The New York Herald Newspaper, July 16, 1855, Page 2

IAGHLY INTERESTING FROM AUSTRALIA. ‘fhe yellow patches which used en localities om the map are 1 tipvows line. The 0) Ke large population, while new Ones, the pointe of attraction, tend to po td which diminishes tne chances of iy g her secret so long, should have divalged her choicest treasures to the first explorers, [his was met by the assertion that ‘‘ali the country” had been *prospe:ted” without effect; but it has now become that the labors of a few men are insnfficient the suriferous resources of a district, aud ‘that a rush” alone is adequate to thit extensive staking which is necessary to atrike upon those ar- terial ines which are now found to ramity the whole Ia ition to a seer fet Cot allavial oposite, our quartz renges 0 be @ euros a ‘wealth, equally, if not more, proiific. C meidera- ble attention has been paid of fave to quartz mining ‘and the resulta have been very gratitying. We bo- Beve that, either through the poverty of the quartz, the Lat ga the machinery, or through the die of companies, or h all these eauses combined, quartz mining has proved a com- parative failure in California; but it is likely to Brove very mach te reverse here. The Australian b etd is pronounced by ex; ced miaers to be edly richer than that of Cali‘ornia; and if tae reperta which we have heard reapectiog ita value be anything like the truth, quartz micing will prove the redemption of the colony. In fact, now that land jobbing is knocked on the head, and as spsca Iation can oply ctangs its object —not ita natare— See eee will take ite Ln Ne a oly. as, , We are sure—t at. tended with better recults. ‘There could not be a more conclusive proof of the enormous wealth which has been flowing from the ‘ich ran generally predicted sone montis ago haa was ly sone months ago been averted. Thata crash was = peed few at ‘tbat time ventured to dispute. Tae cause of this ‘was rot to be sought merely in the fact that our im. ports had been excess've and il] adapted to our wants, * * * It is not so mucl i leading getting their capital “locked up” )) in land speculations and building opera- The land maais came first, and the build- ig The ding miaia pera and maintained the valae |, till Melbourne was. crowijed with sub- stantial stores and comfortable dwellings, sufficient te held all the goods and to accommedate all tne Feople that may be expected within the next years. As soon as this point was veached it was discovered that such allot as were not occupied with buildiogs would not be wanted. As soon as it was fouod that they would not be wanted, it was found that they could rot be sold. Down went the paper townships! Down went paper millionaire ! Down went rents! Down went tae value of laud and buildings! * * * Thecry of the “ unem- yed”’ then arose, and bas, wi¢a more or losa dis- etness, continued to make itsslf heard. Many faze unsuited to the digg jogs, and the land is not ac- eessible to the mere laborer; for the government system remains unaltéred, and tne land, in hands has not yet depreciated to su:h an ex- as to be sold below the government price. Tots is a clear proof that, though bad, might have een woree with our moreyed men. We¥have ‘not ween the worst yet, however, as regards the depre- elation in landed property, while an improvement im house property will soon begin to oxhibit itself; jally ition maintains the same rate did during the last. * * * , DO one item fa the commercia! been subjected t) a greater dep-ecia- ‘tion in money value in this port, within the last yeer, than that of shipping property. 8 great hiner Seg s somata ie acted epee ae served to lessen the wort! geveral importations, hed a large number of ween, of very “for sale,” which have been seat mm England, in the bolief that trey well,” lite, if any, attention being most important poiata, viz: whether dto tke requirements and circum port. The result has bsen that when were thrown on the market, they @ great loss,” took away from the value Bowing ene owt Sopa ord cemand em sapplied—t low figure ha in- yers to purchese the inferior Maden’ or eighteen months since, anything that its register tonnage to the Melbourne quic! vet te profit-often at from 300 per cent on its English valoe. In faet, was thougixt good enough for t .is market, was when vessels were scarce, lighterage 'd steamboats few; bat not so now. active cause leading to this reduction ia is the great felling cff in the demand for from the bay to the wharf, and t's com- Paresh low rates of late, and now, obtairied tor carriage of goods on the river. bd * * one other cause which has, more than tended for mavy months 60 redace the pping property below its rair valus, and is for ing the market by sales at auction, than ich there could be hardly anything more inju to the interests of the ehipowner, the ultima‘e et being bad in many ways; but it hasnow nearly ite own cure. it is not wonderful that under such sojadverze pres- sare, shipping property in thie port should have declined in value as it has done. Tn reaction may ‘mot be in proportion to the fall, but it has now set im, and prot ato contioue. Danvg the season for shipping woo! to Barope a considerable and active demand aprung up for A | first class cr rod- ster vessels, cver 200 tons register, to load here or at out porte; but very few were offered, and the was not nesriy supplied. This demaad is Bkely to cccur again. itbin the last two months there has been a menifest improvement in the demand for vesse!s of the better descriptions. Several veesols of from 100 ‘te 250 tons register have changed owners at an ad- vance in price of from 10 to 25 per cent on the ‘mount they would have realized if disposed of two er three months since. This applies chiefly to vos- gels of the better sort, or such as have some pocu- Mar good ity to lene A my ‘ property suffered ite share of @ecline in value, though not tothe same extent as that above referred tv. There can be but little uA . * * * E i 4 - EEce ruil iy 3 & Fy & Et ERSSE8 .FE* fee wi BSdEEE zg if doubt that in anoth ar we sha'l hava employ ment for an addi! number of steam vessels, warted to the coast and inter-colonial trads. ir aH Ege fii a} Se HE i i i Had thore imi its found their soil, they would have repaid the outlay fn further exportation of two annum t yt pg staff of life. Y 55 & E i i! iz z Fe xchange; and ee rerent gain to the colony is reali for the banks not onl; export all our pn Ag SE profits make in doing #0. Half & million Merling ly goes outof the colony, in this say be divided amovg foreign sha-oboidera, | 1» fact, our resources are drained Off ag fast aa they | SOCIAL CONDITION. We cannct report any improvement in the social condition of the colony dariog the six weske that bave elapsed since our previous summary. If there aby ctange, it has has been been very slight, and aa tg ward. rer on ‘chi pete recently landed have yD poasible procure remunerative eu- ment in Melbourne; and as for qgmmenciog Bborkeeping is" sta" deovont, snd, tn pest of 3 & discount, and, fact, is almnet sealed up a8 a source of profitable employment, for either capital or industry; for, ee fe eee ee bap hang jers propor’ community, where legitimae trade hes aa neh lowest ab by 8 coptinucus glut of importa, and where few even of these who were io business during the full flush of the first gold days, are able to keep their grouad, it clear that there is littke cnance of success for a new begynrer. With to labor in general, we shail hareiy be exaager: the real state of the case, if we were to pate ly that there is at present no ‘ity of employment in the city for any new comer, whether artizan or manual laborer, aud that the great m»j rity of those claseea bere are not em- ployed. Ajmost all building in the city ie saepead- ed, and the evidences of activity in other trades are etrikingly few. In the suburbs and outiying dis- tricts there are much greater signs of activity in these lineg; but what the intendi..g emigrant svould riicules)y note ia that there ia not a demand tor ‘is labor, of whatever description it maybe. We are epeaking of Melboorne at the prevent moment; but aswe arecn the verge of winter, and a3em- ployment Tere is always Jees plentifaiin winter than sommer, it should be also nuted that no improve: ment in the lubor market is to be expected for at least six months to come. With reanect to remoter districts we sre not, of course, able to speak from personal experionc:; but ‘we gather from the local jou:pala and other quar- ters, taat, w th the exception of agriculsaral labor ors, tara is Lowbere any considerab’e demaud for workmen. For the newly arrived immigrant there remains, therefore, ro resource bat aigging, aa occupstion of which it fs Dot pow necessary to give a detailed da- tcription, We believe it may be safely asserted that apy energetic man, capable of the labor, and wiliing to submit to ali the conditions of the digger’s life, may moke certain of gaintag a living at least at the gold fields, with the chance of somethiag very haud. some “turning up” for bim some day. But at the same time itrbould be stated that, at many of the fielcs, and especially at Ballarat, the system of desp tipking is now extensively carried cut. Baafte are surk to a depth of two hundred feet, and of course this process involves combined labor, great energy, and consi capi , in order to make 1; pay. The individual who terete ee bie to areas onthe ae of gold secking on 80 large a scale, is com; to keep to the old .methods of shallow woking and surface wsshings. The diggings bsing the great resource of the unemployed, has lately been avery lerge migration to them; and during tie Coming, winter tbe nambers employed at them will be much Jarger than it has ever been before. As the result ef continued depression in trade, in- solvencies and defalcations are still frequent, and, wists éven more disastrous, general distrust pre- vi Indeed, it is very striging to remark what sudden and overwhelming reverses have come upon Many persons who were once deemed the most for: tonate in the community, * * * Those who bought property when it had risen to a fictitious value bave invariably been heavy losers; and those who then took leases at what they considered ex- tremely advantageous terms, have also suffered heavily. For example:—a mercantile firm took a Jeasecf a p'ece of ground in the city at a ground- rent of £750 a year, and built a store on it at a cost of £3,000. They became insolvent, and the store it- self brings now only a rent ct £300 hed Again: —anctber mercantile man built a large splendil warehouse, ond stocked it largely in the dear- est times, and became barkruot for "£120,000 jant when bis plans were compieted. Yet that gentle- men had a vertain capital of very iarge amount be- fore he commenced building. Agein:—A batlder secured numerous good vacant spots in business ai- toations at what he deemed low ere reata, snd borrowed moncy largely to build stores on them, which, when completed, let readily at eaor- mous rents; but ina few mouthe the rents feli so much, that in most cases even the ground rents could not be obtained—and thus what seemed a most jucistive investment turned out a ruinous one. Mavy merchants, also, who made up their effairs twelve months sgo, aud retired to E:giand to live upon their incomes, drawn from their property here, have been summoned back to flad taeir aflairs in spything but a flourishing cordition; in some cases, indeed, to all but actaal insolvency. Otners, who invested large sums of money in land, intending to sell it again at large profits, have been compelled to ‘hold, until all posmbility of gaining enytniog near the price the; id had gone forever; and, mean- time, land £0 held is of things the most immediately wortbless. Other persons who invested their savings in land, and were onliged to leave balance of, aay oae- four:h of the purchase money unpaid,have been after- wards compelled to part wits the entire property, in order to clear off that remairder of deb. Numsroas other instances ot a similar kind might be cited; but these are sufficient for our purpose, which is to exbibit the urcerteinty andthe flactuations of co- lonial life, especially ia a gold colony, sud to show that even the most energetic aud sagacious men are net able to eave themeelves from tae effects of them. Some of the speculations which seemed to be the most fortunate that could be entered on two ears pgo, and which for a while were actually lucrative ina high degree, have afterwards rained thcse who underteok them. So toat,io a certain seree, it is true that enterprise and foresight have proved, to some men, disastrous qaslities. In the cost of living there is no change of impor tance to be noted, except that rente are still declin- ing. Business premisesare procurable at one-tnird or one-fourth of what they fetched in the deareat times, and private dwellivgs bave faliea about one-hal(—so that aman can now procure such a hop or store for £8 a week, asina large Eogtish town would be thought dear st £2 a week; aud a cottage that would bring about £10 a year at home, msy be hadfur £2 10+. a wesk ia the tuborbs of Meibcu ne, This is not exaggerated; oving to the undue preponderan'euf the city over the rural popuiation, (the remlt’of our odious land eystem), there is slwaye a large diaprosortion between rent end the other expenses of living. As & genera! inie, rent aveorbs one third of the earn. iogs of a man ia fall work, and well paid. ibere are eymptoms of advancemeat in educa- tional and religions sppiiaxces, notwithstauaing the general depression. *—*- * With respsct to primary education—wh'ch is the kind required here—there is a disposition to encourage it very liberally, and large sums for that purpose are voted freely by the Council A »roposal to combine the national and denominational systems in one system better thax either, has been made in the Council, and will soon ¢ mo on for discussion. Plecss of worship for various denominations arc in mapy localities, especially at the diggings, and fresh supplies of ministers are constantly ar- riving f om Haglond, + *_* Occasionaily, however, occurrences take place which reveal a shocking etate of de noralization amongst large nombersof the population. A mar: Ger of the very worst kind, that of a wife by ner bueband, in broad day, and under circumstauces of an unveually repulsive cbaracter—oc.urrei a few days sgo in the city. Minor vices aro also provalent, it must be confessed, although the general appear: ance cf the surface of society is calm exough. In public amusemen's we are rather better off than we used to be. Theatrical effsirs have been vastly improved by the arrival of Mr. G. V, Brooxe, who--whatever London critics Tay siy—ia a first tate actor in the colovies. A circus of & very eq) tior kind, calling iteelf (acd not ina tly) “ Aatiey’s pe goes roan to attract Tene numbers; minor sources of amusement seem to be 4 ised 1ather extensively. ate POLITICAL CONDITION. The senguipary collision between the military and armed police, and the mieguided men who had sought re! from tne [rritating consequences of it, in armed reaistacce to the authori- ties of the colony, and the oupture of a large sum: ber of those who esca xd death at the hands of the soldiery, have iseued in a series of State tria’s. Io our recett summaries for Europe, we hare fally de- tetled the causes end th» incidents of that fatal out- break, in which te fair soil of Victoria was, for the fires time ia ter history, stained wich the blood of civil war. It needs not that we should report the particulars of the harrowing story. Bat tne later scenes of this tragi al drama are now enacting, The fie of musketry and the charge of the bayonet have crared, but the deadly weapons of civil proocas have teen turned against the nahappy men whose fertone it was toeurvive the massacre of the Eo teka. For the first time inthe colonies of Australia, ey Gttention has been cocupied by & series of bie trina, Upwards cf a hundred and seventy persons were epeara at Balisrat on the $4 of Decenber, Of number s large proportion was afterwards set e ay, ba em as mex bers of urgen' then were reserved for fae a oh trrason. In pursuing this conree the ai eae anvaere & ted in direst 0. avery led and an almost anani: bli cpinion, Memorials emansting from meeting pal bering many thoussncn of the moet respectable citi- rere of Me ‘oe, aud the energetic remonstrances of the press (to the opaaimity of whose repressata- tenant NEW YORK HERALD, MONDAY, JULY 16, 1855. the reo> nized mouthpieces $, was the only exception’ 440 Si for politcal PUr” gigs, en the ane, Criminal may geopls at Ballarat, misrule; and that, of, had ings of the to rebellion "gy Teen "tore, than ezpicee tet 10 Puy of take tervice, pledged bimeelt uncondittonal! out whatever recommendationa they might urge. The Commission visited the scene of the recent out- bresk. The tock evidence as to the tosal ie tration of justice, and as to the exciting causes of the political discontent which hed bacome the | p which special cireumatances had, in the one deplo- rable ipstanoe, sguravated into positive armed resis- texce. Avd euch was the impreasion made on the minde of these gentiemen, by the tale of wrongs to which they listened, that their firet act on taeir re turn to MeJbourne was to urge the liberation of tae Btete prisoners on bis Exogliency, as an act of icy ond of politica! justice. The sdvice was re- jected, the p.edge was broken, and, in spite of eve- ry remopstrauce, the eurvivors of the Hureka were placed at: the ber. These trials, which sre destined to hold a prom’- rent place in the political history of the colony, commenced, efter repeated post; men's, of the 22d of Februsry. Several technical points raised by the prironer’s counsel were desided egainst then. It wos determined that they should eaca demand a separate trial. At length, the charge against Joseph, ® man of color, was proceeded with. Bat, for the prorecotion, the whole case for the Crown wae opened. Winess after witness was cailed to prove the existence of 8 conspiracy agaist the Qreen, and a wicked design to subvert sce throne. It wae proved that Joseph ant his fellow prieonere hed attended mectings, at which strong reso'utions bad been passed, expressive of a determination to resist the license tax, and at which licenses ware bored; thst they had been diilled im military com- peni¢e; and thst they were found in arms witaias stockade or fertification, from which shota were fired upon the poldiery and the coustabolary. Ye', in toe fa e of this evidence, and of the mostdetermi- ned efforts of the Attorney General to se mre a 020° viction, a jury of twelve citizens unhesitatingly re- turned a verdict of ‘‘ not guilty,” and Joseph was released smid the cheers of a crowded court, avd received with triumph by the populace without. This trial occupied the whole of Tharsiay and Fri day. On Monday, a seoond prisoner was arraigned before a second jury. Thie was Manving, a person ot education, counected with the local press a: Bal- larat, Tbe evidence that connected him wit the facts we beve mentioned above was distinct and in- contrevertible. The Attorney-General closed the case in @ speech of remarksble power. But the jury sgain found a verdict of acquittal. And the ‘public expression of triomph was renewed. Let not our English reasers te scandalized by these things, nor hastily conciude that Melboarne juries are men unmindtal of the solemn obligations ‘of en cath—nor that Melbourne citizeng are wed to revel in disorder aud rejoice in defeat of government sa a tiinmph over vy. The very reverse of this is the fact. And in this city it is a general topic of congratulation, that two ee have been found witn sufficient disctiminaticn and indeperderce of judgment to diecern between the real merits of the case they bad to try, ard tte legal technicalities with which it was complicated, and thatthe publi; bave recognized and sanctioned thst distin:tion. These msn wore undoubtedly put u; their tial ona false issue. They were sci of ccnspiring to dethrene the Queen, and ¢very person of common sense in the jury box ard in the court knew that no sentiment of hostility to the Queen was ever presented to their minds. The whole accusation was a legol fiction. The grave and formal document in which they were srraigred, charged them with “ levying war” against the sutbority of the Queen, and seeking to eubverst her Mejesty’s throne! -‘to deprive and Cepose our said iady the Queen,” so runs the infor mation, “of and from the sty!e, honor, and kinvly beme of the imperial crown.” * * * ‘Trere is nct eane person in the colopy who en- tertains the slightest suspicion that these state pri- soners ever for 8 moment “‘compassed, {i ued, devised or intended” anything of the kind. * * * The existence of such a design the prosecution hitherto has utterly failed to yh No evidence was adduced on the rials to chow that the offerce committed in the Eoreka etcckade Se Heke in or partouk of the eseerce of treacor. It was a demonstra‘ion agatost the policy of Mr. Jobn Foster and Sir Charles Hot bsm—an srmed resistance to an obnoxious tex, and to a meddlescme and tyranni-al constabulary, ig * We think it is a matter of just public con- gratulation that the jary in these cases had the moral courage ard the meply good sense t> look at the matter submitted to them inthe light of fact rather then of technicality; that they considered the question of the prisoners’ guilt not by the rules furnished them by the pleading of the Attorney- General, or the cumming up of the Judge, but by the simple dictates of common sense. There can be no doubt, however, that the verdict of “not guilty,” twice repeated, must be regarded 98 a powerful cteck to the administration, and an e pit it and formal condemnation of the poy which the recent events were precipitated. The government have refused to accept it as a final 6ecisicn of the merits of the case, as between them selves ond tneineurgents, and in viowtion of the spirit, at all events, of tha habeas corpus act, have again postponed the trial of the remaining prieon- re, and thus protracted for s furtver perioi the punis) ment of isopment for an offance of which they bave not yet been found guilty. This course ie svowed by the Attorney General to have been re rorteo to in consequen’e of his despairing t> obtain 8 verdict of guilty from the panels out of which ths juries in the cese of mig and Manning had been telected. A hanérei@ad eighty reoutable citizers bave thus been groesly insulted by the first law offi- cer of the colony, and virtually declared to be un- wortby of being believed on theiroaths. And this Jor no reason but that t! ey heve refused to be bu!- Hed or cejoled into subserviency to the executive authorities. A new panel is summoned, and ths hie trials are fixed to coms offoa the 19:4 at. A recent contested ele:tion for a avatin the Le- — Councii kas eff rded gratifying evidense of the growth of a politics! vitelny, such as the colon) hss wo seldom of ate exhibited. * * * We ai juée to tois election and the vigor with which it was throughout conducted, as @ sige that we are at last awakenirg trom the apathy thet has #o long para- ee our political lise, and vindicating our fitness for those great privileges of enfranchisement which the new Constitution will some time or other confer upon vs. When we sre to expect that boon fron the cordescersion or the leisure of Her Majesty's ministers we can at preeen‘.only conjxctare. In this remote colony, we find it dvfli.ult to nuderstaad tae coures oF that delay, that month by wontn weakens our attachment to the imperial connec'ion, if it is not repidiy engerdering a feeling ot deep resentment, Why—the question is bzginning to be asked with much bitterness—zhould a measure, on which so many expectations and so many hopes are fixe¢—e measure to which, rightiy or wrongly, the colony iooks as the giest guarantee of ita liver: ties, and the foundation of its fature fortunes —b» quietly shelved, as if it was morely a bili for rega lating the livery of a parish beadle? If the autno- rities at home think our affairs of ao litle moment as to justify this contemptuous negiec:, they can have little pretension to administer them. We would seriously warn Eoglisy politicians that the witbholding our rew constitution bill is not only in- flicting @ manifest injustice upon as, but is greatly encangering what they are ges to term tre in- tegrity of the empire, and that already his Exsel- leney bas been called on, by jadicious mn, imme- diately to “ proclaim our constitation,” without fur ther tarrying for toe celiberations of Parliament or the consent of the Queen. Later trom Brazil. OUR RIO JAYEIRO CORRESPONDENCE. Rro Javuteo, June 1, 1855. Flour is very bigh—even over $35 per barrel. Freights to the United States are from 80.. to $1 per bag cf coffee. The Brezilian steamer of war arrived yesterday from Montevideo, with ® report of the Brazilian equadren, and informed us that the treaty of peace permits tte Brezilians the right to navigate the wa" ters of the Amazon that border on Brazilian terri” tory, or through Paragusyan waters that are the natoral chapneis or roads to the territory of Brazil which they may drain. A most ctable meeting of shipmasters was on the 29th of laet month, at which several appropriate resolutions were parsed, in re- #pect tothe memory of Waiter R Jones, of your polyenes on tet 30th ot Mane Jesurence Com 3nd on , the flags were Jowered balf mast on the American shipping. Ax Exasttc Bar any—The salary of the Governor for the waxt of eviiencs to ideati | of Indisne, though emall encogh when stated with- . Toir- | out the perquisites to which of. high a ja yet quite liberal when stated in fall, office entitles the salary proper in $1,500; rent of honse and aposition | farniture given by the State, $500; allowance for family expenses, $600; fees on swamp land patents, £3,000; —— nde up of the Governor's bense’ fey vale inotitatione, 429. 94 tualon fe fund pal 1 $279 25; -contis: a $1,159. Total, $12,749 25. —_ Scwipture in the United States. (From the London Atheneum, June 16.) Very few works im sculpture have ever bxen ob {gota of peblic exbibition to the United Grates, and those have been principally baste of distinguished Ln ey which oocasionally fouxd thetr way into the of paintinge. in 1846 Crawford’s sta‘ue of “ Or bens” wes shown im the Boston Athesswcum; bat, g unfertanately bsen much broken on ship- board, it was impossible to remove it to other sega tgarencsene. rice the public’ a] Te; ©, ona the" Axnen *” that the proceeds of the ¢: of thie besutifal and hi classic reduction, by an American hand, did not exosed 00 dcliera—a sum scarcely sufficient to defray expenses. sthe commencement ef the American Ravolution there stood in Bowling Green, New York, a statue of George III; }, daring the retreat of the Ane- ricans before the advancing British army, the indig- papt populece decapitated the status and demo- Tebed the pedestal with every mark of From thst day to a period little short of half a cea- tory, nothing in the netare of astatue was seon t'e Union, if we aes that of Washiegton (by Hcudop) io the capital of Virginia. This glorious statue, #0 folly representicg the majestic digaity of the original, may as pi termed the father of American sculpture asthe subjrct of it s the Fs- ther of hie Country. It struck the first blow at that prejudics io the American mind which blinded it t> the usefalnesa ard novle mission of an art which gives t wrtue a pedestal, and to patri tism a par- manent form and place before the eyss of the mil- Yons whom they have blessed with freedom and happiness. I ay, it strack te first blow at preja- ove; bus it did not c.nquer—this is the work ot time. The name, however, of Washington was & dost in itself, for whxt American hea’t could deny to his eervices ao simple and appropriate a testimony of a nation’s love and je? North Carolia soon followed Visg'nia in the grateful path, by ordering a full length statue of him from Canova; then Chsntrey was commissioned by Massachusetts to execute anotlier; ano thus was sculptare breath- ed into hfe, or in the sa’er phrase, nationalized, in tte American republic. Bat how Hong. it langaisbed, nearly giving up the ghost! Still, the ackoowledz- ment vee made, tha statues were 20% necessarily idole, nor their admirers ijclaters; and then,followed 88 @ consequence, among all gitted minds, an appre- ciation encouragement of the ert. ‘The spacious halls of the Ospitol at Washington ‘Were almost destitute of sculpture till within a very few years. Inthe Hall of Representatives wero a colctea) plaster figure of Liberty, and a fine marble one of History adorning the clozk; in the retanda, aseresjof panels, containing miserable bassi-riliev: acenes from American history; in the tympanum, over the east front of the Capitol, a very low re'lef allegzoric group. All these were by Italian bands. The few inteliigent lovers of att among the re- presentatives in Congreas, whom foreigu travel had edvcated to its uses and beauties, straggled steadily and long for ite advancement, and at last succeedad in cal 1g through resolutions to fill thetwo nic" e3 utder the portico with statues of Peace and War. These were given to Peraico, an Italian, te exesu‘e. Next came an order fur a colossal «Washington ;” end this was given to Greenough, a young Ameri- can, strogating manfully sgetnat adversity in Fio- rerce—tbe pioveer of American scuiptore. Ina few yesrs Persico returned from Italy with the statues of Peace and War; aud these were so much acmired that other resolutions were son pawed for two imncrtant groups, “Columbus Discovering the New Worid,” and “Pioneer's Straggle”— bay first Iya pe esa a Nageopent to ‘reer ough—$20, g Sppropriated for eac! Whilat these commitsicns were bsiog completed in Italy, the “Washington” was sent hom» by Greenough, and placed on its granite pedestal in J “Colambus’ 5 * This wes about the state of soulpture in the United States down to as late as the year 1847. From ita rarity, and the great sums paid for it, it wes raturelly locked upon aa a higher branch of art, requiring greater abilitics and d with more Sihiouty and bee ey than ting; for print- ing bad become ‘Harized to the people through tte works cf mavy artiste, from the time of West and Trumbull to that of Wier;, it had ita chartered academies and unions and pictures of all degrees of merit—‘‘old masters” and new were scattered or exhibited throughout the country—hence there was no myttery attached to painting, for all could ave access to 8 studio and witness its secrets. Not 80 with s.ulptare--for the general supposition was, that to make cven a bust it was necessary to cast the tiiter’s face in plester to obtain a likeness even in that material—how much more difficult then, most it be to make a bust in marble, which cvuld not be thus moulded! And then to cut the whole figure in this bard and brittle substance, where aasingle false blow would destroy the whole work, ard sctually to imitate the softness and flexibitity of flesh, was considered acmethiog almost mavelloos —rquiring @ ready genius and a cexterous hagd, ard allowing neitter e: correction, nor chenge. As these cpicions are still extensive'y en- tertained in America, I may be excused for making a few remake upon them. Ae fay as mere execution is concerned, the s:ulp tor’s srt ia of ail others the easiest of attainment. Viewed in this light, it falls among the lowest handicrafts. Even mscbinery is now successfully employed in cutiing marble to almost any reqaired 101m; and it is no mose ingenious than that which tums out lasts of every sbape from a sim Ne block of wood. Indeed, so little artistic skid necessary in the mere execution of stataary, thst the sculptor need not touch it. His art is higher and nobler, dealing with things of feeling, imepination apd phicaophy, avd brioging them into visible forms in the moat manageabie subst~7ce he can find, such as clay, or wax, or any other wuich shall readiest reocive the impress of his thought, and here bia work ia doze. Hia fortune ia lefs for ther bende to gain for him by mechanical means alone — by transferring to any required dimensions th pe risbable model to enduring bronzs or marble. Yaus, ‘8 figure of fifty feet in height costa little more of the scuipter’s time or talent than one of three feet. Copy sfter copy may be mads to avy number, with out even the supervision of the artis:’s cye; so that if be chooses to multiply his works, he has only to incresee the number of workicen and tre quantity of marble to fulfil any number of commissions in s given time. Tne town of Carrara, 'n the mids: of the marble quarries of Italy, ia one grest factory of this kind, repeatizg ad infinitum tie works of an- cient ard mocern masters at very low rates, to bs ect to all parts of Christendom; 0 that if a Veous de Medici, sn Apollo or a Lascooa is sousht of equa! Werit to te original, m>Ley can find either of shen in avery short time. It ie core dered by sculptors themselyda that cat- tirg marble iv not at esesntial pret of thair profes sion, end none but those whose mans do not sliow them to en ploy workm«n, ever take tue chisel in hard. In the clay model is shown the artist's merit; the clay and modellicg tools are the only nevemary jmpiements in the hands of genias to pave the way to fortune and tofame. That the esventials o° the sculptor’s art He in the clay model ia not only according to reason, but to all history of the plasti art, for they do not ko re upon the material, bat upon the form it is madetoavwune. In fact, it was from t'e potter’s art that sculpture spreng, first, by fey, the clay atter it was modelled into the yequired form, 88 may be kuo #n from the houseol1 gods of the Egyptiaca; after theas came carvin7 Dguies in wood and ivory, end lastly metels av: stone. The Etruscans and Greeks were particularly celebrated for ther works in clay, the former bein employed in decorating the Roman Capitol, and +! Jatter in adorving the most magnificent temples in Greece. Psusanias mentions a temple at Critcs, called that of the greatest gods, ‘‘the statass of which were cf clay;” snd the Athenians are known to have held annual ¢xibitons of their best works in the same substance. European collections con- tain mary spectmens of the ancient ferra-cottas, or beked earth Ggures; in that at Neoles are some as life. No traveller in Italy can fati to be the beauty of those of the famous Lucca dela Robbia, and to join in the esteem in whi h fa ah de long been held; were they of marble thelr value as works of art would not be increseed. Among the noblest J ohewaphg o of the fifteent cen: tury are tte cle; tues of Begareili of Reggio, of whem Michael remarked, “If the clay oculd become marble, woe to the antique statuas;” ard it ia oniy necessary to see them to believe the assertion. Bimple and well known as these facts are to per fons at all conversant with art, they seem to heve pede 4 emp of aye if we take as a criterion sparity in the sums they appro- ¢ for statan and for paintings. For instance, feet oog ee fore 10,000 tor an historisal picture, 18 for a #) statue, or for a group of two figures, snd as much as $50,000 for eademrian watue bronze! Now, any one a*quain' with artistic LJ 2 feet bigh whilst $25,000 are given laber knows ttat execute an historical pictare of the abive large DB, only as much talent experience, but infinitely _— or tain ; still it is to be regretted that their jnégment tend Ram tht mor) young men entera rou, ex of great end sud- éen rowed, in which their native ta'ents are inade mate to ruccess, but to create unjast and invidious distinctions as to the merits of the productions of diffi rent branches of these liberal arta. I» 1847 “ The Greek Slave” was p!aced on exhi bitien in New York — A painter friend of the scul9- tor went cover from Italy and undertook the anter prize entirely at his own risk and expense; ard not- Withetanding the strong repugragce that existed in -eneh soc h suapi of the day veculiar grounds at first threatened the faliara of the purpose of the exbidition; but friends of art came to the reacue, and, bi ® liberal and power- fui press, carried the field triamphantly. thasi- astio avd reiterated appeals were made on bahalf of tre sculptor, cramped for toe means of pursa- jug bis studies in a foreign Jand, and his right to a generous reception of his among bis countrymen. The national pride and sympatby were thus arcused to such @ pitch as to to some future day the daty of im. tial orisicism upon the merits of the work itself. Uncer such favorable auspiees the statue was taken through the States, everywhere received by the 2 maeees as a work of aimost miraculoas power, aud giving to thousards, for the first time, opporta- uity ard pleacure cf lookiog upon a io mar ble. The result to the artiss was colebrity and money, ard numerous valuable commissions from States and geben epiacig, him st once ia an + say, if not ins jent position. rtf ia in the highest degree creditable to the hearts of Americans that they responded #0 handsomely to these a for native straggling talen’; it 1¢ Lot strange, however, for, if one coustry more than anether ia blessed with a commendable patriotic pride in the genius of ber eons, that country is America; and where this is folly awakened sie adopts no half measures to gratify it. Asa remarkebls instance of this, and of the suc- cers which sometimes, toough very rarely, attends on artist's début, we may state thet, since 1846, Mr. Pe has eent from workshop no leas than five ‘Greek Slaves,” three “Fisher Boys,” one “Bye,” one “Calhoun,” one “Washington,” all fall sized statues; forty busta of “Proserpine,” several of “ Diens,” “ Payche, ”? “Waahingtoo,” “ Fisher Boy” and ‘Slave,’ ‘and 8 large number of portrait ‘boste—still having on hacd, im various 28 of progrers, a great wany works of a similar » Ie may be truly divined that posterity will not hava to go a-beggidg for a sight of bis works. Mavy artiste, for @ much lexs recompense, would cheertally embrace an exile to such S.coumey aa Italy; few, however, there will be who will fiad the two together. The increasing patronage of scn'ptare ia the United States ia not now limited to tuia 026 of its professors; others are beginuing to rece va that to which thry have shown tsemagives entitisd. Ocaw- ford, at Rome, is executing for the State of Virginia ® wegpificent monument to Weshingtoo, and other clitzens of revolutiocary1enown. Washivgtoais repre- sented upon aspirited ste2d—bene sth sud surrouad ing the pedestal stand hia civil and mi‘ itary ass2- ciates in that day of trial. The figures are all to becf brorze. Whea completed, it will be oe of the most striking monuments of modern times in general effect avd artistic power. The sculptor has Teceived during the past year a hizbly complimen- tary srd lucrative commission f-om his governmaut to fil ene of the pedimenta of the enlargement of the Capitol. It will give scope to hia abilities ia the highest departments of his art—iaventi.n, com- ‘ Court—Spectal Term. Before Judge Hoffman. ‘THE BREVOORT HOUSE —OLAIMS OF MORTGAEES AND JUDGMENT OREDITORS DRPRNOE OF USURY SET UP BY A. T. STEWART & CO. George Slater vs, Ourtis Judson, A. T. Stewart & Co., and others.—This case, which has been og trial for several days, will determine the distriba- tion of a faud cf about $28,000 now in court, arising from the sale of the furniture of the Brevoort House, which took place in April last. The suit is ins:i- tuted by George Slater, who was forme: ely the stew- ard cf Judson’s Hotel, and subsequently of the New York Hotel, to fore lose a chattel mortgage for: $15,000 on the furniture of the Brevoort House, given tohim by Judson as security for moneys loaned by Slater to Judson during a period of seve" ral years, and for a balance of salsry which had acorued from 1852 to 1854, Afterthe making of this mort, Jucaon confeseed a judgment to A. T. Stewart £&. for about $23 000, and A. f. Stewart. & Co, cisim to have l:vied thereupon an execution on the property in tze Brevoort Houss. Atthe time of the alleged levy the property ‘was encumbered by several other mortgage é besides that of Sister, toan smount exceeding the proceeds of sa‘e. The pro- xty was sold by a receiver, and tue proceeds rought isto court to be distribued amoog the several pasties having liens upon the pro- perty, as their ittercets might be deter- mined. The case tow comes up for hear- ing, for the purpose of adjadicsting upon the validity of the jeics claimed,aad their priori- ties. The plaintiff clsiu-s, by virtue of his mortgage, to be paid out of ipo fucd before A. K. Stewart & Co. x T. Ste & Oo. claim tha, as agal.st their execution, tbe mort; to Slater and the other mortgages, are inval'd, and that they ace en- titled to be first paid the amouat of the'r ja be The plaintiff exsmioed, as a witness, Cartis Judson, who preved thot Sister had loaned nim, at various times pricr to 1852 sums amountiog in the agerc- ate to about $7,000; that he bad, sincs 1852, loaned Bim $4,000; and that there was & balance of about $2 500 cue Sister on bis aglary, from 1851 or 1852 to 1864; that these eums, with the interes’, amount- @4 to cver $15,000; ard that, in December 1854, he executed the morigege in questior, to secure that amouct; that Siater had been in bis employment for about ten years, and loaced him all tue money of whicr he was possessed, embracing sli he (S'a- ter) saved trom bis ésrnings daring toe ten years, and a considerable sum @nich he nad when he ea- tered Judson’s employment. After crow examina tion by the ccursel cf Messrs. Stewart, it appeared that, about the year 1851 or 1852, Judson was ia- deb ed t> Slater iv $7,000; that at tha’ time, Gla- ter’s salary was $1,200 per annum; that Judson being about to make an extensive addition to his hotel, andtoset up the large refecto'y which was subsequently carried on there, then proposed to Slater to enter into @ copartnership with him at Judson’s hotel, and leave the amount fosition, action acd expression, and the lacid ren- dering of his story. His long and severe studies in Rome and his peat productions are the surest guar- antees of success. By this great work his name may be favorably known as long as the Capitol stands. Clark Millshas given such sa‘isfaction In an equestrian statue cf Jackson, recently ere ted in ty Ooo the mete ‘begat he ee ordered gress to make a s: er Wor ‘ashington for 50,000 doilars. Other young menare making their way to public favor. Among the most Pn coho is Mr. Rogers, of Rome; whose figure of Nidia basexcitsd univer— sal adm'ration, and the most ssnguine hopes of an honorable careeer for the artist. ‘Thus, cvhoything looks propitious for the rapid rowth of acuiptare in the republic. Money there a, and to spare :—if it be judiciously Gaps Americn mipy Bao HlSazs ne, ince bees in the front rezk of ations in respect to the refiaem ant of educated life, as she has alreadyi n political and re- Uescws liberty, in commercial enterprise a:d mecha- nical ingenuity, and in the abundance and security of sovial comforta. Her people have arrived at trat degree of outward prosperity when tho; subjects of internal interest such as Dos- sea8, and when it is important thet « stud7 of the true avd beautiful in matters of taste should guije ~~ to a pure delight in the objects of their new Jentz €8, ‘The Murder and Suicide Affair in St. Loul’ [From the St. Louis Republican, July 11.) An incidext of a most and interesting ebaracter has jus: been brought to light: the muc- der of a siste. by the bands of her own brosher, and poten bis own self-destroction. It will bs remembered that on Monday morning we noticed the tact that a young man by the name of F. F. Blessing, was foucd dead in room at King’s Hotel, under ciscumstances that led coaclusivety to the belief that he bad committed suicide. Sach, inceed, turned out to be the fact, and the circam- stances conne:ted wih it and the murder which preot ded, are of a nature intensely interesting. The vame cf the unfortunate girl was Emily Bleseing, who having no parents, was left $> tue gosrdiscebip cf her brothers aud s matrisd sister, who hves in this city. do not profess to be strictly sccu ate, but are informed she was placed in a convent in thw city, from which place she frequently ex:aped, and gave sach evidences of @ dizsolute life as to render her relative exceedingly upbsppy. Young Bleseing, ber brother, wis particularly effected by her bebaivonr, and for some time previous to the dreadful occurrence seemed st times low epirited. On the afcernoon of the fatal day, he got @ buggy and proceeded to a house on Fourth street, well known foc its bad repute, and there saw his sister, whom he prevai'ed upon to take a ride with him. Bis manner is represented as having been quiet and exhibiting no sign of the terrible resolu- tion be hed evident)y concealed in his heart. Tae brother and sister Jef¢ that house together. It is krown that be went up the Bellefontaine road with and returned without her. He came bick to his hotel rear dusk, where he was joined, we are told, by bis brother ard bruther-in-law, with whom he spent the tea in bis own room, t2ey little Oreaming of the dreadful act he had committed. Bis cc nduct, in fact, appeared rather gay, aad he sent for a bottle of chempsgte, which was drank. In the meantime ba occupied himself in, writiag a letter. After an bour or #9 spout, they lef:, and in the morning, as before recorded, he wes fonad a cor ‘the fact of bis having taken his sister out with bim and returning withont her, ard bis weil kaowa sensitive nature, created @ kuspicion tuet he had Billed ber as ell os himeeif, and a cordingly rearch was made inthe direction which thay nad one, and yesterday morning the body of Emily Jessizg. his siater, was found near the Waskias road, ip the woods, in what ia known a9 th? Lower Cclombis Bottom, sbout seven miles from the city. She hed on a ptok muslin dress and a straw boonst, ond there were two bullet holes through her head; ope penetrating above the right temple, aad tie other just below the cheek bone, the oall passing out through the left ear, Upon the Coroner's in- vestigation it was proven by turee wi:nesaes, that on the evening im question five su’ cessive pistol shots were heard. There was & fence near by, iad @ close examinaticn of the road led to the belief that he bad bitched his horee and caken hera dis tance cf some thirty yards inthe woois, where ba pe petrated the act. The repeated firing can only be acceunted for from the fact that she saw his pose t:0 late, and resistiag, some of the barrele misted. ‘The conclusion is clear to our mind from his sab- sequent conduct thathe ictended killing not only her but himeeif there, but his weapon was oxbaust— ed in sacrificing his sister, and he was compelled to return tothe city without puttiog nis fatal reso- lotion in regard to his own iife into effect. Certain it is that a few hours afterwards with his owa hand his soul was released from ail earthly trouble and fent into ttat world where the spirit of his stater had juet preceded him, Let the mantie of mercy fall upon this brother and sister. None but those who love and valae the honor of asiater, can, in common charliy, extena- ate biscrime. Dreadfal as it is, and with all the consequences it evtails, he has been driven by a keen eerseof honor which is entitied at least to Tespect, to sacrifive his own lifeand thatof his sister, rather then live to see her disgraced. Mr. Blessing was s young man only about twen- ty-three years of ace, an evgineer on the river.and was much esteemed by every one who knew him; and his sister wes bata few years his junior. WHOLESALE ConvictTION Mi FayatTe, InpiaNa.—The ese the 11th inst.,saye:—‘‘Justice bas basy this epring. Such e flood of criminal busi- probably never known in the State before ry recently inundated the Lafaye:te Court, Three men bave been sentenced to death tor mur- der, two have been sentenced to the State Prison for jife, and @ cumber, we how mapy, for terme of greater or lesa length. The last man sen- tnced to death was Stocking, for the murder of John Rose. The verdict was returned on Saturday night sdout nine o’c.ock, as we learn from the La- foyette Journal. It will be remembered that last wioter a Very destructive fire occurred in Lafayette, in which Mr. Jchn Roer, « highly esteemed citizen, wos buted to death, as was supoosed. Since the commencement of the trial of the Fahrenbaagh murderers, Ly ee >; abroe d that Rose had been mur¢e ¢d, and bis etore robbed and, set on fire to Geatroy the evidence of the ciime. “Probably some sion wae cutertained at the time of the oczvrrence, but it aseumed no defitite shape or obj: ct till recently. The con of ths Fahren- baugh murderers apve the +0 an javestigation, which len reese ted im Scocking’s conviction, Rose was murdered.” woich he ter) had loaved Jndson as ca- Sa in i root or that Slater should, if preferred, cont-rue in the service of Jadson, at asslary of $2,500 per annum. The witness stated that this increased sulary was allowed for Slater's services and for the use of his money; that Glaver’s Cuties were much fucrensed by the addition of tis refeciory, and that he was @ valuable man for in- dustry and invegrity, and that he preferred d paying that ea’ary to paying his debt to Slater and allowing him to leave bis employment. The counsel for A. T. Stewart & Co., in this evidenee, claimed that the mortgage to Slater was » for the reason that an increased wit was allowed for the use of his money, and iasisted that by that arravgement S'a- ter’s whole claim wes forfeited. The counsel for the plaintiff cbjested to the defence usu- ty being set on the trial, for the reason that Do such defence been set up by A. T. Stewart & Co., in their answer. The Court stated trat under a recent decision «f the Court of A: , that objec- tion could not avai), insemach as it would be eom- petent even for the General Term to allow an amendment cf the atswer on appeal after the trial. The counsel for the plain- tiff then insisted that if the question of uwury was tobe raised (al:hough he was satisfied that the detence would not avail Mcgsrs. A. T. Btewart & C>.) that defence should be put upon the record aud subscribed aud sworn to by some of the members of the firm of A. T. Stewart & Co., and that tbe cause should not be proceeded with uatil that formality was complied with. Tae coanse! for A. T. Stewart & Co. decline’ making a motion for Jeave to amend their answer at this stage of the case, the court intimated that it was uaneces- sary to do ro then, as it tbs done at general term. The ocursel for the tiff suggested that the general term would hardly allow the privilege of an meot when the case cams before them, if trat privilege bad been tendered at special term and declined. The ccurt then decided taat if the defence was to be ivristed u, the amendment must be made on the epot, and must be vorifted by tome ofthe members of tue firm of A. T. Stewart Co. The ccunsel for the pleintiff then insisted that heocourt sbculd impose terms a3 a con iition of al- owing the amendm+nt, and stated tra’ be should be tatisfied with the imposition ot the smaliest smount of costa whish could b» exceeding tweive ard a balf con's, so as to correspond with the small character of the defence. The Court then orcered that the amendment should be made on payment of $1 costs, the ameadment to be drawn ard eworn to before the cause would be pro-eeded with. The counsel for A. T. Stewart & Co, then proceeded to draw the amendment sat- ting up the defexce of u-ury. Mr. Bacroaghe, of the firm of A. T. Stewart & ‘Co., shortly made his sppesrance in court, and under tne direction of his counsel tutscribed and swore to the necessary afii- aavits. The ccunsel for A. T. Stewart & Co. was thereupon about to proceed to examize ths witness in support of the defence of ueury, when he was interrupted by the coursel for the plaintiff, who ia- sisted that the coats ($1) which had baen imposed 28 ® cordition for admitting the defence of usiry, should be paid betore is was proceeded with. Some demurrer was wade to this demand, and it was sggested that Mesora A. T. Stowart & Co. were orig Ee ees e for the amount. Ts* counsel for the plaintiff statrd thst be did not question the pe curisry resp: nsibiity of Mosers. A.T. Stewart & Co., but be preferred that parties pkadiag usary stould psy in advence. The Coart taereupon directed the ccursel for Mesars. Bte art t» pay the smount. He thereupon handed $1 to the plaiatiff’s couneel, who immediately handed it over to the lain'iff, »nd stated that the platatiff would censent at the $1 should be credited on the smount of his mortga, ‘he triel then proceeded. The ooarsel for the p/siztiff contended that the defence of usury, even if usury was proved, could only bs ia: terpcsed by Mr. Judson, the borro wer of the money, and thatthe Mesars. Stewart could nt aveil then- selves of it to deat the plaintiff's claim. The Court etated that it wae very atrongly of tne impres- sion that the defex ce could not avail the Messrs. Stewart, but reserved the point for furihar cousid- eration, Mr. Judvon, in t @ preeenve of the court, expressly ciscloimed the defence of usury on bis psrt, and None ot the cther parties to tie sais ap- led for leisure to interpose it, Adjourned to Mon: ay, Juiy 16. 4 Tur TRaGEpy at Fort McHergy.—Ths ciream- stances in connection with the death of Louie Loup, at Foit McHenry, cn the 11th fastaat, are seid t) be cf a more a'rocious character than was at first reported. On the authority of » gontienan in the United States servi e, it was yesterday stated that on Wednesday night Loup was making « noise in one of the buildicge, when Morrow was ordered by the officer on guard to go to him and te!l him to ba quiet. Morrow spproacbed Loup, snd, ia 4 the order to quiet hia, Nog bi & very severe manver, w! anotoer party inter- fered, and csueed him to deeiet his inhameg treat ment. Morrow afterwards went to him apd com: menoed the beating a second time, and called upon ove cf the soldiers to assist to throw nim dova mairs. Loup requested, in an nizing tone, that ht be stot, to end bis sufferings, and at tals the corporal approached, and prevented his thrown down stairs, was afterwards flag ateff by Morrow, and his hands |, and a pisce — ey ae around 6 mouth. Whilst Tope was bein, tied around bis bead, Loup is wappred bee enffccated, as he fell back, and wes hangiog by his bends slore for «bout two hours ands halt. Aa- other soldier was with Morrow at the time the blanket was put in arr ees: bot when ne saw that he wos soffocatirg he ran away, and witnesscd no more of the scece until he was removed a corpse. The officer of the cay asserts thes he did not give the order to Morrow to bea’ Loup, and Brew nothing of bs tragis occurrence un‘ was over. A rumor was current at ‘ort, when the High Cons‘ab.c arrested Monae tae effect that several of the soldiers urgei Morrow to ceset, and offered tim money. The United States suthorities have taken the matter in hand, and so investigation wil] be made at ten o'clock this morn- ing, before Commissioner Hanan, when the fait ae +g be made known.—Battimore American, wy Forrras Prep Mau, Matrer.— By ar tion of the Pest Office De; Dewspapers, pamphiets, and ‘oguls- ariment, all unpaid other priated matter, mailed in apy fori coun’ reosivad port office in the United ) Which tay bo 10- jused, or cannot be delivered aa addrome3, must be returned tothe cepartment as dead mitterin the ssme manver and under the same general ragole- lations ae spply to the return of dead lettera, and should be addressed to the Third Assistant Post- master Gereral. Cullrn PB, Barker, a Doston clerk, was drowned at Felmon Falla, on the 6th inst, whil aba a bilo bathing iu the