The New York Herald Newspaper, December 19, 1854, Page 2

which the dumb, noconscions beast, without wi will feel the bouaty of the hand which i¢ the mers ‘escription of the first Kansas—the ono which willgo half way to the moontains—eqdal in terri- ‘temt to the firet class States, exceeded in produc- | ous country bo: the eastern side of the Upper Co'o- sates ity by ae, and s@om te become onset the | rado y, the of the snow (ame) tes of the Union. Lwillcall it East Kansas. | the and ridges) a! two-and-y ‘The second State woul! oogupy the remainder of the | half feet, and in eee about six inghes. The at. territory to the base of the cky Mountains; and, like m is too cold and dry for much snow; and the first half, will haye the netaral divis te three | ¥: i the mountains, dre comparatt parts, and with the same iatics but with a | fr eh We here found villages of Rerersal of thin localities. The Arkansas river side will be | Indians in their wintering ground, in little valleys along by far the most valuabie—borh intrinsi excelient—admirably adapted to agricultural purposes andy would pupport @ Jar, perioulinrel Be population.”’ Te says it ls watered by misny Streams, | but without wood, except ou their borders—that grass abounds, and among its varieties eee aspe- | swine — y; Dut Mndiginous cies of clover so valuable forthe cultivated for that purpose ta in all thia base of the mountains, urs But the valley of the Upper Arkansas would form the re and stre: of the" Lo Lo yeaa Kansas, a5 ‘will call it, including, asthe ry does, a part of the superb valley of San. and the beautiful Sahwatch, whish forms a continuation of it, and which leads to the famous Coochat 2 8 tains, 1s continuously well ac well as to roads. Numerous we! , broad and level, open up whic! ra dual; ut leay whole of grasses, wood, coal and fertile soil. . The Bent's fort prove it to be well adapted to t! vogetablea common to the latitude, mer and winter.” Of the climate, and winter season In this elevated re. gion, he thus speaks — “The climate is. mild and the winters short, the au- Iength of brignt open out snow, which in winter falls rarely and tumm usually having its full woather, wil passes olf quickly. In'thie belt of country tyin he mountains the snow falls more rarely, an more thinly, than in the ep:n plains to the castward; the storms congregate about the high mountains, an ! Tu the beginning of Deceinber we found yet uo know on the Huertano river, and were informed by an oii resident, then engaged in ‘establish- at the mouth of this stream, that snow pelJom fell there, and that cattle were left in the range Eight days later, and when advanced an hundred miles further, and standing leave the valleys froe. lng 0 fai all the winter through ” ‘Vain was the lirat of December. in the Sand Hill pass of the Sierra Blanca, both into the head valleys of the Del Norte an‘ Arkansas, ho still writes: — “On the 8th of December we found this whole conniry and Daguerre views, taken at this ti show the grass entirely uncovered in the passes.’” inter view of this country anv its ¢ infate, and certainly no mountain region could prosent any A summer view of it is given by Mesers. Bealo & Heap, in their central free {rom snow, ‘This is thing more desirable for man or beast. route journey to California, in 1853:— ‘Upon reaching the summit of the buttes, a magni- ficent and extonsive panorama opened to our view horizon was bounded to tho north by Pike's Peak—to the west and north west by the Sierra Mohada, (Wet n e de Christo mountains, and the Spanish Peaks; to the south and east extended the prairie—lost, On the gently undulatirg plains reaching tothe foot of theRockymountains,coald be traced by their Lines of timbers the course of the Arkansas river, them the Huerfano, (Orphan river,) easily distingnished from the remote olnt (nearly due west), where it iamuod from the Sierra tain,) Sai in the hary distance. aud Its various tributaries—amon, nea, to its junction with the Arkansa: short intervals where it passed through canyons plain. Pike's Penk was a prominent object in the land- aeape, its head capped with eternal snow, soaring above all the neighboring summita. The river fano) bottom was broad and thick] pe Paradise. Tho scencry a8 w Between the Spanish Peaks picturesque and beautiful. (July), while the dense forests of dark clothed their sides coutrasted _ well wii oft gress at their base. Mobada gives great fertility to this regio the country bordering on the sides of the mountains, as well as the valleys in their recesves, aru unequal To the set- tlor they offer every inducement; and I have no doubt in a few years this tract of country will vie with California or Australia in the number of’ emigrants it will invite. it is by far the movt beautiful part of New Mexico, (now part of Kansas,) and a remarkable level country con- ith the western part of tho Atlantic States. As soon as this is thrown open to settlement, a continuous Jed im loveliness and richness of vegetation. necta it Line of farms will be established, by which the ural aad mineral weslth of he country. will be veloped.” Mr. Charles McClanahan, a Vit lifornia, and a large doaier in stock to tnat country, we back to me from the Valley of Sua Luis in August, 1863, says :— Ona this route almost the entire way may ba settled, a5 all the land from Mlssogri to Yort is rich and very fertile, lands of Missouri and Mlinois’; beat the Sierra Blunca for gri very summit ‘to the acre. Mexico. the climate is Iniieed, fine Yan is upon the whole ror ch upon the grass. On thie route there is an abun lauce of mass and water, £0 much so that stock will trave rep A vory large majority of our sheop are as {at mutton as any in the P anda yery large musmber of fine beef, and [ have neve ing so far, look half +0 v tis 1s the western or Upper Kansas, and will mako another great State: and both will quickly be ripe for 5, and the western in 1650. They will both be settled with unexam- pled rapidity, In agriculture aud grazing alone they pre- But it is not agricultural and pastoral advantages alone, great as they arc, which are to attract people to this region; other causes are to add their inducements to the same attrac- At the head of these Other causes stands the pre-emption law, now engrafted asa permanent feature in the federal land system, and made applicable to all the public lands in the Terr.tory. By virtue of this law the aries man, without a dollar the speculator with bis ds. He may choose for himself out of the wido is choice—take possession—work it, and raise enough cut of it, or on it, to Pay the govern- le—with the 7 good prospect to see it rise to tenor twenty times This is a ec! mn for a family, which of the earth will not ue Tue act ‘of Congress creating the Territory gives great po- admission into the Uuion—Enst Kansas in 1 sent irresistible attractions to the settler. tions, and render them invincible. in his pocket, is put ahead of thouss domain—mark out ment price by the time the pay is demandal much as it cost within for a frechold, and of provi wise and industrious tille: glect. Then come the “pol few yeare. ical advantages. litical righ’ to unnaturalized settlers into it, It gi site oaths, This vant will kno lem comes an adva: —the only point of view in which [ refer to it. comes s fourth cause in this extra list for attract ing setilers—one that must have its effect upon all who can reason from cause to effect-—who can Took abend and sec what is to happen by Aceing what existe—who can cstimate the force of natural causes, and = which work out their results without the directing and It is the Pacifie Railroad! has the charter from Nature for that road, which are self-acting and_ irresistible, helpiog band of government. ind will use it. rerial with which to build it—the yort it—and the salubrious cli trom disease; and s! ecisely where be Pacifio—( section on its line may consider his fortune made. Now I think I have provided for two of the five States which I have promised, and that within the brief space na larger population than has ever yet been required from other now State Now let us proceed to theother three, and let u .Gespateh them in less time than these two have required. ane of one and two years, and each u take a section of the Rocky Mountains, from 37 to degrees—near 200 miles north and south—and go down to the base on cach side, say an hundred miles or hw aking an area of 60,000 square miles, oval” the Swise have ot 20,000, ‘Hero, then, is territory enowgh for ea great mountein Now let us look to its contents and capabilities. # Swiss cantons } there are the Three Praks, first Dy t, and since laid wope~ large, beautiful mountain coves, and she! with snow, which wall them in, an storms. attended by all the minor ie wise the myrind of young streams, whic to ereeks, go off to atart upon their - fons, which, there rising @n one other—all f born so pear together) fo Fa fe iat ; which th part; » point of similitude to trad odie the Mont Blanc | and in its Tooality; but the Kansas side will still have its yalue and attraction, Fremont says of it;—‘The soil of all this country, (upper Kansas and base of the mountains,) is Pass, and the Pass itself. of tue Arkansas, a5 wpees Jitions, amd cepecally in of tik Upper artnasts, for ‘eu spproac! moun- jted to settlements as watered and fertile eee the mountains, mt themselves in detached blocks, (outli¢ ing in around She Beas of the. siren M open approaches te coatral ri ibe inter-mountais: region is'abundaat in ueblos above grains and cluding Indian corn, which ripens well, and to the support of healthy stock, which incrense well, and take care of themselves sum- tion, until we enlerod a narrow wi valley, two | miles and a half in length, by Gas daid two hundred vagts in breadth. v | ly broader as we descended. wooded with wil- Yow and cotton wood, interlaced with wild rese and vines, and carpeted with a soft grass—-a sylvan hed the country ra Mohada was towered high above us, the summits of some covered with snow ines. which the gi tering white at the top, and the light green of the The humidity of tho Sierra ‘nla emigrant to Ca- to the 8. Even to the it stande as thick as the best mea dows, and many acres would mow at least four tons ‘Then comes the large and beautiful Valley of Han Luis, said to be one of the most fertile in N hat stock can live ont all the winter hia or Baltimore market ; . Barnwell’s eattle are n any stock, after travel- the elective franchise and eligibility to office, upon the simple declaration of an intention to be- come’ a citizen of the United States, end taking the requi tage Which the foreign emi yw to appreciate, and to appropriate. lvantage of a differont kind still, novel Dut enorgetic, and already in full operat'on—t xe compe- tition for excess of setilers between the free and the slave States. That competitios, though deplorable in its political and social aspect, must have one good effect upon the Territory—that of rapiily filling it with She has the smooth way on which to it—tho straight way on which to ran it—the ma- il and people to aup to give it exemption in her south-west quarter, traight line requires them to be, ultiplied gates which open the mountains to the Coochatope, the Carnero, the San Juan, the Poonche, the Medio, the Mosca, the Sangre se Christo, the Utab. These passes, and the rich, grand and benutifal country in which they lie, command a road—and will have it; and the pre-emptioner who acquires a quarter dercribed down on all two of ‘thirty miles diameter each, the other of gixty—et a great clevation, delightfal in summer, and Gompored in winter, from the concentration of the sun's Mered by the lofty rim of mountains, f The name is not fanciful, nor | towed capriciously by travellers, but o real descrip Kies Translated from the Indian nave of those park: igh siqnifes “cow ?? and not without reason— | Joe the buffaloes not r; niet but lodge Ca Rog j places ir immense congregation, animals—elk, deer, antelopea, innamerable little val cys, in hb, collecting | courses in the her, go off in yns—ome to the rising, some to the set- Platte, the Arkan' the Del Norte Jari ty igreat Colorado of the West on the inches lly appearing above it; and there being none under ws 4 on southern hill sides, The horses of the Ui were living on the range, and, notwithstanding that were used in hunting, were in excellent condition. One which we had occasion to kill for food had on it about two inches of fat, being in as good order as any buffalo we had killed in November, on the eastern plains. Over this valley country—about one hundred and fifty miles acrose—the Indians informed us that snow falls only a fow inches in depth; auch as we saw it at the time. This is the winter condition of these little valleys, very comfortable for man and beast, even in state, and to become more comfortable wader the hand of cul: Beale and Heap. abeolainy’cnetentiage' perfect Ia leap, is absolutely enchan: . byrinth of valleys, with thelt cool water and sweet grass; some wide, some narrow; some bounded by perpendicu- lar walls of rock, like streets in a city; others by softly rounded hills; some studded with small circular moun- tains, called by the hunters “‘rouad moustams’!—fertile on the sides, level and rich on the top, diversified with wood and , and refreshed with clear streams, and Ddeautified with deep, Umpid miniature la! These scriptions are charming, and I can only give a speeimen of each:— ‘The trail led over low hills and down a succession of beautiful slopes, sunning mostly in « southern direc- It was shut lar walls of rock, sialng. above the level of tl on cach side dicu- from fifty to seventy-five feet ne valley, whose surface was | flat and carpettod with Mender grass. A stream of clear water meandered through its centre, and the ip was #0 slight that the stream overflowingin many places moistened the whole surface. As we led this beau- tifal and singular valley, we occasionally passed others of » similar character. It ends in Sahwatch valley, which we entered about one hour before sunset.” «he valleys down which we travelled, and which opencd iuto each other with the regularity of streets, grew gradual- We finally entered one sheep) creek, which joins the in San Luis valley, and at noon above a gate, or gap, through which the stream passes, and whence it derives its name. Half mile below this gap there is another, and a quarter of a mile further a third. The passage through em is level, while the trail around them is steep and Stony. In the afternoon we went through the first gap, made a circuit around the second, as it was much obstructed with trees and bushes, and, leaving the third on our left, rode over some low hills, and five milea from camp, crossed the Garita. We 'were once more m San Luis valley, and all_ before us was a perfect level, as far as the sight could reach.’ “Our way for a mile or two lod over a barren plain, thickly covered with grice wood, but.we soon struck the base of the moontain, where firm rich mountain grass swept our saddle-girths aa we can- tered over it. Ye crossed & considerable mountain, co- vered with timber and grass, and near the summit of which was quite a cluster of small, but very clear, and apparently deep, lakes. ‘They were not more than an watered by Carnero Garita (Gate creek), encamped a short dista: acre or two in size, and rome not even that, but sur- | rounded by luxuriant grass, and perched away upon the mountain, with fine timber quite near them. ‘It was the most beautiful scenery in the world. hunter’s paradise; for deer and elk bounded off from ua at we approached, and then stood within rifle shot ookii us to the Indian camp; and I wish I here could describe the beauty of the charming valley in which they camped It was small, probably not more than five miles wide by fifteen long, but surrounded on all sides by the boldest. mountains, covered to their summits with alternate nie of timber and grasa, gi it the appearance of having been regularly laid off in small farms. Through the centre a fine bold stream, three feet deep forty wide, watered the meadow land, and gave the last touch which the valley required to make it-the most beautiful I had ever seem.’? ‘‘ Hundreds of bee age and goats were feeding on the meadows and hill- side ; dren standing in front of them to look at the approach- ing stranger, strongly reminded me of old be riarchal times, when flocks and herds made the wealth and hap- i ae a palace. lodge of the chief—an old and infirm man—who welcomed me kindly, and told me his young men told him that I had given of my small atore to them, and to ‘sit in peace.’ In about fifteen minutes &@ squaw brought in two large wooden platters, contain- ing some very fat deer meat and some boiled corn, to which I did’ ample justice; and when about to leave, found’a large bag of dried meat and a pock of corm put up for me to take to my people.” “This morning I ex- plored the mountain Jying to the south of our camp, forming a picteresque portion of our front view. Aftor ascending the mountaim and reeching the summit, I fonnd it a vast plateau of rolling prairie land, covered with the most beautiful grass, and heavily timbered. At some places the growth of timber would be #0 dense as to render riding through it impossible, without great difficulty; while at others it would break into beantiful ‘open glades. leaving spots of an hundred acres, or more open vrairie, with groups of trees, looking precisely aa if some wealth; planter had amused himself by planting them expresily to beantify bis grounds. Sprin; dant, and small streams intersected the whole plateau. In fact it was an immense natural park, already stocked with deer and elk, and only requiring » fence to make it anestate for a king. Directly opposite, to the south, another mountain, in every respect similar; and a val ley, more beautiful to me than either, lies between them.’ Enough for a sample; and if anything more is wanted to establish the character of thia mountain region for fertility of eoil and attraction for man; it is found in its character of hunting, and of warground. Fremont says he found it the most veriously and numerously stocked with game, and the most dangerous war ground, which he had seen in all the extent of the Rocky mountains— both indexes to afertile country. Western men will un- derstand this, and remember low Kentucky ‘was called the “Bloody Ground,” because Indians came there to hunt the numerous game, feeding on the rich grass, product of her rich soil; and to fight for its possession. ty this test, and it is one that never fails, our mountain State will be one of eminent fertillty. We, Americans, ave in the habit of referring to Europe for a point of comparison for everything we wish to praise in our country, aithoug) oar own may be far su- perior {therefore, 1 co verland, although: it i¢ cispawoyrod in the comparison. Its valleys are more numerous aud beautiful—its moun- tains less rugged, and more fertile—its service more in- hubitable—its climate more mild, and equally salu. brious—more accessible by roade; the mule anywhere sure of ita feet, the carriage of its wheel, and the hunter at liberty to pursue his game without fear of slipping into a boottomless iey chosm, betrayed by a treacherous covering of snow. And upon this view of their relative aslvantages, Iam ready to adopt the opinion of Fremont, avi to go beyond it, and to celebrate this mountain State peing as much superior to Switzerland in adaptation ‘0 settlement as it would beim extent; and, to crown ite recommendations, just half way to the Pacific, and on the straight line. ¢ valley of the Upper Colorado would furnish the ter- ritory for the fourth Siate—150 miles wide from the weat- ern base of the Rocky Mountains to the eastern base of the ‘Wahsatch and Anterria ranges—and 400 or 400 in length upand down the river. The faee of the country is high and rolling, with alterations of wood-land and prairie; and ‘open to roads and settlement in any direction. The soil like much of that of the Rio Det Norte, and in southern California is peculiar and deceptious—looking thin and sandy to the eye, but having an element of fortility in it which water imprognates, and enables to send forth vigorous vegetation, .\l! it wauts, and that only in places, is irrigation; avd for this purpose, and for all purposes, there is water enough; for this valley is pro- bably the best watered region in the world, and {s ob! were abun- to béso from the configuration and structure of the | country. The valley is formed by the lofty rangos of the Rocky and Wab fuountains; which, wide apart at his lower end, converge as they go north, and unite above Intitnde 42—giving to the long ani broad valley the enclose the form of the Greek letter delta (4,) or of our V inverted. The summits of these mountains are covered with eternal snows—their sides with annual winter snows; and these latter beginning to melt carly in the spring, and | continuing till mid summer, fills the earth with moist- ure, and gives rise to myriads of springs, crecks, and small rivers, which collect into the two forks of the Colorado, called by the hunters Green ani Grand rivers; and, in their junction, constitute the great river itself; for the country below, being sterile and arid, con- tributes but little to swell the volume of the great river which traverses it. ' The climate in this valley ix mild— the month of January being like autumn to us. We owe thisknowledge to the last winter expedition of Fremout, who says: “The immediate valley of t for about 100 miles in breadth, and from the 7th to the 21st of Janua: weather resem! auguan with us.’ This would be the fourth State—equal in extent toany, inferior in soil, | superior in wood and water, softer in elimate better in due alternations of woodland and prairie; and being part of the Utan Territcry, it is now under the dominion of law and government, and open to immediate settlo- ment; which in fact is vow ola on. The fifth State would consist of the remainder of the Utah Territory, beginning at the eastern base of the Wahsatch and ‘Anterria ranges, and extending 300 miles to the California line—upon whatever breadth might be desired. It would include (towards its eastern border.) the Little Salt Lake, which is 260 miles south of the Great Salt Lake, and which designates a country a6 much #uperior to that of the Great Salt Lake as itsolf is inferior to that large and marvellous body of salt water. It would be a magnificent State; its eastern limit, there the rim of the Great Basin, would embrace the broad ex. nseot the Wabsatch and Anterria ranges, or rather locks, as they are cut up into short sections—probably the richest mountain regton in the world, whore has Crowded and accurculated into an hundred miles square, fusion of her most yalua- an into a vast magazine, a ble gifts to man. & rocksalt, coal, atone: grass, wood, timber, eration of mountain and due a | valley—the former ent into blocks, white on the top with ‘snow, dark on the sides with forests, and their bo- toms filled with ores; the valleys green with grass, fresh with cool water, opening into cach other by narrow level | dofites; the climate ao soft that animals live out Si the winter, and Febrnary (#0 frosty and frozen with us,) the month there for starting the plough. I aay starting the plough, for the , ainee several years, hi i av, the beau 'y of this region, and have come u it. We owe to Fremont’s last winter expadi- tion the revelation to public view of this magniticent re- gion, more valuable than all the gold mines of California | and Auntralia pat t . He bad seen these ranges | in his proviend eapedlican, and given them a page ia hia — and a place in his map; but it wsa not until hia item ion that he penetrated their recesses and saw their hidden treasures. Hs waa fonrteca days in tiem —from tho 24th of January to the 7th of Pebeunry—aal aw Paus apenks of what be y de- | solid than t too numerous for quotation, | It formed quite a | back in astonishment. A few hours’ ride brought , and the Indian k 8, With the women and chil- | e th s mountain State to Swit. | he Upper Colorado, | , was entirely bare of mow, and the | ‘are what are fertile water, wood and , and t and facilities for . Those mo of materials—timber, iron, of ins ai ble use the nADC® of road, solid wild wy are the future iperity of the ra) State. Salt TS abe on the eas ; moun- tains—as the Sierra de 8al—being named from it. In the ranges lying behind the Mormon settlements, among the mountains through which the line are accumu- Matets great: h of iron and and extensive for- esta of heavy timber. These forests are the largest I am acquainted with in the Rocky mount 5 in some places, twenty miles in depth of continuous it; the neral wth lofty and large, frequently over three ed, wae vane} sha gies predominstig reat ihe ae and it the ac- tual southren ize, of the Macndat eattbagense consi: of the two enclosed towns of Parowan an: Cedar city, near to which our line psssed,a coal mine has been opened for about eighty yards, and iron works already established. Tron here occurs im extraordinary masses, in some parts accumulated into mountains, which comb out in crests of solid iron, thirty feet thick aud « hundred yards jong.”” Fremont brought home specimens of this coal and iron, of which Professor Baird, of the Smithsonian In- stitcte, has made the analysis, and which I give in his own words :—‘* Magnetic oxide of irom: Pareon. Seems | a very pure ore of iron, and suitable for manufacturing | purposes, May be estimated to contain about 70 or 7 | per centum of metallic iron, somewhat similar to the | ore in the great beds of northe.n New York, but more } usual there. Probably very well adopted excellent quality—semi bituminoas—somewhat in ap- | pearance like the transition coal of the Susquehannah mines in Pennsylvania.’? I must ask the pardon of some of my auditors for supposing that they may not be better acquainted with the language of geology than I was myself, when I supposed that this “combing out of the solid iron into creste’’ was mere descriptive lansuage, suggested by the tasto of the writer. I found it was not so, but the technical language which the geological science | re. quired to be ui conveyed an exact meaning—that of » mineral showing itself above the surface, and crowning the top of the hill or mountain, as a crest does the helmet, and the comb the head of the cock. In this view of its meaning the lai here used by Fremont, and which seems to have been the sug- gestion of an excited imagination, becomes the subdned expression of selence and technicality. And what a pic- ture he presents. Here are, in fact, the elements of a great State—enough of themselves to build up a rick and populous State; but, appurtenant to it, and interlaced with it, or Lordering upon it, is a greatextent of valley | country-sthat of the Little Salt Lake, of the Santa Clara | Meadows, of the Nicolets river, and its tributaries; anda |. multitude of other coves and valloys, all stretching } along the western base of the Wahsatch, and within the rim of the Great Basin; that basin at rkable here | for beauty and fertility aw in most other parts for storil- ity and deformity. The Mormon settlements of Para- goona, Paroan and Cedar City are along the edge of this rich mountain region; and ‘the well trod Mormon road from the Great Salt Lake to Southern California, re- lieved with bridges and marked with milestones, pass by these towns, all announcing to the traveller that in the depths of the unknown wilderness he had en- countered the comforts of civilization. Messrs. Beal and Heap passed these settlements at mid- summer; and speak in terins of enchantment, not only of the beauty of tho country, but of the improvements Pretty towns, built to a pattern, each a square, the sides formed by lines of adobe houses, all | facing inwards, with flower and kitchen gardens in front, and a large common field in the rear, crowded with growing gin—and all watered, beth flelds and gardens, and the front and rear of every house, with clear cool streams, brought down from the mountain sides, and from under a seeming canopy of snow. Grist | and sav mills at work; forges smelting the iron ore; col. Uers digging the coal; blacksmiths hammer the red hot iron into farming implements, or shoes for the horaes— assisted by dexterous Indian boys; cattle roaming in rich pastures; people quarrying, and tho cattle licki the rock salt.’ Emigrants obtain supplies here—beef an flour at moderate prices—and it was here that Fremont <was refitted after his seventy days of living upon his mules which died from exhaustion. The number and beauty of these vallies and fertile mountains seen by Beale and Heap in exuberance, the ripe rich dress of | midsummer, excite their wonder, aud call forth echanting ‘descriptions. Broad valleys connected by narrow cnes—a continued succession of these valleys, going from one to another, not by climbi ridges, but through level openi , howers an water inecach. The mountains cut blocks, some with fertile fiat tops, rich in vegetation—some with peeks, white with snow—and all dark with forests on heir tides. It is impossible to read their descriptions without being reminded of central Persia, and of that of Shiraz, celebrated as incomparable by tho tn, but matched and surpassed in the recesses of the ahsatch and the Anterria; and the climato delicious in summer, and soft in winter. From the 24th of Janu- ary to the th of February, that Fremont explored this | Tegicn, he found in the valleys either no snow at all, or a thin covering only; and in tho first week of Fobra- the Mormons ‘told him they had | and cultivation. usually com- Sasoea ploughing and preparing the ground for the spring seeds. And yet would be but a corner of a State, which may spread West and North some hand- réd_ miles to the California line, and into the Great Pasin—chieBy characterized as desert, but which | han ite oaset—vegas, ax tho Spaniards’ call thom— meadows refreshed’ with water, green with | grass, and arable land — and with an elevation of ‘country, narrow valleys between snowy mountains—which gives assurance of the artesian wells which can extend the srea of fertility and multiply the points of settlement. fo that this fifth Stato may be as extensive, as populous and asrich as any public faterost + could require. Mr. President and gentlemen, I commenced this dis- course with undertaking to establish two propositions First, That the country between Missouri and California, in the latitude in which we now stand, is well adapted to settlement and cultivation, and capable of forming five great States; Secondly, That it is well adapted to the construction of a railway. I believe I have mado good the first of these propositions, and that we may Tow assume that the line of great States which now ex- fend nearly half-way across this Contivent, and through the centre of this Union—Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Iincis and Missourl—may be continued and matched by an equal number of States, equally great, between issouri and . Iconsider that propesition es- tablished, and say no more about it. The establishment of the second proposition results from the establishment of the first one, as all that has been shown in favor of the country for sottlement and cultivation, is equally in favor of it for the road. But I have some direct and positive testimony on this head, which the importance of the subject, and the value of the testimony itself, re- uires to be produced. T speak of the last expodition of Gol. Fremont—bis winter expedition of 1863-"s4—an4 of the suecess Which attended it, and of the value of the information which it afforded. He chose the dead of winter for his exploration, that he might sce the worst— see the real diflicultica, and determine whether they could be vanquished. He believed in the practicability of the road, and that hia miscarriage in 1848-40 was the fault of his guide, not of the country; and he was detor- mined to solve those questions by the test of actual ex- periment. With these views he set out, taking the winter for his time, the west for his course, a straight lino his object, the mouth of the Kansas for his point of departure, St: Louis and San Francisco the points to be connected. ‘The parallels of 38 and 39 covered his course, and be: tween these he continued to move west until hé reached the Little Salt Lake, withia three bundred miles of the California line. After that, upon # slight deflection to the south, between the parallels 87 acd 38, until he entered California, Thia may be called, 4 straight line; and so fuldls a primary condition of every hand of road, and especially of a rai road, where aspeed of a hundred miles an hour may be oasily attained, and as safely run, as the third of that velocity in a road of crooks and curvatures. Snow was the next consideration, and of that he found none on any part of the route toimpede any kind of travelling. On the Kansas, the Upper Arkansas, and the Huerfano, he feund none at all; in the Sand Hill ee of the = a Blanca, nono; in the valleys of San , Luis and the Sahwateh, nene; in the Coochatope Pasa, fowr inches, and none {fhe had croseed the day before: | and that was the 1ith of December, corresponding with | the time, and almost in view of the place, where ne had | been buried in the snows five years before, Thi | the question of snow in the passes of the mountai | ghowed that his miscarriage had been the mistake of | the guide, and not the faul. of the coun After that after crossing the Rocky Mountrins—the climate ngos. A great amelioration takes place, which know before, and then fully experienced. The | remainder of the route, as has been shown in :he view of the country, may be said to have been foand free from snow—an hundred miles at a time in ove place without finding any; and when found at all, both thin and transient. And ‘that this was the common winter state of the paes, and not an occasional exception, has been shown by Mr. Antoine Leroux and others, and cor. responded with his own theory of snow in the passes, Mr. Leroux, in his published letter to me, said-—'There | ts not much snow in this pass, (the Coochatope,) and people go through it all the winter. And when there is much snow on the mountains on the Abiquin ronte, (which is the old Spanish trail from Santa 1% to Call: ia.) the people of Taos go round this way, and that trail in the forks of Grand and 2 8. Beale and Heap, in their jour- j nal, s Coochatope Pass is travelled at all seasons, and some of our men had repeatedly gone through it in the middle of winter, without meeting any serious obstruction from snows.’ And this was the theory of Fremont, that the passes in theso mountains were nearly free from snow, ani compara- tively warm ; while in the open plains, or on the moun- tain summits, deep snows would prevail, and a killing cold, which no animal life could stand. “This frees the Rocky mountatus from that objection. The next range of mountains, (for allthe valleys have been shown to be free,) is the Anterria and Walisateh; and there again the passes are free. Fremont says of them: “tn passing through this bed of mountains about ourteen days had been occupied, from January 21 to February 7; (he deepest snows we Ire encountered be | ing about up to the saddle skirts, or four fect; this os- | curring only in occasional drifts in the passes on north- | ern exposures, and in the amall mountain gate hemmed | in by woods and hills. In the valley it sometimes & fow inches deep, and ns often none at all. On our arrt val ot the Mormon settlements, February 8, wo found it a few inches deep, aut were there informed that tho win- ter had been un ity longeontinued and sevore, the thermometer on a5 low as Revonteon degrees | below zero and more snow haviog fallen than in alte of Previous winters together singe the establishm the colony. At this season t farmera had sliy | ae with theit ploughs, preparing the lau ‘The Sierra Nevada was the last ing a of mouataina, | and there not a particle of anow was found in the pass which he traversed, while the mountain iteolf waa ileeply covered, And this disposes of tho «bjoction of enow,.on this route, go formidablo in the view of those who have nothing but au imag‘uary view of it Senoothness of surtace, or freedom from aurupt imo- qualitiea in the ground, ia the weat comsiders!.oa, sad boce tho Sreait7 oxcosdod tao onpectation, aad oven ia fertile valleys tn- to the manufacture of stecl. The coal appears to be of | sumiits covered with pass iteelf, of which they and beau say of it: “Lofty eternal to the softly rounded with Tich meadows between; through which numerous rills trickled to joim their waters to the Coochatope But why maltiply words to indace conviction when facts are a ptain Gunnison—the reat by out guides. But more than that: the buffaloes travelled it always—those best of 1 wi instinct never commits mistakes, and which in their migrations for jure, shelter, and salt, never fail to tind the lowest in the mountains, the shallowest fords in the rivers, the richest grass, the best salt | licks, the most permanent water; and always take the shortes: and best routes between all these points of attraction. Thexe instinctive ex, rs traversed this pass, and gave it their name—Coochatope | in the Utah language, Puerto del Cibolos in the Spanish —vhich being rendered into English signifies the Gate of the Buffaloes. And their bones and horns, strewing the ground, attest their former numerous presence in this locality, before the firearms of modern iavention had come to their destruction at such a erowded point | ofrendesvous, This is enough to show that the Kooky Mountains may be passed without crossing a hill—that | loaded wagons may cross it at all seasons of the year. This applies to the Coochatope pass, but there are many others, and all good, and it is curious to detect the Latin language in ‘many of their names, put upon them in the Spanish he ‘tions of bok ready 5 bike we see porta im ‘a gate;) cqns recurring, as Puerto del Cibutors Phertoddel Mosca, in which latter, besides the porta we detect the Latin musca, (fy,) Anglice, the Fly Piss, from the unusual namber of those insects wi! the Indians found in it; Puerto del Medio, (medium,) the Middle Gate, &e., &c. In a word, thereis no difficulty about passes; the only bother is to shoose out of so many, all so |, both in themsclyes andin their approaches. This is enough for the passes: with respect to the whole mount region, and the facility of going through it, and uw ferent lines, we have aleo the evidence of facts which dispense with speculation and assertion. That region was three times traversed, and on different routes, by Messrs. | Beale and Heapinthe summer of 1853. It happened | thus: when they had reached the east fork of the Great | Colarodo of the West, and were crossing it, they lost, bi accideut of an overturned canoe, their supply of muni- | tions, both for the gun and the mouth, were foreed to send back to the nearest settlement for a farther sup- ply. That nearest settlement was Taos, in New Mexico, cistant three hundred and miles; and that dis- tance to be made upon mules, finding their own food, which had already travelled, on the same con- dition, one thousand miles from the frontier of Missouri ; and these mules, (thus already travelled long and hard, without other food than the grass afforded,) now made the doublo distance at the rate of forty miles a day—suill finding their own food ; and, on the return, bringing packs on their backs. ‘This performance must stand for a proof that the whole mountain region between the Upper Colorado andthe valley of the Upper Del Norte is well adapted to travel- ling, and that in a state of nature, and also well sup- plled with nutritious grass ; and this clears us of the , Rocky Mountains, from which to the Little Salt Lake it is all an open, practicable way—not limited to a track, | but traversable on any line. Loaded wagons travel it in astate of naturo. Tho valley of the Colorado is either level or rolling ; the Wahsatch and Anterria ranges are perfo- rated by incessant valleys; and trom the Little Salt lake to the Great Sierra Nevada, as explored by Fre- mont last winter, the way is nearly level—a succession of valleys between the mountains—and terminated by a superb pass, debouching into the valley of San Joaquin. pe a - at, referring to provious Indian information, says of it:— ‘When the point was reached I found the Indian ii formation fully verified: the mountain suddenly ter: vated, and broke down into lower grounds, barely above the level of the country, and taking numerous open. ings into the valley of the Sam Joaquin. I entered into the first which offered, (taking no time to were entirely out of provisions, and livin, which led us by an open and ost level railes long toan upland, not steep enough to”be eallel a hill, over into the valley of a small affluent to Kern river; the hollow and the valley making where a wagon would not find any obstri miles. And this completes all that is necessary to bs shown In favor of the s1 of the way—its equality of suriace throughout the whole line—although it attains & great elevation, and Jands you in California, in tho rich and unsettled valley of San Joaquin, proximate to the southern end of the gold mines. Not a tunnel to be made, a mountain to be climbed, ja hill to be crossed, ® swamp to be seen, or desert, or moveable rand to be | encountered, in the whole distance; and all this equality of aurface baremetrically determined by Fremont as well as visibly seen by his eye; so that this line for a | road, the longest and straighteat in the world, is also | over the smoothest and most equal surface. For, al- thongh a great elevation is attained, it is om a long line, and gradually and imperceptibly—the mere rise of an inclined plane. Rivers to be passed are obstructions to roads, to be overcome by large applications of skill and means; and here again the central route is most favorable. The entire line is only crossed in its course by the streams in the valley of the Upper Colorado, and of incon- siderable width, with solid banks and stone for bridges, On this side of the Rocky Mountains the course of the river is 1 to that of the road—the Kansas, the and the Huerfano be « allin its line, Beyond the valley of the Colorado, no river at all, only small | streams. In this description of the country, I have relied chiefly | on Fremont, whose exploration, directed by no suthori- ty, connected with no company, swayed by no interest— wholly guided by himself, and bee | directed to the pub- | lic good, would be entitled to credit upon his own re. | port, unsupported by subsidiary evidence; but he has not left the credit of his report to his word alone. He | has done, besides, what no other explorer has done. | He bas made the country report itself. Besides determi- | ning elevations, barometrically, and fixing positions as- trouomically, and measuring objects with a practiced | eye—bosides all that, he has applied the daguerreotype art to the face of the wild countey, and made it speak for itself, Three hundred of these views illustrate the path of his-exploration, and compels every object to | stand forth, and show itself as it is, or was; mountain— | gap—plain—rock—forest—grass—snow, (where there is any,) andnaked ground where there is not—all exhibit themselves as they are. For Daguerre has no power to toncenl what is visible, or to exhibit what is non-exist- | ent. He uses no pencil to substitute fiction for fact, or | ney for memory. He is a machine that works toa | paiterm, and that pattern the object before him ; | anc in this way bas Fremont re-produced the country | from the Mississippi to the Pacific, and made it become the reflex of its own features, viewable to every be- hoNer; and that nothing may be wanting to complete the information ons subject of such magnitude, he has now gone back to give the finishing look at the west end of the line, which thirty thousand miles of wil- derness explorations in the last twelve years, (all at his own suggestion, and the last half at his own cost,) ithorize him to believe is the true, and good, route for ¢ road which is to unite the Atlaatic and the iio, and to give a new channel to the commerce of Ania. All the other requisites for tle construction and main- tenance of a road, and to give it employment when done, haa been shown in the view of the country. Wood, water, stone, coal, iron; rich soil to build up set- tlements and cities, to’ give local business ant travel all along its course, a4 well ak at the great termina ting points—and to protect it without government” troops. Add to this picturesque scenery, and an en- tire region of unsurpassed salubrity. The whole route for the road between the States of Missouri and Cali- fernia is good—not only gool, but supremely excol- lent; and it ia helped out at each end by water lines of transportation, now actually existing, and by railways, projected, or in progress, At the Missouri ond there is arailway in construction to the line of the State, and steamboat navigation to the mouth of the Kansas, and up that river some hundred miles; at the California end there is the like navigation, up the bay of San Francisco and the San Joaquin river, ond a railway projected. And thus, this central route would be ror age out at ‘once by some three hundred miles at each ead, connect- ing it with the great business ulations of California and Missouri—at which Iatter point it would be in con. trai communication with the great business population of the Unton, Aad now I hold it to be in order of human events—in the regular progression of human affairs—that the road will be built, and that soon; not by public, but private meana—by s company of solid men, asking nothing of Congress but the right of way through the pablic lands; and buying tho way if not granted, Such an enter: prise would be worthy of enlightened capitalists, who now how to combine ‘private with public good; and who would feel udable de wire to connect their names with ® monumental enterprise, “moro useful than the pursuits of political ambition, more glorious than the conquest of nations, mors du:able than the pyramids; and which being finish ed, is to change the face of the commercial world—and all to the advantage of our America, : ‘The road will be made, and soon, and by individual cotorprise. The age is progressive, andutilitarian, [1 abounds with talent, seeking employment, and with capital, of eking investment. temptation ix irre: inti blo—to reach and to connect Ku. Calife cope aad Avia thecegh oar Coumtey is | receiveda Hae; Hoda nth i : F the Tyres and Sidons, the Alexan. drias, once the seat of commerce ad the ruins of whieh stillattest their former magnificence, and excite the wonder of the oriental traveller. The Soule Interdict—Letter from Mr. Soule to M. Drouyn De L’Huys. The following curious version of the facts of the Soulé interdiction case has been addressed to Mr. Charles Riberolles by M. Hypolyte Magen, an active member of the London Central Democratic Committee, and a per- sonal friend of Mr. Soulé. It ‘appears in the journal L’ Homme, under date of the 13th of November :— The Moniteur has just uttered another falsehood, with an impudence that. is about to receive a signal chastisement from American diplomacy. To conceal his poltroonery from France, Louis Bonaparte has on- tirely perverted facts. I now proceed to rectify them, and this rectification will not leave to the DecemBrist | falsifiers the possibility of a contradiction. On disembarking from Calais on the 24th of October, a commissary of police apprised “Mr. Soulé that he had received orders which positively interdicted to him a paesage through France.”” Mr. Sonlé insisted upon the exhibition of his instructions; but the commissary re- plied that he must demand by telegraph authority to show them from the Sans-Prefet of Boulogne. 7 “How many hours will you require for that?” de- manded the ambassador. ‘An hour,’ replied the commissary. “And during that hour,’’ added Mr. Soulé, “shall I be free?” “Y¥es,”’ replied the police officer, “free to remain in Calais, but not to proceed a step beyond it.” When the hour had expired the commit re-appear- ed, and held textually to Mr. Soulé the lowing lan- | eY\The Sans-Profet of Boulogne confirms the instrus- tions that I have signified to you, but he refuses to authorize me to sive you scopy of them. Nevertheless, if you desire it, I make another attempt to geta copy for you b; Co | fresh instructions.” hen only did Mr. cary inst an insult which touched his public character, and “that he had no orders to receive from a government destitute of all | moral sense and iple.?” And before uitting from whence he was thus brutally expe he wrote to his Mr. Mason, all the details of this interview. Mr, Mason lost no time in cespatching to Landon Mr. Piatt, his Bocretary of Lega an presence . Buchanan, details dafresh confrmation. Mr. Mason dwelt minute) upon all of them, in the note which he forwarded to Drouyn de L’Huys; the Minister of Bonaparte did not dispute for a moment their perfect exactness. You know how crafty perjury became humble before the menacing attitude of the American diplomata, the cen- sure of Clarendof; and the alsrming pressure of public opinion. The result was a retractation. Disdaining the distinction which Bonaparte had sought to establish between the ambassador and a private gon- tleman, and’ not that the sycophant Emperor should reserve to ‘this means of explaining away or excusing a a retreat, Mr. Soule did not hesi- tate to follow man of ber on the personal groaned to which he was invited. He wrote thus to Mr. on:— “This case will not admit of any equivocation. Of an outrage which attacks my public character, M. Bona- parte endeavors to make thus tardily and craftily a per- sonal affront, my lents, he has told you, ‘ oe @ nature to provoke the attention af the imperial govern- ment. Well, Iwill oppose my antecedents to those of my bosulter. “As you know, I exiled myeelt voluntatily in 1825, to escape persecutions brought upon me yy. the ardent struggle in which I had engaged against the deplorable policy inaugurated by the accession of Charles X. to the throne of France, and which in 1830 led to the breaking by the le of the crown of that monarch. stone ist Frese! Iberty in erpibiegentrk of my ion; w! was devoting mysel us pur- tuivon<tilants to which 1 have been able fo become vst Iam—M. Louis Bonaparte, twice a rebel and once a mur- derer, peere as a criminal before the grand tribunal of the nation over which he at present reigns as an inso- an despot, and was condemned to an ignominious pun- ment. “Whilst a Senator elected by the free and unsolicited suffrages of the State of Louisiana, I mounted the Lec ad the Capitol, M. Louis Bonaparte was bathing in ti d of a people massacred by the sbirros whom he had just urolled to make thean the mousters of his ap- petites and eng peer et “ After nailing to the pillory and lashing thus sey the pitifal hero of Strasbourg, Boulogue and the ited sian , Mr. Soulé briefly referring to the insult at Calais, transmitted by Drouyn de_L'Huys, exclaimed with crushing disdain:— “You can understand that an outrage offered me by | the valet of such # master has uot and cannot possibly wound me.’ . ‘Treating, then, the question in a dfplomatie point of view, Mr. Soulé invokes the authority of M. whose book serves as ¢ sort of guide to diplomats, an triumphantly destroys the miserable quibbles of his overwheli adversary. He begged of Mr. Mason to address 9 copy. of this ener- getic letter to M. Drouyn de L’Huys, and he did not tra- verse the imperial territories until the communication had taken place. M. Drouyn de I’Huys read it, and the cowardly minis- ter burst out into an explosion i he manifested, it is said, a desire to demand satisfaction by a hostile meeting, but when Mr. Soulé, ready to respond to his wishes, arrived proudly in Paris, M. Drouyn pradently held his tonguo lke his master. I had promised to postpone the publication of the official document, the second page of which I have quoted to you; but I have freed myself from this promise in order to.render homage to the truth which the Mont- tour offenda with such revolting shamelessaess. Court of General Sessions. Before Hon. Recorder Tillou. Dre. 18.—Obtaining Money Under False Pretences.— Dominick Griffin was put upon his trial for obtaining money by an ingenious deception. About the middle of October last, be sold two packages, weighing six and a half pounds, and purporting to be tea, to Denis Cronin, of No. 25 Mulberry street, for $175. Sometime after, when an examination was mado of the packages, it was clscovered that beneath half an inch of tea they contain. ed nothing but sand. Verdict of guilty. Sentenced to two years in the St Rrbon. Rowdyiem.—Thomas Brainy waa indicted for stabbii Robert Lee, on the night of the 17th of September Inst, iv Twenty-fourth street, near Second avenue. Lee was stabbed in the back of the neck, bat it was not clearly established that the blow came from the hand of the defendant. According to the evidence ofa ice officer, attracted to the spot by tho noise, the affair seemed to been a ral row between Know Em Ah ion ha Trish, in which the latter, including the friends, were pretty well whipped. prosect abandoned the case. M oe Voting.—Patrick Carrah, an Irishman, was in- dicted for voting illegally at the election of the 7th of November, not being a naturalized citisen of the United States. In this case the jury did not agree. Sentenced.—Elisha Burke, colored, convicted of assault and battery—ten months im the Penitentiary. John Dogherty, convicted of grand larcony—three years and six months in the State .. Samuel Bryant, guilty of petit larceny—six months in the Penitentiary. ¢ Court thea adjourned. The Tart. LOUISIANA RACES. Mearie Couree—Second Day—Wednesday, Deo. 5, 1954 —Jockey Club purse, $400—three mile heats. £ 4 Well’s gc. Horapipe, brother to Rigadeon— Ye Ores sae egees A. Lecomte & Co.'s ch. f. T dam Miss Riddle—3 y. o,, Jobn Turnbull's ch. f. Namaokse, by * sal Shannon He vosatndk S, M. Read's wht. h. White Ragie, ¥: dam Sally Miller—5 "Pye po Time, a one ew» ATK ~6.00. CALIFORNIA RACES. Pioneer Course—Thursday, Nov. 16, 1854—Pncing match mile beats, best three in five.“ E eprom ats, ive. ‘Jonson’? to go aa sere G. N. Fergason entered Fred. Johnson 1 J. L. Eoff entered Lady Mac in harness. 2 Time, 2:96—2 33—2 4. ‘The day was fine, and there was a large crowd preaeat. and a considerable amount of m el aa bands. ‘The first heat ta the tine et mae ® pacer of trotter in and ia seldom in the Atlantic States, Fred. Jobagon won cach heat witkoase. THE HARD TIMES. eee * pR: laborers out of employment as there is at present. It is estimated that there aro about twenty thousand persons of all occupations idle in thise alone, andfrom present appearances the probabiiléy” that, in two or thiee weeks, ten thousand more. added to the number. The effects of the present sion in business were anticipated for some months be- fore they were actually realised, and nearly a year ago we warned the community of their approach. The fire. who suffered were the workers in plate and other arti- cles ofluxury; while those who are employed in manufacture of shoes and articles of necessity, have se far experienced but little inconvenience from sure. Even those, however, must be affected by it, as ao their customers are to be r unemployed. When we speak of articles of meces- sity, we do not include the tailors among gaged in their manufacture, and who, even in the mes t Prosperous times, occupy, perhaps, the lowest among the trades, so far as compensation is In proportion to their numbers, there are, perhape more of them at present in want of work thanefang other occupation. But while the tradesmen and me- chanics have been reduced, for the time being, te actual poverty, those who had no regular means of support, and who were partially dependent upon individu be nevolence, are now in a state of the most extreme des- titution. Within the past week the number of appli- cants for relief to the almshouse, in the Park, has beem increased at least one-third, while such is the distress ‘among the poor im the Seventeenth ward, that a soup kitchen has already been established for them. only two apartments, one of which is used as a store- room, and the other as the kitchen, in which the soup is also distributed. Om the front of this unpretending structure is the following significant inscription, im tet- ters large enough for the eyes of poverty to see them @ mile off :— 0° 090909000090000090090 : ‘THE SEVENTARNTH WARD RELIEF ASSOCIATION. ~ 9990000000009000000000009000% This institution wns originated among the butchers of Washington and Fulton markets, who supply the mest— and excellent meat it is—while the vegetables are con- tributed by the green grocers. Of the soup we have oulg to say that, if it is all of the same quality as we saw yesterday, itis more substantial and nourishing than the best maccaroni or turtle we ever tasted. As yet, we were told, no rulos have been adopted in regard to its distribution; but in the course of a few days it will be found necessary to have some regulations, when each applicant must be provided with a ticket. We have said that the tailors have suffered more se- verely than any other trade by the present depression, over five thousand of them, or one-half the whole num- ber, being in want of work; while of the needle women —those employed in shirt making, &c.—two thousand are idle. The wholesale clothing trade is almost entire- ly suspended, and even the retail business is said to be ina state of collapse. People are brushing up aad patching old clothes that were intended for the ragman, #0 that if the poor tailors have been compelled to throw by the needle, it has only been to increase the labors of the thrifty housewife. of the the cabinet makers, and others engaged in up- holstery, chair making, and kindred occupations, about fifteen hundred are out of work. We were teld by a manufacturer that there will be a large addition after Christmas, by which time most of the orders of countey dealers and others will be supplied. It is expected, however, that the business will revive in the spring. Building operations have been toa great extent aus- pended throughout the city, and, as a consequence, a large numfBer of carpenters, mason§, laborers, and all who are in any way connected with building, have been thrown upon their own resources and the beneve- lence of the public, Of the six thousand masons in this city, about two thousand cannot obtain empley- ment. It must be remembered, however, that the winter is the most unfavorable season for their trade, ond that there is generally about this period from five undred toa thousand idle. Taking this into considera- ion, therefore, we may fairly estimate the number ef sufferers by the present depression at one thousand. In the manufacture of iron, the hard times have alee exercised a depressing influence, as exhibited in the number of machinists, smiths, &c., who are out of work. The Novelty Works, which we noticed among others ia Sunday’s Henaup as having discharged’s great number of its workmen, we are happy to find, has employed at this time between seven and eight hundred men. The proprietors are constantly discharging and taking in men as their work varies; but the* quantity of work on hand at present compels them to keep this large force employed, We are sorry the same cannot be said ef other establishments which have discharged in the ag- gregate about fifteen hundred of their employés, Among the printers, those employed at book or job work especially, the hard times has fallen with great severity. In the majority of the job offices, one half and in some two-thirds of their hands have been discharged, while the hours of labor of those who are retained have been reduced. The total number now in the city looking for work is estimated at five hundred, but it musthe understood that a large number who failed to procure employment have left New York in search of it else- where. The stereotypers are also suffering in the same proper- tion as the job printers, but as they are not so nume- rous, the number out of employment is of course not se large. These donot, it is said, exceed one hundred and fifty. Of the one thousand bookbinders in New York, about two hundred and fifty have been discharged during the past fortnight. The large religious book concerns have been compelled to reduce their force, but it is expected that they will be onabled in the course of » couple of months, at the farthest, to re-engage them. The girls employed in the folding and stitching departments have also suffered in an equal degree, over two hundred of them having been discharged. We have alluded to « few of the occupations in which females are employed, but they are so numerous that it would be impossible in this article to speak of them ia detail. Woe do not over-estimate the number who have been thrown out of employment, however, wheu we fix it at eight thousand. Among these we include seam- stresses of all kinds, as well as the females ¢mployed at ifferent occupations. Over s hundred and fifty gists who were engaged in working sewing machines havealse been discharged, and “help to swell the aggregate we have given above. Although the number of workiag hatters have been diminished about one-third, the re- duction does not appear to have affected the rate of wages, which still remains the same. One hundred and fifty are, we have been told, out of employment. ‘We have said that the shoemakers havo suffered lens than any of the others, but it must not be supposed that they have been entirely exempt. About four hundrea ef them are idle at presont, but as aloes and boots are in- dispensable at all times, they cannot be very sori rusiy affected by the depression. We may as well mention ta this connection, {that the manufacturers at Lyan have received large orders from England for shoes fer tp use of the army in the Crimea, so that the consequent reduction which this must produce in the supply for the home market will have a good effect upon the trade te this city. We are unable to refer to all the trades in particular, but the following tabio will give a pretty accurate Meg of the number of persons in each who are out of empleg! ment:— - ‘Tailors and tail Cabinetmakers, ot il eusuazvsnctatia. loreshes. . , upholsterers, de. House carpente: ‘Sh carga ire Rode et Plasterers. Plumbers. Umbrella Hatters. Here we have « total of over fifteen thousand mon and women belonging to the principal traiies in the city of New York ont of employment, and that, too, at a time when coal is seven dollars a ton, flour twelve dollar « barrel, ant otbor provisions at a proportionately high rato, with ttle proapects of @ decrease in the preset enormous rents, This, however, dods aot includs the