The New York Herald Newspaper, January 8, 1856, Page 4

4 NEW YORK HERALD. JAMES GORDON BENNETY, PROPRIBTOR AND EDITOR. OPVIOR MN. W. CORNER OF NASSAU AND FULTON STS. AMUSEMENTS HIS EVERKING. BROADWAY THRATRE, Brostway—Kisc Onnurse— Wavourne 4 MumuarD. “3 BIBLO'A GARDEN, Broadway—Jovita—Raovt. BOWERY THEATRE, Bowery— Afternoon.—Sritrinr— Wevrsrniar ae. Prening—Mavarra— Barns or NEW OM mmane—Equasruianisn. BURTON'S THRAT: D5 street—New YeAR's Rve—Heaps axp Tau Be 3 New Yor DimectoRy wen 1856. WaLLack’s THEATRE, Broadway—BacBELOR OF ABrs —Pe-cs non-ras, NE’S VARIETIES, Broadway—Tne Kine oF wae ee See Goines or tie MAuko—PRRPAOTION, woors MINSTRELS, 444 Broadiway—Ermoriay Per- @emwances—Sauio's Dazan. BUCKLEY'S BURL: wor ntncno MisstTaBisY—! Wew York, Tuesday, January 8, 1856. Noda HOUSE, 599 Broad- The News. A despatch from Washington states that news from Nicaragua has been received by Mr. Mercoleta, te the effect that Walker government is in danger @ being overthrown by a revolution party. It is said ‘hat Walker has been twice repulsed in confligs, ‘TLis news may be true, but it certainly requires con- fiemation before it will be credited. We have interesting news from Washington rela- five to the organization of the House. Between forty and fifty democratic members held a caucus Aust night, and afterja free interchange of opinion,a Fesoluticn was adopted to yote against all motions for a recess or to adjourn until a Speaker is elected. Tt was determined, also, to adhere to their candi- @ate and platform tothe end. Our correspondent Bas furnished a sketch of the debate, from which our readers may gather a pretty correct idea of the tone that prevails amoog the administration mem dere. “j Ia the United States Senate yesterday, Mr. Brod- head’: mction, directing the Finance Committee to inquire into the expediency of reporting the general ®ppropriation bills, was taken up, disenssed and adopted. Mr. Clayton bad no doubt of the power of the Senate to originate thee bills. Inthe House five additional votes for Speaker were eves On the last ballot Banks had 99, Richardson 72, Fuller 30, ard Pennington 9. During the session uw Eus- tis, of Louisiana, defined the position of the Know Nethings of that State with reference to the reli- gious test contained in the eighth section of the Phi Adelphia platform. He repudiated the principle of proscribing Roman Catholics, as did also Mr. Tay Jor, of Louisiana, and Mr. Walker, of Alabama. Both branches of the Legislature convened yes werday, and adjourned without transacting any bu- ainess. We publish elsewhere further particulars respect- img the recent snow storms. According to our telegraphic despatches the storms prevailed over a vast extent of territory. Last night it commenced 40 enow again at Washington, Philadelphia and in this city, with every prospect of its continuance: This is too much of a good thing. The steamship #t. Louis, which left Panama on ‘the 27th olt., arrived at this port yesterday, bring- img news from the Isthmns, Central America, the South Pacific and Australia. The St. Louis, it will be remembered, was chartered by government to car- ry out the Ninth regiment of United States infantry, nearly eight hundred strong, destined for service in the military department on the Pacific. The troops were all landed in good health,and immediately one division of the regiment was despatched to San Francisco. From Australia we have files dated at Adelaide, September 22: Melbourne, September 25 ; and Syd- ney, October 1. Much depression was cawed mm commercial circles in that city, owing % rumors of approaching insolvencies; but 38 was hoped that trade would soon recover. A Jarge cargo of fine teas had arrived from China, at Pori Phillip. The Sydney and Paramatta railway was opered on the 26th of September, and a great ‘etep wae thus taken towards the developement of the immense resources of the interior of the Austra- han continent. The gold market was dull. In Mel- bourne, the price was £5 16 per ounce. Flour was steady at £33 and £35 per ton, as per quality. In Sydney, the theatres were doing very well. From the South Pacitic, we have news dated at Valparaiso, November Callao, December 10, and Paita, December 15. The Legislature of Chili had assembled in extraordinary session, by eall of the government. A treaty of peace and navigation with Great Britain had been duly ratified, and tr consular relations with the Argentine Con Eesador and New Granada w under di A new code of civil law was force on Ist of January. yielding well, and great excitement preva Valparaiso on acconnt of armsh to ihe d Jn that city, very many improvements were forward, in the e jou of publi xtores, av well In Pern, her revolution was dreaded. Genero! Castilla was losing his popularity, and the gpporters of Vivarico and Echir » working er. One of the new land, hod beer ashore Peruvian es an an for the re of cither to po men-of-war frigates, from Tn im the harbor, but was got offsalely. T navy, which coat $1,053,000, and requi nual appropriation of seven handred thousand dol- jars for its support, is cried down a8 useless by the pepers, Complaints are made p the ex: of thearmy. Twenty-seven v had loaded with guano in November. In Callao there was moch in- verest felt with regard to the gold discoveries in Chili. Tradewas dull. \ peculiar type of fever was commit- ting great ravages all over the Pernvian territory. The terms under which the port of Pisco was declared free had been modified so as to suit the Lima and The health of the laet named city German colony was abont to be der government auspices. A # lay in the ba; Chinese laborers had been landed there. Two «oilers had been fo from the American bark Gallego, of New Providence, Callao trades. was excellent. A while taking in guano at the Chinchss, ana no re dress given to her Capt In Bolivia, nothing of interest hod ocenrred, Flour was more animated in ¥ , and prices ‘went up to #10 75. Sugar had also advanced. Central American papers of December 15th, dated ft San Juan and Granada, announce the deaths of Colonel Charles H. Gillman, o timore, and Cap- tain George RB. Davison, of tucky, both of Colonel Walker's army. The reer of H. iM steamer Dee announces the arrival of twr und fifty reeruits for the Wa force, from C nia, The Central American, Colonel Kinney fran, is very severe on Mr. Joseph White ‘Transit Company. In Panama the Rai road Com pany was abont to mn a stoamer between that port and the west const of Contral Auncrica and Mexico Ke The steamehip Columbus wae to eail, fret of the line, on or about the 10th of this month, ‘The health of the Tethmus was very good, and on (hristmas the thermometer stood at 46 degrees im Panama, WM a clondless The mUroad waa making very good time during the late trips, Gereral Echinique, of Per, was residing ov Isthmus, awaiting @ recall to nis country. Th pearl fisher yielded aly iy doring the past year. i ) sloop of war Brick was honrly expected o ma from Acapuleo, with two millions of dolin freight for Kagland. Th United States stoaw ~achnsetta was also ex pected. The foreign news brought hy the Arago produced no effect of moment npou the ion market yester day. Tg sitker worp comlluyd to abogt 509 a 000 NEW YORK HERALD, TUESDAY, JANUARY 8, 18656. Dales, at steady prices. Flour was dall, and fell off 6jc. a 124c. per barrel on common and medium grades. Sales of Western red wheat were made at $1 90, and damaged Tennessee red at $1 87} Comm was easier, with moderate transactions. Pork was again dall and lower, with sales of mess at $25 50. Clear mess was scarce, and a sale was made at $19. Beef continued without change, while lard was a trifle better. Sugar and coffee were both quiet, Freights were in fair request to English ports, without change of importance in rates. To Bremen 1,000 barrels fiour were engaged at $1. The bark Garland, 257 tons, eight years old, was sold for $7,000. The legislative department of our municipal gov- ernment for the ensuing year, was inaugurated at the City Hall yesterday , with the usual ceremonies. In the Board of Aldermen, all the newly elected members were sworn in by the Mayor. In the case of the ‘I'wenty-second ward, the election in which is contested by Mr. Nicholas Seagrist and Mr. Drake, the Board decided to refer the matter to a special All the clerks of the Board were re-elected, with the exception of Mr. Cham- bers, who occupied the position of Deputy Clerk for the last eight or nine years, and who was removed solely on party grounds. The Mayor's Measage was received, and the nominations of some of the heads of departments presented, but, with one exception, The Board of Councilmen or- ganized"by the selection of Benjamin F. Pinckney, whig, who received thirty-one votes on the first ballot. Orlando Gray, democrat, recelved twenty- All the officers of the last Board were re-appointed, with the excep- tion of Doorkeeper, aud the Board finally adjourned without effecting a choice of that important func- committee of three. were not acted on. eight votea for the same office. tions ry, although four ballots were had, We have received a Lord, President of the Accessory Transit C pany. ond United ‘vates District Attorn McKeon, requests m. that officers may be sent the ets will be cargoes, and states that tic! ever wishes to purchase them, and in all things their duty as common earriers will be performed; also protesting against the seizure and detention of the vessels. Mr. McKeon replies that he will do his duty, and winds up with a significant allusion to General Jackson and the arrogance of moneyed m> nopolies. The Stillwell Iron Works, located in Court, near Dean street, Brooklyn, were totally destroyed by fire early on Monday morning. Loss #50,000—in- surance $15,000. This is the fitfh t have been destroyed. ‘The Mayor’s Message. The annual message of the Mayor to the Common Council was sent in yesterday, and will be found elsewhere. It is a remarkable document. Mayor Wocd's last message was remarkable. It astonished easy going people, pblistered the corruptionists, even galvanized life into the city government. The message before us, though it will create quite as much talk, is a very different affair, It says Jittle about Jazy Aldermen and corrupt Councilmen. It barely steps aside fora moment to cuff the whigs and to kick the heads of departments. Its tlight is higher. New York—the city—its past glories, present grandeur, future im- mensity-—-are the main, the only topic. The Roman ever alluded to his partnership in the City of the Seven Hills; no Athenian ever looked down from the Acropolis upon a bar- barous world with a higher feeling of patriot- ism, perhaps one should say, of civic pride, than Mayor Wood evinces in speaking of New York. It is his centre of the world. This messege i§ perhaps the only one in our civic records in which national affairs are openly and largely descanted upon. Mayor Wood argues that, as trade has built up New York, every restriction imposed upon trade by the general government has inflicted an unjust injury on this city: and hence that the tariffs enacted by Congress have been wrongly enact- ed, and ought to be repealed. In this view thinking men will concur. Two-thirds of the revenue of this country are raised by the tax on trade called the Customs tariff. Ultimately, of course, this tax comes ont of the pocket of consumers, ae if the articles on which the tax is levied are properly ed, and the tax , and eqnally distributed among them, initieted Bat apzes before this alti- * reaghed. ‘The min who fi : the merchant: months, y¢ ore he sells the articles taxe = be receives in payment falt d ¢ paid; dur all this time, he ha nD ut m pocket of the whole amount of the ; in many ijastances he is never re- urecd. Now, of the whole customs re- venue of this country ‘three-fourths are collected at New York—nearly one-half the whole income of the country. It follows therefore that, for a time at least, one-half the expense of supporting the federal govern- ment, army, navy, forcign ministers and spoils- men at Wi ahington, is borne by the merchants New York. Well may Mayor Wood ask in- @ignantly why this should be? He demands the abolition of all restrictions on trade, and total repeal of all customs acts. Ie proposes that the government, not boing in any way ashemed of requiring money or dcsirous of hiding from public view the mode in which it gets it, should supply itself by a fair, honest, straightforward tax on all those who reap the benefit of its protection, and that it should not hinder the natural growth of this great city by obliging ite merchants to pay half the cost of the federal executive and le- cislative establishments required by the whole count Jf any man have a fairer proposal than this to make, let him come forward and speak out; the columns of the Heratp are open to him. if New York had had fair play, and had not been obliged to advance haif the government expenses year after year, Mayor Wood thinks ehe would have }cen “not the third but the first city of the world.” But she has been badly gcé verned not only by the federal legislative body, but likewise by the State Assembly, and her own local government. The former has robbed her to obtain money for the eupport of schools. in the State; the latter has plundered her mismanaged her finances, corrupted her morals, weakened the hands of her exceutive oficers, opened the door for every species of vice, and made her a subject of sorrow and contempt to all geod men. “The want of power,” Mayor Wood, “has been ihe main ditiic thus for in the way of my administr Thi n old in there columns, is small. lt rs, pass be ! vo the noir Bofore Moyor Wood lad an opportunity of ascurtain- ing what dificultics there might be in the way d ation, the proseat reform char. sed by the Henany as easen of that principle of concentra hich to us appearcd the key- Mayor Wood now porlcnge in confirmation correspondence which has recently taken place between Mr. Thomas in which the first named gentleman in the company’s steamers to ascertain the character of sold for California and the- intermediate places, to who- ime these works of the same view. We have all along con- tended—as he does now—that the Mayor should oecupy the same position in the municipal that the President does in the federal government : that he should appoint—and remove at will— all heads of departments, and subordinate municipa) officers, sending all appointments to the Aldermen for confirmation; that his power, in short, so far asthe order, safety, and the police ot the city are concerned, should be despotic under the law ; and that he should b2 held to a rigorous account—personally and financially—for the discharge of his duties at the close of his term, before some established court of justice. A Mayor, elected on these conditions, exercising these powers, and look- ing forward to this account, might secure to New York a good city government: no other can. The Austrian Ultimatam—Wil!l Russta Make Peace? Some consistency is given to the peace shadows which have been floating in the political atmosphere, by the publication of the Austrian ultimatum of which Couut Ester- hazy is said to have been the bearer on his re- turn to St. Petersburg. The London Post, the Palmerston organ, states the conditioas of this document to be:—First. The entire exclusion of the military marine ot Russia from the Black Sea, the dismantling of her fortresses on its coasts,and the establishment of consuls in each port to certify to the strictly commer- cial character of her shipping; in other words, the complete extinction of her maritime sapre- macy in the Euxine. Second. The absolute renunciation of all rights of interference with the Sultan’s dominion over his sabjects, and of protectorate over the Danubian Principalitics, together with the cessioa of a portion of Bes- sarabia comprising the mouths of the Danube. The Post adds that other important terms im- plying an intention of also crippling the power of Russia in the Baltic—such for instance as an obligation not to rebuild the fortifications of Bomarsund—are also laid down in this ultima- tum. If the description given of them by our London contemporary be correct, no conditioas more humiliating and degrading were ever dictated to a thoroughly subjugated nation. The most extraordinary feature of the trans- action. however, is that such condition should have been prepared and formally proposed ly Austria under a threat of w ithdrawing hr ambassador from St. Petersburg in the event of their rejection by the Czar. It is manifest that there must be some gross exaggeration in these statements, The Jus, although it bas the credit of being the per- sonal organ of Lord Palmerston, occasionally fallsa victim to the mystifications of mon in of- fice. It is in fact used by the Premier more as an instrument of political diversion than asthe serious vehicle o sentiments and inteations We must, ther: take quantum valet its version of thi. .ocument. From the vague description of it given in the Paris correspoa- dence of the London Zines, we may, neverthe- luss, assume that although it does not proceed to ihe length stated by the Post, the conditions imposed in it are much more stringens than those exacted by the four points formerly re- jected. France would, it seems, have been sat- isfied with milder terms, but England insists that the humiliation of her great rival shall be complete. Some difference upon this point might have arisen between the two govern- ments but for the intervention of the King of Sardinia, who, ét would appear, is more of a diplomat than people have given him credit cr. We scarcely think it necessary to discuss the question whether Russia will accede to con- ditions such as Count Esterhazy is said to be in- structed to propose to her. We eannot see the slightest grounds for assuming the correctness of such an hypothesis, Taking it for granted that Austria has proceeded to the lengths stated, it does noi alter her position towards Russia to such an extent as to exercise any im- mediate ¢ontrolling influence over her. Aus- tria may withdraw her ambassador from St. Petersburg, but it by no means follows that she will afford any more active co-operatioa than before to the Allies, The relations of the other Powers towards Russia have uader- gone bo material change since the last nego- tiation. The treaty with Sweden and Den. war {uncgative character, and intended rather to prevent the Czar obtaining a fresh arm of offence than to commit those govern- ments to hostilities against him. Of the ad verse action of Sardinia, Switzerland, or even Spain, Alexander may make small account. They will not weigh a feather fa the balaace of the struggle. Have the reverees sustained by Russia been of a character to reduce her to that de- pendent state which alone would justify the acceptance of such harsh conditions? Judg- ing from our remote point af view, we can arrive at no such conclusion, The Rus- eians must Le very different men from those who fought the campaign of 1812 if they feel disheartened at the results of the hostilities of the present war, so far as they have gone. They heve, in fact, gained more military glory by them in twelve short months than by all the previous contests in which they have Leen engaged. They have sustained, single hauded, a struggle against the combined hosts of the two greatest naval and military nations of Europe; they have wasted and destroyed the hosts which they have sent against them; drawn heavily upon their flaancial resources, and impoverished their commercial interests, Without themselves exhibiting any marked evidences of exhaustion. They have, it is true, lost the town and harbor of Sebastopol and their Black Sea ficet, but the Crimea is etill in their possession, and cannot be taken from them, save at a larger cost of life than Its possession is worth. In the Baltic, after two naval campaigns, scarcely anything has been efiected. The destruction of Bomarsund and the bombardment of Sweaborg are events of comparative unimpor- tance, and from which no real advantages have been gained. Compare these reverses with the disasters of 1812, and the enormous xponditure to which Russia was put by the forts which it cost her to defend her soil against the first Napoleon, and it will be seer that thug far the balance isin fayor of the pre cent wat, The splendid victory Which ehe has just gained at Kars shows that her arms are not even pow confined to the task of a success - ul resistance. What she loses on one side s! may expect to win on the othor, until the vied arrives, as it certainly will, when the ton of her enemics will enable her to ro-as- sume unchecked those aggressive desigas which have led to the present struggle. To suppose that under such girgumstances he great Power like Russia will be satisfied, like a whipped cur, to swallow the leak and to ac- cept apy conditions that may be imposed on her, is to assume that which is contrary not only to all her political antecedents, but to human nature itself. If it would be poltroon- ry in an individual tocave in after successful- ly mauling his assailants, how much more so would itfor a nation of her coloseal atrength to yield to a force which has not as yet been shown to be superior tohers! Should such an humiliation be reserved for her it will only be brought about by the weakness and womanly fears of her rulers, Its consequences we need not say will be to arrest forever her political progress, and to reduce her to the rank of a third rate Power. Tue American Panty Governor or Kex- tucky Grves Up tae Cause.—The annual mes- sages of the Governors of the different States come in upon us 60 thick and fast that, with the pressure upon our columns of other and more immediate or more generally important matters, we have scarcely time or space to notice them all. We cannot omit, however, the following significant closing paragraph of the first message of Governor Morehead, of Ken- tucky, elected a3 the candidate of the Amori- can party, last August. Here it is:— The existence of mere geogeaphical parties is the first great step to disunion. To prevent that, I was willing 10 unite with a party whose principles wore suficienily broad and comprehentive and patristic to entitle itself to the name ot American. Tne great and leading and foxdamental article of the political ersed of this organi- tion was undying dey tion to the union of the States, and every other principle it heli was but subsidiary to this. The perpetuity of this mighty republic, with all ite countless Diessings, through geuerationy whish are to tollow, its end and aim, ‘The same fell «p! f fanaticism which has preduced schisms in other pa: has done iss work here also. The crisis of our coun fate, ahough impending, Js ia not yet come; and I trust chat the time is far, very far, disiant when the section to which we beloog shiall feel compe.led, In sorrow and ip angtish, to calculate the value of the Union. T> avert a crisis so dread'ul, I cannot doubt that the national men of all parties, however discordant may be their opinions on other points, will finally unite, and by their firm, determined and patriotic ac.ion save the country from the ruthless g-asp of the enemies of the Union. What does he mean when he says that “the same fell spirit of fanaticism which has produced schisms in other parties has doae its work here (in the American party) also’? He doubtless refers to the separation which has taken place in Congress between the North- ern free soil Know Nothings and the twelfth section or national members of the party. But then he talks of ‘the national men of all parties, however discordant may be their opinions on other points,’ uniting to put down the anti-slavery agita- tors. This looks very much like an open proposition to the Southern Know Nothings, or “South Americans,” as they have becn lately christened at Washington, to drop their own organization and to fuse with the demo- cracy, in order to crush the many headed abo- lition hydra of the North. Very well. We threw out some general hints the other day of the formidable task devolving upon the February National Council of the American party at Philadelphia, before they ean count upon entering into the Presidential race with any prospect of success; and this mes- sage of Governor Morehead goes far to confirm the impression that this February Council, should it fail to reform, re-organize and con- solidate the national Americans upon a solid constitutional basis, will only have met to pre- cipitate its dissolution among the floating ma- terials of the impending campaiga, The wisest counsels and the most comprehensive re- forms in the American organization will be needed at Philadelphia to avert this humili ing collapse. Let the delegates concert look at the state of things at Washington, and act boldly, wisely and decisively, or prepare for the worst. Tux Grorrovs Eieuru anp tae Unterntiep D pracy,—The glorious Eighth of January having been adopted as the particular saint day of the democratic party, it is not surpris- ing that upon the threshold of a Presidential campaign they should extensively devote the day to conventions and reunions throughout the country. We published the other day an eM¥gnded account of these movements for the present occasion, so that a brief recapitulation will suffice for the present. First, then, the National Democratic Execa- tive Committee meet in Washington to-day to appoint the important day for the meeting of the Ciacinnati Democratic National Presiden- tial Convention. Sccondly, the democracy hold State con- ventions to-day in the following places, in di- rect reference to the said national convention, to wit:--Nashville, Tenn.; Montgomery, <Ala.; Indianapolis, Ind.; lowa City, lowa; Frankfort, Ky.; Jackson, Miss.; and Columbus, Ohio. It is alleged that one reason which influenced Mr. Pierce to send up his message to Congress in advance of the election of a Speaker, was that the message might get to those State con- ventions and remind them thatthe incumbent of the White House is the proper man for the succession; but we are fearful that the rejec- tion of our present Executive is a forgone conclusion, and that the message will do no good towards a reversal of this very general understanding. Thirdly, the hards of this city have a dinner this evening at the Metropolitan Hotel, and the softs a grand pow-wow in Tammany Hall, with a view of “drawing closer together the bonds of democratic brotherhood,” a movement sor2- ly needed along the whole line from Tammany Hall to Dunkirk. In Springfield, Mass., the brethren who are united are to have a grand bali—an attractive thing, a step in advance of both dinners and pow-wows, which are rough concerns, where pipo-laying politicians and bruisers become case-hardened and are apt to be profane and pugilistic from the absence of the ladics. Fourthly, the American National Club of this city, resolved to have a share in the glo- rious Lighth, give their first grand festival at the Academy of Music to-night; and simulia neously, the Neptune Club give their anoual “Shrewsbury hop,” at Nillo’s Saloon. Finally, the Jackson Association at Wash- inton, are to have a grand mecting this even- ing, at which all the great democratic guns from both houses of Congrees are expected to ve present, Wemight extend the chapter; at surely all this will be glory enough for one day. Ever green be the memory of the immor- tal Old Hickory! Ob! that we had a Young Hickory capable of walking in his footsteps! Arenson TIRE } Piruy.—We mentioned erday that exSe nator Atchison no longer before the peo ple of Missouri in connection with the po ana candidate for United States 8 OF ony other office, State or Federal. Thus ends the contest between Bouton and Atcht- on, They have politically destroyed eagh Ex-Spxavor ion nator € nthe Market. other. A chison secured a whig to the Senate in the pla e of Benton, and Benton has driven Atchison from the field. It is another case of Marcy va. Dickingon, or Fillmore vs, Seward, but of a more intense belligerent type than either of these. Nothing like harmony in the kitchen. THE LATEST NEWS. BY ELECTRIC AND PRINTING TELEGRAPHS, Non-Arrival of the Canada. Huurax, Jan, 7—11 P. M. The night is fine and clear, but there are stilJ no signs of the Canada. NEW YORK LEGISLATURE, Senate. Aunayy, Jan. 7, 1850, ‘The Senate met at 634 P. M., ana, a quorum not being present, adjourned, Assembly. Aunasy, Jan, 7, 1856. On the roll being called, eeventy-four mem ers an- swered to their nam Of these, twenty-eight were Americans. A motion was made to cite members to at- tend; bass without acting upon it, the House adjourned till Tuesday. Very few members remained in Albany over Sunday, and many are detained by the deep snow. News trom Havana, New Onvmans, Jan. 5, 1856. ‘The steamship Cabawba has a:rived here from Havana, with dates to the 2d inst, There is no news of impor: tance. Sugars were languisbing, and molasses looking up on account of large European contracts. News from Texas, New Orimans, Jan. 5, 1856. By the steamer Mexico we have Galveston dates to the Sdinst.; but the news from Texas is wholly unimpor- tant. : Cold Weather at Washington. ' Wasninoton, Jan, 7, 1856. Last night was the eoldest of the scason. The ther- mometer at 8 0’clock this morning stood at 10 degrees above zero; and now, at 10 o'clock, it is 18 degrees above. The New York mails of Saturday arrived at 9 o’clock this morning. Fire at Rome. Unica, Jam. 7, 1856. A building in Rome, owned by the State, aad used for storing implements for canal repairs, was burned on Saturday night. Nothing was saved. ‘All trains passing here are behind time, ‘The thermometer this morning was ten degrees below zero. New Mall Route to New Orlea: Camo, Iil., Jan. 7, 1856. ‘The steamer Fannie Bulli! arrived here in six days from New Orleans, bringing the first daily mail under the new contract, The new depot at the Mound City branch of the Minols Centra’ Railroad biew down this morning, Death of Dr, Stephen W. Taylor. Unca, Jon, 7, 1850. Stephen W. Taylor, LLD., Presideat of the Madison University, died at Hamilton this morning, aved six'y- five years, The Veterans of 1812. Partapeuras, Jan. 7, 1855 ‘The Veterans of 1812, from New York, have ussived here, and start for Baltimore to-night. Railroad Accident. Easton, Pa., Jan. 7, 1856. * sleigh, containing Charles Wolf and son, came in collision with s train on the Lehigh Valicy road this af ternoon, near Catasauqua, and both the occupants were* severely injured. Markets. PHILADELPHIA STOCK BOARD. PHILADELPHIA, Jan. 7, 1856. Stocks are steady. We quote Pennsylvania Fives at 821;; Reading Railroad, 462; Long Island, 1334; Morris Canal, 13; Pennaylvania Railroad, 4334. New Oxteans, Jan. 5, 1856. Cotton—S@es to-day, 7, hee) bales; market firm, Cotton freights to Liverpool, *,. Quotations of other articles unchanged. Corvunis Cortese, 8, C—The recent changes in the Presidency and Professorships of this institution, afford an appropriate oseasion to observe that this College is one of the best sustained seats of learning in the Union. ‘Tho resignation by Francis Licker, of the Professorship of Political Economy isan undoubted loas. Bat the eleva- tion to the Presideney of the College of Professor McCoy, a man not less distinguished for his general intelligence than for Lis scientific attainments, is certainly a gain. It is not generally known—tin fact, affairs in South Caro- lipa are not very well known in other States—that the standard of education in this college is higher, in fact, than any mere literary institution in the country, It is wholly sustained by the State pays its professors about three thousand dollaraa year. It is the centre of State pride, no questions being reised about Sppropriatious to carry on i!s educational labors. Its discipline is entirely different from that of any other college. The honor of the eludent is never questioned by the faculty. Whea that honor is found to have been disregarded, the sta- dents take the matter in hand and promp'ly expel the celinquent. In this way all irregularities on the part of the young men are sure to meet with a prompt and ho- le confession, leaving the faculty the obligation only of pronouncing sentence, The central eoiiege of the Slate, snotaimed by a bi and generons sentiment of hovor and of St without a rival cither in high standard of © a, in admirable discipline, chivalrous conduet on the part of the students, and enjoys the confidence of the people of South Carolina, Tavra Kresn’s Varnes. The King of the Court and the Queen of the Market,”? a comedy in two acts, was acted last evening, for the first time, at this theatre. It seems to be en adaptation of I'anche’s clever piece, “The Tride of the Market,” which was often acted at the Olympie. ‘The scene is laid in Yaris, in the roiga of Louis IY. ‘The first act tranzpires at the court, and opens with a lengthy and not particularly entertaining dialogue between the Chevalfer de Biron (Chandlor) and the Mar- qnis de Curabae (Vass), in which we are informed that ‘the Chevalier is Cowperately fn love with one of the maids of honor, Adzienne (Miss Relgnolds). ‘The King (Jordan) also pursues Aérlenze, and has rusticated Bizon, who in. Auees the Marquis to deliver a letter to her. Bicon does not leave town aecording to the royal odor, bu! fs concealed inan ante-ehamber, where he amuves himself witha small flirtation with the Quoon (Mrs. Abbott). The King plots to carry off Adrienno—is sarprised in the act by De Biron—they fight—tho King is disirmod,a @ the Chevalier fs sent to the Basttlle, The King endCou thorewpon indulge in that particularly lively epecios of ‘Texpstchorean exeretse, the Minitel de la Cour. Tho firwt act is excessively dull. In the second, we have a scone Lonfao, the Quvecen of the Market (Misa Keene), is the forter sister of De Biron, and Adrienns, by his advice, claims protection ut hands, The King comes to sock Adrienne, and after being bullicd by all the women, is soothed by Louise into Linaating J the Cheva- Her and marrying him to the 1 £ honor, The recond act was made guile te by porera! songs and dances, and by the © essliatl acting of bir. Tl. Tall as the Mother of the Market. Some of the market women were very good, and shouted with the true Dil lingsgate acoont. The dialogue has some capital Lita. We could ace nothing clae which called for especial com- mendation, las Keene's part waa not exsetly in Ler way, but was nevertheless fairly eustained, Tho other parts offer no great scope for ecting, and it appesred to us that there was n lack of information fn some gnacters 5 to the words ofthe text, The musleal part of the per forroonce rested on Miss Durand, who has a powerful voice, but lacks ti cultivation. The bouquet dance (Tiknan and 3’lle Franck) was somewhat marred by a difference of opinion os to time bet woon the artiry and the orchestra, The , Which was sumer wocmed pleased with tLe pleee, whfch wil doubt mute): Smproved on its second repreeon acted agulu this eventng. Wr & Ore Commons e lear that Joh Giles, Veq., xecompaniel by his counsel, f N. Glover, H'aq., yeaterd com appeared befor 7 Wood and tendered his official bond as Comptroior of the city, and propoved to take the oath of « which ihe Mayor declined to atrininter, as hi rorn in Mr, "lo The partlos then pro- the Supreme Court, and the oath of ofioe was acniinistered to Mr. Giles by Whiting. Thus we have two Comptr . siont Mr. Viagg to Lydd lay oF to noHFOW, Nicaragua and the Accessory Transit Compa> ny—Col. Walker—Col. Kianey—Col. FrencB and the Northern Light. The following brief statement of facts relative to mat- ters pertaining to the 8'ate of Nicaragua, the Accessory Transit Company, Col. Walker, Col. Kinney, &c., we lay before our readers as possessing at the present time more than ordinary interest. The Accessory Transit Company received ite charter from Nicaragua, sboztly after the Clayton-Bulwer treaty in 1850. The object of the charver, as exclusively grant- ed te this Company, was fur the sole purpose of facilitat- tog the transit of passengers and merchandise trom San Juan de Nicaragua to Sau Juan del Sur, By the stipula- tions of the charter, simple transit privileges were given the company. No agreement of any kind was enterod into for privilege to nettle emigrants. The conveyance of Passengers from New York and San Franeisco to the Isth— mus of Nicaragua, and vice versa, was undertaken fixst by Commodore Vanderbilt, in the magnificent steamers then owned by him, and the company transported the passen- gers between the two peints on the Isthmus. Thence the designa’ion of ‘ Accessory Transit Company,” mean- meaning accessory to Vanderbilt’s steamers. Various difficul ies intervened betwoen Mr. Vanderbilt andthe Transit Company, which : esulted im the former selling his teamors to the company. The Accessory Transit Com- pany subsequently, June 24, 1854, obtained from Congress the passage of an act granting them for their yamels American registers aud the privileges of American vessels, on the condition that all ibe «flicers and directors of the company were to be citizene of the United States, two- thirla of the employ ees to be also citizens, and two-thirds of the entire siock to be owned by citizems of the United . States, Tho vessels were turthermore, to be employed solely in the transportation of merchandise and passen- gers between thy Atiantic and Pacific ports. Thecom- pany were thus released from the payment of foreign. tonnage duties. An Atlantic depot had then been estab- Mshed for Nicaragua at Punta Arenas, Punts Arenas is situated, a3 is well known, io what was claimed by Great Britain to be the Mosquito Territory, Tkis company claimed it as being within Nicaragua, to which country the United States governmeni decided that it belonged. ‘The English government has allowed persona from Jamai- cajand other of their cominions, to emigrate and settle there—the right to thus emigrate being, however, a point of dispute between the United States and Great Britain, as to whether this be or act a viviation of the Clayton-Bul- wer treaty. Mr. J. L. White, cirector, counsel and agent of the Accessory Transit Company, is generally known to- have been one of the parties most interested anp active in the negotiation of the Ciayton-Bulwer treaty. The settle ment adverse to the governuent of Nicaragua, by English subjects, brought, of course, remonstrances fcom the Nica regaa Transit Company. As American citizens, they claimed the protection of the United States. The char- acter of those aetiling ia this Territory is definitively set forth in Senator Borlana’s despateh of May 30, 1854. He characterizes them as ‘‘e:cupying by usurpation, terri- tory which our government recognizes as belonging to Nicaragua, being persons * * * habitually manifest- ing evil dispositions towards our citizens, and indulging those dispositions to the injury of persons and property wherever they are not restricted byforce, © * 7 * Heretofore, when these persons have committed their lawleas acts upon our citizens, the armed hand of our government has been interposed. * * * From these circumstances, and informed * * * by.Mr. Scott, the ‘agent ot the Accessory Transit Company, who has under his care many thousands of dollars worth of property, ‘that, in view of the evil disposition of those persons, as maniferted for some time past in a state of high excite- ment, they did not consider that the persons and proper- ty of our citizens would be safe, 1 deemed it my duty to: employ the services of men,” &. Succeeding the re ceipt of this despatch at Washington, the Sccretary of the Navy, June 10, 1864, ins.ructed Commander Hollins, of the United States ship-of-war Cyane, to procsed at once to Greytown, for the purpose of looking after the rights ani interests of American citizens there. Mr.. Dobbin said, in his instructions:—“ The property of the Amerisan citizens interested in the Accessory Trausi Company, it is said, has been unlawfally detained, * * * Apprehensivn is feit that further outrages wil be comunitted.”” Thence followed the bombardment of Greytown, on the 13th day of July, 1854, In the fall of 1854, there was formed in the city of Washington, a company, to which Senator James fooper of Pennsylvania, Wm. Cost Johnson, of Baltimore, and numerous other notables, belonged, the osteneile ebject of which was the colonization of Nicaragua. This com pany was known as the Central American Company. Ne gotiations were entered into by the Company with Colonel Kinney, They were about to carry out their plans whon the Ministers of the Central Americaa States, Senor Molina, ambassador from Costa Rica, and. Senor Marcoletta, ambassador from Nicaragua, remon strated ogainst such proposed colonization, as boing in- admissable by their municipal lawa, in violation of the text of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, and as taking an unfair advantage of the comparative weakness of their ros spective S.atex. The parties interested in that ‘‘central’” company discovered their organization was essentially contrary to the laws of the United States. 1: wag further eiscovered that Col, Kinney had organized » military ex pedition, and had granted commissions of brigadier gene- rals and other offices, and had arranged to meet on his route to Nicaragua vossels with arms and general muni- tions of war. Connection with @ol. Kinney was accord- ingly abandoned. Col, Kinney, however, did not xelia- quish his project here, but proceeded to pursue the same on his own responsibility. It appears, by « corcespon- dence between himself and Col. Walker, which the former has caused to be published, that they, Walker and. éinney, decided to unite in the scheme of coloniring Ni- caragua, and that active preparations wero mutually made to carry out such project, Tis took place early last year. On the 28th of April, 1855, Col. Kinney and Fabers, who also unfied in the entorpriso, were arrested in this city for haviag set on foot a military expedition ogainet Nicaragua. On the day of the arrest, newe- reached New York that Col, Welker had already sailed in. the schooner Vesta from San Francisco for San Juan Del Sur. The circumstance of the Vexta’s departure, an somewhat singular fact, happens to beanalagous to those attending the departure from her pier of the Northern Light on the 24th inst., both setting off, disregarding the civil authorities, who held them in their custody, The arrest of Col Kinney and the distraction of his plans, was dsired by the Transit Company, Mr. White him- self went to Washington to solicit the interference of the power of the government to blockade the Kinney «quad- ron, The {company bolleved that their privileges and their property would be endangerod, if Kinney, Walker, and those allied with them, should succeed in investing themeelves with the government of Nicaragas. Walker, though at that time could not maintain his foothold in Nicaragua, but was wandering about the country. For the protection of the country against Walker, about the 27th of Isst June, # con tract was entored iato by certain parties by which the Accessory Transit Company were to convey to Nica ragua @ number of mon as seldiers in the Nicaragua ser- vice. Intimation of this fact beng given to the United States authorities, and it being alleged that those mem ‘were to Le transported in the company’s steamers of the Sd July, the parties in question were called upon, and notified that no such transportation of men for the pur- pose specific’, could take place. No sufiletent lea! prog, then presented itself for @ prosecution. It appears, how- over, that without the knowledge of the United States government, a company of sixty men and six ofilcers were slipped to Nicaragua, and that they went in the Transit spany’s steamer, and were consigned to their agont, Jz Y. “cott, Esq. These men, moreover, were under command of nillitary cilicers, and were landed clothed in uniform aa funte Arenas, The uniform they assumed two days eut from New York. ‘They were met there by an agent o the Nicaragua government, with whom they proeeede’ up the river om the 17th July, 1855, In order to be cheolled as Niearsguan soldiers, In September, 1865, the Transit Company's steamer Unele Sam left San Francisco for San Juan del Sur, on the Vacific, At the wharf in San Francisoo, was (aken on board a number of pervons. The State armory of San J rancisco had been cmptied, and the Sheriff of Sa Vran- clxeo county found the contents on board this iocime, whenee it waa again removed to the armory, The steamer, however, sailed for several houre about the bay ofan Fyanclaco, A schooner at length came alongs! he »tamer, whoa @ num hor of persons from the schooner came on boanl the Uncle sam. Shortly anbdseynont the Uncle Sam prt to sea, On her passage were taken out of hor cecal barrels, muskets, rifles, shot, lead and bullot moulds. None of this cargo was on her mantivat, Tho emigrants wore drilled on board, and thely gone-al treat. ment was better than tat of the partengegs, who had paid their fare, On the arrival of tho Unole Sam at San Juan del Sur, the whole of , with thei: ammu tion, #6 also @ brass cannon Lelon ing to the Uncle Sam, anda box of epecio—$10,000—Unitel States gol? coin, were taken in the Trani: Company's conyoyance to Vir- gin. Bay, There the compony’s stoamer nowae to hey: Deon in readiness t0 ¢ anry the through passenyere