The New York Herald Newspaper, August 20, 1856, Page 2

2 ee ee THE COPFEE TP apg. Its Production Bg oes. The cultivation 424°" searuption of coffee have fol: lowed very much in “o the cultivation of ee eS important 85 49 article of commerce, Like suger, from havi" _¢ been first introduced as a luxury, it has peor’, more or less @ necessary of life to a large “per'.ton of the civilized world. The coffee plant as ently known to have been a native ef Arabia, ‘and especially in the neighborhood of Yemen, not far distant from Mocka, the port of its exportation; ‘ard hence fts mame of Mocks coffee. The period at ‘which tt was first introduced to use in the form of an ‘mfusion from the roasted and crusked berries is un- wertain, though it is wet thougtt to date farther ‘beck than the early part of the fifteenth centary. Nncient writers mae ne mention of ite use, nor ‘do ‘modern author allude'to it earlier than the six- ‘teenth cextury. 4 German physician, called Leon ‘Dart, was said ‘e’bave beer the first Beropean who gave auy notice of coffee, end whose werk was pab- Yished tn 157% ‘It was'very accuratelg deactibsd by ‘Prosper Altutes, who hat seen it 42 Egypt, when resident'thete as ‘a physician to tho Venetien Con- sul, in his-wetk on'the medical plerts of Egypt, and which appeered in 15%1 and 1592. A public-coffee howse was firstestablishe€ in Lom “den in 1652. A Turkey merchent, named Edwards, brougkt -aleng with him from’the'Levamt some bags of esf- fee, ond a Greck-servant, eccustomed to make it. ‘His ‘house soon "became ‘thronged with visiters -amxions to see and taste the mew beverage. ‘The servant wes permitte? by Mr. Edwards, soon afterwaris, to gratify the imcreasing public tate, to -epen a coffee bouse in St. Micheals ally, Cernhill, where the Virginia Coffee Eouse afterwards stood. Garraway’s, near by the same locality, wus the ‘first house of tue kind opemed in London efter the great fire in 1666. This coffee house was etill con- tinued in 1s42, when itwea patronized bythe writer -of this artick, them visiweg London. According %o the besteathority, coffee wee intro- duced into France between the years 1640 eed 1660, and the first house for the sale of coffee wae opened »in Marseilles in 1671, and another in Paris the fol- lowing year. Betweow the years 1680 andt590, the Dutch first planted cegfee beans, which theyiad pro- cure from Mocha, im the vicinity of Batawix, Island of Java. In 1690 they-eenta plant to Eusope, and the berries which i produced were sabsequently sent to the West Indieaand to Surinam, ani from which the first coffee, plaatations in those -countcies were supplied. The cultivation of ease met with great success in St, Domingo, and foraaany years was the source from which Exrope derived its chief supplies—hav- ing exportd at one time about 38,000 tons, or about seventy-six million Ibs.; and it was eupposed that bad not the revolaticn broken out ia 1792, it would in that year have exported42,000 tons, or aboat eighty-four million Ibs. The devastation by that event caused almogi a total cessation in ta? supplies. Being dsiven from St. Bomingo, its cultare was greatly cugmented in Cuba, Jamaica, Surinam end Java, and was subsequen'ly introduced with great success into Brazil. As the culture advanced ie Brazil, it declined ia Cuba, the growta of sugar bawing been found capa- bie of mo ¢ rapid extension and being more profit- able. It was some time after coffee was first planted in Brazil before it became an article of export to any great extent. In 1774, a Franciscan friar, named Villaso, cultivated a single tree in the garden of tke convent of St. Antonio. Brazil was then governed by the Marquis de Lavadio as viceroy. The first fruits of the tree were presented to the marquie, who distributed them among the most respectable planters, explaining to them the advantages of adding another valauble article to the produce of the country; but beiag strong in their prejudices in favor of sugar and in- digo, few took paina to enltivate it, and hoace is progress was very slow. In 1508 Don Joas VI. fled from Portugal to Rio de Janeiro, and soon after opened the port to foreign trade. The annual crop of cofve then did no: exceed 30,000 bags, of 169 Js. each, or 8,000,000 Ibs. Although the revolation m St. Domingo had overthrown its culture there, Cuba end Jamaica con . exien’, to supply the trader. tn 1 its imcrease ia Brazil hed swelled to 100,000 bags. [ne decrease of supply, by the desolation of St. Domingo, caused it he enormous price of 148s. per ewt., or per lb., in London, ia the years 1517 . This great pric: stimulated tre production in Brazil. The fall of St. Domina. go bad caused the culture of indigo to be trans- ferred to British India, and its cultare was abandoa- ed in Brazi), with sagar, for coffee. Hence emancip:- tion in St. Domingo gave the monopoly of the cul tivation snd eupply of indigo to British Indit, where it has remained ever since. In 1769, just previous to the rev n, Hay i ex ported 76,*25.219 Iba. coffes; in 1818 we find ube exports fell to about », aod at this time they do not probably exveed thirty or thirty-five millions. The export of sugars in 1789, jast be fore the revolution, reached 149,000,000 Iba. It his now ceased, the population actaally plies from Cuba and Porto Ric». in which the emancipation act went into effe maica exported to England— 1 Sugars, « Cone, ) We thus find that the e st vorts of coffee fell off the first five yeacs alter emaxcipation about one-half and sugar pearly in an equal ratio. In August, 1-54 the negroes were emancipated by the Huylish goy ernment in Jamaica, which strack a death blow at ite cu tore there, while sagar had measurably super: seded ite growth in Cuba. Thew causes combined, | with the unrestricte] supply of African slave li bor to _give its culture a powerful impulse in Bra- zil. Hence, we fiod by the year 1330 its crop had increased to 400,00 64,000,900 Ibs. The slave trade, by « with England was to cease in February, 1 prodnced an enormons import of slaves, whic! only be dispored of at low prices and on long cre dits. Thi ain, stimulated the planting of new emtates, and the crop rapidly increased, so that in 1840 it actually reached 1,960,598 bag’, or aboat 168 600,000 Iba. The cultivation being found pro‘t- able, the demand for slaves continued, and notwith standing the attempts of the British government to put a stop to it. the slave trade has been continually ca-tied on clandestinely ever since, the oe ms from Afiica having amounted to from 39,090 to 50,000 annually, the veseels supplied for which hav- ing been chiefly built and fitted out im the Northern cities of the United States, and sailing ander what- ever colors lest answered their purpose of couceal- ‘The increase in the crop since 1840 has been very rapid, and in 1547 reached about 1,804,553 bag’, about 288 333,000 Ibe. The low prices in 144% and 154) had a tendeney to check production. The difficul'ies of impor tiog slaves, under a new treaty mado with England in {845, cut off the supply so for that those hich were secretly introduced Warely supplied ts annual lose, which was 1) per cent, and so:metimes more; and should the trade be atopped altogether, as aimed at by Kagiand, i* will cause the cultivation of coffee to se in Brazil, to become augmented in the East Indies, and especially in Gritich fadia; and sbould negro slavery be overthrown, coffee would to a great extent follow the course of indigo and become to some extent an article of iri duction and control. The climate of Bra: ty favorable to the caltivation of cvlfee the trees yielding nearly double those of the West ladies. Growth of Brazil by 1864, reached th: axton ishing quantity of 4” duction in the British ly declined since the en 1834, 08 will ie seen (ec 900,009 lbs, while the pro- pat India islands has rapid ancipation of the slives in n the following tab!e:— 1848—The Pr itieh West india Island yielded 0.099 990 186) 56 they yielled only. 5 000,000 Jamricn alone, in 1854. the year the Pa 1 pation not was declired in the [sian amounter to 18,268, 183 iba. We see by this the same resnlt os that which fol lowed emancipation in St. I ogo. Coffee, with other teopteal products, has sted with tse eupply and cheapress and reliability of Afiican adage labor. ‘i “ If eoolies can be browght in under a voluntary ip, why cannot Africans be allowed to come in by the same method, placed ande vyer | plations and guarantees on the coast of A coffee growing districts of Berazt! are di nto the Serra Abaixo, (or below the mont and Serra Acima (above the mountains). Tho | rodnee of the former is about one-sixth part of the | | tr NEW YORK HERALD, WEDNESD well treated tion, they know in- | no bounds their thelr mea- to » if out, involve ruin to , | their own section of the country, tes. The trees ever ? Where in | have the blacks ever raised by it to the civiliz- for | ed of ye rd of the Unites ee In no Africa increase Mo! > in’ cy ictic A Wat and Sond tes 8] ig of Hayti, that asf he nt eects quantity is greater, but never abundant until July the revolution w the slavery of the A bloom blacks, was the enormous decrease in the amount of ——_ lanters ap ino produce. From 1794, the in-which le picking, which is a slaves were declared free by the National Con- ‘are not gen- | vention of France, to 1796, the value of exported district. until | produce had sunk to 8,606,720 livres, only about five crop US, | Bards the, county had becoinalenost a desert not are to the | we a . scoabasieuctas seh wal toes so much from the waste of civil war, but als> fror ovember before be gg or apn nas eng » r, MeOulloch, speaking etan- coffee to market is | cipation in Ji says that," Tisey devote’ two cents per tb | cipal part of thetetitae tothe caleere ot phan Tope ‘The actual cost of necessaries on their owa patch ‘uf gvound, or ep conte per raise arrowroot, » ken, On F ation, and and | work on suger eet? iea only when it suits are re- | their inclination or comre’sienee, , in some Seaeena mines oarance districts they will only v ork the four first days of value the cont ‘production, the week; end at cri icr) Of the crops it is ‘The first import of Brazil coffee into the United | mecesary to offer high te get them to leave States was made in 1809, which consisted of their homes to assist on other days than Fridaye or 1,809 bags, landed at Salem, by the ship Mar. | Saturdays’ The great fallieg off in the im; ‘quis de Someriulas, fence, within the brief | from Jamaica ig haraly greater than ws t? have of Torty-seven years, the from | been anticipated. We need not here repeat the Bret heve Tereased to. the tree amount | statement by W’uich we havelready endeavored of four trondred million tbs. in 1854, and | show thetit iv, nugatory te expect that the blacke, 320,000,000 Tbs. in 1858. From 19@9 to 1849, or in a | wow that ther, are emanci id tilemtetl —a of forty yeare, the imports of coffee from undertake te labor they were formerly pvt il info the ‘United States increased from 1,809 | to perform. pete toed reread OP RG ao gl egg * .yeer ending ‘the 30th of Sune, 1855, i ; coffee, ‘the Toned States enon Brazil 135,369,383 | notipcotton. We aseiindependentin the growtk of Ibs. of coffee, ae of $21,815 818; hyd regret ely ae r other. countcies, for ‘of- i roducts, including some sugars, amount tea, sgrestt : . 935 | quent lone ion of prema agg BE suena Sepica territory and the feccanan and exienaian of | Balance of trade against the United Stetes..$10,857,662 | ‘There areeome curious facts ing the pre- | (Fhe imports of coffee alone from Brazil in €354-55 exeeeded the exports of the United States ‘to that eourtry by $7,563,645. : % Phe total importation of coffee into the United States for the year endigs; June 30, 1855, aaounted to 290,764 259° Ibs , valued at $16,764,2 For the dirg June, 1856, the quantisy has been much gor, and as prices have raled'high, the value has been much greater. ‘ ‘Bhe consumption of ¢offee has rapidly increased witbin “me twenty five years, the greatest ang- mentation baving been io ‘United Stetes, where ithas averaged 7} percent per annum, while in Eurqpe it bas been 24 per cent per annus, or at the rate of 4 per cent per annum for the world. ‘We submit the following tables, showing the Ps ductisn and consumptien of coffee for the world at differnt periods:— Comparative Statement of the Production of Coffee in the Workd at different periods—(The production af one year enters into the comsurupliom of the suceseding year.) 4 ABO, 1b St. Dominazo. Cuba and OR: Br. West indies Sum . By 100,000 + 20,000,000 29,000,008) 5,000,000 480 9,000,000 - - 540,000,000 565,000,000 716,000,000 607, 0o” Total... x It will be seen from this table that the greatest in- crease in 1855 was in Carlene a British East ladia ossession, and where its future growth is to be mo:t phe au; uted should slavery be overthrown in Brasil, po pen to which attempts have alway been made by a member of the Legislature. vill was introduced for gradaal emancipation, but it of course did pot The question arises, if negro slavery in Bri should be overthrown, where will the cultivation of coflke next take refuge’ Java cannot materially augment th: supplies. There are but two other points, viz: Brit India aud the weet coast of Africa. The tree is a native of the latter locality. But we do not believe that the vol labor of Africans will produce cf fee any better in Africa than it does in St. Do- mingo and Jamaica. The consumption of the world in tue of and incr.ased wealth from the in- flux of gold, bas overtaken the labor of prodaction. The future consumption in England and in th: United States is expected to be materially augmeat- ed heresfter. In France, #]so, owing to the failure of the vin- tage for several years, the consumption is likely to be increased. The anvexed ststemeat shows the present ¢stimated consumption of the world: 210,000,000 110,090, 000 Austria and oti a 75,000, 000 Hotlard and Belgian 90 000,00 Fravee. Switzer 2125, 000,000 Great Brita + 40,000.00 9,090,000 5,000, 000 15,000 009 10 090,000 the cultivation of this ard other tropi al productions which have become commercial necessities to the populations of te temperate northern latitudes, which embrace the largest civilized portions of the human race, is be- cowing ope of ureatimportance. The growing de- ficiency must not only continue, but in time greatly ephence the prices of these products, which have became necessaries of life, acd tend to drain the money from Northern nations, in ordegt> secure them - cr, in other word-, places them uader s Which are, from habit, ne t and well being. ndfia possessions, is, no large a share of tl possible, and rm: oa certain extent, indigo, sugar avd coff will continue to fail, D The United States and are likely keep, and, if necessar. yy the ald of Boglwad to back the South in sceuriog this indispensable pro dnetion to her _ erity, as well as the prosperity of Eurupe and the Northern States of this Uni The ¢ of slaves in Brazil—the only $9.th Amerie: tate which has made any great progress, and that throvgh African ‘abor—has, for several years, steadily increased. Piicr to 1520, when the slave trade was legal, slaves were sold at 120) or $66. From 1530 to 1559, when the trade was, under treaties with England prohibited, and had to be conducted clandestinely they advanced to 400|\, or $220. Since 1850, tue ude having Leen almo-t entirely suppressed, Uiey | have gradually advanced, aided by the decimation of 5 per cent per annum, to 1.100!), or £905, in 18: Since then, 10 per cent, it is estimated, has d from cholera, as appears by a recent statemer ark, Sweeden England ub’, anxious to recu: Mm, to of the Minister of the Empire, and they are now stated to be worth 1,500), or each. It was the low price of slaves priot to 1530 which stimulated the troduction of coflee, and caused prices to rule so ow, Which were, in 1835 to 1540 not muchover half the present prices. It takes four to five years to matare coffee trees after plontivg them, before they will sicld a crop of berries; hence, the sudden rise or fall ia prices can- not co evddenly influence production, as is the case with apnaal crops from new plantations of sagar and cotton. At the present time, o ving to the hig! prices of slaves, no new estates can be formed, aud vone have been, for several years; and it is stated ibat there are not hands encugh lefs ia the country to pick ont a full cro op. It may be re marked that the rise and fall of tropi- cal productions have fluctuated with the supply of the only labor suitable for their production beneath a tr ij suz—and that is Atrican. The first iatroduction of African slaves into the United States (then Britich colonies) was by a Dutch ship, in. 1620. From that period until the prohib'- tion of the slave trade in 1508, the whole number of Africans introduced into the United States did not vt 375,000. Of the first cargo sent over, to British subjects, 48 to Rhode ench eubjects, and 12 to natives of exceed al OL were cor Tslond, 10 to Charleston. We thus find that the Africans in the Uniied States, from this original small number, have in creoeed to 5,204,513, or in the ratio of nearly 8 or 10 to 1; while in the British West Indies, there are not two persons remaining for every five of the import- edand their deseendanta. This is seen from the following statement:—There were imported into Jamaica, previor to 1-17, 700.000 negroes, of rho and their descendants but 311,000 remained, after 178 years, to he emancipated in 1833, the date of the British act. In the whe of the British Wet Indies there were imported 1,700,000: of whom, and their de- Frencants, bot 660,000 remained to be emane! pated. (See “Carey on the Slave Trade,’ and “Compendium of the States Censua, 1 pages 83,84.") These facts prove that in no ps f the world, and whe ther free or bond, has the African race increased so rapidly as in the United States, which is an irrefra givle proof thet they have Ween better treated and better cared for in theUnited States than anywhere et. Yet we find a class of fanatics at the North who are willing to contribute millions to Caba for sugar, and to Brazil for coffee, piling up an annual balance of trade in the two places of over twenty mi doilars per annum, to see the slave trade tinely continved—to see the negroes mated—to see St. Domingo and the Indies rained by emancipation; yet they carry ona reckless crusade againat their bretliren at the Sow The decimation of over 1,000,000 of Africans in t Pritish West Indies alone, they may pase over in silence, hut for their Southern brethren, who will not convent bo destroy 3,000,000 of contented and | servation of coffee. It is said that the ie « Me weadily imbibe rnagonrenero from other ee ane Oc- | casionall, an unpleasaut vor. ugar placed lily 5 berries, it is said,in a anbstistage fea: them and injures their flavor. The ekill. , speiled, ie a bad taste, and miphing Sh beay and oat le when drank. Again, if me, the water fails to ex- tract the nourishing material of the coffee, and ite infusion is so weak as to prove umpalatable. In all Cairo, in Reyot, there was said to be but one good coffee pi . The berries should be roasted until they become of a uniform brown chestuut color. ‘o family should ever purchase ready ground cof- fee, which is liable to adalteration chicory, beans, corn, rye, kc. The berries should be bor green and , and ground at home as wanted. The article which has been most largely used for the adulteration of coffee is the chicory root, which isa native of England, Germany, and most parts of , aod naturalized in the United States. It has a tap root like carrots, and is cultivated some- thing in the same manner, chiefly in Holland, Bel- gium, and other parts of Germany where labor is cheap. Females and children are in ita production. The sliced and kiln dried, and afterwards ground, whea it bears a strong resemblance to cofie: avd mixed with enough of the lat- ter to flavor it, the deception becomes quite successful. only resemblance it bears to coffve is in its color, ‘and the only recommendation it bas is its chespness. It is slightly tonic, but contains no nourishment, and only sat the epretite by distention whendrank. From Germany e article is extensively exported to other coun- tries, and particularly to England aad the United States. Its consum) , through adulteration with coffee, in the United States, especially since the ad- vance in the price of cofiee, has greatly inc: a y increased. We know a single German bonse in New York which has imported, ina single yeac, 500,000 lbs., and the importation into New York is not #6 than from 3,600,000 to 4,600,000 Iba, Strange to say, notwithstanding these facts, not even tne name of chicory Cy ye among the imports of the United States. In the official rte of the imports of the United hile ecandee’ o under the head of commerce and navigation, its name is nowhere to be met with. How is this? Is it imported in anoth>r bame, or is it smuggied 7 How far it can answer as a healthy substitute for cofiee — gathered from learning the chemical composicion ot the two. Wood & Baebe call ir chicory or succory, or the wild endive or chicoram In}yteus of Linwus. It sends up a stalk one to three feet high, which under cuitival rises five or six fect, and tends down a carrotlike tap roo: which yields a milky juice. Before being adopted for the adulteration of coffee it was used as a medicinal mild tonic, and was thought to be good as a mild parge, aud in jaundice atfections. But, whatever weak medical properties it may possess are prob .- bly destroyed by roasting and grinding. Coffee. on the contrary, is found on chemicas! analysis to contain a hiyhly nutritious element known as Caffe. This component part of all good coffee is found to contain u larger proportion of nitrogen than any other vegetsble princi, nd in tis respect equalling some of the most ii rly aui- malized produc’s, Caffein does not potzity, however, like animal matter. Thus, chenis have discovered by avalysis tha: coffee cont.ias a element of nourisbment similar to animal mitter or to meat, which renders it nutricious as a drink and of which chicory is wholy destitate id heace its useless, and injurions character substi- tnte for coffee. fea ulso, contains an animal prin- cipal known as (hei, which also renders it nourish- ing as a Leverage when g« “| pare —(See Wood & Bush, American Dispen Range. Ber=c- line Trait de Chime.) While good Rio cofte selis at 10jo. a 11ge., and Java at M4jc., chicory, roasted and ground, sells at four ond five cents, aud in its green and dried state felle at one and two cents per pound. Hence the in ducement for the —e of the fraud o# euch an immerse scale. [t hws reached wi apitech that we doubt whether there is a cof reaster or grinder im New York, Hoaton or Philadelphia that does uot sell mora or less suid coffee mixed with chico: 3 weil reas.ed, wwkes a refreshing and wholesome beverage tor infirm and weak people and childrea How cruel, then, is the practice of selling them a porches reot, possessing no one property in com- men with coffee, and not enly destitute of all nourish- ment. but poritively injurions if long «ned! wholesale use has, probably, in | i bute the mortality of th of children and aged se aggravatug the symptoms of pepeta and nervous complaints. Congress should levy 100 per ceot duty on it, soa to make it unprotitable to import it in competition with coffee, and protect the people from sach a wholesale and poisonous fraud. one day inet a man driving a vehicle throagi: the streets of New York, ofiering the “ essence of coffee” for sale, up in small papers, and for which he asked a rov wrice. We asked him to let us examine a packs, to which he conseated, aad which, on examination, we found to be pare chicory. Yet he was retailing this stuff to poor ignorant people as the ‘‘ essence of cofite.” Since writing the above we have been enabled to give the exports of coflee from Brazil more in detail, and to bring them down to the Ist of July, 1856, and to form some estimates regarding the probable amount of deficiency in the supply for the first and second six months of 156, which will be seen from the following statement :— Comparative Beyer! of Coffee from Rio for the First ant Second Sis Momths of 1 car, from 1861 to 1866. Je July 1 to Deo. 31 1861, bage 1,020,738 1862, * 1,097,783 1863, 796.549 1S, 1,104,218 1565. 1,265,000 Average of five years 1866.Jan b to July 2 Lees than av'rge five years, 84. Less than same period j* 906,254 daly, August and ver are likely to be very mo derate 4 ed. and the new ¢. Jwiging from pre of these Ubree month: treme, eay Making for the Or Jest than average of Mee 51.471 is 44 212,143 Actsal delirieney of flest six mouths, 1954, bag¢ 296.254 Frebable deficieney of seoond «212,43 Total ELoremert at Sa —On Thorsday, while Mr, Morrie was out in eld, Mra. Morris took infc renee is that they left together, Assoon as Mr. Morria dim overed the movement, he started in purkuit. On ry, be discovered that the parties had taken the road to ‘ibany. ile jumped on board the care and went to Ali py. too. On arriving in that elty, be learned that “Mee Morr friend” had gone to New York. Mr. Morr # took the next train, and left for New York aleo. s he earres a revolver, it would be dangerous for that shop) ceper to meet him.—Sarateyian, Aug. 14. Qur San Francisco Correspondence San FRaneqsco, July a 16. San Francisco under the a . us, Case of Judge Terry—Reporte? C a i of his Trial and Sentence of Be os ment—Hie De: termination not to be Cor’ 2 inte the Resignation of his Judgeship-—P acne af the County Officers" sntempts on the Part of the Vigilance Com’ te¢ to Crush Public Opinion— arent ament of @ Provisional Government ; 2 sby their Organs—Arbitrary Proceed- 68 /' gainst Individeale—Chances of the Pre- 810 entiah Candidates in California—Dangerous Hancss of General Wool—The Report of the Vi- gilance Committee on Official Corruption, $c. As the Vigilance Committee still bolds on to the reing of power,and has succeeded im crushing owt all opposition, we will not by this steamer be able to furnish the usual quantum of exciting intelli- gence. While a semblance of armed hostility sur- vived, the directors of the organization lived in con- stant fear, amticipating a colXsion that, if @efeated in, would bave the efect of dciving « majority from their rani: and-leave them at the mercy of the ont- reged laws. The events of the past few months ‘will leave an impress‘on the future of ‘California not to be eradiceted for years to come. When com- mending the actions-of the Committee the press in the #ast could not have suppesed the ebullition of popular feeling, intended tomake sure of punishine Carey, would ever ‘have sought to revolutionise thi? “State and disregard ell and every protection which are the boast of ciwilized countries to possess. Our condition, as it becomes Known, must inevitably cause a revalsion of sentiment, amd where before ‘the actions of the Committee may have been ap proved, they will receive censure from those who were deceived y their avowed objects. Sophistry will be used to cover the-enosmity of their actions Having gone the Jengths they did, it will be said self protection and a desire to avoid the shedding of blood caused the seizure of the State arms This latter feeling will compel them to go even further, and indications are not wanted foreshadow- ing events.of still greater moment. Resistance just now is outof the question, and we can only hope bloodshed will be avoided, if they are undertakeo. Sympathizers and members of the Committee speak of the moderation and calmness with which ali their actions have been performed; but hereafter, when an unfettered press anda disenthralled peo- ple can open their mouths without dread o° consequences, @ different record will be ehown. Then the world will know for the first time, in an American community, that liberty of speech was sbridged, all the cherished safeguards be- queathed by the fathers of the nation trodden under foot, and the whole country placed under the contr.) of an armed fore, principally continental foreigner.. directed by a particular class, whose motives, whether good or bad, will not be considered in esti- mating the injaries inflicted on the cause of republi- caniem. There is no exaggeration dealt in, in stating these facts. They ace simply true, and cannot be truthfu'ly controverted. Two important subjests now occupy the delivera- tions of the executive—the disposition of Judge Terry-and the expulsion of the county officers frow their positions. Minor matters, sazh as the huv' after McGowan and the arrests continually going on. take some share of attention. Another subject tht must ,emain a menace, is the expected interference of the United States: in response to Governor Juhn- son's requisition, As the time draws near when we will know what course our brethren in the Atlantic States intend taking, after they comprehond the fu!) extent of the outbreak and ite serious consequence: anxiety is awakened, and we can only hope for some calm and decided action that will termiaate the d+ orders that prevail in our midst. On the decision 0 the general onduct, greater complic. , and what 1ay be crushed at once by cetermination will assume very coon the dimen sions of civil war. Judge nan is still held in confinement, all inter couire with him being ferictly probibited, even w the excinson of his wi'e. Outside, the general opinion is that his trial, going on for many weeks is concluded, after hearing over a handred witnesses for and egainst him, and sentence of banish. ment Presse? in his case. Hopkins, who sig- nalized himself by he bold attempt to disarm the Jodge, is represented one day as improving, and soon after he is reported in the jaws of death I* is impossible to know his real condition whea left to the contradictory statements fmanatiag from the journals in the interest of the Committee. That he is free from danger is generally believed, and as hs recovery will silence any proposition to take the Judge's hfe, there is no way to punish except by banishment. Enough is known of Terry's ‘chends- ter to satisfy them tbat he would pay but little at- tention to cne of their decrees, aud accordingly a favorite project is to coerce or frighten him into a resignation of his seat on the Supreme Coart tench. Bulletins of. the dangerous condition of Hopkins are looked upon as intended to operate for this par on Terry and his friends. ,He bas de- clared bis unalterable intentions, in an addess to the people of the Siste. never to leave the place of his confinement other than as a Judge, and there is no earthly chance of bis changing th's determination In the meantime Son Franciseo is made the rendez vous of his friends, and every day adda to their num- ber. Terry's arrest was a starting re. alter which the elements of spre jon tothe Vigilonts gained immeose strength, tillin some sections of the in terior it is yy aes for any of their agents to at tempt any act Leyond what the laws tolerate. Pauly lic excitement on this particular subject has sub. sided, but the exertions to get Terry free are not abated nor likely to be as long as Le remains under his prevent duress. On the alleged ground that ballot box stafivg was practired at the last election, some of the county cfficers, who happen to be democrats, are threatened with the severest penalties if they do not give up their places. Those omitted are Knov Nothings, which gives rather a political bias to t!« Vigilance Committee's notions of justice. Two open air meetings were held to obtain an expression of opinion and petitions circulated for the same object to give strength to the demand. first meeting were declared « Resolutions at the tied in the face of a stropg dissentient vote, and an_ interview subsequently hed by a committee with the officers, resulted “in a positive refusal from nearly cvery one. At the second meeting the non-content portion were about equal it not more than at the first; no action, however, was suggested, and the meeting adjourned. Some high- banded proceedings soon after took place, illustrat- ing the intolerance of majorities, or the rule we live under ot present. Armed detachments of the Com- mittee arrived on the ground, rvehed through the crowd and soon began dragging out those who had voted in the negative. No provocation was offered to violence, further than asking, during the progress of the meeting, the reading of one of the letters set by an officer requested to resign. It was then fla‘! refused, lecause it made a statement reflectins justly and severely on a man named ithodes, who tekes an active part in adding fuel to the already inflammabie condition of affuirs. Judge Freelon, whose letter was not read, was elected to the office of County Jndgecver this Mr. Rhodes, by a majority greater than the number of votes he re ceived, and of course it did not suit his views that such a cutting commentary on the coufidence entertained in him by the public, should go before the meeting. Some twenty were arrested and con- veyed to the rooms on Sacramento street, manceled and kept in confinement for rev In their letters, the county officers in respectiul terms —— their resolution to refuse the demand mace ont , bat are ready to submit their conduct to investigation, and if any uct illegal or improper could be proven against them, they would at on: resign. feveral active members of the Vigilance Commitice are openly iooking for these offices, ana had their names presented to the Board of Saxer virors as candidates to fill some vacanctes that, it is claimed, bave occurred. Like every other party, they | to hunger after place, and, as they know their influence will be shor ‘ed, they desire at al) hazards to get at the spoils, The refusal of the 8 to resign. and there being no alternative revolution to pat them out, has given Virh to proposals of the mest astounding character, Bot a few evenings since the leeding organ of the opinions that prevail here at preeent, urged in heated language the establish tment of a provisional government, the arrest of ail the officers ond the overturning of the constitution. ‘The laws of the State it derides, and recommends, as the Committee has the power, it a8 their duty to use the ss ord even to the taking of life. Frora one ille- ‘al step the Vigilants = radnally gone on uutil the y tave reached a point when a sing!) epuk may be enffeient to plange the State into the forrom of civil war, a struggle that would inevitably involve our separation from the Union. The task of purify ing the city, herculean as it is, does not affurd scope enovgh, Lut the people are told it ia ne eazary to AY, AUGUST 20, 18%%, that eu the © cesk, | well a new code could be ; ey coatings Without scarcely ante amal of tbe ex- merebants, and must of neceait'y (2 here-acneaint ed with the secrets of the “ga¥ book, than the aly pee 4 hepa gy and government ry witb uncommon zeal; “ Mie votce. Little argr ente needet with men who have succeeded 80 Far, unopposed, if not abetted by federal agents, an authority that hes been powerless &, check them up to this time. Se: cession has bee’. , and time will only deve- later far Poe tion is to be carried. the ran’ 4s of the of the Committee are some Of the most ‘and worthy citi- zens of ths by afl means it ‘ There has saerehec rane pomner ON ions throughout the State during the aud one cannot help thinking that they convection with our present condition. were informed of the bdiotted out of existence within a few weeks. #0 common that a da ishan seven bupdred tributed to the cont anomalous state of the vens were arrested in the dead of the ‘hue- ried off to prison, without it being known what had become them. To leasen, in some degree, the harshnese of this 8: prisoners are allowed their liberty on eubseril to an oath that they willleave the country forever by a certain day, aud in addi- tion, depositing large sums of money as further se- curity to pra their promise. One individual, to leave 5th of August, bad to put five hundred dollars in the hands of an unknown man, for which he re- ceived no receipt, te be returned to him if he quits the State by that date. This amount is forfeit it he remains. About twenty prisoners remains in the cells of the fortress on Sacramento street. One named Brace, is held on charge of murder, and it is now said he will be hung during the ensuing week. Mr. Buchanan’s ition was receive i without any remarkable show of enthusiasm. No disappc2- bation was exhibited, it might be said, we have no newspaper ont of the twelve or thirteen dailizs publiched which advocates any of the other candidates. Several attempts have been made to e3- tablish a free soil journal; but each effort has failed. The Hera!d comes out in favor of Buchanan, making three democratic organs now in the interes: of the Cincinnati nominee. It is difficult to find out what the popular sentiment is on the ned of the age we are so intensely absorbed in our own affairs. Mr. Fremont may be strong in California, from the decided grourd taken by the republican convention in favor of a Pacific road; but it this must be counted the bad odor he is held by reseon of the Mariposa grant. If he does not re- ceive the vote of California it ~ ill be in consequence of the latter consideration. Asto Mr. Fillmore, he ig already a dead cock in the pit, and has no chan:e of even a decent vote in this State. Arrangements are muking to use the Chronicle, of this city, in support of Fremont, as any candidate who isto be regarded in the tield must have meats of commu- nicatipg with the people. Two political m have been held since the news arrived of the nomi- Latione—one for Buchanan, on the Plaza—rather adull affair, caused, of course, by the distracted state of the city; the other, held on Saturlay eyve- ving, in door, to endorse Fremont, was su eiior in the quahty of the speakers and tse spirit prevalent among those who attended. The Vigilaace Com- mittce try to cover with awet blanket any enthu- siaem on the subject, We ase told by their presses not to lose sight of them, the work is bat par- tially done, and much remains to be ecounplished. Such admonitions are unnecessary, as the frequent arrests keep alive the ‘excitement. Meanwbile the law and order party are not idle. Deprived of the means of using physical force, re- courre is bad to moral influence. An address, siga- ed by cver five hundred citizens of Tucluwne county, is published, enlarging eloquently on the disastrons cendition of the community, and making a pressing regest to put a stop to the tide of revolution. Meet- irgs ove held in different parte of the State, con- demning the action of the Vigilance Committee, and in t nes of warning calling upyn them to disband. General Wool is represented as being in bad health — even dangerously ill. Had Lewe of the determina- tion of the Cincinnati Convention arrived two months earlier, we might have been spared the scenes we have gone throvgh in that time. But we have confidence in the federal government, who are ~ sh the sole arbiters of the destinies of Catifor- bia. A long report, purporting to expose the corcu; tions existing in the county :ftices, has been Tala Lefore the public, simultaneous with the meetings before ieferied to, The facts set out are far from being in accordance with the truth, and the genera- litles indulged in are used to influence the popular mind. Fees, large and necessary, are oan , be caure each officer has to rely upon them as his com- eveation. The law allowa no salary to these fune- joraries,and it should be borne in mind that ia California Jarge salaries have to be paid to em- ploy(s. Jourpalism has retrograded to a point here its office appears to be to give circulation to founded staterents, injurious to men whoit is now the fashion to vilify. When a contradictioa fs pre- sented an3 proof sccompanying it, it is refused ad- mission to the columns where libel first orignat- ed, But in wer everything is fair. War exists, ac- cording to the specious eee me of one of our Jadgex, who to give victory to the Vigilants, for the nonce acted as recruiting sergeant for their forces, if his own statement fs to be believed. PIFTY-SRVEN SECEDERS TO FREMONT Lopes. [From the Newark Advertiser, Avg. 12.) An exciting incident occurred last evening at the Second Ward American Council, in conse juence of the determination of ote members to repu- diate the nomination of Fillmore, and sapport Fre. mont ond Dayton. It appears that several of them hal been cited to appear and answer to certain charges of having expreseed their intention to vote for mnt and Dayton, which was alleged to be con- trary to an ob! Log? requiring them to support the nominees of the Nations! Council. It was also maintained by the Council that by an article adopt- ed in June, 1555, they could not witidraw after a nomination was made, and the intention was, if the charges were sustained, to expel the offenders with disgrace. The seceders maintained that their obligation was taken Wefore the prohibitory with drawal clause was alopted, and that they were entitled to withdraw honorably. The charges of insubordination, however, were called for, but not presented, owing to the accused being in the ma- Jority; and after much confusion and dispute, per mission was granted them to lrave the order, and the fifty-seven quietly withdrew; but on retiring, those who foe B gee them with hisses, to which they responded by cheers for Fremont an1 Dayton, which they repeated on the sidewalk in front of the houve. They then proceeded to Putaam Hall, where a meeting was organized and several hes made, and arrangements made for a pub- = meeting. They adopted the following resola tlone:— Whereas, the American pariy, | bled, at the city of Phi adetphin in F ed from its original platform in and the nomination of mea for the ya Presidency who have nover attested their loyalty Amucrican principles; and whereas, moreover, those nom naticns were not ® foir expression of the ‘sense of the Convention, but were forced through by Ou ath— qherefor 1, That as Americans ail d anxious to pron oring to our ol port "are of the whole © cannot support any candidate for the Preet ¢ Trenseuey’ pho occupies A sectional platform, wherein the rights mad in tercsts of the people of sixteen States are ignored; and that there’ore we do hereby repndiate the nominations of Millard Fillmore and Andrew Jackson Donelson, and wash our hands of all complicity with the fragmentary organi gation which supports them, om deez ‘That in John C. Premon for civilization om this who has ehown his de man who has done more it than any other citizon— to freedom and American in tere: ta in may a bitter » and in Wm J..Dayton, whoee voice bas always been for the rgbt, for free labor agatnat slave labor, for free soil and free speech, we recognise men Who are in every reepect good enough Amoricane for na; end that as they are the representatives of eonti- mente which we @ ¢, we do hereby adopt them as one candidates, and wil) labor for thete trturaph, aneens- ingly, from this time forth ontil the close of fhe polls on the th cey of November vert. *ndividuala imsist on being considered as pure as “Washington and as wise as A minority, how- ever ‘and intelligence, can do ‘ittle when are met by no other answer than to bayonets in the hands of men, , paid for their services, who ‘DO Jew than that emanatin, q resent @X- citement will Papen ets the goal of their desire, ll be used. conflagra- fortnight, have some the part of country merchants, revert on ours, and whether there are the work of incendiaries o- not, they will have an injurious effect on the stability of of the mercantile community. Yesterday the destruction of Nevada, devouring element, making the wes! SA ank-, Tuptcy is does not go over winenethe or more being added to the hong list of asolvents. Since the twentieth of last May, not less thousand dollars, in failures have occurred. These are sad evidences of the un- eafe condition of aftsirs, and they are in the main at- country. The fecling of insecurity thit from the first prevailed, does not abate in any tome gp Citi- night, and Our Oregon Correspondence. Forest Grove, Oregon, June 26, Stoppage of Emigration—Land Sharks— of the Country--Chmate--Markets—A, ral and Manufacturing Resources—The War and ite Moral, &¢., $c. It will d whtless be of interest to your other parts of the world to hear from this remote Territory. This Territory, as may upon the map, is situated near 2,000 miles Missoeri river, across a vast plain, inte: mountains, hills, valleys, lakes, rivers, &c., bited by numerous tribes and bands of In rious grades, from wealthy and well clad tril to the most miserable of God’s creatures, ro’ foot with poorly constructed bows and arro: only partially olad with skins. To reach mote Territory, containing a few fertile dreds and perhaps thousands of valuable li been sacrificed. ‘The opening of Kansas, and the hostilit; Indians, have stopped emigration to thie the present. But it is not to be expected will cease to emigrate to this contry. . In of this country and the route to be travelled shall endeavor to give an unexezgerated partial account. Some seasons there seem obstacles. Other seasons the difficulties ings may be imagined rather than told. T. ever, seems to have happened only to heavy tions. The loss of friends and property om has been the means of much dissatisfaction, be appeased by a return to the States. $ Oregon would naturally be a pxor countr; a ee Fival found themselves unable to, return. { these, despairing of retrieving theielesses, Oo ing to the States, have lost their balance | and committed suivide. Most of them, bh built cabins for the protection of their fumil. they could procure means to return. By those means were procured they would fin selves comfortably situated upon a claim, donation of government, with no inclication. it. Itis but justice bere to state that many firet settlers of Oregon, after having been from saffering by the sav natives country, and grown rich m the mines, vampire like would extract t blood from Periahiag em ts. the persons wifo ve ht them+elves, taking advantage of the PI war, by tarning over to government pro} times its value. But this class of indi far in the minority, that it is not likely that emigration will be permitted to suffer from { wf ' The face of our country is various, and as diversified. There lies a skirt of cou the coast, and west of the coast i settlement. East of this range the Wi and Umqua valleys; east of these, the tains; and east of these agaio, fording probably the best grazing in th These extend several hundred miles east, int, occasionally by mountains, fertile val streams of the water in the world. Markets and things in general have ting, but are becoming more steady. an eet discoveries have been t! of this state of things, w: difficulties. Fay stock carried on extensi It and gratifying to viewa c than ten years ago, was roamed now containing hundreds of farms, of seve = acres in extent, beautiful | ine our farmers are preparing for win sively. And it Ay to bose of manvfactaring countries in the world; privileges are inexhaustible. It is well known to the States that we a into an Indian war, which has bee} cd with considerable loss of life and entertained iff It seems ever to have ciple that savages and barbarism must the approach of enlightenment and ch ind ans are held as mere tenan's by our and are treated accordingly by our peo; hsve cought redress by force of arms. that ge soe come me ae upen irat glance, of our peo: menced it. Yet when we see at the the insolence of the Indians all over the end that => in concert from Puget's Sound, all well provided with ments obtsined from the whites, it is the Indian rising is well matared, and that been preparing tor it for vears. bered that the distance from the nor ther of attack is some five ons miles. Hostilities were commenced line at the same moment 4s it were. we began to look round for our rifles, the; there. When we came to reflect, the been trading for every gun, and all the po lead they could get, even at the highest 9 several years, and nobody took any f.ct. We do not ask t to enricl this war; but we do contend that, upon i ple practise) by our government toward: lianas, we are justifiable, and should be rea to the worth of our Fecperty and labor. seem Co persons anacquained with our co the war has been unnecessarily prolonged. acquaintance with our mountain fi soon convince any one that it is more. Indiavs here than in the swamps of Flori: American Assoc! ion for the of Education. crrespondence of the k Ad! vit, Aag. This ie the third day of the mecting of this The reseion was weil attended this morning, 6/ together by the anticipated debate on the sub, P presented yesterday, opening hether the State should {insist on the her youth. Before the discussion on this menced Henry Barnard presented a paper fy rine Beeeber on her favorite subject, the tion of teachers and pupils. The paper was the standing commi'tee for publication dent Ftc head, Ir arrested, Michigen phists.”’ This was an able and part of Grote’s | sophists of that country. At the afternoon vession a paper on the best means for obtaining for all our schools der 0° justroetion than Welch. of the Michi; reeived Wood, totion 01 paper read by lrotessor J. ersity, on “ Athenian and A: pet production, hw or of the city of New York, urgi igh oniversily. eso'vtions elicited a debate, and ly referred to the standing committee, with prict them in the published proceedings of the The veval resolutions of thanks were pa wed, In the evenmg session Prof. Haren, of versity, made an address on the claims of oom in Amer Lorin Andrewa, of Kenyon Coll Srerclary—R. 1,. Cooke, New Jersey. Treasurer-- Joon Whitehead, New Jersey. Sianoing C+ mmitter—Chariex Davis, Greenleat, New York; M. F. Cowdery, Ohio; J. B. Lindsiey, Tenpeseee; Amos University, on the harmony existing bet weer and high schools, and urging Ue estabtieh versity similar to miversities of Larope. cf (his address the association aajourned to Compur of the University ef Michigan, at An members bavity invited to visit the ins and the Mie! Central Railroad having use of their for the occasion. The astocist on has been met kindly by th {hie town, and resolutions were passed’ Covneil and the Board of Education weleom\ bers. Tne Kansas Privoxens.—Jadge Mol. Supreme Court, has written to the Cineiom regard to the application made to bim corpus in the case of Robinson and ober . ce nstitution, and that the defendants were ar, @ Warrant ed by the court on the indict fared the writ, in: bh as illegality release, did not appear on the face Nonrn Pexnsyivanta Rateeoan The Montgomery county, sions on Monday morning, journment, at the end of the Condactor Alfred Hoppel to cise ser, eq , will be the presi¢ ing Longaker and Jacoby.