The New York Herald Newspaper, July 29, 1854, Page 2

OUR NORTHERN NEIGHBORS. (From Biackwood’s Magazine, July, 1654.) It cannot fail to be of pune to British teaders to trace the growth, and to te upon the prosp cts er colonies, the bulk of ZS Dresteatg are of British extraction, and which promise to be the favored its of a large portion of the industry and ent ise of the mo-t valuable classes of our own fellow- countrymen, who are dai y leaving the land of their birth in search of a wider field and a bet- ter reward for their labor. We propose, there- fore, to review the progress which our North Amerioan colonies have made during the past ten or twenty years in population, in commerce, and in agriculture; and, whilst doing so, we believe we chal be evabled to show that, vast and rapid as bas been the growth of the neigh- boring “ United States” in everything which fan conduce to the greatness, the wealth, aud the social happiness and worth of a people, the growth of British America, within the past few years, at all events, has been even more rapid, and elmost wonderful. Within the memory of the compsratively young amonest our readers, the population of British America was chiefi; au alien one, composed of the French * resi- dents” of Lower Cavada, chiefly located in the oity of Quebec, and in the districts bordering upon the Gulf of St. Lawrence, with a spriok- liag of settlers from this country engaged in the Iumber trade of New Brunswick, and the fi-heries of Newfoundland and the Bay of Fundy. Upper Canada was an almost unexplored terri- sory, into which only the adventurous trap penetrated during the bunting season, ret ng at the fall to the lower provinee to dispose his peltries, and to locate himself for the win- ter months bey ond the reach of attack from the ‘d Indians, whore cunning and revenge he h:A to dread in return for his trespasses upon their forests and prairies. 1a Whilst, as late a5 the population of Lower Canada was 2 souls, that of Upper Canada numbered y in 1830, 210,437 souls, of which the bulk were located in Montreal and along the banks | daty of two shillings sterling recan flour imported into C; in the West Indies from more and New York. The value the West Indies in 1830 (during the exclusion the Americana) amounted oS, 198, and im 1046 ‘was $4, e It will very naturally be supposed that and upon whom the imperial Legislature blew hot and cold in a breath, were not likely to progress greatly in material wealth, or in | ulation. To a certain extent the supposition is correct. The growth of Canada was retard- ed; but there were influences at work —there wasa stubborn energy in the character of & portion of that people, and, more than all, there was given them a soil and natural facilities for its conversion into wealth—which, combined together, enabled them to surmount the diffi- culties and stumbling blocks thrown in their way by anti-patriotic and Dangling statesman- ship. We have stated that the population of Upper Canada was, in 1830, 210.437 souls. In 1842 it had reached 486,055 souls, being an in- crease during the twelve years, of upwards of 120 per cent. The population of Lower Cana- da increased trom 511 922, in 1831, to 690.782 in 1844, or a little over 34 per cent in the thir- | teen years. For this striking disparity in the | progresg of the two provinces abundant rea- sons can be adduced. In the first place, | the inhabitants of Lower Canada are not of an enterprising race. If left to them alone the country, would probably have , merged long ago ivto the United States con- | federation. They held fast by the old laws and | balitudes of the worst times of their pareat | country ; and their ambition seemed to be cir- | cum cribed within-the limits of the soil which | had been cultivated for them by the carly set- | tlers, which was being divided and subdivided, as the natural increase of their population re- quired. The French were never a successful colonizing people ; and it is doubtful whether any people can be so who cling to the tenets | of a church, beyond whose immediate ministra- | of the St. Lawrence to the mouth of Lake On- tavio. The agricultural portion of this popula- | tion were chiefly composed of small holders of | partially cleared Jaud on the lower banks of | the Ottawa river—energetic, but humble men, | living in log buts, and cultivating just as much land as would subsist them, aided by the game won by their rifles during the season when their dumbering operations could be pursued. A few insignificant villages, which have since grown into thriving towns, supplied stores, at which | the surplus products of their industry could be exchanged for clothing, and the few artioles of comfort and necessity required by Europeans | embarked in such a life of perhaps unaccus- | tomed toil and occasional privation, and to | which they could re ot from time to time for | Lhose religious consolations which they had beem wont to enjoy in the land which had given them birth: for the bulk of the popula- | Fon of Upper Canada at this period were of English or of Scottish extraction; and it is : gratifying to fiud that provision for religious | tustruction and education has pro; , Btep | by step, with the settlement of this and other | provinces of our North American colonies. | For many years subsequent to this period, | moreover, there was little good feeling exist- | ing between the population of Upper and ; Lower Canada differing, as they did, iureligion | and in race; and, as a natural consequence, the | Population of the former depended for its in- crease rather an accession of new set- | Wers from Great Britain than upon immigra- | tion of the French inhabitants from the lower | province, whose very loyalty to the crown was of a dubious ver, <A strong feel- | ing of irritation. in fact, existed be- | tween the populations of Upper and Lower Canada which was aggravated by the | intermeddling and vacillating policy of succes- sive colonial secretaries, by whom the agitating Patziote (*) of the latter were shielded from the vmisequences of their turbulence and sedition, whilst the loy aliats of the furmer, whose firmness ultimately saved its “brightest jewel” from being reft from the diadem of the British sove- reign. had the cold shuulder of authority turned | tw them at every available opportunity, when sueh studied insult could serve to conciliate | mn both pro- | and flatter the disaffected. Upo vinces imperivl legislation was the means of | inflicting serious discouragement. A constant tampering with the trade of the sora was Car- ticd on, alternately stimulating and it, giving it now one direction and agaia anoth- | er, until little certainty tor the investment of capital could be said to exist. op this subject, Mr. T. C. Keefer, of Mon- treal, in his prize essay upon the Canals of Canada, written in 1851, remarks:— A wise and liberal policy was adopted with re- gard to our expo ts previons to 1822. The products of either bank of the St, Lawrence were indifferently e to the sister colonies, as if of Canadian origin; and those markets received not onl; own, bat a share of American breadstu! rovisions. Erely into a rages Rep to Hie excessive oy almost tory duties were imposed upon im. portetions of this arti-le from the Bultic for the Purpose of fostering Canadian trade and British shipping. The British market was closed by pro- ail against our wheat until 1814, which was ‘then only admitted when the price in Englani rose to about two dollars per busnel—a privilege in @ great measure nugatory: but the West Indies and dower provinces gave sufficient demand so long as a free export of American produce was permitted by this route. . . . In 1322 the Canada trade acts of the imperial Parliament, by imposing a duty American agricultural produce entering the itish American colonies and the West Indies, de- stcoyed one half of the export trade of the St. Jaw. Tenoe; and the simultaneous abundance of the ling- lish harvest forbade our exports thither. It will be naturally inferred from the above, that Canada had not, vp to 1822. been an ex- tensive exporter of agricultural produce of her own growth. Her population, however, were largely engaged in milling pursuits, in the manufacture of pot and pearl ashes, &c.; and the existing railways and canals of the United States not having t been formed, and afford- ed routes for the shipment of the agricultural ‘oduce of their western territory from the At- ntic seaboard, such produce could be forward- ed only by the St. Lawrence, as if of Canadian origin—the people of Canada, and especially the ebipowners, profiting largely by the trade. But to proceed with our essayist:— As arecompense for the damage done by the ‘Trede act of 1822, our flour and wheat in 1825 were admitted into the United Kingdom at a fixed daty of five shiltngs verlag per qnarter. The opening of toe Erie and Champlain canals at this critical juncture gave a permanent dircetion to those Ameri- can exports which had before sought Quebec, and ap amount of injary was inflicted upon the St. Fawrence which would not have been reached tad the British action of 1825 preceded that of 1822. The accidental advantages, resulting from the differences which arose between the United tates and Great Britain, on the score of recipro: eal navigation (which differences led to the interdiction of the United States’ exoorttrade tothe | ‘West Indies, and reduce it from a value of 2,000,000 doliars, in 1826, to leas than 2,000 dollars in 1830,) restored for a time our ancient commerce. The ‘trade of the St. Lawrence was also assiated by the re-admission, free in 1826,(after four years exclu- of American timber and asbes for the British ce af fing Aegean ph daty upon our for the West our and : ‘ i United States products of the were be exported thence as Canadian pro- countries, except the United Kingdom; additional advantage was conferred by the of a differential in Cth nef some fluctaations, cansed Notwithstanding in Engl and a faili Seite ewes Conets, aeaciter que ou 3 and relapse, down to the year 1%: oY Caada R pio oat Age dation Bele tinier in wine of the daty upon American | rial government, which had been | flowing through the St. | the same time, the more ‘pressing | ur timber was not only admitted | India market, and therefore rapid- far surpassed its position | to the policy which exist: | admitted into Canada | tion they are deterred from living, aud dare | not die. Besides, Lower Canada suffered espe- | cially from the changeable policy of the impe- | fast | AW: | playi and loose with the navigation of the St. | rence, and the trade of its chief city, Quebec. In Upper Canada, on the contrary, influences | were in operation, as we have stated, which tended to neutralize the effect of the impedi- ments thrown in the way of its hardy settlers by British legislation. The wave of popu- | lation from Europe and the Atlautic States of the American republic, had begun, long be- fore 1842, to approach the great Lake District bordering upon Upper Canada, and an im- rtant frontier trade had been established. | he communications between the lakes and the | Atlantic and Gu'f seaports were open to the-| Upper Canadian people, whose productions were | thus brought practically and economically nearer to the consnming countries of the Old World than those of Lower Canada. Moreover, the immigration from Great Britain naturally tended towards the up r province, whether | awrence or the Atlan- | tic ports, as to a territory in which settlers | would find communities of a common biood { and country, speaking the same mother nets, | ene imbued with the same associations, religion, | domestic habits. and aspirations with them- | selves, and acknowledging the same allegiance and loyalty to the same sovereign and the | same laws. These circnmstances, connected with their respective positions, combined with |} the superior energy of character and habit in- herent in the race by which Upper Canada was | being peopled, are sufficient to account for | | the more rapid increase of the material wealth and population of that province, during | a Reed when the whole of the North American | colonies seem to have been the subject of ex- | [peter y: if it may not even be called hostile, | legislation by the government of the mother country. To a considerable extent Upper Can- people whose ‘interests were thus trifled with, | were 0 2 8 3.189.862 14 11 4,608,845 12 0 . 6,393,630 16 0 Anotber art (13 an Cap. 67) was passed ib 1660, requiring the muricipal to ae ae property at ite real walue,and certain scriptions of which aly exempted Krom siecormeee, Thave obtained atatementa which. although not strictly of- ficiel, are, I believe tolera' ly corre: t, of the amonunta of the tro valuations (those, namely, for 1861 and 1862) which have alresdy taken under the act, and I find them to be as follows:— Tosal Asscesable Property of Upper Canada in the Years pI.) Pann . 258,262,178 7 0 1862. srceeeeve 87,695,981 4 8 Tp order to arrive at the value, it is believed that twenty per cent at least ought to be added to these amounts. ’ The same report gives us the following sta- tistics as to the increase of the wheat crop of Upper Canada:— , Ta each Bushes, inhabitant In 1841. seceeee 8,221,901 6.60 In 1847 + TBBR. 10.45 Tp 185) 852 13.33 —Nea Jy quadrupling itself in tee years, The wheat crop of Lower Canada has also in- creased: it was— To cach In 1 The minot is one-twelfth more than a bushel. This remarkable increase of ‘the population and productiveness of Upper Canada cannot be accounted for in the ordinary way, as the re- sult of emigration direct to the province; and herein consists 8 featore which is well worth the sericus consideration of the British public. The following are the statistics of the immigra- tion for the last six years into both provinces:— | | | Whence derived. 1848, 1849, 1859, Engiand and Wales 6,034 8,980 9,887 Trelané . 16582 23,126 17,976 Seotland.. 3 086 4,984 2,879 Tower port: 1,842 468 701 European : 436 349 ROME oop pico aeiaea 27,839 38,494 1851. 1852, England and Wales 9,677 9,276 Treland.. ek 2,881 15,983 | Scotland... 7.042 5ATT 2 | Lower porta............ 1,106 1,184 European Continent,... 870 7,266 Total................41.076 39,176 36,085 | The gross amount of this emlgration—215.000 in six years—is certainly large as an addition | to o population of under two millions; but it does not, by any means, represent the accession of numbers which the country has required from this source. It is obvious that a large amount of the population of the upper province must have come by the Atlantic ports of the United States; for we find that the shipping using the rts of Quebec and Montreal, during the past few years, has actually diminished instead of | increasing. The following statement of the number and tonnage of vessels from sea, which entered inwards and outwards at the ports of Quebec and Montreal. in each of the six years preceding 1852, is taken from Lord Elgin’s re- port:— Shins, Tonnage. 1845., 628,389 1846. 623,791 1847. 642,505 1848. 494,24" 1849, 502,51 850. 485,905 185: 573,397 His lordship remarks, in explanation of this falling off :— During the earlier years of this series, while the @anada Corn Act of 1843 was in operation, an im- Loe ny wan given to the trade of Quel and real, by the preference accorded in the markets of Great Britain to produce conveyed by the route of the St. Lawrence. Since that preference has withdrawn, the facilities afforded | We quote again from Lord Eigin’s report :— A atili more striking reeult is obtained, if ‘the to- fal movement of property in goode, wwerchandise on the principal land, St. Lawrence, and ’ years respectively, be compared. Weiland. St. Lawrence. Tons. Tuns. 1848, 184 288, reepect to these conels, which are 80 re- markabl, moting the trade of Canada, we msy ox in that Welland and St. Law- rence complete a continuous inland navigation to Chicego on Lake Michigan, » distance of one thousand. five bunured and eighty-seven miles from tide water at Quebes. Prop-rly construct- ed vessels, conveying 4,000 barrels of flour, or from 350 to 400 tons of freight can pass through them. The sseey an advantage over the United States route, by the Erie canal to New York—the great rival route from the West— inasmuch as the latter is not capable of trans- ting veesels of more than 75 tons burthen. The ambly canal connects Lake Champlain with the river Richelieu, which enters the St. Lawrence at Sorel. This canal has of late had to contend against the competition of a neigh- The enter of her population, however, has the way for a vastly increased prosperity for Canada, and for the western pro- vince especislly. The great spn. rons country of this province, eo far at 1 asit at present cultivated—for it is almost without limit—extends along the banks of the St. Law- rence, Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, to the town of Windsor, ite Detroit, in the State of Michigan, United States,and within a short dis- tance of the confluence of lakes Erie and Huron, with a vast beg of country to the westward, A powerful company—the Great Western Railway Company of Canada—have formed a line from Montreal to Windror, passing through the important towns of Kingston, Hawilton, 3.46 | boring railway. |, and Toronto, with a branch line to Lakes Sim- coe and Huron, and an intended continuation to Quebec, Of this line two hundred and twenty-eight miles are now open, constructed at an expense of about £10,000 per mile, with a single line of raile—the large works, however, being formed for a double line; and the receipts since its o results calculated to promote the prosperity of the colony. It was first open t January last; and in the week ending t) the aged were £3,000. On the 27th they were £2.366; and it must be remarked that winter will always tell considerably upon the traffic of Canadian railways. In March the re- | ceipts reached £5,130 per week, and they have | | | | | give a vast impulse to the rity of | whole of Bri America, will shortly be | nished by the carrying out of the magnificent | scheme Mon- | fluctuated from about this amount to about £4,500 down to May last. The Great Western | Railway must therefore poy, 2 excellent per centage upon the capital invested in its con- struction, were it even dependent upon its lo- cal traffic. forms an importent link in the chain of communication hetween the St. Lawrence, ‘ the New England States of the mreriginr hy ye lic, the great grain producing States of Mic! gan, Ohio, Indiana, Ilinois and Wisconsin, south of the lakes, and the rich mineral districts of Upper Canada in the north. A still more important accession to it, and one which ye e fur- the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. This scheme, which may with complete pro- priety be regarded as @ national one. has its eastern t us on the Atlantic. at Portland, in the State of Maine—to and from which in been | the winter months, when the navigation of the by the govern- | St. Lawrence is closed, a line of powerful steam- ada has been favored by its climate as the re- | ment of the United States for the transportation in | crs has been established frem the port of Liver- cipient of a European ) sree whilst, at | gid climate of Lower | Canada suits admirably the wants of that coun- | | try. Mr. Andrews, the consul of the United | States for Canada and New Brunswick, re- | ports:— Itistiue that in Eastern Canada there are ex: | | tremes cf climate unknown in the Northwestern | States (of Ameriva); but it will be found that the mean temperatare varies but little in the two re- | ; gions. The intense cold of the winter makes a high. way to the operations of the Inmberman over and | Upon every lake and stream, whilst the earth and the germs of vegetation are jealously guarded from | the injurious effecta of severe frost by a thick man- tle of now. Tbe sudden transition from winter to summer, melting the accumulations of ice and snow in every mountain stream, converts them into navigable rivera downward, for bearing in the cheapest and most expeditious manner the fruits of the lumberman’s winter labor to its market on tide- water. The commencement of vegetation is de- layed by the duration of the snow; its maturity is reached about the same period as in the western country, becanse there has a smaller loss of ca- loric during the winter, less retardation from a lin- gering sprivg, and more rapid growth from the con- stant action of a strong and steady summer heat, Whatever Sra ner may be taken to the climate | of Eastern Canada, it must be remembered that it embraces the ater portion of the white pine bearing zone of North America, the invaluable pro- duct of which can only be obtained by those condi- tions of climate (the abandant ice and snow) which have given it such imaginary terrors. here is | scarcely one article, or class of articles, from any one country in the world which affurds more out- ward freight, or employs more sea tonnage, than the | provucts of the forests of British North America. While these conditions of climate and production give necessarily a commercial and manufacturin; character to the Eastern province, the milder cli- mate and more extensive plains of Westera Canada afford a field for agriculture, horticulture, and pas- toral pursuits unsurpassed in some respecta by the most favored sections of the United States. The pevineula of Canada West, almost surrounded by many thousand square miles of unfrozen water. en- joys a climate as mild as that ofnorthern New York. be peach tree, unprotected, matares its fruit south and west of Ontario, whilst tobacco has been suc- cessfully cultivated.for yeara on the peninsula be- tween Iskes Erie and Buren. a the last two years (1851 and 1852) Western Canada has exported upwards of two millions of barrels of flour, and over three millions of bushels of wheat ; and at the pre. | sent moment the surplus stock on hand is greater than tern hg ae period. There is probably no , country where there is so much wheat grown in proportion to the population, and the area under cultivation, as in t part of Canada west of Kingston. We may illustrate the concluding paragraph of the above extract by the following state- ment from the dmerican Statistical Annual : The production, in bushels, of grains in the two provinces, as represented in the census of 1851, and in the United States in that of 1950, gives the quan tities per capita as follows :— i Wheat. Rye Oats. Upper Canada........... 13.3 0.5 17 Lower Canada......... 34 04 10.1 Roth Provinees............. 84 04 10.9 United States ......... a4 0.6 65 Buckwheat. Barley. Maize. | Upper Canada. ... 08 17 Lower Canada. .. 0.9 6.5 05 Both Province: ° 09 0.6 11 United States. covecsctes OM 0.2 25.9 | Another circumstance has given a vast im- pulse to the prosperity of both provinces, In | 1841 a legislative union of Upper and Lower | Canada prepared the way for a more harmo- nious action of their population. In 1847 the imperial government Len gr al control over the Canadian ff; and in their | next session the colonial legislature abolished the differential duties upon imports inland, and | placed the mother country in the same relative | position as foreigners. From 1841 the deve ment of the upper We hawe given the population in 1842 at 486,055 | souls. In 1851 it was 952,004, having incréased nearly 100 percent in the nine years. The , total population of Canada—both provinces— was . 1,156,189 1,942,265 But the increase of the wealth and product- iveness of Upper Canada was even more strik- ing than the increase of its population. We quote from the rt ot Lord Elgia, presented 10 Parliament Feb. 15, 1855 | The first retarn of the aaseasabie property of Up- ber Canada, az taken under the act of 1919, which I bandoned all | Province was most id. bond of Canadian imports and exports territory, and the multivlication of railways connec- ting the southern bank of the St. Lawrence with different points on the coast, have diverted a ion of the trade of that river from the Cansdian sea- rorts to those of the United States. As this ic, | however, a point of considerable importance to the interesta of the lower province especially. it may be well to look into it more closely, with the view of | inquiring whether there be anything in the nature of the route itself, or in the nature of the trade, | which places the route of the St. Lawrence at a dis- advantage in competing with others for the trade of the Great West. It is a well known fact that a large portion of the emisrants from this country, whose in- tended destination is Canada, go by way of the United States porte, not because they offer the cheapest route, but because they afford constant fac'lities. The St. Lawrence is only open for traffic during about seven months out of the twelve; ond the competition which the United States is enabled to carry on successfully with our shipowners, by means of her efficient inter- nol communications, compels a large portion of our tonnage to go out to British America, either cirevitously or in ballast, from British ports. This is most strikingly shown by the following statement, showing the number and tonnage of vessels entered inwards and outwards at the ps of Quebec, in 1852, with cargoes or in bal- last:-- Fwards. Ships. Tons. With cargoes... 560 224,525 Tn ballast... ... 671 280,499 With enrgoes.... 1,228 518,580 In ballast. :.... -None. None. No ship in ballast can afford to carry n- gers, inasmuch as she mpst pay dock and light dues, &c., which would sweep away the bulk of her earnings from such a freight, “A considera- ble number of our timber ships, therefor, make the outward voyage to a United States port, thus diverting tne legitimate trade of Canada, both with respect to goods an@ passengers, through the United States’ territory and routes to the Far West. To show the extent of this di- verson of traffic from its patural course, we quote again from the very valuable report of Lord Eigin:-- The imports or principal articles of British and foreign merchandise entered for consumption in Canada, during the year ending the Sth Jan., 1852, amounted in value to £404,409 Oe. 3d.,on which £606,- | 114 Se. of duty was collected : and the goods in warehouse and in bond on that day were valned at at £233,545 158.. subject to £76,660 26. 34 of duty. The corresponding figures of the year preceding | were as follows.— Of the imports entered for consumption there were imported from Great Britain:-— in 1851 to the value of. . «+ £2,475,643 14 7 In isso“ #4 oe im 16116 2 In 1851 to the value of.. 992 2 190 “ « sececseees 1,955,108 6 4 | The imports from the United States are not composed either exclusively or mainly of pro- duce of that country. A portion of them are | foreign products, such as sugar, tea, &c.; and country where they are purchased, unless they are sent under bond. The want of an ind lent route to the Cana- dian provinces, and necessity for their im- si being made to pay a toll to the United tates, have been a serious hindrance, not only to the growth of this portion of our colonica, but to the prosperity of the British and North American ship owners. Unfortanately our colo- | nists have been behind the citizens of the United States in laying out and perfecting rail- ways and canals, to enable them to overcome | the difficulties which the climate offers to the | navigation of the St. Lawrence. They pos sessed a route for their products throuzh the | United States. They had ided very sa- | Ree accommedation for ie ‘trate via the t, Lawrence the great lakes; bat there were wanting ities by railway and canal for carrying on their frowing trafic, and these have only been in course of being supplied within the past few years. espability of the country, : | of accommodating its tra’ F Hen with the great lakes -— | Importe,......... .. £3,489466 3 4 Duty collected... ... 506,050 8 6) Goods warehoused...... 150,709 18 7 Duties payable thereon. 49,871 18 6 the rule ie to enter them as belonging to the | through ite | | | i | po with which, very shortly, Canada will ve a weekly communication. At the town of Richmond, about half way between Quebec and Montreal, on the east side of the St. Lawrence, ard in Canadian territory, a line is intended—- although not for the present in course of con- struction—to branch off to Quebec, and to run | along the bank of the river to Trois Pistoles. where it will ultimately be joined by other lines through New Brunswick to St. John’s, and to Halifax, in Nova Scotia. Another line, and what may be considered the main line, is being curried westward to Montreal, where it will cross the St Lawrence by a tubular bridge two miles in length, to be constructed after the | design of Robert Stephenson, Esq., C. E., the eminent builder of the world-famed viaduct over the Menai Straits, on the Chester and Holyhead Railway. This gigantic work has already been provisionally contracted for by an eminent English firm—Messrs, Peto, Brassey, Betts & Jackson—who have also undertaken the construction of the line, 345 miles in length, from Montreal to Toronto, where it joins the Great Western scheme, and connects the whole of Upper and Lower Canada with the great lakes and the Western States of the American republic. It is scarcely possible to estimate what must be the effect of the opening out of this magnificent route, by which s and pas- sengers will be transported from the At- | lantic seaboard along a distance of upwards | | en perfect means | grain into the more marketable aball have been of flour. | ccmpleted, may be estimated by the following | conversion returne of the receipts on the canals in conneg- , nufsotured \ wards of 1,400 miles, the greatest portion of it through British territory, to one of the most fertile and productive countries ever brought under the hands of the cultivator. We dare not speculate upon the growth of the pro- vince of Upper Canada when she shall thus have been brought practically within a fortnight’s | distsnce from Europe, and a trip to her noble scenery becomes no longer regarded as requir- ‘ing o greater effort than a journey down the Rhine, or an ordinary run to the Highlands or the metropolis. There are circumstances in the yosition of the province, both social and in- @usir'al, which must exercise a powerful influ- ence in its future development. The tourist, or the casual visiter of Upper Canada has no longer to report the existence there of a state of society of which dangerous adventure and hard struggle are the prevailing features. At every step in his progress he will witness social comfort, order. and the palpable marks of a prosperity rarely to be met with in the ol countries of Europe, or even in Great Britain, favored as has been in her career amongst nations, Thriving towns will he found scattered throughout every por- t on of the province, inhabited by communities es-entialy British in habits and pursuits. Well etecked farms, upon which the log hut bas given place to the substantial brick or stone dwelling, civersify the landscape on every side; and what may appear strange at first to the Euro- pean observer, the occupants in almost every case are privileged to call the soil which they till their own, Amongst the yeomanry of Up- per Canada there are thousands who went ori- vinally into the woods with but little beyond their axe and a few months’ provisions, and are now the comfortable poesessors of ample in- comes, owners of afew hundred acres of the finest land in the world, and of a thousand or a couple of thousand pounds in moncy, wherewith to meet any emergency, or to push forward any enterprize. reel ag Ao are universally renping a rich for their a struggles, end temporary sacrifices of what, in an o| ed as the comforts of life. ia increesing rapidly, as produce. Civilization, tional end religious tn Pally bein, The ‘value ‘of fe brought into district as lly as it rete for the cultivator ; and & most for the industry of its and sex by their own ing feature in the condition of r We Sed cusey anes tap mselves cans! to enable the culttrator to him in the ning show a traffic not only most | remunerative to the shareholders, but promising | shout in | 20th, | It is not so, however, as it | : works. are ree der'es, and other iy : both provinces. The religious atati-tios of the country are ee- peciall evidence of an av vanced state of socie- 'y. Upper Canada bas 1,559 obi 952,- 004 gdherenta, Of these churches | to the: Church of En; , 135 are Ca- 471 Methodists, and 148 Be peti. the remainder telpeging t other tions. There is thus in the provinoe one of wersbip to every 612 inbabitanta, aad it estimated that there is accommodetion for 610 church.s for 890,261 adberente—746 866 being Roman Catholics. There is in the pro- vince one place of wornbip fur every 1,459 in- balitants, Upper Canada, moreover, oan now boost of a nomb+r of Seriribg townie are Progressing in population Oommerce at an unexem pled rate, and must increasingly pro- grees as the result of the completion of the railway fecilities now being provided. The following table gives the value of the imports from all @ few of these towns di a period LN rated years:— — 1848. 1649 1660 1862 ‘ Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars im 1861. pone pid 2,588,869 8,601,982 90,775 J 1 1 aitoaoa Wataieae Larrea ieasiaso “aai8 Sect Fie ie hye sath egg 11,686 The smaller o' Prescott, Brockville, Oakville, end Cobourg show a lar increase; and it must be born in the returns at present furnished do aot giv either the commerce or the population Bh nited States. For example, of the total im- portsinto Toronto in 1861, amounting to 2,601,- 932 dollars, 1,525,620 dollars came from the United States. Vastly, however, as Canada and the whole of British America must be benefited by the enter- prise at present directed towards the improve- ment of the internal communications of the country, important consequences must result therefrom to Great Britrin herself, and espe- cally to ber shi posters We have at present going on from this country, and from Europe upwards of a thousand persons per day to | pie, a soil of the United States and British America, yet of this vast number a mere frac- tion only proceed direct in Britist ships to British American ports. We have shown above that a large portion of our shipping enters those ports in ballast thus enhancing the cost of their homeward cargoes of timber, bread- stuffs, and other produce. By-and-by the ad- vantages afforded by the St. Lawrence route, not only to Canada. but also to the western ter- ritory of the United States will become more extensively appreciated; and the British and colonial shipowner will be enabled to compete successfully ina trade from which the Ameri- caps, Sorin. tbe ten years, have been rofiting extensively, and almost serueariny e diversion of the pemenget carrying trai to British American ports will at the same time exercise an important influence in improvin; the model and ld of our colonial ships. considerable improvement has been effected in this direction within the it few years, and ! especially since immigration has increased so rapidly to the gold districts of Australia. The iiders in the ports of St. John, N. B., and Quebec, have of late been producing ships whose performances at sea have not been sur- passed by thore either of the mother country or of the United States, which pride themselves | upon the qualities of their clipper vessels. Some of the fastest vessels in our Australian merchant fleet are of colonial build ; and this branch of industry promises to become one in which a far greater amount of labor and capi- tal will be employed, than was the case when the colonial builders studied only to secure great carrying capacity at the lowest possible cost of construction. ‘We must, however, withdraw our observation now from Upper Canada, and direct it to what sre com! ly called the Lower Provinces of British America, the recent development of which has been very rapid, and which afford most profitable fields for the exercise of British enterprise and energy. And in noticing these we shall glance first at the province of New Brunswick. With respect to province, the following remarks are contained in a report recently made by a Railway Commission to the British legislature :— Of the climate, soil, and capabilities of New Brunawick, it is im ible to speak too highly. There is not a country in the world #0 beantifully wooded and watered. An of the map | Willsbow that there is scarcely @ section of it with- | out ite streame, from the ranning brook to the navi- i piletive:. Two thirds of its boundary are washed | the sea ; gp re nggoer feceng seein | | rivera, the St. John and the Reatigouche. Tie | beauty and richuess of scenery of this | latter river and its branches are 4d | surpassed by anything on this continent. | The lakes of New Brunswick are numerous and | dale, varying up to mountain and everywhere, mountains, covered finest growth. The country can everywhere be penekenten. hy te stepeate. In some parts of the in- rior, by a portage of three or four miles canoe can float away elther to the Bay of or the Gulf of St. Lawrence, or down to St. John’s ~ Tt is it and the Bay of Fundy. Its sgricultaral sbili- ties and climate are described by Rouchette, most deservedly a>—_highly praised. For any great most edly #o— For plan of emi, on or Slcrteation Ge an- other colony which presents such a favorable field for trial as New Brunswick. On the surface is an abundant stock of the finest timber, which, in the markets of England, realizes large sums annual- ly, and affords an unlimited supply of fuel to the settler. If the forests should ever exhaust- ed, there are the coal fields underneath. ‘The growth of the province in cultivation and Los ateee although it falls much short of that of Upper Canada, has been very rapid for a | country whose soil has to be cleared by the axe. | In 1840, the quantity of land improved avd ua- der cultivation, was 426,611 acres. In 1851, the quantity was 645,954 acres, showing an increase of fifty per cent. The population, in 1834, was 119,477 5 in 1840, 156,162 : and in 1851, 193,800, although a portion of territory, containing, in | 1840, 2,162 souls, had been ceeded to the United States by the Ashburton Treaty. These 4i | however, form a very imperfect basis for esti- | mating the probable future growth of the pro- vince. The extension of the railway system to New Brunswick is only a question of time ; and when this is done, the route both to Upper and Lower Canada by the port of St. John in the Bay of Fundy must become a favorite one. The harbor of St. John’s is described as spacious, with sufficient depth of water for vessels of the largest class, with a tide fall of from twenty-one to twenty-five feet, which effectually preventsits being frozen over or impeded by ice during the winter. When connected by railway with the Canadian and United States lines, and with the go, than at present; and provided for diverting to the province a larger portion of the tide of emigration from this coun- try and from As an illustration of the existing state of things. we may state whereas out of 489,150 tons of shipping, the to- tal entered at St. John’s in 1861, only 113,665 tone went direct from Great Britain, the re- maining — Mari driven in; = outwa: cargoes indies, tates, other countries, jously to going to that Vaated clearances direct to British , in the eame year, 347,757 tons, out ‘0 show the ji ths county ofthe devlapment ofthe Ba Ports were, ot a total of 538,528 tons. tance to pt . io, nn 5, T8000 m., 5,006,000 pieces, Total ValU®..coesee rere sees 1,045,000 Or, cles of larch much valued for ship-building colonies and the United States. Ships {bia wood tate firvtclagy for seven years, 4 vaya ateaen oop « 000 “« « “ “ 100,000 °A both in built of 470,000 persons. In Lower Canada there are | Great Western Railway line reached any of these pace but only ata reer when were: jlependent for most of their jmpoc trade upon their inland communica' with . the via British ports, an emigration which takes off | | 4 Branswlok were, ia and in 1850, 4,077, colony took ap Great Britain direct, in 1849, 1 507, dollaca, jars. The exports were, to all countries, in 1849, $,007,310, and in 1850, 3,290,090 dollare. ‘To the amount of exports, however. we have to add the value of the shi; built in the colony, and sold Great Britain. This branch of is increasing in the province, the St builders. especially, having recently farmished us With some of our finert clipp-r ships. and sow pcasessing a deservedly high reputation. More attention is being to the finish of their ductions than formerly ; whilst the ‘crpelfeat timber which they possess enables them to ae- cure superior strength and durability. The following was the number and tonnage of chigs built in the province in 1851 :— 4 -60 ships, 26,628 tema, <a & St. Andrew’ 6“ 4109) Total.......... 87 ships, 34,360 toma, | an average of nearly 400 tons to cach veseel. There is no portion of our North Americas colenies, as we have already atated, whiok smunte, a es mi ae the enn tban New Bruns’ leas, perhaps, we the valley “sf the ‘vives’ Otawey "ls Leer Canada. To the sturdy laborer, not possessed of capital, it offers a home and .an inde settlement asa landholder in valuable settler. Change phyeical powers; and chan; teint traneforms him int being from what he was vegetating upon of bis birth. His bearing is more manly, more worthy of his pbysical formation. He may cling to his Roman Catholici«m, but he is no longer the bigoted slave of his reli Selene Fomstoanr gr 9 Bi merica report em} upon chan; in the Celtic character. rf cannot be snl ceived that the Scotsman is inferior to the Irish- man in adeptation to the business of a back- woodeman. Heis generally found, however, to Reteke Riseealt at a pestle Sect agricul pursuits. great ata- pn of New Brunswick are located on the islands of Grand Manan, Sens ma and West Isles, in St. John’s harbor, in Cumberland Boy. On these stations an gate of five hundred vessels sre found g during the season; and there are reared in the puranit some of the hardiest seamen to be fon in the world. Upon the subject of the fisherioa, the Commissioners’ report, from which we have al- ready quoted, remarks :— it on the land, he sees out at sea darkening the surface of the water. Arapidly increasing internal trade is carried on by means of the rivers St. John, Peticodiac, Richibucto, Miramichi, and some lesser streama, which are navigable fora considerable distance from their respective harbors on meta Ad Fundy and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 1 oad which is four hundred and fifty miles en, for ninety miles, to Fredericton, seat of q for sixty miles, to the thriving town of formed, availing themselves of this for manufacturing and other First te aid A flour, in order generally rises a saw | hah papell moper pert grist mill, or, as it is col a mit rises next in order ; then a store—wooden 7 of population hee’ een irewrs together, ly a8 acburch or chapel and a school-house, From the census of 1851, we find that there had beem established in this way , the.eatise province:— Hands Establishments- Number. Employed. 256 rity 96 968 pe settler’a life, the fear of which deters so many from try- ing their fortune in our colonies. are very ma- terially smoothed down by the rapid formation of these small communi in every eligible site, wherever the forest has fallen the woodman’s axe, and the soil been brought un- der cultivation. The formation of railway routes from St. John’s and Miramichi, by the aid of which the tide of emigration may flow direct to the province, must, within a very few yeers, render New Brunswick one of the most flourishing colonies belonging to the British cr own. The province of Nova Scotia next claims our attention, by the rapidity of its Henne git in commerce and Population, the latter of which is extensively Scottish, both in origin and re- ligion. In 1817 the population of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton amounted to 91.913. Its sub- sequent growth has been as follows:— 1827, 1838. 1851. 142,578 208,237 276,117 Showing an increase of 32 1-2 Br cent. from 1838 to 1851. Excluding Cape Breton, whose popaletan decreased during these years, Nova Scotia has added to its bitants nearly 40 per cent. Its principal religious denominatods, m which we gather a fair idea of the origin | of the population, were, in 1851,— Persone. Reman Catholin ease an olica, Presbyterians,— cf Scotland, ite td of Nova Scotia 18% urch of Scotland, 35 25,280 42,243 Methodists, 23,596 gress province, in - lation ana wealth, bas been materially ited by its chief port, Halifax, being adopted as a calling station for the Cunard -line of mail steamers between this country and the United States; and this progress must be aided when the railway communication jected from its Atlantic seaboard, to join which are in progress from Lower Canada to the Westward, are carried out. This must eventually be done, as the hi which Nova Scotia Canso there are twelve capable of receiving ships of the line, and teen others of sufficient depth for merchantmen. Unlike most other portions of British America, the province bas not as yet devel 7k amount of agricultural resources. of high lands are and sterile;