeuf, De Luay ‘de Pilligsac, Froseard, D’Avtctuarre @’Erville, Desvaux, De Martmprey (Charles Ed- Trochu, moud), GENERALS OF BRIGADE, Faron Richepance, Forgeot, Foisz, de Cuteaignoiles, Comte de Clerambanit, Scncotet de Piaunel, Ladreit de la Charriero, Gauoin de Vuiaiae, Douay, ‘Max guis de Forton, Prince de la Moskowa, Baron Marion, Fleury, De Beaufort d’Hautpoul, ‘Auger, Bouteilloux, O'Farrel, Chauchara, Borgella, Granccbamp, Oourtois Roussel d’Hurbal, De Martimprey (Ange Av- De Negrier, guste), Batailic, Verge, Collineau, Beuret (Georges), Baret de Rouvray, Niol, Baron Neigre, . Lénoble, De Camperon, Correard, De Wimpilen, Ducrot, Cauvin du Bourguet, Roze, De Sevelinges, Fierdok, Boleuie Yvelin de Béyille, Saurin, Mancque, Delmas de Lapérouse, devuin, Gault, Dumont, létivre, Biavchard, Tebrun, Picard, De Caatagay, * Bonnet, Decaen, Maurelhan Polhés, Coffiaiéres, ‘Such names speak for themselves, and will causo France to share the entire confidence which we ourselves feel in the success of our arms. SRRTCH OF GENERAL TROCHU. [Translated from the Courrier de Paris, May 6, for the New York deRaup.) Luck in all professions covaists in meoting in carly life the occasion and circumstances to enable an individual to show his merit. Few men have been more favored om that point than General of Divicion Trochu. He had the honor Wo be the aide-de-camp of two of the most illustrieus [rors France hus possessed for the last tnirty Fars, Marshais Bugeaud and Leroy de Saint Arnaud. has becn entrusted with the most difficult missions, and in all positions which he held he always showed himseif superior to what was expected from him. Lows Jules Trochu was born in Bretagne. His father was an officer in the army admiuistration. Be was ccucated at the military school of La Fleche, ‘where he was noted for the vivasity of his intellect, and which he leit ia 1836 wo enter the Ecole Militaire, From 1687 to 1839 ho held the first position in the Evole d’Ap . _Tme war in Africa then cailed all the ardent : p ‘Honor on the eve of the battle of Isly, in fulGiling one of those perilous night expeditions, during ‘whiche in the midst of tho preoccupations of a coatiaual danger, one has 2o preserve tho coup @'a¥1 to aurvey a pian aad Bght m need. case . The Duke diicly thoughta great deal of him. When be od to his stall he became acquainted with Marshal LeRoy Saint ud; no sooner was the latter chosen Arne yeretary of War by the Kmperer than he called near him | &: Licutenant Go hu, He did not make him one of his aide-decamp, knowing that the ‘a8 laborious as that of Marsual Saint Arnaud. Toe Dmpire when restoring tho Fronch eagles had to endeavor te make the organization of the army accord with the new iustitu- Wons of France, and M. Troohu may claim as his own moet of the principal moasnres taken to atiain that object. When the Marstial took tio chief command of the Kaa ern army he placed Cylonei Trochu at toe head of his wids-de-camp anv orderiy officers. The constant contact of camp lio increased the friondship of the Colonel aud darebal. Wewill not enter inwo long Getgiie about we . NEW YORK. HERALD, SATURDAY, MAY 28, 1859, eens 4 Oolonel Frochu toox in the preiimipary opera- ee of ine ‘war, Me seconpoiterings on tho coasts of V6 Crim: lapding at Oldfor, wad bis mission near Lord Rogien at alma, Is wea Colopel Trochu who recolved the tart and im- morte) aiwa trom the Marebsi to bis army. Aprdiaied General cf Brigude on the 244 of Novembar, ‘1864, ‘M. Trochu continued to yive wo the new chief com: maner all the power of his miad and of bi rare kaow- Jedge in mltary matiers, Afierwards le took the oom wand of a brigade, and was wounded in the leg ut tho at- tack of the bastion the Mat, on the 8th of September, 1855. When back im France and entirety cured, M. Trochu re- fumed iis peace labors in the Oosamittee of the S.aff. Gut war could not breek oat without sticring up tha brave soul, division Bourbaki was ono of the fret to exter Pietmont ag the vanguard of the army of civilization; 1 was there that the Empe- ror wanted to place General Trochu, It was marking him Out for one of the firat vacancies of General of Division. It was not to be foresces that it would occur 80 #600; the divizion Bout bas become the division Trochu, Genera! Trochu possesses the brilliant valor which Pleages the soldier, th ce and rectitude of judgment making the good general. He is an organizer and a tacticiaL—two qualiiies seldom to be found wgether. ig young; although of middie size, his aspect is sympa- thetic and vigorous. His cleer and deep look pries into the military masses, commands and carries them, Warm and full of ‘imagery a8 an orator, he will reach the highest grades of military hierarchy; he is ono of the marshals of the future and a future Secretary of War. * OFFICERS OF THE ARMY OF PIEDMONT. Chief Commander of the Army, Kiog Victor Emanuel; General of ‘the Army (the highest rank in the Pied montese e my), comiman ler of the right wing, Alphonse Lamarmora, Mibleter without portefulio. Generel of the Army, commander of the left wing, Hee- tor de Sonnaz Chic! of the General Major Sta(f, Lioutenant General Count Marazz0 De : First Division—B. ce Castelborgo; Lieutonant Genera! of the Major Staff, Major Borzon. Second Division—Cormanier, Ligutenant General Fanti; Chief of the Major Staff, Colonel Porrino. nird Division—Commundér, Lieutenant General Jean Durando; Chief of the Mujor Stall, Colonel Count Casanova. Fourth’ Divssion—Comvannder, Major General Cialdini: Chiof of the Major Staif, Colonel Cugine. Fifth Division—Combonder, Major General Cuechiarl; Chief of the Major Staff, Colouel Cagorna. ‘The cavalry forms a keparate division, commanded by General do Sambry; the artillery is commanded by Geno- ral Pastore, and the “engiueers by Gcueral Menabrea, Ccunt Delia Rovere is the General Intendant of the Army. THE ZOUAVES. [Translated from the Courrier de Paris, May 7, for the New York HEKaLp.] ‘The Zonave is a heroic soldier; in fifty years henoo, the ma:ider chachia of the Zouaye will be ® subjec: for legenos, like the high fur hat of the grenadiers of the Old Guard. Popular among all others, ail the suscesses ries are ascribed to that African foot soldier. Zouave who has subdued Algeria; itis also a ve who has taken Sebastopol. This artless adinira on of the masses is merely homage rendered to aulitary boldness and courage. ‘The roldiers of the line and of the other corps have, therefore, not to be jealous of that pre- dilection; on the contrary, they have to look upon it as the consecration of the eternal bonds which bind the army tothe people, and make but one single and unique family of them, The corps of the Zouaves has alwayr been almirably commanded. Young and able leaders, stimulated by the ‘cured Cowell and bee protaoiel, Wil swasngive an enormous superiority to troops, even if they were only middling. So much the more wit! they communicate their spirit to solid and well drilied sotdiers, among whom the esprit de corpr is carried to the highest degree. Thus, among the Zouayes, a private feels convinges that his position'is as enviable as that of a captain of infantry. Tae strength of those regiments urises from (her admirable Stull of officers, and the following names taken from the rolls of the corps, up to the time of its reorgantzation ia 1852, is the hest proof of it. Almost all of those officers arrived at the rank of general:—Levailiant, Vergé, Moi- here, Lamoriciere, Duvivier, Ladmirault, Maissat, De Bayral, Drolenvam, Blangin!, d’Auteiuarre’ d’Erviile, Ro poud, Bosc, Biseon, Gardarens de Boisse, Bourbaki, Espi- nasee, Reguault, Renault, Cavaignac, Leflo, Leroy de Saint Amaud, de Chasselonp-Laubat, Bovat, Certain Caprobert, de Grandchamp, d’Aurelie de Paladines, Recqveult co La varande, &, The care taken by the illustrious leaders who, since 1839, have been at the head of the Zouayes, to draw to them the most wctive officers of the army, explains the length of the preceding list, which is not even complete. To Genera! Clansel pertains the idea of forming the corps of Zounves, which in ine begioning were exclusive ly compotea of Kaby!s and Coulovglis, who reosived tue heme of Zonaoua, a tribe from Jurjura, who.e bravery was proverbial in Africa, ‘The volunteers of the chart arrived somo months after. wards, an1 were incorporated into the new troop. Tae royal decree of March 21, 183, which gave a legal! exist. ence to the Zouaves, divided them into two bavallious, commanded by Messrs. Maumet and Duvivier. It 18 at Medeah end at the Col de Mouzaia that the Zouaves receiv. ed the baptiem of fire. The organization was, how- ever, far from being perfect, and, on the 7th of ‘March, 1883, the two butallions were made into one, of ven companies, eight French and two natives of Africa; the Inter were garrisoned at Dely-Ibrahim, It is only from that time that the costume of the Zouaves, so original and £0 Well appropriated to the fatigues of the Africaa war, bas become regulated, Commander de Lamoriciére gave & powerful impulge to afl the services, and introduced therein these good traditions which have been perpetuated ever since. We wil! nat follow the Zouayes in all the little battler they have fought; their generous blood has fertilized the colopy. Armed with a gun and a epade, they have opan- ed military road, founded the fire. Colostal establiah- ments, and acquired to their name that renown which has become European during the Crimean war. When the second expedition against Constantine took Place the Zouaves took a large share in the works of the Siege and at the definite storming of the place. On the eve Of the ereat day one of their officers, Captain Gardarous ce Bowse, solicited the honor to reconnoitre the breach. “What reward do you want?” inquired the genersi of the trench, “The honor to carry the flag of France at the head of the first storming column!” And the next day the brave captain, pierced by the Arabian balls, roiled in the ditches, after having planted his flag upon the walls of Courtantine. The same day Colonel Combes, commander of the Forty-seventn regiment of the line, carried the Zouaves, who formed part nis 00- lump, by those simple words:—“Braye Zouaves, you must take Constantine, or die under its walls!” Constantine was taken, but the Zouaves had dyed with their blood the roads which lead to it. Their culoael aad several officers and goldiara were blown away by a miue; those who outlived were horribly burned or mutilated. In 1840 their behavior at the Col cf the Mouzia in- duced the government to make a third battalion. From thence the Zouaves became a French corps; they were, iti true, attached to the permanent army of the colony, but the patives were excluded from amoog them. From 182 to 1849 yearly expeditions often otfered them occa- sions so distiugwesh themselves. Col. Caurobert was then the commender af the regiment. The cholera decimated the garrison of Aumale, says M. de Bazancourt. The seige of Zaatcba calle him to the fight; Col. Canrobert jaaves with his Zouaves consumed with the epidemic; aud during the trials of @ long and hard march he enconrager «them; he renaers to the sick the energy woich was for- ‘tuking them, and inepires all of them with courage, 0 avfficalt to preserve sgainst a plague which sidys and which one cm not percetve. Daring taat march with hie stnali expeusted column, he finds himself ai at once in ce of numerous assailants, who prevented ge and surrounded the city of Bou-Sala, rigon of which was blockaded. Colonel Qaprobert reeolutely marches to them, notwithsiaad. tog the inequality of his forces, and exciaimeu: “Let me pass, for I carry with me an enemy wao w exterminate all of you—the plague.” The Arabs, frign tened st these words, and perceiving on all sides t! traces of the epidemic, were seized with fright, ran aw. anf left the passage free. On the 8th of November, before Zaatcha, the Zouaves showed themeolves worthy’ of their predecessors of Coa. ttantine; the city was surrounded by an inexirica sie nec. work of gardens; Colonel Canrovert and his solvers ar- rive the first m the midet of the city, burning and over throwing everything they met with. “They aro aot aol- Giere,’”’ said a spectator of that gigantic struggle; *‘sney are canon bulis; once thrown, they are to reacn of fail, OBITUARY. GENERAL BOUAT OF THE ARMY OF ITALY. Mfranslated trom the Courrier de Paris, May 4, for tao New Youx Heratp.] A toldier whore life has been spared in twenty battic fields, and whose every promotion and every cross com- memoraves a ceed of éclat, has just been slain by a dreaa- fui and unexpected stroke. He fell, overwhelmed by aa apoplectic attack, when, at the head of his divisioa, he was rushing to new dangers with French thoughtlessaess and joyousness. Tne telegraphic despatch which brought us, yesterday, the painful news of the deata of general Bouai, notwita- stanuing its brevity, is full of tbe sorrow and regrets of ail his Drothers in arms, and of the Piedmontese, for whom he was generously going to shed his blood. General Bouat was scarcely fifty-four yoars oll. He belonged to one of those Alsacian families, devoted, for several generations, to military service, His father was Colonel und aid-de-camp of one of the Bourbon princes. ‘Young Bouat made bis studies at the military school of Saint Cyr, which he left as Under Lieutenant of Infancr; He soon became a superior officer, and distinguished him: self in the African wars. He behaved bravely when Lieu tenant Colonel of the Zouaves, in 1848, and was appoiatai Colonel of the 33d regimens. This regiment, whicu was sent to Rome, was cntirely composed of soldiers woo had participated in the African campaign. [hoy idolized their onel, whose valor they were well aware of; aud on the 80th of April, 1849, they gave him proofs, by their passive obedience, that they were worthy of him. Colonel Bouat dia not wait long for the epaulettes of General of Brigade. His love for war emotions and camp life induced bim to demand to be sent to the Crimea wisn the firet corps. Marsha! St. Arnaud, who had many times in Africa bad occasion to appreciate his military taloncs, appointed him to the division of General Bosquet, where he was in command of the Second brigade at tne battle of Alma. On that day, when, for the first time since 1815, ou: young army tet a regular army ina battle line, the ‘basic Of the generals was heavy. General Bouat covered him seif with glory, and he was appointed General of Division on tho 14th of September, 1864. ‘M. Bouat wee the first General of Division appointed on the Crimean ground, and is tho firat Freach Genera' whose remaing haye been buried under the Piedmontesy soil. The si of Sebastopol and all ita several episoies were for M. Bouat #0 many occasions to distinguish aim- self. When once a General of Division, au officer nas to add to the energy of a soidier the compreheusion, coolaess and foresight of a commander. M. Bouat was io the highest degree gifted with ali those qualities: leut tactician, quick in hia aecisiona, ne Givigion to the battle with that assurance wich com.au Dicutes Couddence and racred fire in the French soiaior. When one cbeys such leaders all the military virtues develope themselves; the mort timid men become lions. After the campeign of the Crimea M. Bouat took the command of @ divisiea of the Army of Lyoue. We have 40 far only spoken of the brave noidier impaesibie in the Dattle fleld, of tho officer who koows how to leat his mea, Of tne Gouernl gifted wih a.quick wad wure coup d'mst; ab & private citizen he wasas worthy as a soldier; In society ‘ne was amiable, easy of manners and compisisent. %y@ re- member having seen him ata ball of Marshal aint Ai Baud’s,and one could perceive by tho perety that he displayed in the midst of pleasures that W-e verious du- ties of a bigh position had not absorbed Uo tlow of epirits and the vigor of youth. In hig numerous commands he never wronged the in terests of his gubordinates.. He was aa energetic de- fender of their rights, a paternal and equitable cuicf, and leaves imperishable sentiments of friend: hip in the urmy. On the foreign but friendly goii the name of 3ouat will be the fret Imk which will again unite the French and Piedmontese armies. Although he did not fallin tho struggle, be wiil nevertheless be considered the first French soldier who died ior the independence of italy. CRUELTIES BY THE AUSTRIAN ARMY IN ITALY. Paris 12) correspondence of London Post.] riluve sedetved from the peat of war. tno. follo wiug a0- count of the cruelties and briganiage committed by Che Austriays :-— ‘The horrors committed by the hordes of savages under the cemmand of General Gy ua are only to be equalled in the accounts of the invasion by Attia. At half-past eight in the morning, or thereabouts, a numerous band of Aus- iriane, in dirty and toru attire, entered the city of Tortona, and took up their position in the castle. Other bodies f lowed, ¢o that the town was eoon overrun with these beings more like wild beasts than men. Two superior officers calied upon the municipal fanctionaries to demand food aud forage to the amount of 60,000 ration, but their conduct wae not unbecoming; on the contrary they seemed tolerably polite, and even the be) oviour of the soldiers at first gave no Cauee Lo suspect that they secretly meditatea plundering the town, Whulever our flist hopes may have been, they Were Lot destined to last long, for very shortly a company of Houlane irsued from the castle, and, dividing, spread through the town. An alarm spreading through the popu- lation, each shopkeeper bastened to secure his goods; but béfore they had even time to shut their shops and stores, bends of eight and ten soldiers presented them- selves at different points m the city, sora» seizing upon all the gcods they could arrive at, others preventiog the eemen from closing their doors by main force. At the ¢ time the sergeants and corporals entered the shops ana by threats lorced the owners to bring out ail the best things they had for the soldiers to carry off. The first goods plundered were thore of Madame Scotti, modiste, and of amercbont usmed Gailstari: after these came those of the siiveremiths, then some provision stores and taverys. The gcveral bakehovre was plundered also, and several hundred eacks of fine flour and wheat, besides a sum of money, were carried off; the stables were ail robbed. and in every street you saw @ Croat with an ox ora horse which be was Jeading off to the encampment with a cool mpudence which persuaded oue that they never had fol- lowed any other trade than that of thieving. Mean- while a certain numbor of them wended their way to the suburb of St. Bernardino, ana entered the farm of Signor Stseeano, who gave them as much food and drink as they wished for. In fact, the libations were so copious and fre- nent that at night wey all returned in a state of intoxic: top, bowling .ike demons, interspereing their how!s with the tpithet o: “Porca Premontesa’” (a3 a welcome to any inbabirant they might meet), firing tueir maskets into the windows of the houses, and occagioning a general belici that the town wauld inevitably be set oa fre. The citizens bad po arms to resist, even bad they been go disposed, and now have no food to eat; the place 13 cleaned out com- pletely. The Bihop was asecssed at fifteen thousand franck—some say thirty-five thousand—for his share ot the war contingent. In the suburbs of the town the same horrore took place; every house was sacked and plunder- ec by theee ferocious brutes, who are styled the ‘‘defend- ers of public order, sustaicere of our rationality and our religion.” Now that this band of eavages has satig‘lod its petite, it ie leaving us. An order of recall bas arrived from heacquarters, aud they are going off. We hear that at Gastelnuove-Serivia, Viguzzolo and Pon- tecurone the reme outrages were committed, and, by the threat of firing the towa, these bandits extorted whal- ever they wanted from the poor terrifled tradespeople, _—— THE FINANCIAL ASPE THE FL [franslated from ‘T OF THE WAR. INANCES OF AUSTRIA. the Courrier de Paris, May 6, for the New York Heratp.} A private citizen who hag geen ail bis money spent, and bav exhausted all means to prosure more, feeling that he must be lost without fail before long, sometimes makes np bie mind to try adesperate stroke, presenting a thousal chances of loés against one of gain. Then, with ths aid of some feeble remnants of bie fortune which he gathers with great trouble, he goes ia blindly in the midst of rocks and mortal dangers after the pursuit of a caimerical hops. Mest frequently heonly succeeds in precipitating the ca- tastrophe, and be falls, carrying with him the fools whom he bas urged to attempt with him the hazards of a foolish undertaking. Such is the present position of Austria; ueed up, rumed, discredited at nome and abroad, floding not evotber fiorin in her treasury vor a loaner ia Europe; alter having employed the most shamefnl means, having Lo more left, and seeing herself every day on the eve of a tremendous bankruptcy , she throws herself head foremost, into # war, looking 1n those extreme means for a kind of a heroical remedy in her cesperate condition. Setting France aside, whose prosperous financial condi- tion we showed some time ago, and putting aside Eog- land, which, for riches and financial resources, is over and above all comparigon with other nations, all the na- tions of Enrope are in an embarrassed finsucial position, but none in go great a degree as Austria. Her budget has more than doubled since 1848, and cach fiscal year is cloged with a deficiency increasing more and more the amount of her debt. Tae resources coming from taxes are not sufficient to pay off arrears, much less to meet current expenses. Besides, when the taxes have been doubied in ten years, and it has been necessary te use all the rigors of the law to insure their payment, the bottem of the taxpayer's purse and patience has been reached. Ia “oancmml matters, all that exceeds the cer- twin amount of money and rigor that the taxpayers cam ear, icfallibly leads them to refuse to pay taxes and te revolt. Austria needs not to add that intricacy to those against which she ig at present struggling. Moreover, in prese- jog circumstances, an increase of taxes is not sufficient; it coustitutes but an increase of revenue, and Austria is at present ip want of a capital to lesgen the deficiency which erwhelms her, and to face the new wants that war is bout to necessitate. Among all the means generally used to obviate those financial catastrophes which more surely overthrow a ope 4 than lost battles, we do not see a singie which might be used by Austria with any chances of suc- com. ‘A wise and provident government takes care in time of Peace to keep in reserve certain resources which it mi use atthe hour of danger. We have demonstrated teat France has been enabled to find, without extraordinary means, and simp by financial measures, 800 millions to face the pressing emergencies of war, and it is certain ‘that she might have done without the five huadred mii- lions which she is going to contract for, had she employed all her resources. ‘Austria, om the contrary, after having made every sift during peace time, finds Nerseif stripped when war com mences. Her cemesnal properties figure for oxe hundred million (lorie among the aséets of the back, and as it is well knowu that part of these goods have been sold dar. ing late years, there now remain io reality but forty- eight millions of them which are- appropriate: primitive employment. Thus, the Siate has r gvilty, towarde the public, of the crime of eteltions part of the aszets of the capitai of the benk—say fifty-two millions of florins—is free from any guarantee whatsoever. ‘Austria bad, however, besides her Ianded property, a more important one, from which she might have drawa a rich revenue, and the gale of which, at the opportune mo: ment, woula have aided in her deficiency and plaved her above par—we speak of the property of ber railroads. But thoge railroads, built at an immense expense with the money of the State Treasury, are now alienstet, ard the price arising from their alienation is entirely engulfed ip the bottomless abyes of the expen-es of austria. The Avetrinn railroads belong at present to foreign capitaliats, and as the network is nearly completed, ths governmaat bas not even the resource left to traffic 14 a new grant. Finally, in heractua! penury, Austria bas been obliged to pledge the diamon:is of the crown to prosure money. Yes, we are informed of it by the English journals; the young and chivalrous Emperor Francis Joseph, hike a rodigalgon, has been obliged to bring the jewels of bis Farnils-—the banghty family ‘of Hapsburg—to the shop of a Jew, who, after having examined them, concluded to lend thirty-two millions of florins on them. ‘The best means to procure money would have been te imitate what France did at the time of the Crimean war, and what she probably will soon do again to obtain the money to cover the proposed loan of five hundred mil Hons. Open a similar subscription to that.which, a few years ag0, produced the enormous amount of 1,500,000,000. ‘hose means, however, were not practicable’ in ‘Austr: besides, the political hatred that the different nationality annexed to Austria have always entertained for her op- pression, the Snencial probity of that Power is too muck ae for her subjects to hazard becoming her cre- tors. Much leas would foreigners do so, and the ordinary and weil known mancuvres of Austria in loan matters have deprived her of that third resource. in fact, the constant maxim of Austria jn loan mattars is this: to favor the pew loan as much ag possible, which is all right; but to favor it at the expense of the preceding loans, which is very bad. So it is that, while the metal- lics were only to be paid in paper money, the national Joan contracted for afterwards enjoys the ‘privilege of having the interest thereof paid in’ cash, which threw a discredit on the former to the benefit of the second, watch rota id at two and three per cent higher than the me- ics, The same thing occurred for that loan of six millions sterling that Austria attempted to negotiate in England. The conditions were atill more advantageous than those of the national loan, which thus became bad stock. But the English know how to count; they soon perceived that that loan would not be suflicient for Austria, and that the next one, presenting grea:er advantages than the actual Joan, the Jatter would fall back in the order of stocks, and would leave privileged room to the future loam. Taere- fore the success of that loan was nearly negative. However, Austria wanted money. Not being able to Procure some by the lawful and avowable means which we have just enumerated, she tried to obtain money by bo br epee herd Setantatineced wach as to send re the court of sessions ivate citizen who would make uge of them. ra ‘The honest Austrian financiers had recourse to the two following echemes:—They had @ large quantity of metal- Nes manufactured and sent them clandestinely to the exchanges of Antwerp, Frankfort and Amsterdam. That paper, fabricated beyond the limits of the emissior ‘Was negotiated until the day that the Custom House offices of Verviers seized a bale of those fraudulent titles. unveiled the trick and caused it to fail, Itcan be called acheat, but the following | real forgery:— There are two kinds of imetefiice those isgued in 1847 and those isgucd in 1852; the first are much looked after, and the others not at all. The Austrian government then conceived and practised the following scheme:—It ordered a large quantity of me- tallies of 1847 to be manufactured, the number of which was exhausted a long time since, and had those false ‘Donde negotiated at all tne exchanges of Gormany, instead of the discredited metaliios of 1862. But, however, tho result was to run down the mozsiilcs of 1847 at the samo Tato ag those of 1852, and to remove all iilasioas as to the financial pinintoating und Koneaty of Austria, A Power reduced to the nee of such meang is yery near ite fell, and the practice of auch si I echemes us those st given two speci marks out an rophe from which its recent decrees Those decrees may be summed up as follows:—Tho Avstrian government will pay its debta with paper, vatih requires that the taxpayers ehall pay thee 1p cash, tween not paying ovr’s debts wt al, or paying web worthless paper, we do not perceive a great ailfarence, wud those decrees ecm benceturih lo corstitule Agstria ty a state of bavkrup'ey, Like anotier l'yrrbus or another Charlea X{I., Francis Jonepb, seeing bis ruined kingdom unable to food to im. Menge army Which tke necessities of hia position force him constantly to keep oo a war footing, takiug his buttl: sword gore to the head of his bands to lovk for hiase) and for them for meaus of subsittence on the territory of hw pejgbbors. But we are no longer in times when war was a means to become rich, and when & crowned advea- turer could rebuild bis fortune by means of forced conte butions. Au exbauates nation, whose leasury ot fur, pish the sinews of wer, is infallibly to succomd ufwr & firet sirvggie. io onr times it 8 not with tbe heaviest bai Satin , but with the best filled treasuries thas victory ea. AUSTRIAN AND SARDINIAN FILANCE. It may be interesting just now w state a few particulars SMustrative of the fnancial resources of Austria and Sar Gini, The latest returns, published oflivially, do not ex. tend bey snd 1866; but it appears that in 1893, 1804, 1865 and 1856, Austria, although at peace, was never ablo, 10 Lomety phrage, ‘0 “make both ends meet,” ber budgets exhibiting the following reeuite:—1863, revenue , £23,718, 699; expenditure, £29,396,003; 1864, revenue, £24,533,. 872; expenditure, £58 604,664, 1855, reveuc, £26,378,638; expenditure, £10,268,618; 1866, revenue, 316,227; ex. penditure, £38,551,549. The amount of the Austrian pub- lig debt in 1866 was £241 ,700,000. The public expenditure of the Sardinian governmen: iso exceeded the revenue in the five years ending 1857; but it will be obeerved from the following statements ou the subject that the deficit was not comparatively £0 seriour:—1803, revenue, £4,360,967; expenditure, £0, 057,096; 1864, revenue, £5,127,302; expendivare, £5,506, 729; 1855, revenue, £6,188,912; expenditure, £5,654,051 1466, revenve, £5,301 ,113; expenditure, £5,097 043; 1867, revenue, £6,438,692; expenditure, £5,749,074. Toe amount of tbe Sarainian public debt at the commencement of 1867 wee £27,224,20). ‘The declared real value of tue imports into the kingdom of Sardinia in 1856 was £15, £52,711, and of the exports, £12,025,164; while thoze of the island were £687,815 and £460,070 respectively. The total value of the imports into the Austrian em- pire was £23,646,401 in 1855, and of the exporis, £23,260 ,870. THE NEW FRENCH LOAN—OFFICIAL REPORT ON THE PROJECT. The following report to the Emperor from M. Magne, Minister of Finance, on the subject of the loan, is pub- lished in the Paris Moniteur :— Sins—A law has just authorized your Majesty to raise, by a negotiation of State stock, an Oxtraordinary resource: of 600,000,000 of francs applicable to the expenses of the war of Italy, The period, the mode nad the conditions of effecting thie losn have, as usnal, been left to the judg. ment of the government. It results from the particulars furnished in support of the law that the eituation of the treagury is excelent. The resources which it bolls in reserve, and the ordinary means at his dispesal, would aliow it without embarragement to the current gervizes Of the Siaic,to devote more than 300,000,000 to the frat expentes of the war. It is therefore merely ae a simple measure of prudence, aud in order rot to keep capitalists in suspense, thatI am about to propose to your Majesty not to defer the opening of the subror pri A na tional subscription baving fully justified the pre ference whi our Majesty bas given to that system, there is no reason why it should be departed from. I propoze to your Majesty to regulate the conditions of it in the following manner :— 1. The subscribers, us in the preceding loans, shall have the choice of either 3 per centa or 434 per cen 2. The minimum of subscription eball be 10fr. of rente. 3. Subser! ve for 10fr. thall be exempt from any re- duction; those for larger sums shall be reduced in pro- portion, but without being brought below. 10fr. of rente. 4. The rate of issue shall be fixea at 90fr, for the 434 per cents, wilu interest from the 22d March last, and as Gofr. 5Cc. for ibe 3 per cents, with interest from the 22d of December, 1858. 5. One tenth of the capital subscribed for shall be paid at the time of subscription, and the remainder in eighteen equal monthly instaiments, the first of which will be due on the 12th July nex’. ‘The payments dy enticipation will not be admitted, ox- cept for subscriptions waich shall not exceed 500f. of rente. On the last few days at the Bourse the average price of the 4% per cents was bas not far removed from $6f,; ana that of the three per cents from 61f, Tuese pr: compared with the rate of iasue above fixed, show ia fi of subscribers only a very trifling advantage, but the delay of about twenty mouths which is granted to then to pay up the eubscription, and which, by means of the interest which tails due in the interval, will procare by anticipation the enjoyment of the interest of the capital subecribed for, constitutes in itself a bona fide profit of 2f. 88c. for the 433 per cents, and of If. 93c. for tho three per cents. At ali times similar advantages have appeare | ne cesrary to secure the cvccess of h negotiations. Pubiic eubecripton bas the particular merit of cailing on every one, without distinction and without favor, to take part init. Inthe preceaing loans this system’ has been Attended with great success, and there ig every reason to hope that the present one will have results not lees satis factory, Your Majesty’s policy—moderate and concilia- tory in council, vigorous und resolute when the neceesity for acting arrives-~has found a first consecrationin the ubenimity with which the great bodies of the State have granted the necessary amount of men and money. The }eople will prove by their eagerness to subscribe taat in engaging the fo, ces ot France for the defence of legitimate interests, in & struggle provoked by the enemy, your Ma- jetty bas shown yourself the faithful interpreter of the feelmge of the nation. P. MaGNE. The report is followed by a deor2e authorizing the adop- tion of the propositions contained ia it, and by a decision of tbe Minister of Finance fixing the following details for carrying the mezaure into execution:— Subscriptions will be received from the 7th to the 16th ingtontinclumveiy, in Paris and ia the Bepartment of the Seine, at the central office of tbe Treaeury; at the cctral of the Seine, No.36 Rue Neuve des’ Ma- thurins; at the Caissie des Depots at Consignatioa No. 2 Rude de Lilie, and at the mairies of the twe: arrondiscements. The books wili be opened on the 7 at ping in the morning, and closed at 6 in the evening of the 4" Subscriptions for sutas not exceeding 600 trans /0.rente may be paid by anticipation with a dis- count of four per cent per annum. Subscribers will re ceive @ provisional acknowlecgment, which will be ex changed after the close of the subscription for a certiti- cate to bearer. {From tho Paris Constitutionnel, May 7.) The rente is no longer, as it used to be, concentrated in the hands of « small number of capitalists; it now belongs to a multitude of holders. Under the restoration, the number of fuudbolders scarcely exceeded 100,000; in 1847 there were still only 207,000; but at the beginoiwg of 1854 the number had increased to 664,000. The rente had not only got into more hands, but its poescesors were to be found spread over the provinces, where afew years pre- viously the rente was ulmost entirely unknowil. In 1847 three-sourths of the fundhoiders resided ia Paris; but io 1854, out of the 664,000, more than one-half were in the departments. ‘Thus the 'rente, when appreciated by the public as an investment, became more aud more sub- Clvided, uatl there were nearly 100,000 holders of stocx for amounts protucing not more than 20f.a year. For the goversment loan of 250 millions coatracted in March, 1854, 48,000 subscribers came forward, and offered 467 millions, The movement was the same in every part of the country, The departments furnished 72,(00 subecribers for an amount of 263,000,000, aud Paris 26,000 eubscribers for 214,000,000, so that the number of provincial subscribers was nearly three timesgreater than those of Paris. But the fact most worthy of remark was the proportion of subscribers for emali sums, not ex: ceeding 60f, of reute; since they amounted to 60,000, or more than haif the whoie number. Waen, at the begin. ning of the year 1865, the government calied tor a loan of £00-(60,000 by public subscription, 177,000 persons came forward and offercd 2,175,060,000, or above four times the sum required. Of that number 126,0u0 belonged to the departments, and 61,000 to Paris. On that occasion, the great proportion of wubscribers for small, or not very lerge sums, was sgain remarkable. Tne amount of the subecrip ions for lege than S00!. of rente, to whom a pre- ference was given, reacned 836,000,000, or 336,- 000,000 more than the proposed loan. The third trial was attended with the same magnificent re- fults. The joan ieaued in 1856 wi equal to the two previous loans. acribers were $16,000, of whom 80,000 resided in Paris and 236,000 in the depsrtmente. ‘he amount subscribed for was 8,652,000,000, nearly five times the sum asked for. Then again the small subscriptions were extremely numerous. Those for 50fr. and under, to which only a privilege was ac- corded in order to prevent the recurrence of certain abuses which hed arisen during the previous operation, repre- sented nearly 282,000,000. Such have been the results of the three Joang. ‘The subscriptions for tue loan of 260,000,000 did not reach to quite double the sum re- quired; for the loan of 500,000,000 they exceeded it iu a fourfold proportion; while for the loan of 750,000,000 they were more than fivefold. At the same time that ihe eums subscribed advanced in this tbs bang the number of subscribers, which was £8,000 for the first, rose to 177,000 for thesecond, and to 316,000 for the third. speak €0 cloquently as to render all comment unnecessary. TO THE EDITOR OF THE HERALD. it may be assumed asa matter of fact that an alflance exists between Russia and France, by which, in the event of certain contingencies, the combined forces of these two Powers are to operate together for the prosecution of vast litical schemes. These Powers have within themselves almost unlimited resources for the successful prosecution of an offensive war. On the contrary, the balance of the Continental Powers are limited in their financial resources and must resort, im an emergency, tothe London Ex- change for money, which is the sinew of war, If the English government regaris the Russo.French alliance as a menace, it will be obliged, for purposes of self protection, to supply the central Powers of Parope with loans sufficient to maintain an adequate defence of their sovereign rights, ana thus, without directly engag- ing in the Continental stroggle, she will secure a consoli- dation of the Austrian, rusian and German nationalities, upon the impregnabie basis ef a moueyed foundation. Assuming aga fact the existence of the Russo-Frenoh alliance—and varioug circumstances tend strongly to cs tabhah it—bow is it possible for the English govern- ment to escape the necessity of becoming the floansiat chief of another European alliance, while she herself, in the maintenance of an armed beet bounds forward in an unparalleled career of commei Prosperity? No matter what unforeseen combination of circumstances may arise in the bloody drama now being enacted, Angio- Saxon supremacy, however shaken, cannot be overtarned; and the commu} of interests which bind together the various branches of this race in different parts of tae world will operate by peaceful but irresistible means to secure ite ultimate commercial domination in the affairs Of por his Feagon we do not antit ‘or t n we do not anticipate any action upon t part of the English government which el hs vee had dency to weaken the ties of race. We have no fea another enforcement of the docirine of the right of ntof eamen. The cloud of w: 5 how gathering as a little speck Over Italy, will soot sovce the whole European heavens, and its thunders and light 8 will arouse the latent energies of the unconquerable inders, consiitute them the financial head aud front of A powerful alliance, and secure for them the sympathies Of al) lovers of conativutional freedom, é Ps ft —TRIPLE SHEET. THE AUSTRIAN PORTS ON THE ADRIATIC. POLA—TBE GIBRALTAR OF TH ADRIATIC. A deeyiption of the por: of Pola, ia the Acriatic, the station of tbe Avstrian War Davy, May not ba UnaccapLa bie st the present crisis. The port of Pola is situate ty the beat and rebest part of Tera, There are fow ap- CLoring groun)# 60 tie, 80 gale aud 60 capacious, A pent named Vereava, which is # peninsula sunning into tbe fea, forma the entrauce to the bay, at the ex- to the northwest of the town. te nearly tovee miles round, is deep, and acmirabiy situ- ote. Ovce inside @ ship is secure from both fem aud wiad. It is comprised between the is.and of Ss. Andr: the Isinnd of Ouyes amd ibe towa on the norta aod «art ees. Tndependentiy of the port, maguiticeut iv cvery yescect, there ig ap interior harbor, which ex ‘ends from the town to the Isiaud of Ouves, and it euoiered trom every wind. It is frequented, paruca lary 10 summer, Decauge the deat is less than in toe port. Pola was Tormerty a station for the Roman fleet Toe period of ita gre plendor dates from the reign of Septimus snd there are still to be found there numerous ruing aud monuments of that pori- od, The moet ceievrated of ail is a moguificent.ampbi theatre, almost us remarkable as that of Veroua, which woe reetored in 1816. The Austrian government has cousty veted considerable works within the last four years, wtendirg to create & naval arsenal. It is at this mo- ment rewing important fortifica ious, Miltary mea are bbavin.ous in declaring that Pola is a position which may be rendered impregnable. ‘TRIESTE. {Translated from the Moniteur de la Flotte, May 8, for the New Yori Herat.) When giving the description of the maritime arsenal of Pola, recently formed by Austria, we have stated the de lum itation of the Kingdom of lilyria, this possession, which is so precious to the coart of Vieona, tg composed of two great olvisions. Toe first comprises the goverament of Letbauh, which hae a supertice of 17,960 square kalome tres, and @ pepulation of 750,000 inbabitans. The ev0nd comprites thy government of friesve, which has 10,610 square kilometres and 460,000 inhabitants. ‘The government of Trieste contains three subdivisions, Viz : 1st, tee municipal district of Trieste; 2d, the circie of Gerz, or formerly Frioul; 80, the circle of Istria. The cily of Trieste 1s the sent of the department of that ame, ofa sanivary direction avd of a military command; ite port, which was proclaimed a free port in 1750, posserges very precious nautical qualities, and makes for oe city one of the most important commercial places of rope. Austria has porsessed Trieste since 1382. For a long period it was only a port for Gsbermen, Emperor Rodolph 1. having, in 1604, rendered edicts in favor of trade and pavigation, this city began under his reign to open commercial intercourse with the East and the ports of the Black sea. in 1609 a famous family of mer- cbants, the Molongas of Trieste, founded in Trebizond & counting house which traveacted an immense busi- ness, and was still there in 1802. The Molongas extended their trade as far as Persia, and became the bankers of Nadir Shab and his successors, to whom, on several occa- sions, they made large loans. They also entered into correspondence with the sovereigns of Constantinople, and loaned, ip 1758, ope hundred milion piastres to Saitan Mustapha LL, who paid them back with the strictest exactitude, and granted several important privileges to them. ‘Notwithetanding the proj made since 1604, it was only towards the middie of the eighteenth» century that Tneste became really rich and flourishing. In 1742 the Emperor Charles VI. prociaimed the city free, and in 1760 Masia Theresa made a free portof it. Those measures, as inielligent as useful, gave a great impuise to its trade, and thus it became what it now is, an extensive and rich maritime entrepot. ‘The city ie di d into four parts, viz:—the eld city; the new city, also calied Theresienstadt, because its building commenced during the reign of Maria Theresa; the city of Joseph, founded in 1755, during the reign of Joseph 1I., and the suburb Francia, founded m 1819. Tne hew city extends at the foot of tbe mountain which the castie crowns, Its streets are large and its bouses are well built. Trieste contains 197 streets, 31 squares, &paviona! Museum, & public brary, aud ® very cele- brated literary establishmeat called Minerva. Among its remarkable monuments are the church of the the tore fropt of which is handsome; the City Hail, and the Exchange, which is a very handsome work of architesture. We have to name algo the Cathedral, which is very old, avd jor the buiiaing of which remains of Roman antiquities have successfully been veed. It contains the funeral mopyment o: the celebrated antiquariin Winckelmann, born in 4717 at Steinchall, in Brandeburg. This illustri- Out savant was assassinated on the 8th of June, 1768, by & wretch calied Arcangell, who killed him to rob bin of the gold and sliver meaais which he bad gathered for the collection of the Vatican, of which he was the librarian. This city contains azo fome old monuments worthy of tention. An arch of triumph erected in honor of Charle ene, the remains of a Koman amphitheatre, discovered at the ume of the searches ordered in 1753 by Maria Trercea, ond a subterrancan aqueduct built during the reign of Septimus Severus. In 1740 the populstion of Trieste was only 9,000 inhabi- tants. The measures taken at that time increased it from ear to year, Alresdy in 1775 it amounted to 14,000; in £02 to 27,000, ip 1868 to 38,000, in 1817 to 42,000,'ia 1821 to 45,000, in 1829 to 47,000, in 1832 to 50,000." Tuis popu. Jation bas now reached the enormous amount of 100,000 souls. The Gulf of Trieste is called the hollowest part of the Guif of Venitia, whic an opening cf about six leagues, and anearly equal depth, It 1 ove oO; the best anchorages of the whole Adriatic. The whole western coast of that gulf is formea by lagoons, hy grounds, but the eastern or Istrian const, from Trieste to the Cape of Salvore, is high aud or low end mi very healthy. The pose of tbe port of Trieste is northerly sheltered There wre splendid dock yards and alt ue resources of @ navy arsenal, a new wet-dock for the varantined ships apd numerous storehousee. The port, nea with wharves forming an obtuse angle, ts «ivided in the midget by asmal!l internal mole. This’ port is now xearly 1,5(0 metres (ong and 900 in wicth; although it is open northerly and northwesterly, it may be raid th:t greatest security for those winds coming from the depth of the Gulf. The large ships which do not want to enter the port anchor westward of the city, in twelve or in all weather, 4s offers the fifteen fathoms water. The increasing importance of tho of Trieste bas induced the government to remove the establishments of the pavy to Pola, The great steam navigation company of the East has jis seat at Trieste. The captains who fre- quent that port look upon it ae one of the most agreeable for the affabihty of its inhabitants and the benevolence of its officials. Trieste, as well as Pola, is on the German portion of the Austrian territory. FRENCH CIRCULAR TO SWITZERLAND. The French Ambaerador on the bth of May addressed the following communication to the Federal Counci!:— His Majesty the Emperor bas deemed it necessary to vpite hig forces with thore of his ally, the King of Sar- oipia, 1p order to repel an attack directed against nis go- vernment by bis Majesty che Emperor of Austria. His Majesty the Emperor of the Frensh, earnestly de- Airing to restrict this war within defined limits, has given orders to the commancers of his forces, both by sea and land, strictly to respect the territorial and commercial in. terests of those States which remain neutral, and cot ftaptly to observe all principles laid down by the Paris Congrers of 16th April, "1866, in the relations with all States whiol! have adhered to these principles. The Ewperor feels convinced that the F.deral Goyern- ment, animated by a just desire for reprocity, will take such ‘measures a8 will ensure that Swiss citizens shall, during the war, obgerve a strict neutrality. The French Ambassador takes the opportunity of ex- pressing, &. MANIFESTO OF ITALIANS TO THEIR BRE- THRE er was freely circulated in Naplos:— ‘The following p Viva italia, Viva Je Francia! ‘The poesibility and the desire to see Italy rige from her aches are no longer an absurdity or acrims. The strug gles of 1848, the heroiem of = hundred towns, the pro- tistativrs of the conquered, the pantings of the exiled, the blood of the martyrs ehed by the hand of the execu: tioner and the sword of the Croat have raised acry in Furopr—have attracted attention to Italy—and affixed the sigma of reproach on the forehead of the Austrian robber. It war only necessary for the legitimate aspirations Ttaly to be recognized in the diplomatic councils of Eu. rope; Piedmont, by her energy and force of will had shown that Ita\ian nationality was no longer a poetical fancy, auother word for anarchy, and an inetrument of ambition. ‘The question, become an European one, could bo longer be deferred uor dismiseed. The mocking smile o1 the sceptic had long wounded the faith of the believe! but when the tri-colored standards of France and Italy are unfurled on the banks of the Po, to punish the cow: ardly perpetrators of outrage, doubt became.a folly, inac- fion timidity, and dissent a crime. The idea that liberty is a fiction or snare in the country where Austria rules despotic, is the experience of the in 0,000'who are pining between the nto and the Lihbmo. ‘Whilst numbers ot spirited young Italians are flocking from ul! parts to reconquer and re-cstabiiah a fatherland, atthe price of their biood, if need be, let the Neapoli:. tans—ail oppressed by a tyrany the most insupportable the world ever knew—with equal readiness and onergy concur in this great work of their country’s independence, the certain reward of a strong and courageous people. TURIN—THE PIEDMONTESE CAPITAL. On the capital of Piedmont nearly the whole public in- terest of Europe at this moment centres. This seat of the Sardinian monarchy is eituated on a beautiful plain on the Po, which at this point receives the waters of the Dora Ripsra. The town is of oblong form, and its circumference about four miles. The streets are in general wide and ‘aight, intersecting each other at right angles, and ropuing’ in direct lines from one extremity’ of the city to the other, and many of them are embellished with piazzags at the sides. The princi. pal square near the centre of the town ranks, both for size and beauty, among the most elegant in Europe. On one of its sides stands the reyal palace, and on tbe other threo are erected arcades. The mate- rial of which most of the buildings are conatrusted is rich marble, of every vein and color. The cathe‘ral is an antique Gothic edifice, remarkable principally for its marbie cupola. The city possesses a number of beautiful churches, most of them of large size, and built of, or profusely ornamented with, marble, The university con- tains a court surrounded with arcades, the whole covered with inscriptions and ancient bas-relic ‘Tt was instituted in the fifteenth century. Altogether furin is a beautiful city, Worthy of the pleasant iand in which it is situated, and one cannot help regretting that there is every pros pect of its bemg Gas subjected to the casualties of war— & calamity which it has more than once undergone duriog the present century. THE WAR PREPARATIONS OF ENGLAND. THE EFFORTS TO GBT SAILORS—NAVAL OPINIONS ON THE FRENCH--THE RUSSIANS AND THE POPS. {From she Newcastle et ag 6.) On Thursday afternoon, Cuptain Pim, R. N., commander of the Gorgou, which vessel will be shortly placed in the Tyne, met the Shields satlors in the loag room of the Sailors’ Home, Nortu Shields, avd addressed them oa the present movement for mauniog the navy. The long room was densely crov Taere wore several shipowners present, and Captain was ncodmpanied to the plat- form by Mr. Heimstey, Mr. Greenhow and other gentle- men. is westward of Istria. Tho Gnif of Trieste, which is perfectly bealthy and sheltered, has ; 3 Captain Pim said that the ays would have no be no: been unwell; and he would have to be havwan acd speaker Toe reason why be had (died thou, together was to polns out the advadta va uf ar! ihe. to sailors. North country sailors did vot like to buy a pig in @ poke. He was there to ‘Quinny ond he oped that some of the sailors uid apeek, and waoted them to de ath ee wovernment what they owners preeeot he would tell thea” there to oppore Weir interests, He we: best terms with them; but the county et eee, critical position, A few nights ago Sir Jom Pakinguon, in bis place in the House of Comasana told tho country im 4 frovk mauser that we had only fve'linc of battle ships aud trelve frigates ready for active service, which war. jess than the Freach navy. It became the eid there- . They: he saw some ship- that he hed not come: fore, to get more ready, and man them wi had beard of an alliance between Rutsia and France, The Russian navy was nearly as strong as the French, and to his certain hen they had gunboats, He had fought by the eide of the French, and he knew them to be cevilisb five fellows, aud he shou'd be sorry to see the alliance between them and the English nation dissolved ; but if the alliance between France and Russia was com pleted, they m!gbt have ‘‘box and dice”? some day, and there ’would be the devil to pay, and no pitch bot—(laugbter—a “person who had been ten. ing to the discourse dizappeari from the room at the same time.) It was the intorest of the shipowners to have the navy woil manned. (A yolce— “ And have the harbor protected.””) Yes; for a few shell could destroy alt the ships in the harbor. If the shiyowners \ook that view of the case, they would see that he had not come to oppose their interest: He would never interfere with sbips going to wea. He would not go on board a ship. to take away a crew, because they had @ pick at their master. He wouid not go to tap shops and public houses to pick up érunken men. He wacted good steady men who kvew their duty, aud who would fignt like biazes if & Gust should occur. (Lond cheers and laugbter.) If they joined ihe uavy they would have pei mploy- Went. Suppose the average wages was £3 10s. @ month in the merchant service, and @ reaman was employed eight months in @ year, that was £30. Now, they gave £2 98. a month in’ the vavy, aod supposing a vessel arriving at home, and @ man ssked leave of absence for six weeks, bis pay auili ran on. He never saw such grub in the mercbantservice ag they bad on boarda man of war. When bis ebip came down to the Tyne his men would come aebore—they should bave ag ravch leave as they could stick to. Some of bad families, and if they joined and were a little in debt, all they bad todo was to signa paper, and half of the bounty would be advanced to rub the debt off. The Admiralty had come forward in @ liberal manner. They wanted good men Ww fill their shins, and ‘they were apxious to have the opinioa of the sailors as to any @ifficulty tbat might stand in their way; and having suid that mucb, he would now-wait for any questions that might be put to him. Mr. Rowsox, an old geaman, came forward amid loud cheers ana laughter, and said he would tea a few desal- tory sentiments from an old tar who toox his part in the Jast war, (Loud laughter.) The great Nelson said Eag- land expected every Englishman ta do his duty. Nelson and his {riend Hardy sprung from the merchant service; but our government had ruined it by going heyond the Scripture maxim, for they had loved their neigh- bors beticr than themselves, and had starved their owm teamen to feed the foreigner. Tue oid geptlemsn then entered into m long tirade agrivet the Tepesi of the pavigation laws, railways and sorew colliers, and asserted that the Tyne, instead of being a nursery for amen, Was LOW & DUrsery for engineers, stokers and firemen. (Loud laughter.) He asserted tbat in «short time the coal trade would be ruined, and England would be a second rate Power amongst the nations. The old tar then ran after another hobby of his anent the Popeof Rome, ‘when he was coughed down, Captain Put would gay nothing about the Pope. The beet religion they could exercise just now wag vo trust in Goa and keep ibeir powder dry. (Loud cheers.) He be- lieved tbat the English sailor would be equal to this or apy other emergency, and that if it were attemoted to juvade England the invaders would have to marco over their bodies. (Cheers.) He said they did not come to recruit from men half geas over, but steady, patriotic and good men. Mr. Loaspex,aseaman’s delegate, thonght the bounty food at present, and the largest ever known. But he was of opinion that if a seaman died ie the service his widow Bbould be pensioned the same as the widow of -an officer. ‘Toe wages cflered for the navy were equivalent at pre- ¥ent 10 What was paid in ihe merchant service, and he be- Heved the vielovs were more liberal in the navy than in one-third of the merchaut vessels. Dir. ALEXANDER LYSUR thought that the seamen of the north would move beartuy sympsthize witn the navy if the authoritiee were to take more interest in the mer- chant sailor, He pointed ont how the eeamen bad been cheated by the misappropriation of the Mer- cbant Scamen’s Fund, and showed that when 3 poor Old sailor was obliged to go to the workhouse bis poor pen- sien from tbat source was stopped. i nis part be would 68 £09n sail in @ man-of war @& merchant ship—toover than with some of your youmg @audy cap- teins. (Cheers.) A midshipmen on board of a man-of- war durét not calla man aso of a ——; aud the captain never ored bad language. (Laugiiter.) He entered into & very long deteii about the diercaucile Marine act. He thought many of its clauses shouia be awept away. It allowed more arbitrary r ia @ merchant ship than ‘was allowed on board of man-of war; sad as the boy aid of Pope, when Pope exciaimed: ‘Lord mend me!”— six good men could be made in the time that he was mending—and to six good acts might be made ip the time they were trying to mend it. He advised young men wo join the navy. He riaiculed the idea of the “ cat.”” Captain Pia and Mr. Helmsley spoke. Toe Captam said if a man was killed in ection hie wife would receive a pension, He said he wanted thirty-nine able seamen for the Gorgon, and he he would get them. He did not believe that there was a dozen cases of flogging on board the navy during the past six months. bir. Helmsiey, who bimeeif had w ought nie way up from the merobant service, and in two years would be epttled toa captain’s pengion, said that he had ea- rolled 1,6(0 men im the north in five yeare, and he could speak to the good treatment of the seamea Ga board men- of-war, Captain Pim said that he had beard tua’ iv £5 a month were offered they would get 2,000 a B.'s from the nortberp ports. He would hke to hear what the sailors had to ay on thatsubject. CoaRtes Lippgit, in ® very sensible epeeca, thought that a wife and could not be supported by the half pay, £1 $8. a month, now left by a man joining the uavy. However, if this’ country were likely to come to close quarters, Lbere wouid be no difliculty, he thought, in manning the navy. The meeting broke up with three cheers for Captain Pim and three cheers for the Queen. VOLUNTEERS FROM THE MERCHANT SERVICE. A large number of volunteers for the royal navy have been forwarded-from the Crocodile receiving ship off the Tower, to the Firgard, flagship, at Wooiwich, curing the present week, and the meu will be envered for service on board the Gorgon, Jackail, Firebrant and other veesels recently in commission. Some excivement was caused on tbe river yesterday from the apprarance of the Dryed and Swit, steam vessels, velouging to the Woviwich steam Packet Company, end which were actively eugaged in giving practicai effect to the Queen's prociamatioa. Kara Veseel was gaily decked out with the natioual sacdard and bunting of all colors, from fore to aft, A ound of musicians performed oxtional anthem, “Rute itrt- tannia,’’ “Cheer, Boys, cucor,’ &o, ag ine steamers slowly proceeded’ up and down’ the river, and the crew smartly attired in biue jackets, wiite tcousers and straw hate, with blue streamers at sutervals, appealed to the engage in river #ide occuyatiops to ‘e liberal bounty and serve under we flog of Old Evgiand, The resuit wae bigaly satisfactory, and numerous volunteers were placed on board the Croco Gile in the alternoon, As afuituer inducement to enter the naval service, the following Aomiralty notices were yesteruay posted at the Various docky ards and public estabsishments:—'+ Bounty to Britieo seamen who may enter the royal navy.’’ Sea- men who muy enter in accorvance with the royai procla- mation, aud entitied to receive tbe bounty, may, if they choose, make provision for the payment of their debts, or for the the benefit of ihelr wives and famiies to the extent of one bali of the county payabie by the prodiama- tion, twenty-one days from the date of each seaman’ eatry. The man is to sign a form raactiouing such payment, tobe approved by the naval cilicer of toe rendezvous or ship by whom ho is entered, aod the amount wili be paid from the office of the Accouviant General of the Navy im- mediately it becomes due. Seameu will thus pe abie to clear off their debts and jeave their faintiies immediately provided for, aud as avy allotments they may wish to make can be taken from their pay tae monto alter they join the navy, and as they can now receive from the pay- muster of the sbip a portion of tneir pay montaiy, they will see tbatevery care is taken to guard their families from want, apd that they are themselves set free from debt and anxiety. Several able seamen have, during the iast few days, been entered for the uavy irom the Sailor's Home, Well street, London docks. @ large intercourse which this institution has bad with merchant seamen (100,000 of whom have been received as boarders duriog the last twenty-four years) has induced the Directors to address the foilowing letter to the Secretary of the Admiralty on vA? am dreined by the clrectors of the Ballrs’ ome Lom dee! a ¥ to you wil inform the Lords Commissioners of the Sdmiaiey ‘that the proclamations for gran deen recei the bri offices 12 connection w! at the Tollowing places:—Tooley ‘Retoliffe hight oilicers, dc. ad of the navy. T also: ly to add. that tn the opinion of tors, the employment of one or two sina!i steamet suitable to communicate with the coliiere at toe stations in the Thames, as weil as the ships frum fore (when bys Cs )» pleating 50, Deere Ver Depare fedited'in this opinion by ihe reniembranse that w the Britannia was preparing for the fisg of Sir James & young Heutent im that snip, by patient exervions, ceeded in entering weveral aero cae ae ky oF rmx ADMIRALTY. a ereaeD (From the London News, May 12.) It was stated yesterday, upon peariy 10,000 bs 4 had been enroiled at ae eh : sary quantity is ol Outward bound merchant ships are nience from the loss of their crews at wesend, the attraction of the governmen’ ‘thorities board the ships at of the men will volucteer, and have been left without a enable them to proceed. ‘The Glasgow Herald says:—In this ‘weat Coast gener are stronger and deeper every day. former times many nobie men vice; the Clyde can, and will, do the same again. For the purpose of stirring us up 1a this matter, Brown, R. N., Registrar General of seamen, by Mr. Tribe, from London, visited this sgn ee and in the course of the day culled on h- he owners, the custom honae fficazs and ocal marine Officials. It ia gratifying to know tat on ail bands Capt,