The New York Herald Newspaper, November 19, 1854, Page 6

AFFAIRS IN EUROPE. @orsection of the Compass tn Iron Ships, From the London Athen#um,, i ex FEPEEIIEES be disj chtly dil d to rent from that which . Booresby’s beautifal experiments. Ia eatimation ef the ‘actual extent and rapidity of produced by tiese modifications, I may differ in some measure from Dr. Scoresby; recommend @ practi Still I am happy to find that upon the cena! points of the theory we are in complete 1. It way perhaps be advantageous to give a few of history of this subject. The law that te greater part of the disturbance of the comp: produced by an iron ship, depends and not =o ite indus PB 288, upon its polar Magnetism, (in the ordi- sense of the word induced,) was established b: @ paper printed in the ‘Philosophical Trans- actions” for 1839. The experiments themeelves had been made in 1838. In page 212 I observe--“ The mest remarkable resul’, in a scientific view, from the experiments detailed above, it the great inten- aity ot the won of wi manent magn:tism of the malleavle the ship is vomposed. It appears, however, that almost every plate ot rolled iron is imtenselv magnetic. ” (It is to be noted that I used the term permanent magnetism as equivalent to po I then aliade to experimeats on the magnetism of plates of wrought iron; and these experiments were the last with wich I had any ac quaiptarce uutil I saw some of Dr. Scoreaby’s beau: Tax magnctism.) fifa: itustrations of the os In page 213 I remark, plates. of magnetism of iron “It seems snfficiently probsble that the indepecdent (polar) maguetiam cf ‘the ship will chan; with time. Chis consideration enforces strongly the necessity of periodical exami- pation as suggestad above.” was printed by me This reference ll thas to the in change of the polar magnetism of ships and their occasional examination; bu’ it is not the enly instance in which I enceavored to bring them before the notice of the proper authorities. In 1839, July 20, I submitted 2 memorial to the Board of ad: miralty on the advantage of a supervision, by the ernment, of the correction of the compass in iron | ips; im which occur the foliowinz remarks: — bs re is ne reason for pregnming that the mag- netic state of the ship (especially in the case of steamships) will remain invariable for many yeaa; and there is reas for supposing thas it will vary.” — Experiments of various kinds and io variwus Jocalities should be made on the same ship, for ax eertaining whether there is sensible -hange in dif ferent parte of the earth.” And with regard to the | :— The important results lately arrived at by Mr. Scoresby, and nha gons commercially engaged oknowa to the per- | the fabrication of ba tee! show that attention to those points on which the permarency of the magnetism depends, cannot be ex oted from common tradesm2n.”” The Admirait, (1 believe in accordance wita precedent and with the rules of the department) declingd to | undertake the supervision for commercial ships; and, as po other ir.n shivs then existed, this deci- , sion amounted practically to a refusal to eater on the matter. Had the. subject beea then taken by the government, it might perhaps have been ‘vanced several years. Ject information, and I took notes of the position iu which one ship was built; but the occupation of a laborious office compelled me to desist. i may men- tion, that in almost every instance reported to me, im which the correction failed after a time, I had reason to think that the failure arose from change, Id 4 d royself endeavor to col- not in the ship but in the correcting magnets; and this consideration, combined with the feeliag of want of leisure, prevented the extension of my in- quiries. 2. 1am deepl: of Tr strusk with the beauty and the im Scoresby’s experiments ; and if I ig to notice the circumstance that the polar magnetism of iron plates and tie possibility of change in the mague ism, were first edon by myself, 1 trast it will not be understood ‘Phat I mean to say that those experiments are unes sential to our present knowledge of the subje t Bti'l, as the firs: who examived into ani speculated upon this subject, I cleim the right of criticisi.. jcongly insist- ‘the pame which Ds. Scoresby has proposed ; and expree= my opinion that ‘' retentive” (‘ retained | wold be better in grammatical sense) does not ex: actly repzesent the cheracteristics of the magnetism | of wrought iron _p lates. The latter appears to me to differ very little from the me; etism of hard ste! bars. A stecl bar is magustised by induction (as ie ac iron plate)—a steel bar may have its magsetism weakened or reversed: if immersed in the sea water, it would probably lose its magnetism sooner iron shiy would. But as in practice the magnetism | of an iron ship is sligatly more liable to change than that of a steel magnet very carefully preserved, it may be desirable that a name expressive of that idea ap should be given to it. I would propose to call it, the “ sub-permanent polar magnetism of wrought 3. I think it likely that the striking character of Dr. Scorsby’s experiments produces an impression of the extent of their applicability to iron ships far carefal cousideration. °& peak poetically of foe shocks which abl fe may 8) oetically of the a which @ rom the waves; but in reality the plates a iron of which a ship is comp7e*d sustain no such | shocks. The direct effzct of th most violen’ se. upon them is this—that,in the course ot two or taree seconds of time, the plate is pli gix feet deeper in the water, and s responding hydrostatic pressure. This is ferent indeed from the ray five o- the oe or slaps in Dr. Scoresby’ experiments, in which it is eesentiat that the blov ‘be of the nature of impact, occupying a very smai fraction of a second of time. Prooabiy the strain 0’ extension to which the plates are subj-cted may &@ greater effect; on this, however, experi | ments ae wanting. But even here the change in Ai i i E i 5 F é x be those exhibited in Dr. Booresb, 7 is equally evident i gare 2 exceedingly slow. On one that a consideration of Dr. will disabuse man: been well acquainted with and sal state of extension is not sudden, but gradual. w nature | Toe ge (as regards horizonts Geviation of the com_ass) as in the voyage to the ba lp he I think the ‘election of the loss of the Ta-leur aa the text for the principal discnasion on iron sips, with 91] ite attendant horrors (having no applica tion watever to the matter under discussion) was ne 3 ! sf fi 3 a Z | i feelings are ex ited, th perverted Tae question at issas et one:—Bs it hkely that in tw. of a would be unhesitatingly auswer:—Tt is ; ng = reek per kaov subject, possib e. that | conceive the causes 5 could be so changad distarbed through a+ an out nate to prodace t there is no change; aad I do not be- be produced of a rapid Oone-teath part of this information on these mat firm in Liverpo>l have in several buadred ‘-on to my methed of cor- which it may bs liable The first is. that car Magnet exerts greater 90 iatroduces a force per 3 and this force, when wever, which immsdiately i circumstances) is best to | I asvort, in the firs p!zec, and I | al) the tokens which might serye 93 provfa of their a | } i Hy rors, in the event of a change in the shi, Manent magnetism, as the uy mechanical correction. 3. It is liable to errors pe culiar to itself, which would be entirely avoided by the use of mechanical correction. In ration of the last remark, | will refer to the tab‘e in page 104 of the late Captain Johnson’s book oa the “ Devi- ations ot the hgen mi » @ work in many respects highly ohnoson second edition, valuable. tain J deviatic essels the world, ard I se.ect the last (the Trident) be cause its deviations were the bal gro Tne devi ations in the Toames d from 22 deg. 15 min. E. to 21 deg. 12 min. W. deviations of the same compass a° Malte ranged from 15 deg. 29 mia. E. to 14 deg. 21 min. W. Now the proportion of the ter- restral horizontal magnetic forces in the Thames and at Malta is as 52 to 75 very nearly. Therefure, if the ship’s sub permanent magnetism remaiaed un- altered, the tangents of the angles of deviation in the Thames and at Malta id have been in the provortion of 756 to 52. On computing the Malta deviations from those in the Thames by this propor- tion, we obtain 15 deg. 50 min. and 15 deg.3 min.; Y | agreeing with those observed more nea ly than ob- servations can be made witha ship's compass. ‘Lhe whole of the deviations recorded by Captain John- son for the Bloodrourd, the Jackal and the Trident, at Lisbon, Constantinople, the Piuwus, and Malta, can be computed in the same way from.thse ia Eogiand, aud tre resul's are equally aecordant. (The terrest:ial hovizontal force's on the same sca’e of proportion sre: Lisbon 60, Constantinovie 77, Pirwus 76.) It follows from tais that the ship’s sub- permanent maguetiem in each case was unaliered, and its effest would have been exse!ly compensated at every ap by @ permanent magaet. And thas toe cap ain of the Lrident, using Captain Johnsoa’s table, would have had errors of nearly seven de grees; whereas, if he had aved my correcting mag- uets, he would have had no p-rceptible error in tae le voyage. I pointed out this result to Captain 1 know not with what effect. (4.) In cases it Cannot be used at all: thus, in the Greeniand seaa the compasses would sometimes turn round with the ship; whereas there are in the Greenland fg odnassy iron ships with mn correct at | part of the distur! ing Lome, ae fecting their purpose (Lam informed ) su cessfully. (5.) In cases not so extreme, the in convenience is intolerable; thus, in one instance which came under my own eyes, the compass changed 100 degrees with a very small motion of the suip; and the directive intensity in one position was only one,tenth of what it was in another posi- lion; these inconveniences are entirely remedied by my correcting magnets. On considering the whole matter, Iam led to give the following as my opinion:—For voyages of moderate duration, as, for instance, no fartherthan | to the [Mediterranean orto the northern parts of North America, [ do not think that details, to which 1 have alluced. The “ endon” pesition of the some attention ought to be given to the ship’s sub permasent magnetism in the direction perpendicu- rtothedevk. For voyages of greater duration, «sto the Plata, the Caps of Good Hope, &c., I think it desirable that means should be provided for enabling the captain to makes the small changes. ich nay be required in the correcting magnets. Lam confident that I can point out a course by which this can be effected; | | | ets ought to be forbidden, and | what ava'l, indeed, crime. They are known, too, by the principal Aretie voyagers, te be for toe mos: | Fart & bermless race, ovens smeee to pilfericy | and petty crime, bat with !tstle inclination or earrgy | for ceeds of blood. On the other hand, their consti tutional timidity might bave bees overcome #0e" th:y found the white men enfeebled an? emaciated by cisease and starvation Immediate'y 4000 creeps iv at all, we can fix no limite to conjecture. It is extremely improbable, certaynly, that a band o! | fe ioe sail rs thirty five strong, wi fered themselves to be Mordered whue thee wes a fi ar among them which could pul! a trigger. Butbow do we know they were 35 in number, or tha’ tley bad ammunition? They might have been cat offip detail; the Esquimaux migit have surprised and intercepted one traveliing party after an toe. It cannot but remain a violent i@probability t: at a Pi ty eo strong as they are represented to have been should have euffkred the savages to depart from their hands without secaring or compeliiug the ver- vices of a sufficient number of guides. If the Equi. maux could live through tie starving time, it is strange indeed that the white men should not have been able to a: complish the same feat. In all this, however, it is far ewier to suggest dcubte than to hint at certainties. Wedo not see our way through the ‘ransaction; but, wita all our horror of fu Arctic research, we cannot but thivk that it would be unworthy of the character of this country if some steps were mot taken to arrive at mere satiafa conclusions with regard to the fate of poor Franklin and bis fiends, T ere is not the slightest oceasion for the farther employ- ment of great ships. A travelling party of safficient strength can readily enough descend Back’s River to its junction with the eea. Very possibly the experience of Arctic voyagera may point out an easier ad more direct patn. We bave not the slightest inclination nor the necessary knowledge for dogwatizing on points of detail; but we leave it to the judgment of the public whether some steps ought not so be adopted tor solving one of the mst painful problema of our time, now trat the solution would sppear to be all bat wituin easy reach, No mam fitter for the duty cou'd be found then Dr. Rae himself, who has avent a large por. tion of his life in the exploration of te tahospitsble and fatal coast cf North Amerida. DR. RAE’S NARRATIVE. [From the London Times, Nov. The public attention ia so strongly fixed on tie Crimes at the present moment that we can s:arcely hope for a patient hearing upon any sive the oa all overpowering subject. We venture to ask, how ever, fora few mouents’ attention on a matter which but two years ago attracted the sympathies and roured the energies of the vivilized world. The despotic ruler with whom we are vow at waraud the free and popular governmert of tie United States upited for once in a common cause, and seconded, 2. 2.) | to the best of their ability, the efforts wade by the English nation for the reliet of their distressed countrymen in the Aactic regions. Expedition after expedition was sent out, bat al) ia vain. At length, by mere accident, the infor. mation which bad been 80 anxiously sought was stombied upon by a northern traveller. Ii is melancholy enough; still the minds of all persons connected with gallant men who have met with 80 untimely and disastrous a fate have been quieted, at least ss to the necessity of fresh exertions for the benefit of those who have long since been ob- any imprve- | li-erated fi i tal if li We ment can be mide in the existing system, exoept ia | pe aieh ed nay araay berapes tos d fain touch as light! as may be upon the most terrible portion of a r. Rae’s narrative. Of is any remark in such @ case, beyond @ brief and heartfelt expression of sympa- thy and sorrew? The point for consideration is, how can the government or the le of this cous- try direct their efforts in the most advantageous way in order to throw some light upon the manner in which Frenklin and his devoted followers came by their deaths? Any further great expedition is out practical of the question. The Arctic ive is already studded, andlam sa as it were, with great ships which have been de- tisfied that, whith the sanction of one liberal ship: | spatched in search of our lost friends, and it is owner, the aid-of one ivtelligent captain, and the command of one ship for a few days, I can arrange | everything with g: Bone of complete success. It might, I think, be erous supervision should be ezercised by the Board of Trade over the eorrection of the com; 8 iniron shiys; and at no preceding time could reliance be more implicitly Firat on the f. iendly intentions und judicious aid of trat Board than at present. It might also be advantageous that the Marine Board of Liverpool should, as a body, interest themeelves | is the matter. Whatever course may seem best, I shall be happy to give any assistance in my power. 6. The remarks above are iutended by me to ay ply only to iron:puilt ships, in which tae sensible nce of the compass is produced «lmost entire'y by the ship’s sub-permanent mag: netism. In wood built sbips, in which the indu ed magnetism is the principal tier gs chlgy tae rules of correction are necessarily different. Ou these, at present, [have only to make the 5.4 general remark whics I have made above—tbat I disapprove of the use of a table of errors, and that prefer the use of me-:hanical corrections, the na tore of which, 83 applicable to the neutralization o imcuced magnetism, is perfectly und »rsto2d. G. B. Arry. Reyal Observatory, Green wich, Oct. 17. ‘The Aretic Exploring Expeditions. PATE OF SIR JOHN FRANI AND CAPTAIN COLLD [ 3 [From the London Times, Oct. 26.) The Arctic intejligence thickens upon us at a mo meut when the public anxiety is keenly directed to another qua:ter. But for tis, the news brough: by Dr. Rae would have received a degree of attention More commensurate with its importance. If it was vorth while to send ont so many expeditions at #0 terrible a risk to human life, and at 80 great an out- Jay of money, when we we e entircly in the dark as « the fate of Franklin and his unfortunate compe- wivn8, certainly the impulse, whether it be one of homanity, curiosity, or jastive, should not be di- « inished now that we have before us something like « vidence of the fate of the missing voyagers. Woe ieturn to the sul for two reasons—firet, bec .use we have something to teil of the position of Cap‘ain Collinson and the company of Boterprize; and, secondly, beeaus> we would give some expression © the surm'sesand suspicions which are agitating + public mind as to apanions. On the whoe, it appear as susugh there were noreasonable cause for aprehen- sion as to the fate of the Enterprize or her crew. We have positive news from them, under Oaptain Collinson’s signature, up to the 27th of August, 1852. It would be idle in remarks of this kind, in- tended as suggestions to the general reaier, to enter into the intricacies of Arctic navigation. The sum of the information with regard to the Eaterprize is vst conveyed in the simple phrase, that until the date named Captain Coliiason had unconscioi followed in the track of Captain McClare, strait separates the two le bioeks ot land to which Arctic navigators have the names of Baring Ieland Prince A')-rt strait is called the Prince of W les’ Strait. In the year 1850, Captain M’Clare, who had shaped a course to the northeast from Cape Parry, assed up this strait to the northward as far as Princess yal Ielands, where he passed the winter of 1850-51. In July of the latter year he was re- leased, and proceeded up the strait till he was atop- ped by an impenetrable of ice, and was there- by prevented from making his way iato P. Sound, and toa with which our Arctic na‘ ton are now tolerably familiar. As is now well wn, he returned on his track, cir-umnavigated the island, and passed the winter of 1851-52 in Mer- cy Bay, which ‘s separated trom Sir Edward Parry’s fuithest point by not many miles of ice or water. We return to Captain Coliinaon. The Enterpziz: reached the east end of Prince of Wales’ strait on the 30th of Au, 1851, and fonnd the ive 89 close ly packed off the mouth of it that she was obliged to retarp. Now, just about the same year the In- vestigator was at the same spot, and the tivo ships toust all but have croseed other. Sach are the difficulties of Arctic research, so mere a matter of chance does it appear whether or no two ships which may be cruisiug within a few miles of each cher, abail ever come into contact. The Enterprize wintered ip 1861-52 at the east side of the entrance of Prince of Wales’ Strait. It is satisfactory to see mention made in the reco:d deposited by Captain Collinson of the satis factory condition of his crew. [hroughoat tae win- ter the weather had been mild, Little or no sick- ness had occurred, and his men were ina fit condi- had been little or no sickness, and heres and ptarmigan hed been obtain- ed, if not pet goa abundance, at least ia some quan- wy. In April travelling were to be sent out. fe have, ‘ever, later intelligence in 1852 from island, le Aerie the same direc: latest date is August 27. We thiok, then, not only from intelligence, but also from the Bel jing a his compautd ney thet | ite ap a cher an 00! ions, re cuiertaloed et. the. fate” fate ot and hw crew. The way him by Cape Parry and Ca Bathurst through Behring’s Straits, or, should forward parties iuto Py Sound, oN provisions are placed for pote to ich every Arcti: navigator would have recourse. The exploits of Lieutenants Cresswell, Meecham, pariapr tee oa Geagrn4 factory presum Tegion ean be travelled over without much risk. Bat when we jonsolatory fs the story told by the Esquimanx a true one? | Like all ravages, they are liars, aad certaialy woa'd | not scruple at the utterance of an: fi which might, ia their opinion, shield them from the vengeance cf the white mao. There is a strong | which they presui m, certainty, that hed tae Esquimeux with whom Dr. Rae came into costac beea con- cerned in the death of Franklin's party, wou'd have been studions to conceal from his fate of Franklin and his | | they | course im sig t will matter of notoriety that but little benefit has been derived from all the energy avd endnrance of their captains and crews, and from all the expense vantageous that some gen- | which has been lavished upon them. Under these circumstances it has been determined—wisely, as we think—to prosecute the search upon a humbler scale, but doubtlees in a manner far better acoeled to attain the object in view. The Hadson’s Bay Company, as we understand it, are to direct an expedition composed of the most practised and highly traired men in their employment to the Hy indicated by the Esquimaux to Dr. Ree as the last scene of that terrible Arctic tragedy in which ‘Frankiio and his frien:e perished. Look- ing to what was accomplished by Sir George Back in his deacent of that great river to which his name has been given, and to the exploits of Sir Jobn Richardson and Dr. Rae in the same iegion, ot Dease, Simpson, and others, we can entertain no reasonable dount that t.e party despatened upon this service will be able to carry is through with effect. Despite of all that has been writteo, and all whe explanations that have been offered upon thy subject, it must ever remain marvellous that ‘ae efforts which were pointed in tsis very direct on from the very moment when uneasiness as to pour Franklin and his friends was first fel¥, so signall, feiled of effect. It was ssid at tue time tuat ir Franklin met with a disaster between Caye Walk-r and Bebring’s Suaits, he would eudavor to make for bie old ground on the northern coast. He did 80; relief was most energetica'ly directed toward: the very spot in which he appears t) Dave . + ishe 1, apd it wes ss though not:.iag bad been dons. Dr. Rae has been somewhat unjustiy dealt with in respect of the melancholy discovery he has made. We printed the other day a letter from a relative of one of the unfortunate persons who were aasociated with Frenklin in his enterprise. It would be cr..i to criticize harsbly the opinions of a gentleman w >> writes under the influence of such deep and distre. ing feelings; but we cannot but hope that a litte consideration will stow him that he‘has been hast in his strictures upon the acts aod motives of agen |» man we has been long known to the world by his intrepidi ty and eagacity in northern travel. Dr.Rxe states that his chief motive in hurrying to England with the intelligence he had gleaned was that he might at once put a stop to any misdirected effu:". in aby save the right direction. Deeply as we fe: for Franhlin and bis friends, why involve othe. < in their lamentable fate? Now, tosis Big) — a brief narative, which will show ough Sir Edward Belcher has withdravn—procently, as some 88} Pg eyo! as others maintain—the crews of the ish searching ships from the ice, an American hen gehy is at this moment engaged in a perilous and utterly fruitlees chase up Smit::’» Sound. The course adopted by Dr. Ree may leaa, at leset, to the recall of that expedition, and pre vent the despatch of others upon the same idle er rand in any save the true De. » the direction. eur; ‘the brig Advance, of the Grinnell tor ing diticn, writes an account of the Broowedings of the ship from the head of Baffin’s Bay. Discoveries they have not made, but they have pot themselves into winter quarters, with the resolution of ca>ry:ug cut the objects of their mission by means of alti qiog parties unti! the opening of the season in thee rin; mite of further advance. Dr. Hayes’s let‘er interesting a3 a description of the Greenlan® coast, and doubtless Arctic travellers will b divided in opinion as to the new plan fo: abandoning the sledges at the furthost point of progress which the energy of cur transatlartic hiends has induced them to try. Upon such matters we express no opinion; but ap if it be poss" xle to warn tte brig Advance that all further exer on in the direction of Smith’s Sound must be { .it- lesa, that is already no slight result of the coiree adopted by Dr. Rae. We may add, in conclusion, as ® wore of advice to those who have cast censure up.n Dr. Ree for his publicaticn of information iv an im; erfct form, that no man can cal-alate the ad. vantages which mey arise from publicity. Frieads, allies, sy Layee start up in every corner of the habitable globe, and no man can say what may not result from exertions made in quarters where exer- tion was least expected. We ly avoid acy: thing like dis ussion of the igence obtained fiom the Eaquimaux ; ire in such a case is merely idle. The story may or may not be true, but it would be cruel indeed to harrow up the fecliogs ot fiiends and relatives by prematare speculatior upon the truth or fals of 80 distressing a tale. English Defence of the Saint Arnaud Letter. ’ [From the London Chronicle, Nov. 27.) In ore of Theodore Hook’s well-known novels, a worthy pére de famille, who has caotanged the fo rensis itn the ical robe, frankly confesses the embarrasament which oppressed him on his first appearance in the pul One reflection, however, fone itself ee ek was no- body on the other '—90 he took courage, and successfully surmounted the diffieulties of his new career. same conviction Bead to avimate thoee indefatigable assailants British policy at home and abroad, whose daily criticisms afford so much amusement to the more sensible portion of the community. It is true, in a certain sense, that there is no on the other side. Our commanders ae it resent too oe serious work upon ee \s ave leisure for pay AD; at attention to calumuies which, toe ne ey Teach the » r 3 , they, consistently with the claime of professional duty and propriety bestow on their sldnderers the boner of a refutation. Nor are her Majeaty’s civil advisers more at lil to enter on their own de fence, however fully they may be aware that afew words ore on se oe falsehood, They mug! Chligations of official re- serve, and wait with patience till the time shall ar- tive when, without injury to the public service, . they may frankly and distinctly explain the course have sdepied, and the motives which bave gui-ed them. What phase the charges My them may, before that period, have assumed, of i asibie to eoture. Their enemies ly have found it convenient to forget, bat public will recollect the mon- 'eaty ofarm: | judgment of tne great mass of their swmunition at their disposal, ar «hes sutg! they have been Jed in’o mistakes, the on calculations this mst im; mind, tate ; 5 reg 3 ” of which they may have on)y have been in total <i! intic quality of the unmeaning criticism | ressed by the French Emperor to Madame de | Arnaud. It oe most patural that in suck e com m@ant- | prominently the milit: | Marsbal should be forcibly a: d poiutedly stated. which caste 20 mach additional the de, hero, that sbe severe military s»irit iu full , apd that who might eo well have been excused Council of Warcan have been whol! approved tie bolder course, but whoever they might be. The pbrase, however, ve rise, as might have been expected, to a ion on this side Channel. ly assumed, in uarters, that the Em) of the French, the English Ministry, seized the fi aroma of widow of his distioguished general, and w all regerded past conduct. A more prepcsterous could hardly have been devised; and the repu- eG for pil tecal s<gacty, aa well as ‘he mocere good feeling towards thi» count: y whieb has characterized cient to dt monstrate its utter absurdity. Yet the no tion wis too g od a ove to be abandosed wil it bad attempts have been made to show that the wis» and able sovereign of France had offered a gratu'tous we suppose, by the patriotic writers in question, t at ench a course *as calculated to strengthen the cor countries. Hap, bowever, we are no longer lefe in uncer- girally used; and those English politicians who so eagerly catch at every opportunity of slanderizg without the slightest regard to the reason or truth of their imputations, have received a rebuke alike Y. after adverting to the false interpretation which bad been given of the psssage reterred to, states expli give due prominence to the energy of Marshal St. Amaud, by adverting to the very natural dis- and momentous cecision, manifested itself in tue counsels of the French army aud fleet. We are construction upon the terms which have been so ab- surdly misconstrued. It is not to be supposed that the purpose of yielding a blind deference to the | opinion ot their chief, is bound, in duty to his aera | phrase coptained in the cation every topic which ‘was scarcely porsible to avoid pegs aor h powers had left bis ancient to apprebensions ‘rom which no resist and overcome the “timid counsels” ef others, leal of useless culatic It was -immeciatel, certain ied with the policy oe rope, the displeasure with woich be tation which the Emperor Napoleon has jastiy gain bis administration, oughe # to have been suffi been fully worked out; and accordingly, elaiorwe affront io the Euglish Minisay—it boing imagined, dial union at present subsisting between the twe tainty as to the sense in which the words were ori: their own commonders,and their own government, dignified and pointed. The Moniteur of citly that the s je object of the Emperor was to cordance of opinion which, on the éve of a great thus in a condition to puta very intelligible the members of & council of war assemble simply for country and bis sovereign, to give and to express an ipdependent judgment. In the present case, those who advocated the expediion pened a bold plaa of operations; while those who doubted its expedi- suey may, of course. with perfeet propriety, be said to have preferred tisaid counsels. It is easy to fay now, with our knowledge of tue progress and prospects of the enterprise, that the opinion which ‘ultimately prevaiied was, beyond all question, the right one; but it would be most un- candid not to owledge that there were many considerations which may have fairly and reason- ably bad great weight with the minority. None who knew the French Generals will entertain a mo- ment’s doubt of their zeal or their courage; but it is possible enough that one or more of them may have entertained very strong ideas es to the risk involv- ed in the expedition, and, actuated simply by re- gard to the interests of the allies, a ve aeemed it tod hezardous to be underta at the moment. Pe:haps, for example, it was can- ceived that Prince Menchikoff would attempt to interfere with the disembarkation; and bad he adopted that course, the arguments of t .e dissen- tients might have gained considerable apparent force from the heavy loss which would probabl; bave ensued, although the valor of the allie forces would no doubt have justified the determ:- vaticn of the wajurity. By otber criti s of tve letter of the Emperor Na poleon, it was adjudged, after due consideration, t.a'. the words to which we have alluded could not be held to imply avy ceraure on Lord R+glan, General Canrovert, Admiral Lyons, or Admi al Brust; and the publre, having been conducted thus far by the méthod of exhrustion, were left to divine the real objects of the supposed innuendo. We must repe st our earnest protest ogsinst this most unjustifiabie ard diecreditable course. The time will speedily arrive when both eices of the question can be fully ond fairly dscussed. It will then be known oa whom the imputation of excessive caution, or “timid counsels,” if the phrase be preferred, most properly rests; and we ventare to warn the public against giving credence to conjectures whch will ultimat ot Bhai out to have been comple sly unfvunded. ‘e ask buta brief delay, and we ask it, not ouly as a matter of justice to individuals who, whether at home or abroad, are at present ¢°- barred she privilege of entering on their own viadi cation, but pi ily for the sake of the couat:y and ita interesta. It is not to be supposed that English criticisms fail to reach the Crimea, and we leave our readers to ju: as to the effects whic. will be produeed by those which we have noticed. The French—upless the contradiction inserted in the Mon:teur should prevent their falling into the error—will be impre sed with the belief that Eng: lish timidity has checked the ardor and thwarted the plans of the empire,,to whose service they are attached; and our own offi ers will learn that the most conscientious devotion to their duties cannot save them from aspersious calculated,if not designed, to weaken their authority over those whom they eer a cigs hy ee of Lo credit whict is justly jue—ani upon them a stigma as odious as it is undeserved. © The Military of Persia. [From the Friend of India (Calcutta). Aug. 5.] We have been re} asked tor au avzount cf the military strength of Persia. Ii is a subject on — great misconception exists, and we have, erefore, ld ea & narrative which though p-r- haps too a for the ordinary reader, wili ails tien, and fanisation ofthe ead and or; e, a o artillery and fire arms, was due to the gallant and adventurous Shirleys, who entered the servic» of Bhah Abbas more than two centuries and a naif ago, and gave him valuable aid in his wars with the te. few Euro} it although a pean officers and artificers wére after that to be generally found in the armies or little advan age result- Persian courts, ed until in 1806. Napoleon, whose views were turned towards India, entered into an alliance with the $bsh of Persia, and sent s-veral officers to discipline the Persian troops and organize the material for auarmy. After a time tte Russians obtained an assendancy,end reveral of their officers were employed; but in i628 a number of of from England snd were Sir H. Lyndsay Bethune, Cols. Ferront, and Paremerd Major Todd, Cane irk Armltrong, and several others, have estal @ high opinion in the minds of the Persian regarding the Persisn as at it organized is.com- pored of regular aud Irregular tatty, irogclat penton regular Pit Oh which the alone a on the fall estab- lishment. The reg’ infantry (Serbaz) which coa- sists of ime Sula regiments, is divided into two classes, one forming the active crag force, the o:her a reserve, somew! sim: flar to the Landwerh troops of Germa- ny.’ The active portion of tho infantry consists of joe tig eg oo Cry [ewe el . Each regiment ( Fouy composed (Dustech), viz., 1 ot Grenadiers (Dustch Behadaram), 1 of Light (Dusteh Mekh popes and 8 Line or Battalion Companies (Dus 2) Each com, is of the following strength:— 1 Ca) ” {Sooltan:) 1 Lieutenant, (Nath beeryeg : ote pag Te wun.) en joga. 10 Corpurale, ea bash.) 100 Privates, (Serbaz.) the fan compeniea Tb fer (heipoorehees” com “the staff of the regiment consiats of The steff of the 1 Colonel, (Seryung.) 1 Lieutenant Colonel, ( Yaver owal.) 1 Major, (Yaver duwum.) 2 “Adjatants, (one to each wing.) 1 Surgeon, (. . 1 Accountant and Paymaster, ( Mirza.) The rh regiment is consequent 1,190 of all nw lly: Fight wing is under 120 cares oe the Colonel, and the lef wing Be irisiees, Vist brown or nee ane loos or yel sher boots, and the national lambekin cap; the two latter e mended by 8 Grueral, (trder) A General wChief op UST ry mawhal. Amiri mzem. i i Ef teil t Hf! 3 Hue £ if] i F ti i i | a ; Hi Est bei af i ! i ; f { | Lieut pam-O lone! 220 Cobomel, . Le of fore ge. one bavman of bar The Lom soe year, w yma t, whie® gerersily « vitiege. The pay of the hig wer + acd position. reserve force; tr are Ii ed Jeave. They ar apd exercised for a few days, and to be called on for service derable postion of these embodied, and are now under the orders of Khan uncle. The recruiting ground of these Cietributed over the provinces of In Kerman and Yezd. the sameas the active force, “% inregu 4 copsiste partly of a mi be ar om and jy of contingents, farnished districts; this force amounts to called Toofapchees, aimed locks. They are only called casions, and even then the: their own arms and ratione ard ammunition, and a sort to plunder. The whole of the Persian cavalry ( Sowaree) is irreguiar. Several attempts at o zing regular gp been made, but without success, and ‘With the exception Royal Guard, the cavalry force several tribes, when required. force they are bound to furnish amounts ae ch with the guard gives a grand twtal ,000 cavalry. The fixed contingents of the tribes, to whic! tent they can be called upon if requisite is Jows :-- Hor: Khorasan. 6 Fars, Kerman and Arabistan. Kurdistan... Trak Ajemi. Azerbijan. .. So large a force of cavalry may with reference to tue population; wembered that the infantry wesk, and also that in some especially on the frontiers, horseman. These recelr fu nish toeir own horses, arms and when called out they draw rations and their horses, and look to plunder for all They are commanded by their own khans and ordinate officers; but these are all nomiaated by Stab. A portion of this force, varying in streng’ is permanently kept on foot, a number villages being ned for support. RR PIR cavalry com| g the twocorps Guard, sien amount ther to ten thousand mcunted men, cesignt severally, the Golami- pesh-Khidmut and the Golam-i-Shah. Of these two corps, the first holds the higher rank, asthe body rnard of the Sbah. Formerly this like the « Mp mamelukes of Egypt, was the children of Christian its, in Georgia, Armenia, &c.; but now it is e: composed of Museul- mane of good families. On ap ointment, the Sowar receives 40t>mons for the purchasejof horse and equi,ments; the 30 tomans per annum, with rations an: forage, and cloth for a new uniform at the festival of Naoroz. ‘The whole, generally 5) ed; the arms are a ca: dagger, and a pair of holster pis | sites, when employed on civil ‘or pen duties, ob pine a UTrnptre A terpenes £4 eep up a very stropg and ¢! appesran=s. | The other ‘and subordiaste corps of the Golam-i- | Shah are similarly, but less sumptuourly equipp<1 and mounted, the outfit being 25, and @u- nval pay 20 tomans. | } 3 5 fF eee sul Hit F 8 3 z The artillery is confined to horse artillery «: of foot artillery, is organized i: | English system, and the latter consists of Zamboo- | pr a guns attached to the saddie of the | camel, ving their name from Zamboor, a it, | The horse artillery forms three ta, 7 eight troops or batteries, with 162 officers, ,258 non- commissioned and gunners, and 4,368 There is also a reserved corps with three men, about as many horses; round numbers, field guns. of 4,000 mea, 5, carriage. The gunsare fed detashmentes 8 lorie ane al- lowed for the draft of each 12 9 pounder Tow ene toe; wile | Ae ccaoery, betes b an wagons. a8 82 herses. The ordinance and igh a all constructed on English models, and es; the latter, are of very eerviceable Cre but small arm ammunition is carried on light two wheeled tumbrils of the Russian rm. English — end measures are ext used by the Ty and in the magazines, and a translation of the “pocket gunner,” made by the late Daz Todd, who was for several years in the Persian sor- vice, is the present guide and basis of their The corps of Zum! es Consists of four ane eack of fifty men, with a captain and utensnte. Each man is mounted on a camel, carries hie zumbooruk affixed by meaus of trunnions to swivel on thefront of the wooden ssidie. The icce in form resembles @ short musquetoon, hav- ir ga stock and flint lock with a wrought iron barrel, carrying @ ball of about thirteen ounces, the whole weighing about fifty seven pounds. The total load, including the zumboorchee and a supply of ammuni- Se, amcunts jto Road Le fy and a yy spare ammunition camel is allow: :h every two zumbooruks when on service Great pains Ltt fl ie greed Bo Gorpe as perfect lent a6 possible, { a favorite aim with the Shah, to whose guard it is ony it I the sey ae by the Grand +. There well # areenols, ph that of Tebran, which includes a carriage and small E i ( fH i ff zi i : i i g i & eft ij < a i eit 34 ge £ a if 3 bf FS i : 3 iF fi gt ial i & | Ee &: Fd if £ sere ot . F 3 | 5. fi ; t> & " 4 4 ii FF £ F i j : ej 5 fz si = 3 4 F i aE reeeng poy might he , ow patience, bat let | i glorious, popcer well & Aiur f f i i ‘ f i f E : z ih aeye ie se ar ii i i : i H i Hi i ¥ ¢ i g G i fit 4 the Ht ti | 38 2 z; F $f ‘ 5 i ; & ry selle bad not returned, and thet she would not play i is be ioe German, he could act qlearty exp! sane Loree oe ba moieelie Poinsot, Mi debe a Madea Gor cons Seas ae en or hear dr ence DON rave coven stele raya ited with vise lle the premeditated such a Fridsy : “ Messiears, Bot Cistinguich between t arrivin, Im: the ¢: Scien to set) te ¥ é. i : i ft i é Fe y ae ee 4 8 r : eese Hi FE! BF i g