The New York Herald Newspaper, June 20, 1858, Page 2

2 NEW YORK HERALD, SUNDAY, JUNE 20, 1858. (oroed (arough iis coctre uniform rate {ae BOW iusulaiec coaductor through a weer conceit rome ineure its perfect insulation the core is tures eoaw of gata percha, after which it to receive its me when Ww in inch meter, or twice the thickness of tt porte, thant for the deep #es, bas five gutta ‘apc cach one of Wwe outer wires which are to sor of an inch think. i exzaer fer 1, t0 0 ene ® sala es massive affair, aud capable of resisting ® ‘eqan' forty or ity was, Some idea may be formed of | quantity of iron consumed in the work, when it ts known | that the protecting armor requires 379,412 miles of wire | about the thickoess of scones a coo tbc sella the copper wire required for 084 tai ube protecting armor is composed 0: eignteca wl cach stragd Conmstiag of seven wires, wound round the iasuiates core ia a spiral form, and being about a tweiftn of an iveh tick. fhe masafucture of this part of the | esbie is very sumpie. The imavistion of the conductor having been choroaghly tested, to prove ite complete iasa- Jation. the cabie is seut to the factory, whore It is covered with Ghe lroa wire aud prepared for coiling on shipboard. Before the insulated wire leaves the gutta percia factory every sixty miles of it are th: iy exSuined. Snoud any flew be tound it 18 imm: Tepsirod, aud the ca- bie ia again subjected to the olectric test, when, ifit prove perfect, it allowed to remaia ueaisturbed until such time ws it is placed on shipboard. Tho break of con- tnuity or copnection in tbe vore f-om impertect tasalation ora parting @f the copper wire is made Known by the ringiwg of & Doll, Which sounds tue alarm the instant the icterrtphion takes place, amd continues ringing so long as the bailery sends the electric stream aloag the coaauc- tor, [wae an observer of this test, and caw it appli with brady Eggle ay ogg She conseeuen, was om- porariiy aeatro, 6a; moment tne battery was pg og dear upon the conductor, the unerring indica. tor, the i:tile bell, commenced ringing and kept it up till tre battery was delacned, a the means of that game infallible detective every of {1 isenot only proved before touving the factery, but as it goez imto coils oa ship . ‘fhe macuinery for the final of the insuls ‘ed conductor is ver, simple, and, although at the first glance itappeare rather compiicated and iatricaie, a few minutes Apepection makes fall perfecuy plate. [ne tiret proccss is the serviog or covering of the gutts porchs tosulation with hemp steeped in & prepatatioa of ar and pitch, after which it recsives the exteraal protection, or wire armor. [be serving of the uemp on tne Core is accomplished by means of a revolving a on the periphery of which are piaced sever or eight bob- bins, the cure of the cable p&:sing direct ¥ and perpen. Giculariy trough ita centre. Ay tae machine revolves the booding algo revolve oa their uwa axis, paying out the hemp which ie thus served oa thy core. fae mode of pulling ov the outer wire 18 vogy siailar, with the ex. ception tha! there are @ larger number of boboins re- quired, there beg ope to each straud, or eigatesn alto- gether. Tne velocty With WBich these iAchwes revolve 1s somewhat calculated Lo slartic aervons vevpte on a fire vuit to the factory; and sdoau vome of the vodbins nay pea dy say shance to fly off while cacy are ia mowoa, hey Would make wile Work WARD auytDiug Woice cacy might etre. While the cavis is ceive paid ont [ram tae machine, in tts finisned state, it passes over ceveral aaatl Wheels aud hough Vass Of tar, as 1618 Crawa out OF wea Who wre couiDg Ib 1D WALOF Light Oasias Prepared for tas i PUrpore: Five wire covering machiues Kept tn coostaut eration during the day give wu average Of aout mules. This cab, of cocrae, reatiiy ia. by patting on aa advivocat number of saactices in contiuvien, st tbe taal te cabie mise stood tne twat’ of bho tas! expadt may De stated while the machiaery met wim gensral cmdemaatioa. ‘ine ciffererce which it represents in the ety e of its cva- Strucwon from thove that Were previvusiy Wsde, wil 96 seen by & glance ai the engreviegs whica will Desudse- quently given. Waile every otaee conducwr consists of Dut oue wire, the conducior of the At aulic line is com- posed of sc Ven, vo that im the evens of tae parting vf Oa oF two 1 +s stil effective for tne werk. For sae begedciai anc portant cuange tue credit is due w Mr. Cyrus W. Field, woo ued some difficulty 1a securing its adupiun ta preference to the single wire ailair, The outer coveriog, Consisiing Of Cighteen BtrADds Of BeveR Wires Sach, Was svggestea by Mr, Brunoll, tue arcaitect of tne reat Eastern, and one of the groatost, 1f not tue greate it civ ea- gibeer and copstructor in all Eegland. [¢ was ais opiaiva imat in aagiion 10 taegreat Gex!ouity whicu would be optained by making 1 ia this form, it would possoes greater strength; aod tas evest has proved toe correst- pees of bos views. The cadie is ia fact everyening toat could be ceaired ia pout of sirength, compared w.tn us S126, to tts power Of Conduction aud dexiouny. TAR ATLANTIC TELBGRAPA STATIONS, Iu the election of the sites in ireiand and Newfound- laod for telegraph stations at eluher end of too great oceanic line, those who were entrusted #ith we work have been governed by oge princiys! coasiderativa —iwe character o! the beach on which the cavie shou'd be laud 4. The experience of the past six or seven years nas proved conclusively that a sandy or muddy bowwom 14 tie Dest adapted as @ resting place for the lime, wuile rocks or stones are almost always fatal to ity asfety. Several cables that have beon laid in watsr noted for the rocky | nature of the bottom have beea cut and dectroyod by tne ebrasion to which they were sudject from carrenis. [: ia, toerefore, a matter of the highest imporvaace to secure a landing pisce where the dine will nos be injured vy susa meant, sud where, uuder ail circamstaaces, i wil be periectly seoure. Tne Bay of Bati’s Arm, @ cossiie- rable tract of water at ube Mead of Priuity Bay, New- foundlana, bas Deen Chosen as the vest pout for the Iandingt of the cabie and ths erection of & telograpn station. Hy Joking at the map of Newfoondiand 1 will be even that Trinty mud Piacenua bays are separated oy ® parro® veck of ikud about four mites in brewua. Now this spot has beea weccted, not only 02 account of tho sandy characier of the besch, pul fer auotaer reasou uo \ees forcible. It 8 tatended neroafter to jay # submariac cable trom Placentia Bay to the best point eitaer im Nova Ncotia or near Porvaad, Maige, aod the brie! distso: therefore, between tac two baye wil tend gresdy to faci Uitate this deviga. A subterranean line, four miles joug, Wo Be all mubcresst 0 Coagect the two cables, tue une &x- tending to Ireud an { wrougn Iretmad to Eogisaa, Europe and Asm, andthe other to tae United States aed the whole ef North america. At present toe coppectioa will be formed wita we Jand Iwe rucnigg !row St. Jungs, soe Cape Kay, tne most extrene soathweste fhe wiknd, Where ie Cable wach spans the Galt 4 tie mouth of Jaly, 1806. Tae gromt aivautage of ihe proposes submarae hae extending irom Miacoati Soe oF Portland will cousist in ite boing wwe accldeowm waoicn ail igad ilavs and to waica that in xe #foundland ws more eXposed 08 Account of the severity of te cu © wild apd unculdvasea atate vf jue cuactry. At we bead of the Bay of Bali's arm, arout haifa mus from bigh water line, the te: house Wu! De erectet. ‘This Wi") be A spacious Lrame DUUdiNg, COntaloINg, ia edu tow to the odion operniers! dopa inet, ‘* oilug rovm, a kxcoen, eight Détroeme and all toe other of ceteras of wel ap 9ctuted wourebold 1t1s the inventioa of tbe company tu provide the operawrs Wish @ ADeary ; aud if they uo mt have enouga w interest them in what ihey will flad in it, in themee ves, iu the country, and io their business, Iney wilt be bard to pleme tuaced. Besiaes thus, wey wii oc- cupy the grand eland.og point beiweon two worlds, tne whole news of which, Down private and public, musi be made known to tnem. It bas been wad thet they will be wolavec—suut off ae much from commusion with Weir fellow men as the occopent of @ lightoouse; Dut wore is no Wath io the amertion, brief conmiderstion of the cir i shat off from com@munive ith (noir :. tbe daily bistory Of the world opened to Ab & fuli knowledge of tho movements 0% tae great’ ontioas of she earth, ta operations uf trade, we ihe mouey market, and ail those matters walcu the fom total of all Uhet Is considered wort iu & worlaly point of view—if those operatives uca't become philosopaers with such oppoftanines, they are not Geserving of tue position. ut tuey are intetligeat men, (or none owers Would be employed ia eo reapyusi- ble & situason. The torce of vperators will number hover, ano these must here, among other quatifloation, a perfect knowledge of Freach, Germaa, Itauaa aod Kug Lis, 0 that they may be enavied tv receive and trasouit messages wW all toose languages. a adcitioa to the ope- rators torre will be fve mechasice to repair the toiegrapa instruments, sed wo perform say other wo. k Was may oe required of them in their particular trade. TDe approach to the Day in whice te cable is to be laid is exoroaingly picturesque, abd Prescasea ail What wiidoess ani aeur of seenery when distinguish avarly ihe whoie const of Newloandiand. If the weather sould prove clear, the of we high hea be seen some thirty miles from laad, aod bearer view shows a country of pecatiarly moanteiao1s character, The first thing that swikes the visiter is toe | must be confessed, however, that the prospec.s for agri. | Cultaral operations are pot of the inost epeouraging kind, | and that cod Gehing is, ua it muet always prove, the most | Between thuse vieak, wild moun. | tain ranges there are some Desutifal litle valieys, through which rum streams of Lov purest, sparking wa ter, lndeod, there i sa inexhanurie sappiy of taie | common Dub valuabie @ad Becoasery artic, bud in the | ume: cus lakes, rivers aod rivulets with whica the waole sland abounds, and which Come gushing oui Ww every rock ir the summer time, or are frozen up ia icy aulinese and death during the long and cheeriess winter. ‘The cotrance w Trinity Bay ls about thirty miles wide, Bod on euher side rine the boid headlands o Bac so aad tain barriers, bare been 2 oy, and the seams that soar the [rout of the rocks how Wet time bar aiso lefe te mark upon toom. Taae i¢ Altogether, there is admire in the soevery aoout Trinity Bay, and in the summer season it poesensee many attractions for the lover of astare, while in tae wia- ter ite froven, desolate look will do much wwaras deve | in jasuoe, ia out Prvmty | a car ermsiona of the line io, aa has already boon | in Valentin s whicn is perhaps ue msi | avaliable point on tbe whole southern oust of ire. | both om account of it being the noarsst | to Nowfoundiaad, aad on sec fun: of 16s yart cular adapi- | binty for station. The Coanty of Kerry, a@mioh indanted by Bay, and ia which toe shore ood the cnvle was landed on the evewng Of the 600 of | oar, 18 Very similar in ite patural feacares vw part of and which wo have just desorinod. Hage mountains rine up oo almost every sido, mov great of roox, in a thousand fantastic slispe |, staud vutia teolation miles from the land. Two of theve—or dimensions tha) tory almost approach the nels rang®, the face of which ia worn base is hollowed out st irre. some of which extend, according the peasantry, several hundred feet of mountains. The bay bas « pinces Of Over @ huadred fathoms, Out ts gag to the and the aactorage iso bad, that it sone the worst oes wisloh a vessel sould elect Ct 3 of But Valentis is more miles the interior, is very rocky and barren, fords a Cg apeadinmge ny wpe hardy rac of cattle for which couaty Kerry is famous. The buts of the ry which dot the hill sides the por of the lower classes of the miserably Jabor is rewarded. whicb were bulit by pious Christians ths impoverished agpetranne of the feed 4 The Inland of Valoatia sullores fearfully in Ireland, and bundreds died of starvati & Present amolioration commenced. Preeent by fishing, some by culti Seite? Sapo y eipnerzing, sete rs SS ‘hill side 1s sterling, or weaty -Gve cer a . About three miles frow the head of Valeatia Poet town of Cahirciveen, and at the same di auother direction, lies sto wa, & small five hundred mhabitants. This villege is Knight of Korry, a geatieman who has been Telegraph. HH z LE fie : EE! 8 2 ‘strongest advocates of the Atlantic ‘The email land cove im whieb the bay verminates wae decided ne last year as the piece for the landing of the cable, and not It fa, in (act, the very ‘beat apot i chapged aince. that couid be selected. About four hundred the beach a telegraph building, somewhat similar te that Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, has been erected aad sappiicd with everything necessary for the business and ascommo- of the ‘Toe junction the £ which extends over the whole continent of Earope, and bane has already embraced within it portions of Asia THE GABAT TELEGAAPA PLATEAU.OF THE ATLANTIC. In the course of this article refersuce has been made to the many things whic» appear to have conspired in favor Of this, the greatest enterprise ever undertaken by man. The d'scovery of the value of gutta perchs as an insulator happened at the most opportune moment, and proved of the moat vital importance; and still later, at atime when ‘the prospect of an Atlantic telegraph was not only dis- cuased but was absolutely undertaken, a great plateau, it was arserted, extended along tae bed of the ocean, exeotiy between the two points which it was proposed to coonect. In both t_ese instances—that is, in the discovery of this peculiar use of gutta percha and ia the existence of this grand ocean level—vature seems to have given her powersu: assistance towards the snccessful accomplish- meat of the underiakiog. While every other part of the bed of dhe Ajlantic is marked by tie game inequalities, the same abrupt doclivities ana mountan heights, this is like an immense prairie, wtretchiog over au extont of fourteen buadrod duilee trom west to cast, wiih an average depth of sovan- teen hundred fathoms, aad never excee ting twenty tive bunered, cotirely free from under currents, lying directiy beiween the most advaaved posts of the Cid aud New Worlcs, and as it approaches the Newtoundland coast, north of the Groat Bank, entirely free from tho effects of iceberge, whica gicuud on tae shaliow bottoms, it eeoms Bot only peculiarly atapted for the purpose, but as if it were sbsoiutely designed by Providence for the use to which i is to be put. ‘The existence of whis plateau had been beievod in some wo had mede frequent passages over this route came to Ube conciusion that the depth of the water iu tnis part of the Ocean was bot so great a2 that to the orth sud south ‘of it—e conclusion which was based upon the indications iu the difference of color. fae prominent theory ia re gerd to the formation of this ocean prairie ts Dased on ihe Tevolutions which some eciontitic men say were effected Guring toe ice period. fhe immense granite Doulders which are found on sae limestone ange of Towa and Iilinoie are supposed to have deposited where they now are when the sca oovered those vast pinins. There are no rocks of a simi- lar description, it is alleged, nearer than from five hundred te a thousand mies to the north of them, aad their re arkade appearance at this distance is accounted for ia a ratber ingcuious maxuaer. It is believed that they were cou ‘Vey ed sou.Dward from the Artic regioas in the frozea om- ‘braces of gigantic icebergs, aut that on reaching a more genial imate thoy were itt rally tnawea our and 4. eG Wuere they are now seen By the doposits of thess aad other materials, it is argued the prairies of acd Jowa Dave Deea formed in the courre of those incalculabie, unknown ages Which parsed before tho earth was consi- dered by the Creator @ Mt bavitaiion tor the lact and most perfectof bis Creatures. Now, whether true or faise, the ‘theory is very pia @ and should receive a fair consi- derauon. Here, however, ine theory does not rest—its Qppvenuon comes next. if far stretching plains, which itis believed once formed the bed of the ocean, were tous bunt ap, #DY should not tye action of asunilar agency pro duce « similar resuity Here we bave gigantic icebergs lloat- ing Oown every year from the sorth—some of them carry- ipg #i:h them (au snee rocks which theyhavetorn from ti Arctic MOUDIA:ES on bHeir Jescent ints the sea. As these icebergs bave floated gown iowa milder latitade they have gradually become weeker aud weaker, until, cua any jovger lo Carry their weighty burdens, tney have depouted thew iu Whe Bed of tbe ovena, Bud On thet particular part of i:waich har beeu mapped out ia the charts of Lieut, Berryaau, of the United sistes Navy, and Captain Day- man, of H. M Navy, 68 tho lice of the telegrapu pla tean, Although there js no proof either for or against thy statement, @ui cannot de 80 long as the cepths Of the ses reusia corevealed to the eye of man, it is a well ascertained fact that large quanuties of carta aud Leavy fingwents ef rock are carried down yearly from the polac regions by the huge toebergs which descrad ia sock numbers as frequectiy to render the coenu alinost impassabie in some latitudes. The Guit Stream is, however, enid to be the great agent by which ‘thw patena has been formed, aad Dat for it the Atlantic Teegrapa Company would be under slight obligation to these samme iceberge for the part they have per- jormed. The Guil stream meets thom every year just in the right spot, and, wendirg off in a north- wasteriy direction, just ubove the line of the piaveau, Carries wab it tbe more sotld mater with whic Abey were freightod, ad which it scatters along its route. ‘This mater, combioed with what w held in sovition by itseit, forms in the course of thousands of years av im- Mebee macs, sufficient, perhaps, to make an island larger ‘Uae that of Great on. fhe telegraph plaesu has bern calied @ plaid; Dut it is, more properiy speaking, an immense tadie laud, like toe steppes of the Andes, rising up from the bea ofthe ocean. tv the south of i the At- lantts w fcur, Ove and six miles deep, yo oa orm . ysited by the melting or ) as has been stated, a large quan- molted icebergs, there Uuty of other matter, c mnsteting, If we sonncings of the tw sot! the U Davy, jist pamed, in great part of exceed minute Abels, co minute, udeed,as t9 be imperceptble to the «G2 e7@. The Gading of these 15 considered an infatli- bie ‘oisation of the absence of currents at the bot- tom of this part of the ocean fais bolief ia further svateinea by the fact that in the souudings of Captaia Dayinan pad Taent. Berryman, the sisck line ‘would be cotied end kinked overtas feat, sbowlog piaialy that it bad reached the bottom atter the lead bad become ovtmoned, which could pot have been the case if tne pia- tean were swept by eurrecta ihe first eouadings which wore mad Loeet. Berryman ia th: ‘sod last in the fa'l of 1856 These wore very eucceesfai, esiabiebing beyond au peradventure the existen:s o; the ates. In June and Ju y last your, Capten Vayman, of |. a. 3. Cyclops, also macs eouns! on toe line of the seustacwry re to regent to tae renability of Lieut. Berryaan's souucings, bat those of HY COFroDoFAtive Ot Lueir cor rectoem, making allowance for the variations of ocaity ip toe soanaings of tue two officers. forgotten that the toandings of Lieutenant Berryman were made at distasces of from five wo thiriy miles apart, and were seldom if ever taken within a milo of each To view of this fect the reader wil at ace per- ceive their Ne coincidence. Captain Daymac states in his report that whatever errors there may be cr linea they are on the side for this ia twofold:—‘Nirstiy, the consequently loms of line also) in esti é i i is i Le Hui nin fli i 7 i | i sulla Ets ti 3 i | : ; E F ERGSEETE Hts fit AGE 238 é & iy i i 4 f ie F ; i we by currents, and Ihorest it ia impomibie to lay a cavle i i OF the, bottom which were bw ome, the iatter having Yorn taken up frot the grastest tentit 1 should be romembergd bere, aoweyer, that these ee isappeared in of the surgesu who was wasting,” were taken These were the only ‘“‘ebells of large sizs’”’ which were brovght to the surface, and their disappearance ia to be regre ted from the new acientific fact or informa- tion which to-ir discovery my have established. “The mavoiees,” says Captain man io pis report, ‘were by Massey, with dints graduated from 160, the usual deep ses feat, to 1,500 and 3,000 fathoms ” Captain Day- man also snys that ‘the detachiog aoun' ‘|pparatus used was @ mcdification of that invented by Mr Brooke, ‘an officer of the United States Navy.” Tae specimens of the soundings wero brought up in a tube, which being the first to gtrike the bottom, seldom failed to eecure & por- tion of the material cf which it was formed. Of course there waz no mesns of ascertaining the depth or thick- ness of the stratam of ozs or the nature of thet oo which it reeteo, Woetber it was oue foot, a bandred or a thousand fret; and it ts doubiful whether this potst will ever be embraced in the discoveries of science; nor dors there seom o be any means of ascertaining whether the telegreph viateau hes been Dut up by the do- Poelt of imucose boulders borne dowa from the Arctic regi ns by gigantic scevergs. Uatll acience has peneireicd into the profoandest depths of the ocean, ava iaid them ag open to us as the surface of the earth nothing sstisfactory or deSuits, we suppore, wil evar be koown in ragard to thia theory. One fee which ts ai preweut of the greatest importance, is taat the telegraph ;latean, which was at one time considered A myth, docs rewily and actually exist, aud that fac: be- ing estabrsieo we can afford to wait for the solution of those other questions which have arisen from its dis- covery. 12k INFCSORIA OF THE PLATBAU. Te speciucns which have been drought up from the plateau, ara #bich to the unsided vision appear when dried of « waste or reddish white color, bear a very strong reetmblance to very fine chaik. Their appesrasce 88 they lie et the bottom of « glass vessel is that of a light brows muddy sediment, in which are observed mi- pute bard particles, bardly auy of which exceed one- fifueth of es ircm in Cismeter. The explanation which Mr. Themes H Luxley, F. R. 8., to whose inspection they were eubu iced, has furnisued us, is nearly all the ia- formation we have upon this interesting subject. We bave sero the highly maguified specimena+which the illuetration is intended to represent and to the por. fect accurecy of which we can bear testimony. Those | specimens Lich have just beca referred to were obtain- ed from Geytba ranging from 1,700 to 2,400 fathoms, and of these specimens “fully nine tenths consist of minute animal organisms, called foraminifera, provided with thick ekeiorens comy of carbonate of lime.” Proof of their composi us im the fact that the application | of @ drluie aci¢ proauces & violent effervescence and the Gisappearavce of the larger of the matter. Toe use Of tho woic 13 Hot atteaded with such a rosuit of the epecimen be previously exposed to afuil red heat. Tac | epecies of the foraminifera. of whicd eighty-dve per | coat Of the 5 »ecimens cousist, is called gloligerine. ‘The specimens shown bave oeen magnified about ea Himes tovir catural size, aad ace,as may ve U8 (iebSIODS 42d shapes, yot wita geaoral emblanes miniferce, a8 found in the soundiags, vary ia ce thougapoth to ove sixtieth of aa tncb ia ‘As the ecientitic part of the reacers of the desire to kaow sometning more about their | a, Mey will read the followicg descripiion by with profit and ioterest:—*+In the very young © wallot the cell, or Ss, Of which iti comp be rmooth and thin, butas it adds cell to cell the older Lees Yecome Deset oxrernally with tabercies, We wal! Gi too saMe Lime thickeving aud exbtbiting nar Tew Cara's sotch run perpendicuiarly to ite plane and open between or inthe tubercies, The tabercies matt: ply in nue ber and elongate, so am eventually at firet to Tesembie cose set and sbarp poigted palisades, and then by the rounsirg otf Of their Ouer euds, 0 constitute & more erpect!’, enamel! Like coat, which attains a three hup- dred and ffrieth of an inch, or mone, in thickness. fhe smallest yloligerine are eituer clear or heve bat slighty ego cootenta, but 8 ¥ large proportiva of the lsrger aets are ren opaque by a red- dish brown granular mate cootamed in their in- terior. orn such specimens are treated with very dilute acics whicl: dissoive sway the calcareous skeleton, a deli- cate wembrane is left eaciosing the granular mass, which sees to be held together by # contiauation of the same subetevce. The grauulat coatents have the sams formas (he skeleton, aad are quite soft aod easily crashed. Tan haroly ooubt that these are the soft aud oace iiving parts of the apimal iteaif, with or without imbeided fo- reign maticrs. The other five per cent of the calcareous organierms are foraminifera, of, at most, oot more than four or five species. The remamiug ten per cent of the whole dey consiets partly of gragulsr mater, partly of animal. sod partly of Organisas, provided MCbs Cousot of broken fragments of ‘iatomacer, so im- perfecs aid eo brozen that taey cao with cillcalty be dis- Lnguisben among the | meas, \ A coppice: ab.e oifference ¢f opinion exists among scien- | th tic men io regerd to tho dirtopace of thowe singalar forms of lite. It ta contended by some thet they have beea carried to thet part of theocean where they are uow found | by the Gail Yiream, snd by others that they havesunk trom — the rurtace o: the ovean, where they Lave lived and died. | Both these jor itions, however, are assumed, as | under. stand, merely a# @ matter of speculation, ia tho absence ope of such in(vrmation as further and fuller research may | Plans aive. It they pave drifted isto their preseat bed by the | action of the Gull Stream, they must bave had their birth | tn shallow waters; but cbeo it 18 argued in opposition to ‘Ue View that pone of thecchini which iohabit snaliow water are found with them. In regard to the idea ad- vaoced that toc 7 have lived and died at the surface, from which thry neve gradasily suck to the bottom, it is said Abas some yl /igerwna, OF sOMeELIDg that resembies Luem, has been icuna in the Western Pacilic la opposition to thie, however, tis denied that this is @ gloligerina ; and so that rpecuation ia disposed of. Tare is yet another pro- positicn, wnch, ax wo have entered upon the scientific explapanou of the subject, sboula uot be for; We have give» (be two positions—thet is, that these minute organeme bare lived apd Gied in shallow waters, from which they pave been carried by that wonder. working seat which performs each au indiapea- rable pert in the ecosomy of nature—the Galf Stream— aod that they bave been Gepowied where toey are bow found; but there Is yet Scother which must be xistence of any form of life in the great cron was od to be impossil THE PRESRNT EXPEDITION. Tn Considering the prompects of success which the pre- | aod during their stay visited | Prince detoturiiie, who inau fe | man forty: Of pas uy Out were ontirciy unlisted to that the use of thom was almost always attended Kperiments which were mate from fact was made palofully apparent; in¢ee?, 89 much 60 that it was represented to Mr. Sright, if he pergisied ta em Pag them above a cortsia degree of pressure, they wovid oertaisly ca tus 1088 of tha ‘There was an indicator in connection with thess brakes which was tatended to show the atraia, but nina, I believe, could never be relied upon, in consequence of its ipsccurascy, The grooves in the four whesis over which the cable passed on ite way out of the whip were not euflicieauy deep, as wa; proved di the expedition by the cable plipping out of them twice. {tis particularly worthy of note bere that frequently whea the strain was increared by putsing onthe brakes tae whesls stopped, and it required the sirength of all the mon wh) could be put at them to keep them in motion. Now all this was evident—the defective character of the brakes, the wrness of the grosves, and ia fact the tovincer porietad in puting on tho erat at, cas whoa r putting on rain at times sotinould Dave knows wat by doing eo he risked the auc- cess of the enterprise. Yhe result is well kaown to the readers of the Haxatp—that brakes were put on when it was most unsafe to use them—when the stral ls of the arrangement did not indicate it 18 impossible to say what was the under whch tne cable parted. The fact is ai this: it bad to momentum of the ship—it had St the rate of about five milesan capable of cusisining a mile, and it gave way of couree under the strain, as it would have pated under s strain or weight of ten tons. Indeed, it 1s doubtful if, under the conditions stated, avy cable could bave withstood such a tremeadous force; avd ti is certain that no cable having the re. sist will over be made, or if made, can ever ba tald down on the bed cf the ocean. The reasods which lead to such @ conclusion are 80 visible as to render a statement of them entireiy unnecessary. But, in¢ependext of the mechanical difficulties which interfered with and prevented the success of the firat ex- | pedition, ¢ is not only doubted, but absolutely cortain pow, thatif the cable had been isid last August it could not have been teiegrapbed through. Startling and incredi- bie as this may appear, it is a fact sustained by the state- ment of the electricians themselves. Lot us look into this matter, that we may be better enabled to siete what bas been accomplished. Dr. Wildman itehouse, the chief electrician of the company, and a gentleman who ‘pil within a ban Bbort time has eojoyed a high reputa- tice for scientific attainments, aunougced, after joining the two halves of the cable in the i of Cork, by which he obtained a continuous line of twenty-five hua- dred miles—that be nad succeeded in E cowen. 4} signal or deat, cr wave, or current of electricity tarough the whole Jepgth, ip from half to three quarters of @ sesoni—giving from ninety to ope hundred and twenty beats in a minute. According to strict calculation this would allow from three to five words @ minute, or from one hundred and eighty to three bundred in an hour, Tais, it must be remem- ‘Dered, was in the year 1867, a few days before the Goal departure of the Telegraph Squadron, aud, aaa ‘al consequence, the aanouncement was received with the of 1857 they could not have got # mossage through. it ig necessary to consider this matter a little further to understand it thoroughly. At that time it was stated to Capta Hadeon, and Captain Hudeon, relying on its truth- fulo Teported the statement to the Secretary of ‘the Navy ia bis commupication dated “Cove of Cork, Ire- iand, August 1, 1857,” tbat “without any difficulty’ the electric current was passed through the two thousand five hundred miles in bai @ second.” From this ard the subsequent statement in the report referred to it might reasonably be suppoted that the elec tricwn's Gepartment under Dr. Waitehouse’s management, pbould be # ip & most flouri=bing condition ; and that allow: ing for tae improvements which were to be Je in the pr>- arere of me, the rate of telograpting had ocen increased Ww 8x Cr seven Worcs per minute. Now this might resson- abiy be expected by tho least sanguice, in view of tue prospects which were beid out; but you will be aomewbs! amazed to know that before Mr. Hughes arrived bere they could Lot get more than three letlere and two Of.bs of a let- ter whrough the whole cable {n @ minute, and not aufro- quenily some of these letters could not be deciphored correctly. What must be the conclusion of the calm and Gispassiouate reader on cnsideration of these fact’ If tae chiel electrician eucceeded in telegrapbing at the rate of from three to five words @ minute jaat year, and last January had attained, according to bis own report, a cortain speed ef four words in the same time, Low comes At thea be fies fallen as low as three letters and two-tiftus of @ letter, mod that by a syatem of telegraphing 90 uare- Hable anc fo uncertain that the letters are sometimes not wietlgible’ How does he accourt for this remark- faliing of’ Wheu be was told that Mr. Hughes was ing over t try bis instrument on the line, he told the Board of Directors; he told Mr. Hyde, one ofthe puarcha sers of Mr Hugbes’ patent; he told your correspondent ‘and a purader of others that he (Mr. dughes) could not rrent through Gfty miler of aabmarwne cadle with is wvetion and as to sending a curreut whole cadie, why the thing was impossibie—absolutely ee. Now, however, that be bas learaed ir. Mughes can po! oaly get a current the whole line, bet thet ne can togregh uae tune two words & minute, aud that when he socom- mode'es his instrument to the now conditions which he baa met for the Ort time, he expects to telegraph still more rapidly, be se that he (Mr. Hughes) may doa little with it, but it will never be Goroughty Biapied to sobmarioe tel og UBL! it shail Baye been alteret aud improved Py humself—that is, by Dr. Waitehouss. ‘The retrograde movements which have been mate ‘by the iast mame gentleman are certainly most unfavorable tor the success of ove department of tae entorprise, and wore for what nas been accomplished by Mr. Hughes, uring the short time he bea been aero, would al. tity the poy 4 ig abandoning an uaderak) corsa of which had appeared #0 hopeless. All wer, cleared up, and the enterpriae, grape departmeat is concerned, just the success of Mr. Hughes’ invention is equally appiio- ble to the machinery, whico was made oa the atd constructed ender tho direction ani superintendence cf Mr, W. E. Everett. A full do soription of this machinery, with idustratious, will be pro sented ip another part of this artivie. wr, Kverett has given al) bis me and attention to the work since bis arri- ‘val in this country last January, and the resuit has beea the construction of @ paying-out mashiae which Les met with the most favorabie opinion of the host of ongiaesrs and other ecieutiG> mea by whom it has been A He has, as may be seen, avoided all ‘Were 20 spparent in thet jmade by Mr. Bright. [He has adopted and » With some essential aad neccesary moaifcetions , releasing brakes of Mr. appoid, satisfactorily what the new machine plabing and whether it is or There are some other poiats to whi ime nll De ‘a higher degree of mechanical skili employed oo ‘the macbines,"’ and that if the cable should be broken gue at mee aetan ae ee he = i making proper provision in own ‘ ‘The indicator whicn will be employed thie ume, will -how the exact strain upon the cable, aad that can be reduced or increased at aay time with the Sree cane Sane ea. Due Ctpernanee wanes bes Bes Their history is one of the most remarkabie oa record, and farnisber another proof of the fact that there is no do greo of jife that is free from those vicissitudes to which royalty and poverty are alike subject. Toese illustrious visiters were the Prince de Joinville, the Duc d’Aumaie, the Duchesse ¢'Orleans and the Duchesse d’Aumale, the extled members of the Orleans family, and the rival aapi- rants with the Bourbon to the throne of France. They went unheralded aad in the most manner, of the ship. Tae naval matters, is a three or four years old, about six’ feot courtenance. | He woars prone Ap Rd egret ge wa of the | a heavy pair of whiskers sad mrantacke of 8 light Drove ‘undertaking {n 1867 mast od for im the defect cole: el and his appearance aad ~ ‘2 Sceawore ore toewe of 8 roflned Rnd courteoux construction of the machinery, and the incompetency of the engineer, Mr. Charles Tilston Bright. That machinery ‘was constructed by this leman and Mr. De Borgue, and was put up on oth ships—the Niagara and Agamemova—before it was tried or aubjected to experi- ment of apy kind. The only trial it had was that to which it was pot on the short passage from Oork round to Valeo- Ua, where \( waa found to be almoat wholly inadequate to the work in wrcb it Was 80 foon to be om 4. cblef engineer, however, decided that it would do, and it was accordingly cetormined tha: whatever altere tions or improvements it required should be potpoued as there wat no tme to be lost, and as We work would have to be delayed another pear for the purpose. It was certainly s most ponde- Tous, ungao'y and chimey looking afar, and wns well caleuiate 1 to argure the fears of ori who saw it in opera hoa, with regard to ite adaptbity aad (ho success of the aame The quite @ sailor, aod startle which he wrote some state of her consts could be thrown uj part of the ship, thorougaly Conyertant with tas whole subject 6 do Joinville is, as almost everybody kno’ sa ist oars Rg WY ir le tA the guidance of 1 . Gaeat, who ‘was at the time the senior offiver on poard. The engine room attracted his greatest attention, and the minuteness with which he examined into all the details—the throtties, the cut off, and all those mysterious parts which are known only t tho fnitisted—showed that ho rT) motel he He ticular duty bis opinions of the enterprise. I! be lighter iban ry wire armor should which it received not sufficient from the gi Seenk Ge enn ee thought @nis difficulty might veut; but he at @ais difficulty mi be removed by attaching some soluble material to it suffl- heavy to sink it to the bottom, where the cable Femain oven after the material itself ahould have ytd 7a ie A 5 k water, The Prioce ‘guy other of the party, four or five years does not even ‘be hie brother. § 7. EF Q F F & H 4 & 7 if FAREWELL DINNER TO THE OFFICR&3 OF THE NIAGARA. ‘ On Friday evening, May 28, a dinner was given at Ply. mouth, England, on board the guard ehip lmpreguable, by Captain W. H. Stewart, 0. B., and the officers of that ves- eel, to the officers of the United States steam frigste Nia- gera, which ship ic about to sall in company with the Aga- ‘memnon, as Our readers are aware, on an expedition to lay down that siendor wirs which is to join the two great Anglo-Saxon nations and unite the Oid World with the Now —the Atlantic telegraph cable. Dinuer was laid op the quarter deck, under a spacious awning, festooned with the flags of the two nations. Pendant from the centro of their many colored folds, was a largo chandelier, carrying a great number of lights, in four tiors. This, with a num- ber of Jamps on the principal and side tablos, amply lit up the festive scend. From tueir strong!y contrasted colors, flags form at all times an effective kind of decora. tion, and especially so when they are tastefully arranged, ea on the present occasion. In additian to that species of ornament, however, the domains of Fiora had been iaid under contribution, and « fine display of flowering plants (‘com Mr, Wood’s nursery) were disposed along the poop rail and in other parte of the spacious ree Portraits of the Queen and President ;cbanan were also prominently placed upposile eaca other. The appearance of the decorations was both simple and effective, aud of a character that suited well the piace arc the occasion. When the gues's bad arrived and the pleagant business of the eventug nut commenced, ‘he tout ensemble was much heightened by the glittering uniforms and the animation given to the sceue by ths quick movements of ihe bustling attendeats. We uader- stand the whole of the decoratious were carried out uader the superintendance of Commander \’aimer, 4. M. S. Impregnable. The excellent band of tue ship was in at tendance, and for mod the fuliowing programme duriog the evening:—“God Save the Queen,” “Hail Gouumbta,” selections from the “Rose of Castile,’’ “Frun! ngschieder,’”” selections from “Ii Barbiere de Seville,” cavatias from ‘the opera of “Ernani,”’ Montrose Waltces, se:ections from “Lucia di Lamermoor.”” Dianer was served shorily after seven o'clock. The smple and excellent supply of viands provided having beea , Captain Stewart, who pre- sided, proposed “The health ot the Qasen,” which he knew was a toast that be woicomed by all een. was aware of the high admiration in which American navy heid tnat royal lady. In call- {og upon them to drink the teast with w full sense of its deep wishes for her welfare, and not conventoualiy merely, Capt. Stewart aliuded to the favt thet the Queen's virtue and other noble womaniy qualities Caased ber w be ited out by the American moiners a2 an example for their daughters. The tooat havirg been druok, with the band's accom Faviment cf tue pational anthem, Captain Sirwant propesed “Tne health of the President of the Cuitea States.” K eas bis nappy privilege lass yeer to propcse a similar toast, aud with uuch diff eace, becmaae be was not then so woll acquainted with the offices of the Nievara aa he waa at present, warty good feelings of a “ritish sailor with which they regarded ber. He had sporen of the Virtues of the Queen; the excellence and virtues of Mr. Buchanan were nos uukuown in this country, where be had f!led a moct important post, and had boen estee mot, respected and acmired by the highest of the land. Afwr alluding to the presence of the President ia his portrait, Stewart concluded by prop.sioy the noaith of the President, which was drank wita ivud cocers. Ca} tain Hupsow, of the United Guates steam frigste Nia- gare, in pcknowiedging this, uid he could not express he tense of the way ia whica the toast bad been drank bot- ter than by saying the Queen of Pogiand avd ine Pres\vont of the United States haa besa coupied by their cuairnan— acompiiment which it was sulticlent for him toatiude to in reply. Romysoy, H. MS. Exmouth proposed the “Pros. pority of the United States. He did su wita great pica sure, because the semument appeaicd to the best wishes ot art. in 4820 one of our most bexatiful motera writere spoke of the matchiese prosperity of the Uatted States. If that prosperity was matchless in 1420, wee it now, ana what would it be? He felt th as someting Selfish in proposiag sach « toast—the interests Of te two DaUODS Were BO CloReIy identifet. Tae pros. perity of America was the prosperity of England, aad the ce'amuy of America was the calamity of Mag- jand likewise. As a proof of this be referred t tue recent commercia! pevic, which haa vegun ta America, and thence extenced to this sive of the Atiaotic. sul! be thougat it was Dot cemmercial iateroets only Lae two cova tries bad tm common, and therefore the toast was tot wuosl- ly eeifsh. Fagland ana America were bowed together as bo two uations were ever bound together before—py the ace of a common language, laws and imettutions. there common ye Which bound na- it words uttered the Atlantic wore also the same, which brought tears of fonderners into the eyes of every man, whether his home ‘were on this side of the atiantic or thet, Tae iiret words of prayer that the two nations mad Father who artin heaven.” Atnori: glories Of tho Koglian literature, which &: Deck upon us by the greatuess of ber owa, and tae re- searches of her eminent men. Captain Robinson thea proceeded to say that with ail her mistakes, be was proud Of his country—i for nothing else, because ope was the mother of Amertca—but bo was proud of her because she bad been the abode of freetom. done much for freedom. The in men; and Feglava 5 TM ge A ~ e © ray America, land, bad no neighbors, So tareatentog ome, frontiers, but was of & wide continent whereon to diffase her free institutions aad Inws. taglish men were free The toast was drank with lout cheers, the band playing 5 alae, tied San" Mario lied tote ta ‘States na) ‘Wasa 4 wen bet young bie apirit of liberty and having her ho west, oll proposed the | 26m of the world, while the church journal of Vienne calle to B. Wickuam, Esq., Paymaster of her Mejes' atoum- }» Propesed ‘The officers of to Niagara,” who, he |, wore well known in the three asa ‘Holly good eet of feliows.”” Nobody could aay aaytuing else of them, aud he wished some one would say a ‘jolly ” He wished them loag Lieutenan} Norre, in returning thanks, spoke of the eyaa- patby which the Indian atrocities had excited ia America, ava “The officers engaged la India.’” Stewart remarked uj tae sympathy shown for the death of Havelock in America—ths flags of the United States marine and mer :hact service being hoisted baif mast high when the vews wae heard 8. Tniscorr, Eaq., Storekeeper, Royal William Victual- Ung Yard, im an amusing spoeoh, proposed “Success to the lagi of the cabie.”” “Amorican laties"’ aud other toasts wers then posed, and the com; ing di wil ttlend you.” Beneath toe crowa can star. These were all formed of variegated lamps. addition two lamps were shown at each port. ety that Pee Oe yy the shore, the ‘Vessel was brou broadside on to Devonport by means ofa stream cablo as her stern. . DINNBR OF THE DUCHBSS OF SOMERSET TO CAPTAEN HUDSON OF THE Nra@aRa. Her grace the Duchcas of Somorset recently gave a grand dinner in honor of Capt. Hudson of the United States steam frigate Niagara, now lying at Plymouth, where ehe is engaged taking in the Atlantic tolegraph cable. The bill of fare, which was got upin elegant style om goid edged Bria- tol board, surmounted with the arms and coronet of the house of Somerset in embossed gold, displays excellent taste on the part of her Grace, or perhaps Grace’s cook, for the priatenese of the Amorican titles of many of the The bill of fare Is as follows:— a ad cee Coat of DINNER DE AULA DUCHSSEE DR BOMERSE: ; Lown, % Aveti, 1858, POTAGK. Le Potage de Volaille a i’ Americuine, POISSON Le Turbot, bance Homard, ENTREES. Les petite Patés aux Haitres Lea His de Veau a la Ni Les Coteleties braisies a la Président des Etats-Unis, RELLVES. Les Poulardes puree de Le Lard fume de dirasdour; Le Selie de Mouton role a la Palmerston, SECOND SERVICE, ROTs. Les Caretons rotis Les F:geons Crerson. La Bordnre d'Chu'e de Ploviers en Aspio. Les Aspergea, Bauce an Bsurre. ENTREMETS. e d= Fraits a le Brooklyn, ta Crome it ta Washington Les Tarteieties d’ abricols ala Buchsuan, RALEVE DB ROT Le Poudiag glee a la New York. La Gel av eeeworevorever tees: & COTE Les Pommen do Torre naturet, Loe Chouxtlenra, Lea Pornmes de Terre + ls Hollandaiee. POOOOOLLIIDE LE TE ROLOLE DOPOD LOSE DIODE DEDEDE OOO! The “ galée de fruits d ta Brooklyn” isa greostal com- Pliment to the gallant Captaia’s piace of nce. “he ui lack ala New York" wouid have boon berter @ ia, a8 our neighbors of that brotherly city are of a colder temperament than weare, and the Delaware is oftener frozen up than our bay. But we supoose her Grace has heard of Buttermilk Chanuel being frozen occa- sionally. We bave ne doubt Capiam Hudson appresi ‘all these luscious, savory and sweet compiiments paid to his native land by partaking of the viaads with all the KUsto Of & sailor's appetite. Qeereaneene Beene et nnee alee dene HELEN TONE TOE HH Alexander Von Hamboldt. Braun, May 9, 1858. My Dear AND Exosrixst Friewp—Bonds of friendship, which have toeir origm so fer back in my family, and the afiection felt for you by my brother William Von Bum- boldt, when you lived ip Germany, as a young man, seem to impose on me the very pleassat duty of giviog you pone i olny hyn el ‘ed proof of my a:tacbment to you and my interest in your country, and & briet sooeust of my ‘abora. ; My pbyeical strength declines, but it declines slowly. My rtepe are more uncertain in their direction, owing tow feebieress (a relaxing) of the ligaments of the knoes; bus Tenn remain etanoing for an hour without being fatigued. Leontinue to work chiefly at night, being anrel: Pereecaed by my ¢ ence, which imoreases the more as one becomes an object of public euriseity. What is called literary celebrity is especially the result of a Jong endurance of life, (une longue patience de vitre.) This kind of eminence increases, thoretore, in proport. a as ita- | bectiity becomes more manifest, [am never reaily til, but often incommoded, as is to be expected at the age of eighty ripe. Mince we were only two persons in the American oxpe- dition (the uniortunato Carloa de Montufar,* son of the Marquis ce Selvalegra, of Qaito, fetl a victim to he love | for the liberty of pis country), it is somowhat remarkabie | that we both have reached so advanced an age. Ronpiand, still much occupied with scientific labors, evea cherishing the hope of visiting Europe again, and of bringieg to peraoo back to Parl hie rich and beautiful colleebens in botany apd geo! ty five years ofd, aud ¢njoye greator strength than 7 — eas 4 IL bave just publiebed 1a Germany the fourth volume of “Cosmos,”” and og volumes) reached me only @ few days ieee ee by the breadth of ite views and by the extreme seqecity of ite apecial em- bryological observations. | never believed that this ilias- trious mag, who i¢ no loss a mau of a constant Deaatiful nature, wouls accept tbe offers nobly mate im Paris. 1 was sure that grativate would bind him new country, where be finds « field so immense aad creat means of agaistancs. J nope ‘de iwelined, together with his great anatomical and olgical labors among the inferior orgeniims, alno the apecific iotbyology of the numerous bas! “Par West,’ poginn! ‘with the holy ompire of mons. Science has lately met with ea immense low the unexpected ‘oath of the greatest anatomist of tury, Professor Jehann Muller.+ This lows inns great for science, as was for art the death of the immortal sculptor, Rauch { The universality of his zoological kaowied; The grea: ana beautiful work of comms he first twe om, of fist ped HH ey Fi i gatntus voyages St bis own expense on the shores lc“ Nerranean and in the Northern seas. It is scarcely loat When be was woader’ully rescued. IT Inve ia friend who was very dear to me He wes «man of get teions, one At the same time ofa noble cvaracter. was admirable for the elevation aad independence of hie jons. By makiog enormous sacrifices he was adie to form & chowe jiprary, not only of anstomy, phy - siolegy and xoology, but ove that extended over ail paysical sciences. haa neutaed volumes, well bound, an‘ of as mary volames containing dissertations so dificult to collect. Mr. Maller spent nearly eight hundred thalers a year (8600) for binaing alone = It would be sad to se8 8 collection dis- persed and broken op, which was made care. Since duplicates are dreaded in Kur help fearing lest this fine coliection should cross the great. Avantic river, I have almort the air of exciting your Appetite hen I thus presest myself before you ase cith- Tt consista of more 35 me, in capital letters, @ naturalist asssasin of soule, “Seelen-morder.’ Accept, I beg you, my dear and reapected frien’ renewal of the bigh aod alfs tionate consiferation whieh, for so many years, 1 have given to your taleots your A. ¥. HUMBOLDT, To Groner sioxvon, Raq . Since Ao MAay benevolent persoaa, colored well white, in the United States, take an interest me, would be agreeable to me, my dear friend, if this lettor, trensiated into Engiien by you, comida be thous omitting what ruinins fo cur mutual friendabip. think {t necersary you can add that I have myreif of you thia publication, because 1 leave unaasw many lonere that are addressed to me. ae * cnr! le Montufen wass man attach od to stlgnce, a0 sonoraganied Hucvolat Goa houpioed freee Quito, where they to Janaery, 1802, through all these travels in Peru and Mexico, Wil thelr embarkation a Vora Cruz in the + sohann old. go of 1804. aller, wa died & few monthe ago, was only OT care { Rauch, who died lant autumn, was above eighty, and Seemed, until abort'y before hie deat! Creal] of besith. When Hombolat kept bis Sith birthday, the Beptem ber, 1866, with bis niece the admires! Bulow, at Tege|, the favorite resioence of her bis brother jiliam, he desired 'o have only one other reminiscences of olden times aa to atoamboats. T doubt his statement when speaking ng. Agstn, the Monge out of the Mountain was owned by the late Thomas Gibbons; and if I do not forgot, was a, THE EDITOR OF THE MRRALD. historical refe- f the steamboat Atianta, (and [cannot ray now long befors,) to led Morserean's ferry, now calles jo the Nantiins ran to the Quarantine, thie