The New York Herald Newspaper, November 10, 1856, Page 2

2 NEW YORK HERALD, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 1856. tMeught that by having such a body of men devoted to his interest, having n0 sympathy with ihe peo- ple and the people having none with them, he wonid be able to suppress all symptoms of rebellion, at leact in the capital and district of Mexico. He eared little about the condition of the frontier States, whether they were overrun and Jesolated by hordes of Indians, or whether they were oppressed by re- volutionists. Let the capital remain at peace, and obedient to his sway, and all was well. Byory good Mexicen reverences the name of the city of the Az- tees, and cherishes the hope of one day witnessing with his own oyes the splendorsof the halls of tue Montezomas. The city is, therefore, in fact the na tion; and Santa did all in his power to foster that sentiment, and to centralize everything in Mexico. ‘This was another of the reasons alleged by the re- volutionists as an excuse for their movement, for im carrying out this idea be had reduced the States to the condition and name of departments. Well, to achieve this object he needed an army of janis- saries on whom he could rely, and who would not be like the Mexican soldiery, perpetually getting up manifesives and pronunciamentos, and plans, and revolts. So he directed his Minister at Paris, Don Jose Ramon Pacheco, to make the neceagary ar- rangement for supplying him with three regiments ef Swiss Guards, and directed Mr. Arrangoiz to ap- propriate $500,000 out ot the seven millions for thas parpose. When this little scheme got wind, throagh the columns ‘f the New Yous HeRaxp, and was noticed in the newspapers, Mr. Pacheco addressed a communication to the Patrie of Paris, denying that the Mexican government was raising this levy, and explaining that the motive of his recent journey to Switzerland was to encourage emigration from that country to Mexico, and that for reasons of com- mon éefence against the frontier Indians these emigrants were to go out in the character of military colonists, But Mr. Arrangoiz’s pam- phiet stripped off this disguise and showed ‘the design in its true colors. Only $100,000 wasap- propriated to the parpose, bat not a splitary Swiss mulitary colonist arrived on the shores of Mexico. The tollowing are translations ef Mr. Pacheco’s letter to Le Patrie,and of other docements falsifying his statement :— Magsxs. Epitors—I request that you wil) publish in Yoor esteemed joaraal the (oliowiug Lines:— ‘The Swivs \Oucnals nave been recently occupied with @ pretended project of ciaodestune estisrment of regi- ments intended w be sent to Mexiao, for th- purpose of forming &n extort to the President, who designs, it is aid, to have bimsr lt deciared Emperor. In this connec- Mon my vitit to the cantons is sporen of, aud Coionel Buleverver is poimted out us ope of the persons wiia ‘whom | bave bad en uncerstanding For tue purpose of correcting public opinion 1 must (buve nor gone to Switzerland mcognilo, or . Ihave hai the Bonor of coater- wizs authorities on the convenience ment of a system of emigration; Mexico requi-ing pepa- lation ‘nr her wart terriory, and Switzerland not beg able from year to your to suvply her surplus popatation whb food. I hare hal occasion toexplata that Mexico fimén herseif ‘oder tho necessity of guarding hor im trequestly invaded by the native irines; . twas right that the emigraats who _| expedinon sho:.!d bave we charanier vioniste, « thicg which is net contrary to the toils would be a measure ef security fammiies and for ai! those who might Rertaiicr degre 1 emigrate there. The £wiss vation aad xpeclally esteemed im Mexico, ana ia interests of both nations I was at per- ocecd with frankness, as I Dave doae, aba the wa0e world. thie matier the Me. who, being an excel Jsberger, whose character is highly os pectea Colepe! Seemed in 4, butl bave done nothing m the way of forming w t with the: gentleman purpose ebicb. Wm thevs journais, ts sttribnted to fhe project of emigration, ano the iutentions wach the President of Mexico js suppored to have, are entrely > Instructions of that bind, nor have Tne scpporition thas he deeirer to create) Exoperor contrasts cortaicly with the oa | (0 tbe propie which the illustrious President Los dat they my, by means of a universal sul- ir Will opcermng bis cootauaace im mo Of organizing ali the Dranches of raJon ¢ by these publications Bat been such appiications Dave bean addrosacd to me relative to proc ereding wo Mexico and forming corps of multary colcvisw, Ia myself of this opportuatty to return my thank to cil hore who have thoaght propor io me. apd 10 jo'orm them that new ciroum- bave obliged my government to give me orders r action (fade) ‘or the present, acd ubject is resumed, I shalt basten to So wrote Senor Pacheco to one of the journals of the Freneh metropolis. Now let us compare the foregoing published statements with the following @iplomatic note. It 1s from Senor Almonte, Mexi- ean Minister w the United States, to Seaor Arma- goiz, the special commissioner to receive the first imstalment of the $10,000,000 under the Gadsden treaty. It wil! be seen that there is a slight diffe rence of fact involved:— (Very private. | Manicay Lawarion ix tie U. 8. OF Axences, 1 Naw Yous, Sept. 2, ists, "5 Your Exchizax1—Coder date of the 6th ult. I have teen addressed py his Exceliency Doo Jose Ramon Pa @keco, our Ministe: France, in the following terms — Your Excellencs—I have receved, under date of iat of July Yast. the fovow io g structions frum: bis A xeellency tbe Mints Micor Enocllency Owing te the fact thet the pending tres with te United States has heon exchanged (n Wash @hanks lo the dispontiion ma aller'ed by that wove feaion. avi to the inmractions on the subject given to bis Vevey Genors! Almorte, aud bia mos Serene Hi Whe President, hinking 1" Lib (hat as #000 As Boeath) of the three kwine regimens contracted for aang for the service of the con: try shook! lke he Serene Lighnese wiabes thie apd eonsineranm. y, the Mioiser Plenipotentiary of the Hieney for the purpose 0° 20 poe ot (he greaieet urreoey. as cased bY the terms of ied vour attention and o he necessary amount, as well wre Herne on the 1 reiterate to your £ cece J. BR. PACHECO. Iheve the honor of forwarding the Seema fe rent Faceileney tor vor informatos ant setion, adding t) st the Minister of Foreign * fairs hae im reaiity ordered ms fo deliver (0 the ead Senor Pacheco up to the amount of SHO, §=Your oney Full ploase tell me in reply what ft bas aopeare: propo for you to reply to Senor Pa- ehece, (od and Jd. N. ALMONTE. F pe Annas is] Cotomissioner of the Supreme overnment 'n the | Stator WHAT BECAME OF THE TEN MILLION®. It is not easy to ascertain the uses made of this seven millions. Arrangolz sent to Mexico, in letters of exchange, #617 gave to Pacheco, as above, $100,000 ; paid $15,000, for secret service, by order of Santa Anna; paid the expenses of an artillery officer who had been sent to New York to procure ‘arms and munitions of war; paid to Messrs Butter field & Co., on account of 2 contract for steamboats, $127,213, and sent money to several of the legations, ‘The steamship Ben Franklin was purchased, con- werted into a war steamer, under the name, we be- Hieve, of Santa Anna, was subsequently named the Democrata, and o° last accounts was in the hands of an officer and crew, as & [roeyooter and pirate. Artillery and other arms and munitions were also procured with a share of the fands, but probably the largest portion of it was quietly reserved by Banta Anna against the approaching day of his flight frem Mexico. Such. at least, was the gencra! impression at the time. And not only was this first instalment of $7,000 000 thus made use of, but the payment of the remain ng $3,000,000, which was to have been paid after the survey and settlement of the boundary line, was veo anticipated—the house of Hargous, Howland & Aspinwall, of New York, having made advances on it. Subsequently, when the government passed into the hands of Comentort, be yefused to acknowledge the validity of the claim Of these capitalists, and it became a nice legal point whether the ex-covernment could thns alienate a sum which was not actually due at the time. Har- gous & Company pressed their claim on the recog- nition of oar government, and other parties in this country, financially interested, pressed with equal vigor the claiin of the Mexican government thus defronded, a8 it wae alleged, by the colinsion of Har gous & Compouy vith Santa Anna. Finatiy, twever, & compromise wae effected. Comonfort received from Hargous & Company 4 sum of between a ger and balf a million of d Mare, and fp convin ae | ©. | inthe -hape of an incursion of Texas rangers under | €8 if the Govervor of the district, appeared to me iuoo: tion thereof allowed the paym:nt of the three mil- | the command of Captains Callaghan and Heary; it Dons. SANPA A2014’8 ABDI ATION. Te was on the 1th of August, 1855, that Santa Anra, in the village of Perote, near Vers Cras, signed the act of abdication, ami the next day took his departure from the shores of Mexie». By virtue of the powers vested in him by th» decree of 24 Febroary, 1854, he had deposited the reins of govern- ment in the hands of the President of the Tribunal of Justice, General Mariano Salas, and Genera! Mar- tin Carrera. CARRERA’S REGIME. ‘The latter was afterwards, on 14th Angust, 1854, chosen President ad interim, pending the assump- tion of power by whoever might be chosem under the plan of Ayutla. Meantime tke victorious revolutionary forces were approaching the capital by slow stages. Carrera, anxions to promote the reestablishment of order, solicited th chiefs of the army to meet at the village of Dolores, for the purpose of reorganizing the gov ernment. Alvarez took no notice whatever of the invitation. Comonfort repudiated his authority to issue the call, and others only signified a partia! or conditional acceptance. CARRERA ABDICATES IN FAVOR OF DE LA VEGA. One month’s experience made Carrera heartily sick of the Presidency, and on the 12ta September, 1355, he, too, abdicated, and confided the preservation of public order and tranquility to the General-iu-Chiet, Remulo Diaz de la Vega, (ievernor of the district of Mexico and Commandant General. De la Vega is one ot the best officers and ablest men of the re pubic. He had distinguished himself at the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, and yet he is now an exile in this city, having been recently, in copjunction with several others, charged with being engaged in a conspiracy to assassinate or overthrow Comonfort. In assuming his new functions he issued the following sensible proclamation:— ‘Tor Crnzxs Romvto Diaz DE LA Vaca, GRNERAL oF Division AND ORwERAL-IN Cuiky OF 148 Foxcss or THe Distiucr oY Mxxico To ms Faitow Crnizers:— Bis ney Genera! Martin Carrera baving ro- pounced the Presidency of the republic, ant thus given & new proof of disinterestedness and patriotism. | Gnd my- voli—afver buving had the honor of bewg prociaimed by the people of the garrison cnief of the movement of tho 13th of August, in favor of the of Ayutla—charged with the duty of preserving order and guarantec ing the rigbts of property the chiefs of the revola NOD come to create a government and to put au ond to tbe headless conaition ta which the nation ts now found. To fuliil this sacred duty I reckon upon the co-opera- tion of the loyal troops which garrison this capital, acd who aro disposed to obey the national will. in nover being craverted toto an tastrument of anarchy. 1 aiso reckon upon the wisdom and the moraiiy of the peuple, who bave given im these critical moments to many proofs of patr: and Jove cf order Fellow-civzons, as a soldier of the republic I will fulfi\ the auty which circumstances impose upon me; and ali wy eflorte will tend to ward off pew disasters apd to de- hiver up the capita), trarquil apd intact, to the obiefs of the revolution, who are to-day the only hope of the onetry. e Ta ‘tiym to you that your Mberty is atsured—that per- sonal rights will be reepecied—that rty has pothipg to fear, and that | will spare no effort in favor of your tranqoility and of your well being. To atiain this patriotic object, to guard against frech obstecles t tho revolutou, and to facilitate ine work of regeneration which tbe couniry expects, I reckon upon Jour co operation. Your fel ow-citizen, ROMULO DIAZ DE LA VEGA. At the request of the army, the Governorship of the district was conferred by de la Vega upon Gen. Minon. An event soon occurred to prevent the co- operation of these two officers. Alvarez transmitted to Minon two orders—one prescribing the organiza- tion and armamert of the National Guard, the other directing the arrest ot the old ministers of Santa Anna, and other persons therein mentioned. These two communications were addressed to Gen. Minon. who transmitted them to Gen. Vega, and came to demand the accomplishment tnereof, so far as re- lated to the armament of the National Guard, Alva- tez having ordered that the arms for the purpose should be given up by Gen. Vega. The latter took umbrage at the masuer employed by Alvarez in communicating bis insuactions, as he thought they should have heen addressed to himseli directly, and not thiough the intermediary of the Governor, whom he had bimself appointed, and whom he regarded as bis subaltern. DE LA VEGA IN CONFLICT WITH ALVATY But besides objecting to the form ia which the instructions were conveyed to him, de la Vera objected to the instructions themselves. In high dudgeon he resigned his command, and appointed General Jarero his successor. In announcing this change to Alvaiez in a communication dated Sept. 28, be said: — As lbave deen, s0¢ as 1 am, in copeert with the per- sons who form my council, convinced that this measure (the organization and arming of the National Guard) should be subsequent to the publication of the proviory matute which belongs to mb to decree couformaniy 10 the fourth artivie of the plan of Ayutla; and as ou ano ther ile, the direct intervention of a subaltern off) patible with the cigaity of the pomuon which I occupy, and of my own character, extremely susceptible as 10 ever) thing whieh could in any how § aflect mine Bonor in diminishing the good opinion which | merit from my fel jow ettizens, | frei myself compelied to aform your | x- celeney that it ie vo longer possibie for me to contiave im the powical and military command of this district, and that in consequence | now, {rom this date. deposit tbe commund in tue hands of the General of Division, Jove Maria Jarero, and not in those of my counrtl, be- caure the members of it bave just resigned weir fupe- tious, If your Excalenoy deeme Ot, he may communi- cate bis advices to General Jarero General Minon, however, not disconcerted by the action of de la Vega, proceeded to carry out the in. stiuctions be had received. He openeda registry for the enrolment of members of the National Guard, and erdered the arrest of the persons de- sigvated hy Alvarez. All of Santa Anna's ministers evaded arrest with tue exception of Senor Olasa- garre, formerly Minister of Finance. In the mean- time the garrison and citizens of Mexico were alarmed at the retirement of dela Vega, and so- ticited him to resume the command-in-chief ond dismies Minon. He assented, resumed the command, and notified Minon of his dismissal, aad siso informed Alvarez of the resumption of his functions. Minon immediately set out for Cuernavaca, a village some twelve miles from the capital, where Alvarez had establish. ed bis headquarters. Alvarez having learned what had taken place in the capital, despatched fresh or- ders, conferring npoa Gen. Minon not merely political governorship, bat also the military governorship of the district, prescribing the immediate organization avd arming of the National Guard; charging Gen. Jarero to assist General Minon in his commandancy, and enjoining General Vega to report himself im- mediately at the headquarters at Cuernavaca. The officers of the garrison declared againat the execu- tion of these measures, and it appeared probable they would remain a dead letter. The result finally was that General Vega delivered up the military command of the district, not to General Minon, who had been first named, but to General Jose M. Garcia Conde, who was at the same time charged with the political goverureent. General Conde was imme- diately recognised in his double capacity. ALVAREZ ELECTED PRESIDENT. While these events were transpiring in the capital the revolutionary chiefs were actively engaged in bringing the movement to a completely success fal issue. This was no easy task. A contrariety of ecntiment prevailed among them. New plans Cor bew modifications of the Pian of Ayatia were set ap. Gcneral Vidourti, in Monterey, demanded the ex- tinction of the army, which the Plan of Ayutla pro- mised to conserve: acd be prepared to march the forces under his command against General Haro y Tamer, who bad proclaimed a plan of his own, hased upon the support of the clergy and of the army, the two great levers of deapotiam. Besides, the town and fortress of Matamoros on the Rio Grande, was still occupied Ly the Sonta Anna trooPs, to the number of 1,800, under the command of General Woll; and Tampico, Queretaro and several other places thronghou’ the republic had also to be bronght to eubmit to the new order of things. General Woll sobs equently abandoned bis command and made good his escape to the American side of the Rio Grande, the garrison having pronounced for the Plan of Ayutla,; afterwards it adopted and ampli- fied the Plan of General Vidanrti. Besides these complications, another and more serions one arose | was at firet repozted that their aid was solicited by ‘Vidaurri in carriying out his potitical sebeme of the Sierra Madre republic, but he indignantly denied it, and wrote to Alvarez to say that instead of carrying ‘out his hostile des'gne against Haro y Tamaris he would march against and chastise (he American iu- vaders. in the meantime, & convocation of the revolution- ary chiefs was convened at Quernava:1, for the pur- pose of electing anad i terim Presidsn'. The elec- tiontook place onthe 4th of October. The prin- cipal candidates were General Alvarez, General Comonfort, General Ocampo and General Viduarci. It was reported that, previous to the election, there had been a sort of caucus held, at which it was agreed that if the ehoice fell upon Comonfort, and if the army should be satisfied with him, be would be recognized; but otherwise, or in case any other person were chosen, they would repudiate all that was done, appoint Hare y Tamariz first chief, and de la Vega Generalissiore, and with their conjoined forces impose the law upon the nation. At this election all the departments and terri- tories were represented with the exception of So- nora and Coloma. Vidaurri reseived one vote, Co monfort three votes, Ocampo three votes, and Alva- rez sixteen votes. The latter was, therefore, Je clared President ad interim of the Mexiean republic His Cabinet was composed of Melchor Ocampo, Minister of Foreign Affairs; Benito Juarez, of Jus- tice; Ignatis Comonfort, of War; and Guillermo Prieto, of Finance. ALVAREZ ABDICATES—COMONFORT 18 ELECTED. But the “ Panther of the South ” cid not long re- tain the reins of government in his hands. He found himself less fitted for controlling the affairs of a nation than he was for leading on his wild and warlike Pintos against the troops of Santa Anna. The air of Mexico would not agree with the old pa” triarch, and s0 he held his court in Cuernavaca. But even there the cares of State pressed too heavily on him, and he sighed for the air of his native mountains. Accordingly he signified his intention to resign the Presidency, and General Comontort was selected as his successor—ex-President Ceballos being one of his rival candidates. Comonfort is—as Alvarez and Carrera were— merely an ad interim President, or, as he is styled, the President Substitute. A national Con- gress has been in session ever since he came into power forming a constitution for the country ; the design being, when that constitution will have been proclaimed, to proceed to elect a President in accord- ance with its provisions. Whether the present gov- erpment will exist so long as to admit of this pro- ceeding is quite doubtful. CHURCA PROPERTY LAW. ‘The principal feature of Comonfort’s government bas been the passage and partial execution of a law depriving religious communities of the fee simple which they have had for time immemorial in some- thing about one-third of the real estate of the coun- try. The alleged motive for the passage of this law—known as the law Lerdo, from the name of the minister who formulated it—was that, as most of the church property was situated in cities and towns, tho possession of this fee simple acted as a preven- tive to improvement and progress. The church ro- ceived the rents, but did not care to make improve- ments. Inthe City of Mexico alone, of the five thousand houses, valued, with the temples and public edifices, at $50,000,006, more than one-half is owned by thechureh. Mr. Lerdo de Tejada, in a very able statistical work recently published, showed that the annual revenne of the Mexican church, from dues, fees, alms, masses, Xc., is from six to eight millions: and thatthe property of the church in real estate is from 260 to 300 millions. The aim of the law was to desamortize this immense property-— that is, to divest the church of the fee simple, and invest the title in the tenant. By the act of 25th of June last, all tenants of church and civil corporations have the right to become the owners of the property, they hold hy having an sdjudication made in their favor and paying a capitalization of their rent at the rate of six per cent. Thus, a tenant payirg $100 a year, hss the right of retaining the property at $1 666, that being the capital which the $200 in- terest represents. As most of the church property is rented at a very low rate, this laws is quite a boon ‘or the tenants, because in thirteen years, paying the regular rent to the church, the property vests in themselves. This was a real revolution, initiated by Comcntort. He had to meet the whole power of the chureh, and to place the church aud govern- ment in antagonism. He knew all the risk which he ineurred, but did not shrink from facing it. Archbishops and bishops proved contumacioas, and published pastorals and sermons against the new law; but whenever they vecame dangerous Comonfort shipped them off from the country. As the law affects only wealthy m- nastic institutions, and not the real working clergy, the latter, who were always jealous of the wealth of these religious drones, not only did not use their influence against the law, but counselled their parishioners to take advantage of jt, and even in some instances were purchasers tvemselves under it. For this, however, they incurred degradation and suspension from their office. Still the opposi- tion of the church is unavailing. The titles to pro petty worth fifteen or twenty millions of dollars bave already been sold. The govecnment oaly de- vives five per cent from these sales. In this Co monfort was by far too modest. Had he con fiscated and appropriated to the use of the gov- ernment the entire property of the church, would have dove far better. He could witn the proceeds have paid off the national debt ani organived the government on a firm and cn- during basis. As it is, the revenue derived from this lew of desamortization is ouly « drop in the ocean. Still, its effect on the people caunot fil to be highly beneficial; for not ouly are the obstacles to physical improve ment thereby removed, but the greater obstacles to the mental and social amelioration of the Mexican people—fout ded in blind and bigoted obedience hi- therto given to the clergy—are also broken down. REVOLUTION AGAINST COMOS FORT. Bat this social revolution is not the only mow* ment that has engaged the attention of the gover.” ment of Comonfort. It has also had to contend with several political revolutions—some springing oat of this law avd instigated by the clergy, and others with the manifestation of that chronic disease of aui- bitious demagogixin with which Mexico has beea so Jong afflicted. Of the former kind was that which necessitated the siege and captare of Puebla by the government troops. To the latter class be- long the revolution got up by the brothers Gandara in Sonora, and that other movement got ap*by Vi- daorri, and which at one tine threatened to, and perhaps still may, eventaate in the formation of » Sierra Madre republic, composed of the States ot New Leon, Tamaulipas and Coahnila. SIERKA MADKE REPCDLIC. This scheme has long been nursed in the am)yi- tions brain of General Vidaurri. He lad declared it in bis manifesto against Sauta Anna, and only abané« ned it temporarily, #0 that all the revadlution- ary forces might act in anison, aud with a single aim— the overthrow of Santa Anna. That being ac- complisLed, be returned to his favorite project. He never can be said to have lent any support or givens any ollegi mee to the Comonfort government; but has acted throughout a the Governor or dictator of an mdepencent State. He has declared the annexa- tion of Coahuila and Tamsalipas to New Leon: and is evidently quite willing, at the fitting mo ment, to declare the independence of the Sierra Madre repablic, and, if necessary, its annexation to the United Ste. Still, that would be a dernier rescrt, for the Mexicans, as we have ssid, are ex- treme'y Je lous as to the integrity of their territory. Tt ja said that he has enticted old Alvarez in bis favor, a well o@ Several other military chiefs of mach influence. PANGESS FROM SPAIN AND ENGLAND. And not only ia the integrity of the Mexican ro- public thus menaced by internal foes, but it ig alo menaced dy encm:es trom without Spain is preparing another armada to land upon her shores and to destroy her nationality, on the pre- tence that she does not pay her debts; and Eag! 3 has manifested a disposition to complicate affaira vtiil more on the pretence of an outrage committed oy the government ona British subject. Thus is poor Mexico torn, distracted and menaced on all sides, HOW THEY ARE TO BE MEr. Comonfort, however, is not blind to the dangers which threaten the country, and ia said to have pre- pared a acheme which will not only carry the war into Africa, but also is certain to involve this coun- try in the contest as an ally of Mexico. This pian is, aa we indicated in an article on Friday last, to throw an invading force into the Island of Cuba, and wrest it from the Castilian crown. The plan appears feasible, for the garrison of the ever faith- ful island is to be used to operate against Mexico, and a few thousand filivusters, in concert with the disaffected of the island, wou.d therefore suffice to overtarow the existing order of things. Comonfort is enlisting troops for this pur- pose on both sidea of the Rio Grande, so that a descent upon Mexico will be followed by a couater descent upon Cuba. There are now in this city a number of illustrious Mexicans—inclading General de la Vega, General Blanco, General Uraga, Senor Rafael Rafael, and others, who, though some of them may have been exiled for their hostility to Comé¢ nfort, are now co-operating with him in helping him to accomplish that master stroke of policy which we have just alluded to. It is therefore quite evident, as we stated in the first paragraph of this article, that Mexico is approaching another crisis in her history. We can see but one grand result of it, and that is the annexation of the country, in whole or in part to the republic of the United States. And for that the times are propitious. EUROPEAN AFFAIRS. * Mr. Marcy founds one of his arguments on the em- ploy made ‘by France of privateers. The example, it must be admitted, was not well selected; for if 10 is true that France bas,above all other nations, waged a war of privateers, it is equally certain that the a ba gained thereby Aug! ay; teeta motives w! ber to propose e ot Paris the abolition of privateers. In the course of the last two huudred years we have waged three great maritime wars—under Louis XIV., Louis XVI, and the Empire. In two of these wars, which te:- minated fatally for our navy, we conducted our pri- vateering operations with a perseverance and au epergy Which allow us to constitute ourselves sove- reign judges of the system. Now, what was the result? Under Louis XIV.,as under Napoleon, we finished by abandoning letters of marque, for daily ste taught that privateering mey aftect the private tortunes of the subjects of a grest rival maritime power, but exercises no real influence on tbe dscision of the contest. After La Hogue, atter Trafalgar, our privateers almost all termina:- ed their career on the pontoons. On the contrary in the successful war under Louis XVI. the exploi's of privateers were bull;.and it ap; 8 tbat ail the seamen Were preased mto the service of the vessels and fleets, which offered or ane @ remarkable number of gran: nayal battles. If they were not ali gained by France, she triumphed in a sufficient number to entitie her to terminate the war by the gioricns peace of 1753. The American Secretary of State may perhaps not be familiar with these cir- cumstances; but it does seem strange to us that so enlightened a mon should appear disinclined to ad. mit that the Sate of wars, by sea or by land, depends on the issue of pitched batiles, and that detuiied av tions, in whieh privateers can alone take part, hav: no appreciable result; that, in a word, a serous war, which leads to a treaty, is conducted wir reguiar troops, with fleets, and not with private~rs or militia. But even in consulting tue niswery ot bis own country, Mr. Marcy might have seen thst in the War of independence the wilita, command ed by Washiwgton, were generally unsucessfu against the iesular Eughsh troops, although the American volun‘cers, individually, were very su- perier, both in courage and morat worth, to the Hessian or Hanovenan mercenaries who com: pored tbe isjor portion of the English army. Tue deal success of the war was due to the regular re- giments of Lafayette and Rochambeau, who ob \ained the cupitulation of Yorktown, which ld to the independence of the United States. He might likewise have refiected on the events of 112, when the Evglish army, having nearly everywhere Geteated the American militia, mai against Wasbington in a column of 12,000 strong, and disper:ed, aimost without a shot, the 30,000 or 40,000 mifitia who had been collected to oppose its and who enjoyed al! the advan' of nu and The brilliant action at New Orleans does hot affect this rule; the American democracy may believe to the contrary, but the tened men who @irect public affairs ought not to tain that error; on the contrary, they would employ their efforts in a they to endeavor to militia or privateers are even of the and material provement. The changes which are at pre being introduced into naval constructions must ow them more than ever with the empire of the Power which would be ill advised ploy privateers against it would only elements of strength 1¢ possesses withou' Up EesI i The Sound and Elbe Dues. [From the London Gezeve, Oot, 1s } The United States government has demanded from that of Hanover a statistival retarn of all lighthouses and tea signals maintained on the Elbe, together with the annual cost, and the ‘amount of dies le:.e to cover suct Cost, on ships navigating that river ou their entrance, or on thew leaving the North Sea. In other words, the Cabinetof Washington has taken the first step towards the repudiation of the Hauo- verian Stege Dues. ‘The principle on winch the United States contend that their ships shall not be taxed on their lugress or egress to or from the 0} seas has been so often and sv recently explained in these column: to require no repetition bere Both Denmark ard Hanover claim a right to levy o tex upon Se ae one with respect to the Danieh Sound, the other im refereace to the iibe. The United States say to these Powers— ove your righ* to tax our ships and we will pay your toll.” Neither Denmark por Hanover can abow any claim but what exists by treaty; bence the United States give notice that a its expiration ir will not be renewed—the effect of the non-renewal of the treaty being that Denmark, Hanover and the United Siates will stand ic the same position as trey @id with respect to either the Sound or the Stade dues betore the treaty existee. Tais reduces the juestion to the simple issue of whether the United ships have not as much right to go in aad out of the faltic or Eibe as have the ships of either Denmark or Hanover’ This is really and truly the whole question. Neither Deamurk nur Hanover can satisfactorily answer it; for this reason the United Btates refuses avy longer t» submit to the impost. ‘The Electstc Telegraph tn India, | From be London Cpropwie. Got. 2) | Few chapters in the history of the electri: tele- graph are more curious or more gmtitying than the ope that contains an account of its developement i: India. Scarce y three years ago there was not 4 mile of telegraphic communicstion in the whole continest of Asia. At the present moment the length of wire already laid down is very littie inferior to that in the whole of the United Kingdom, By the fires report from the “Electric Telegraph ee he we learn that on the Sist ot January jas' ines were in tion over ere en 4,000 miles of segregate axioms. This rapid completion of 80 vast a network, carried moreover through @ country presenting difficul.ies and obstrnctions altogether unknown in Rggland, is due entirely to the energy and skill of a single men——Mr. O Shaughnessy, saperianentons of the telegraphic department in fudis The chain of communication at present stretched across the Indian peninsula may be divided inty thiee sections: First, from Calcutta, or rather from Savgor Island lighthouse, at the mouth of the Hooghly, to Peshawar; secondly, trom Agra \o Bombay, and thirdly, from bombay to Madras, My- sore and Ootacamund. Some outiying districts our Indian Empire were also provided with tele graphic communication. Even in the newly ac quired Fase! og) of Pegu 218 miles had already been constrneted at the date of this report. Besides the gf with which the work has been accomp! —baving been commenced oaly m November, 1853—the economical mode of con struction is nota little remarkable. This economy has also been attained in spite of many drawbacks. Instead of following the marked prepared live of a railway, the Indian telegraph was carried through jongies and across rivers, besides along a wild a almost uninhabited country for many hund miles of ite tots! length. Yet the whole work hy been ata = of abont twenty jaca of or 600ra. per mile— equal in Lnglish money to ori Consider the many obsta sles with which the estab'iehment had to contend, thie reenit affo-ds the conquest over diiflenttics, which be achieved by any person who vom) is —— and practical enervy with th rarer accom: mnt-—the faculty of orga riz tion, In fact, the most serious biudraness whick the Director had to overcome, did mot arise from un e3. “he establishment and discipline of the working s\..° ut the varee at the varius sta tions presented difficulties - wore serious original formation of the line icsel/, The materials ia one case were of far inferior character, sad lees ander control. Considering the minute 2evuracy and goveral intelligence required in the attendants upon av ele > tric telegraph, of every rank, itis earpridtg thattho duties could be in any degree performed by native operators. The orgunization of a working stall from such materials waa indeed a work of no slight Jabor and r mnsibility. We can well understaud Mr. O'Sbaughnessy’s ussertion that ‘the construc- tion of 4,000 Mne was a light and agreeable task—that of organizing our sixty offices one of in- describable difficulty aud pain.” ‘The very satisfactory result from the care and skill expended upon this task is, that the Indian system of telegrepns is already in a condition to pay ite way and de'ray all the cost and charges of working. Durnin, e twelve months pre- ceding the date o! je report, although the capabilities of the line were only balf developea, the net receipta exceeded £15,000 a4 against a work- ing expenditure of Jess than £30,000 per annum. The revenues of the department were also regu- arly p enne Jn the last month or two of 1855 the had augmented to a rate of £21,500 a year, without reckoning the advantages which the government drew from the line, and whereof ample use was made by the transmission of “ service mes sages ” in very cousiderable numbers, for which, of poten money was pee The use of bn Haar graph jor government: pores p08 ly in cases of disturbance and crises—would, indeed, aiu- ply reimburse the eutire outlay upon its construction. ‘Among the sppeneesiins which were loudly expressed when the construction of an Indian tele- ph was first contemplated, but which have yi te BE le ena, ry qt and storms onone hand, and revoltivg tribes on the other, were believed fe present just canses of alarm for the continuity of telegrap! communications. The issue of the prac experiment has shown that those fears were groundless. Frequent strokes of shining, as the Superintendent reports, have favien on the wires and flashed through the stations, but bave sever occasioned any disruption in the chain of telegraphic intercourse. }, a8 & still more remarkable phenomenon, he states that, al- though sowe hundred miles of wire and_ sus; pillars were carried acroes the district lately over- run by the Santhal rebels, and left eotirely mspenk ed, in no single instance was the communication in- terrupted or damaged one to the apparatusof the tele- grapn. The aly series obstacle, as we nave said, consisted in finding and se.ecting fit persons to carry on the business of the enterprise, The ordinary officials of the company were a!together anfit‘ed for the peculiar services requived. The work, re the annual report, “presents no quiet, well-paid sine- cures;” its duties are widely different from the vene- rated routine of ordinary Indian offices. It will not answer with us to come to office at eleven, aud creep awsy at four. All hands must reside av our station- house. To the many dissiipated persons on our es- tablishment this 19 speciajly disagreeable. Thus it is that of every ten persons we employ on trial, we consider ourselves fortunate if two or three are found to possess the qualities and habits essential for the duties of the raph.” The opinion of the Marquis Dalhousie respect ng the services rendered vy Mr. O'Shaughnessy is ex- reseed In Icrcible terms in a “minute,” dated the 6th of last February. In this official paper the late Governor Gencre] says: ~*I have so often had occasion to applaud the ability, the energy and ua- flagging exertions of the Superintendent, Mr. O’ohaughnessy, that it would seem a juous repetition to express again my acknowledgmeats now. Nevertheless, I desire to recora once more the full_ measnre’of approbation and gratitude witb which I regard the public services which Mr. O'Shavgbne-sy bas renderea, and by which the gov- ernment and the people of India have profited so largely. The confidence which the government has Tepcsed in bin, the applause with which it bas covered him, and the liberslity with which it has treated him, and, above all, tae know- ledge which he possesses that, asthe head of this government, I have felt it my pleasing duty to re- commend him for other and higher honors than any praice ot bim which the Fast india Company can inscribe upon its records, or any reward which it can bestow vpon bim from its cofiers, must satisfy Mr. O'Sbiighnersy that bis value is folly appreciated by the government of India.” Extensive as the present system of Indion tele- grapbs may be, itis only the basis for a far more abitious developement. After intersecting ve pevinewa of Hindostan, besides euveloping every mportant town and station in their fulas, the telegraphic wires will ere long become extended to Kurrachee, whence they can offer no re mote or mace pe of junction with the great Earopean cl of telegraphic inter- communication, That lies on the north- eastern shore of the Arabian Sea, and affords a link wheretsom a snbmarine cable can easily be laid along coasts where the sea is never more thag 150 fathoms deep, to the most northern parts of tae Persian Gulf. Landing there, the telegraphic line may, without pane le: conducted along the valey of tho — until it reaches a from whence it carried through the cl of the Caucasus, rd to Seleucia, on the coast of Syria. would meet the offsets from the Cou- tinental , which has already been carried tar in that direction benesth the waters of the Mediter- ranean. Intel! we way then be flashed without a break from London to the capital cities of every In- Presidency, and on: even to the contines 0 regions whos: inhabitants pay divine hovors to the Grand Lama himselt. Mall Communication to Australia. A BANQUET ON BOARD 21 STSAMER—SPRECH OF LIBUTENANT HARKISON, UNITED STATES NAVY—2b- MaRKS OF MR. TRAIN, OF BOSTON. {Frem we Loudon News, vot. 20 | The opening of the new mail service to the Aus- tralian colonies by the Puropean and Australian Company, bas been celebrated at Soathamp: ton in @ manner chaacteristic of toe place Jt appears to be an unreserved opinion ‘that all undertakings covnectea with that port. whether of private enverprise or of an otti- cial vature, should be acknowledged in # marked manver by the authorities and principal inhabitants of the town. Ii is a household ivea in 0° ton, that vothing tends. more to do away with the awkwardness and angularities which mast, toa cer- tain extent, belong to the wi in new projects, than beieging them face to face with all the now- bitities of every department in the place ata well covered table. The directors ot the Huropean and Avetralian Company were probably aware of this institution of port they had chosen for ‘ture of their mail’ ships, and they. wok the initiative in the festivity which tock place on ‘Tuesday last, on board the Ouieds, their pioneer vessel. “The town was antici- pated, bot wus pot 10 be outdone, and Mr. Richard Anorews, the mayor, invited the directors to meet pretty much the come pee. that had partaken of the hog may of the Onieda, at a eye banquet at the Dolphin Inn, on Friday last. ni- m bj ty was aleu taken to repay courtesy si the officers of the United States trigute, the mac, to the numerons visiters who board their ship daily, by inviting the whole of them to join the party, snd accordingly a deputation of their body wos smong the guests conspicuous for the glitter- ing tracery of their uniforms, and, it be added. tor the zest and good fellowship with which they entesea rte the spirit of the evening ; and itis to be donbted whether the “ usual loyal and patriotic toasts’ were more heartily weloumed by one than by them. The chair was of course filled by the Mayor, and the visiters included J. Orr Ewing, Esq. the (baiman ; J. Pender, Esq., Director, and J, Gatboraith, Esq., Managing Director tw the'new Company ; Lieut. Harrison, Capt, Taylor, Marines, Apsista rgcon Denby, Past Midshipman Cai - ter and Midshipman Braatord of the U. 5. Trigate Mer. ritwe; Li x, a8 well as mavy alder- nen, . me and tradesmen of the borough; the whole company numbering about sixty. ‘The room was tastefully decorated with flags and boners, cue of which jepresented Kogisad and Awerica presiding over the commerce of the world oud bearing the inscription, “The tree intercourse nations is essential to the attainment of the highest state of civilization and prosperi ty;’ whilst enother represented a combi- vation of ythe shielas of France and Eng- land, surmounted by two tartleduves exchang- icg the Kiss of peace, the inscription peing, “The overcharge of ideas as well as of products accele- rates the universal progress.” ‘The bealth of “The Queen” was followed by that of the “President of the United States.” fo this succeeded “Prince Albert and the Royal Manitly;” and the “Army and Navy,” which was responded to by Colonel James, Royal Engineers, and Lord George Lennox, the latter noble lord being called on hy the company to tn second speech on bebalr or the army. ‘The Mayor then proceeded to give “The Chair- man and Disectora of the European and Australian Royal Mail Steam Packet Oonrpeny.” ‘The Mayor next gave States Con. nl,” who was desirous of doing them the geortest good he possibly could, and of whom they had had satisfactory experience, which bad seemed for him the good withes of portics of al] seets, creeds and opmions. (Oheers.) Mr. Onorkey returned thanks for the generous jowsrds hie daring the last ten = Se —a. prectically shown that hay et not forget thei! \ friends. Humble as were the resources of the © ny with which he was counected, they would ap py to render the company now newly establ ed every assistance, aid aud waterial in their po: ce) ‘ Mr. a of Manchester, one of the direc! of the European and A Company, propo “Captain Prendergast, and the officers and ere the Taitea States frigate Merrimac.” He hadpd liar he said, in performing this , had been his lot to have visited the country of th visiters wh 1m he now welcomed, to have en ed its hospitality. The name of the noble ve which now tlay ‘in the waters of Southampton itself suggestive of the rapid growth of United States, vor he (Mr. Pender) had had gocd fortune to stand ig the beaks of the Tine rimac, in com) with a gentleman respec b in England niet America, the late “Mr. Abbott rence, and had there witnessed the flourish towns and manufactories which in the short sp of twenty years kad Gome up on the banks q stream ithat at a period so little remote ran sileg ‘brough dense virgin forests. x Lieut. Haneison, of the Merrimac, briefly retu ed thanks. He thanked the company sincerely She Donce which ad been one him. He and consequently a m man; they m not, theretore, expect a speech from him, must content bimeelf wil ressing his thanks for the re: which he sors ipl erie te mi hos] ity, now , phe ok it was, far exceeded even expectations. He felt as much at home as if he in hia own country, and if he had @ heart to | when he went away he should leave it, if not English men, certainty with English women. he be permitted to bg Englishmen and ricana would never discharge anything harder each other than champagne corks, and if they d might their mothers and wives and daughters ne oe them! ir. Fauvey proposed “The Anglo-Saxon throughont the + orld—may no rivalry exist bet the members of this ramily, except to advance welfare and happiness of Tanking.” Mr. Train responded to the toast in’ sppeck extracrdinary power. He dezcribed himself asa tive of Boston, in the United States, hut ag havi lived in England, and being nowan Au ed nist. He eded to show, that besides t} he had Be a girdle round the earth,” for ina but glowing description, he stated that he had vig ed almost every known spot in the world, in especially India, China, and the Crimea, and one of them but be found the Anglo-Saxon di ciled, and wherever domiciled predominant, or pidly becoming 30. Ot that AngloSaxon race Ey land was the gieat mother; well might she proud of her offspring. He urged that England still foremost im ali great works in science, m facture, and all that could promote the ha and civilization of she world; and the colon q roud of their connection with her; while as hetwe England and America there could be no real d union, being as they were of the Anglo-Saxon ra‘ Female Education tn the United States, {From the London News, Uct 21.) Pu” Soe Oe. Te re Before us lies a Boston paper which quotes, amo the grants of the Massachusetts Legisiatare, one 10,000 dollars made some time since for the foun ing of a New England Female Medical ollege, an annual grant of 1,000 doliars for five years, endow ae in it. It is nothing new a surprising now in the most enlightened parte the United Staves, that the practice of medici and surgery should be sbared by women, thong at firet opposition was made by vulgar-minded p sons there as eleewhere. When « few ladies sou a eg Bk nome hygeenerrnc ll and made th way classrooms and tals by courage, p tience, and devotion to their object, ive was present found that the manners of the student class of men underwent atavorable change. [he nextdiad ee was of the eager desire ( which might have b anticipated) of more than helf female x4 siciaps. it ives those of their children, but husbands and senctioned the natural preference. There are eight female physicians practising under a dij in Beston, eome of whom have a large and luc practice. There were thirty-eight stadents in Female Medical College last year, and eight he’ already graduated from this young instivation. legislative grant of 10,000 dollars was Lestowed q condition of an equal sum being raised from oth resources—a stipulation which is now nearly fultij ed, while it is known that divers legacies will acci in course of time. Of the graduates who hat entered upon p active, one can exhibit a re; er of nearly 700 birtns, which have been complished with a singular safety and suco Avother bas attended between 900 und 1,000, like results. Whenever trere sre saflicieut data establish the fact (now littic, it at all, disputed America) that childbirth is freed from its worst diff culties and dangers when the unnatara! preseace men is wich, the melical and surgical cs of women and children will into the hands which nature designed it. Nor, indeed, is this id pom upkpown in this country. For in the Univd ities both of Edinburg and Glasgow the Professo are in the habit of giving courses of lectures females on midwi'ery. Asa consequen of this opening of the to ap ct is on foot for the lishment 1 of Medicine in New York nespect of a fair divisid fessional It is not in the medio i inoutry The pone ef Wo Used '. employs women as regularly as the fctory; at in a youthtul and imitative Coreen Tg 1 co with exaggeration the sentimen of the World, “the chivatry of man” is at length perm! ting woman to be wise, useful and happy. Noto art and literatme, but science, commerce, and uselul arts are now thrown open to all who o work at them. In connection with these new ities the dress retorm of the United 3tates bly YNty ‘ble, however it may be hind and ridisukd by bigots and small wits. Woaile td many of the woinen of Warope are ruining their b bands’ fortunes ond their own repatatiou-for sen and modesty, by a mode of dress which is as unbealt aud barbarous Se ee hundred of the respectable matrons of the Uni-ed Stat are endeayormg to supplant modes of «reas whic} are injorious to bealtn and convenience, by one more which may have the advantage in these pects, and in grace also. [t ‘that the men of the family are as well with a rati costume for their wives and sisters as the husb: of Poris and London are incommoded by the barb rous female fashions of the time. Whatever may }¥ the result of any one effort in connexion with eneral move, it is wo Boonen there is no guing apy long*r for women being made dolls a slaves. Considering that nine-tenths of the wo ot England earn their bread in one way or ano and that it is naturally isapussible to exciude from any new depaitment of }, art or ind it is evidently high time to leave off di protesting against 2 hypothetical “equality o sexes” in regard to powers, and to ensare a b equality for their industry before the law. Feretan Items. La Petrie, of October 23, states that the electio ofa ane in the United States is at regarded as « very important event m Baru AY fer analyzing the chances of Messrs. Freaont Buchanan, the writer concludes as follows:—' Gemou rate possess, jt i# true, a glorious past, whic sustains them and pushes forward; but republicans have # brilliant fature, which attract them. It the democrats triumph beg gry pe gle will be renewed in four years, If, on the cong trary, they are vanquished, they will by that fad alove be swept for ever from the political arena. ‘The following persons were killed or had died, the latest report, from injuries reeeived dariog th panic at the Sartey Gardens, London, ¢iz.:—Cb dead, ae far a8 coal be ascertained, sw bei Newington, and two t» theirrespective homes. Wi the exception of ope they were all females. Fou only of the deceased had been identified, avd tt are as follows: 5 er, Dobson terrace, K nington (bedy conveyed home); Mra. Har iet Joba ron, aged 24, address unknown, body at Ne viegtor workhouse; Mrs. Barlow, aged 30, two children, enevente, body at Newington workhouse ; Ma Hord, of Bermondeey, body at the workhouse. fhe: were also three other bodies at Newingtun work] house, of females, apparent’y under 30 years of ag From the appearance of the vodies,” thay bei completely blackened, it was the gener! opinion thi most of the persons died from suffocation. Three o} them bad severe contused wounds, eviriently caused from being trodden upon. Advices from Constan destruction scaicely any honses being tmantcble, and the only oves that are so being those which the French hed put in order for themselves, The forts of the nor erp fide are only occupied by a garrison compo of the remnants of the crews o the flee. TI sireets are still Jiverally covered with the aplintes of shells and shot. In the Naval Paavourg detach! ments of men have been for weeks past engaged id jeking up the shells ~bica had not burst. Komi esch and Halaklava contain an immense quantity old warlike materie!, which the alles did not id the trouble of @rrying with them, anch as teutal carriages, Ac. The but barracks at Balaklava ai still standing, and are guarded by Peeean sol the inpabitants of Sonthampton, who had | diers. This ie the only plage where ney windy