The New York Herald Newspaper, July 9, 1853, Page 4

JaMES GORDON BENNETT, PROPRIETOR AND EDITOR. Sal AS AN QFVIE FW. CORNER OF FULTON AND NASSAU STS. Pasha hbo 03 RY E, impor Bivins Bieter ei PHS one yea emanated wt RB by mat! for Subscriptions. | od ag old vow @ ta, to be pest paid. & the postage will eworsted with neatners, cheapness, and toh VERTISEMENTS renewed every Gay. AMUSEMENTS THIS EVENING. TRE. Bowery—Lovz's Sackiricn—N x, in Lowpow BROADW EY THEATRE, Broadway—Rony O'Mone— Pen Gar—Lhusxicx Bor NIBLO’S, Brosdway—Tient Rore—Fusur vr Manizr— Bacur HaTIONAL THEATRE, Chatham street—Pac Prowen oy Paxie~ Bu Hyvzr—a. 8. 8. RICAN MUSEUK—Afterncon—Hee ar Law.— wnat Desre oy Daxadye. Nove —Liataicx Boy. ON AVENUB=Afternoon and Evening—Faan- ours. WOOD'S MINSTRELS, Wo: way Zenrortan Mreererisy. BUOKLEY’S OPERA HOUSE—Bvoxisy’s Eruwrian a Trovre. @EOKA#A, 0% Broadway—Bawvarn’s Pavonema oF ven Hoty Lane. ® Maeal Hall, 444 Brend- New York, Saturday, July 9, 1853. ———————— Maus for Kurope. THE NEW YORK WEBELY HERALD. ‘The Gola: steamship Baltic, Captain Comstock, will ‘wave this per: at noon to-day, fer Liverpool. Sabscriptions and advertisements for any edition ef the New Yore Exar will be reeeived at the following places jm Buroper - Lsvanpoe:—John Hunter, No. 2 Paradise street. Lampon--Edward Sandford & Co., Cornhill. * Wm. Thomas & Co., No. 19 Catherine street. Panw-Livingston, Wells & Co., Rue de la Bourse. B. H. Reveil, No. 17 Rue de la Banque. ‘Fre Zaropean mails will close at balf past ten o'clock this morning. ‘The Wuexty Hana will be published at half past nine @eleck this morning. Single eopies, in wrappers, six- ‘penes. ‘The Nows. Factional excitement and discord were again ram- pant in the Assembly yesterday. After a long dis- gussion, the committee's articles of impea:shmeaot against John C. Mather were approved; not, how- ever, before Mr. Case, of Onondaga, had made some ery apropos remarks concerning the peculiar prac thee lately adopted by legielators, of going upon rail- goad and other excursions, taking recesses for days and weeks at a time, &c., and drawing their regular pey in the bargain. This was coming too near home to suit the views of a majority of the mem ders, however forcibly it may strike their constituents. B® onr legislators are anxious to purge the thorough. fares of public abuses, they ought, by way of Mustrating their sincerity, to begin by clearing way the rubbish with which their own door-ills are @meumbered. Towards the close of the day Mr. @hamplin’s barnburner endorsement of General Pierce was called up, and created a general furore ‘among the democracy. It is needless to say that ‘te barnburners were in the uscendant, and that the resolutions were adopted. The Senate spent the @ay upon the appropriation bills, in the course of which Mr. Cooley illustrated the conduct of some of his colleagues in a manner peculiarly refreshing. See the regular reports, and the despatch from our spe- ¢ial correspondent, for full particulars of all the curious maneuvers and incidents. Hon. Solon Borland has at last been heard from. He has notified the State Department that since the adjournment of Congress he has been prostrated by siekness, but is now better, and ready to receive any ‘wstructions that may be tendered concerning his @aiesion to the Central American States. We also wegret to learn that Hon. Asbury Dickens, Secretary ef the United States Senate, has been prevented by severe illness from attending to his official daties since the 4th of March. He, too, is convalescent. Preparations have been made to give an appropri’ ate reception to the President in Baltimore and Philadelphia, while on his journey to this city next week. As the New York Board of Aldermen las @veui.g.ado,ted the resolution appropriating five fhowsand doilars to defray the expense of the recep- tion of Gen. Piexce, our merchants and others will be re jeved from all farther anxiety on that score. Had eur citizens been compelled to take the matter dm hand the distinguished guest would doubtless bave been received in as style eclipsing everything @i-e of the kind hitherto attempted. ‘The drawbridge over the Brandywine creek, near Wilmington, being left open at twoo’clock yesterday morning, the locomotive, tender, and two platform ears, belonging to the freight train for Philadelphia, ‘were precipitated into the stream, and the engineer and fireman lost their lives. The bridge tender, ‘who has been arrested, states that he had been up all night, that he fell asleep, that the approach of the train aroused him, that he endeavored to attract the @mgineer’s attention, but was so confased that he docs not know whether he exhibited the proper sig- nal or not. It is rumored that this fanctionary was sequired to do both night and day duty, and that he eould not procure more than three hours’ sleep out wot every twenty-four. Can this be possible? An eged man named Hughes, who has for the 1 West forty years been in the employ of the Hudson Bay ( mpany, as an Indian interpreter, was run over an U instantly killed last Thursday, by a train of raj) Yoad cars, near Montreal. A laborer on the Bal- tim: ‘re and Philadelphia railroad, was killed near Nort, east yesterday. We elsewhere give full details of the highly inter esting Russo-Torkish, Chinese, and other news brought by the steamship America. Colonia *tion was the theme of discussion in the Convention * of Colored Men at Rochester last Thurs day evening. - Fred Douglass and others expressed their decided Opposition to the system. A long de- bate took pla yesterday morning on the proposi- tion fora Nati onal Council of Colored Men. The word ‘colored’ ? Waathe stombling block—some of them could not 4 "et over it—but the more sensible portion of the bo. ay insisted on calling things by their fright names, and consequently the title was retained. Lloyd Ge, Tison was eulogized for his con- stant encouragement of emancipation ; the McGraw ville and Allegany Ci'y Colleges were endorsed as seminaries wherein people of color could be edu- eated, and it was resc'lved that the Convention should close its labors at Seven o'clock last evening, Governor Lane, of New M« bas given official information that his efforts to introduce pastoral and agrieultazal pursuits ameog the Apache Indians, meet with enconragement. It fs very unfortunate for themselves that ai] the aborigines now roaming over the western and southern country cannot be pre- vailed upon to follow the noble example of the Choe- tawa, and a few other gribes who have left the chase, which afforded them byt a precarious subsistence, for the more certain and less dangerous pursuit of the busbandman. A large amount of routine 4} usiness was disposed of in both branches of the Co.mon Council, last evening. The only feature of spoci.\l interest in the Board of Aldermen, was the reading of a letter of invitation to be present at the opening or the Crystal Pilace. Objection was made to the receptiyn of the invitation, upon the ground that it was i tended for the President of ‘he Board, and not for all | the members. After a short debate the subject was | dropped. The Assistants received and laid on the table @ curious petition from Samuel S. Cornwall, who alleges that he fs President of the Bank of the World and is desirous of purchasing the City Hall for a banking house. weries of very destructive fires. Several val manufacturing establishments were entirely eonsw- ed in Cleveland last Thursday night. A man has Deen arrested on suspicion of having Set the buildings * en fire. The railroad depot at Cecil, Md., was do. — stroyed by fire yesterday. . Six houses, with Weir contents, were burned an Stzten Island yewterduy morning, 28 will be seen by ‘the report elsewhere. The Columbian Engine Company, of Baltimore, , which left this city for home, yesterday, were last night received in Philadelphia by a large toreb-light | Te has serv ed as a thorough test ef the frelings Rrecomsions 5 | of foreiyners towards our institutions. With By telegraph and otherwise we have accounts of a | The navigation of the upper part ofthe Ohio river has been partially ‘resumed, in ¢ontequence of arise of about two and a half feet im the channel. Freights continue very high, and pacsengers gene- rally adopt the more sure and expeditious plan of travelling by railroad. Judge John Gienn, of the U. 8. District Court of Marylind, died syesterday afterneon. Rev. Henry Church, pastor ef the Mariners*Ohurch in this city, also expired yesterday. A serious stabbing affray oceurred on board the Ship Jacob A. Westervelt, early yesterday morniag* According to the police report, a portion of the crew commenced fighting among themselves; the mate attempted'to quell the distarbance, and in so doing was dangerously cut with a sheath knife. To-day’s inside pages centain much interesting information relative to different Summer Retreats and Summer Travel; Late News from Rio Janeiro and Buenos Ayres; Postal Convention with England; Commercial, Judicial, and Miscellaneous Intelli” gence, &e. Pains nial oe Deetine and Fall of the Uncle Tom Mania. Private letters frem Europe inform us that Mrs. Beecher Stowe was quietly residing in Paris, unnoticed by every one, and suffered to go where she pleased, without the slightest word of comment from the press; indeed, had it not been for an amusing article in the Chari- vari, in which a funny interview between her translators and herself is described, no one would have known that she had crossed the Channel. The London Times, which published a circumstantial account ofa fit of dyspepsia with which she was afflicted before she left Bos- ton, did not even eondescend to apprise the Bri- tish people of her departure from their shores. The Earl of Shaftesbury wrote no letters to the papers on the doleful event; and even Douglas Jerrold refused to celebrate the national disaster in a ‘graceful elegiac. All was silence and neglect, where a few weeks before the whole reporting staff of the metropo- lis could not bestow publicity, or Exeter Hall noise enough to do honor to the authoress of Uncle Tom. John Smith or Thomas Brown could not have perched his carpet-bag and em- barked his person in the cheap train to Folke- stone with less ostentation than the lady who, a fortnight previously, had been the idol of every aristocratic coterie, and the guest of every noble mansion. Here was a fall indeed! What had Mrs. Stowe done to occasion so startling a revulsion of sentiment among the nobility? What crime had she committed. what blemish had she revealedin hereelf, to warrant so brisk a change from adula-" tion to indifference, from sympathy to neglect? Had the folly ofabolition flashed ali at once upon Statford House, or nad tne common sense view which the Times and the middle classes of Eng- land took of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” at length prevailed over the maudlin sentimentality of courtly praise? Sorrowfully, indeed, must the nobility of England confess that to none of these causes could the change be ascribed. A much simpler event had occasioned the volte face. Her Majesty the Queen hed refused to receive Mrs. Stowe; Buckingham Palace had closed its doors to the panegyrist of the negroes; the British philanthropists had vainly attempted to procure for their favorite an admission to court. As soon as the fact became known, new light burst on the Stafford House set. To be excluded from court was to be out of fashion; to be out of fashion was worse than to have committed murder, theft. or any other crime on the calendar. It was, in fact, endan- gering one’s own position to associate with a person who had notoriously been refased an admission to the Queen’s presence. Firmly im- pressed with a sense of their duty to themselves and their rank, the British nobility did not hesi- tate a moment in this conjuncture. Fashion must be vindicated. though the heavens should fall. Mrs. Stowe and Uncle Tom were ruthlessly sacrificed. The negro-mania went out in a twinkling, and its heroes were forgotten in an hour. Sorely smitten by this heartless desertion, the Professor—who seems to have quite forgot- ten those “ imperative duties which required his presence in Boston on the Ist June”—sought, with his companion. a more sincere welcome at Paris. A second disappointment awaited them. No flattering paragraphs in the papers heralded their arrival; no crowds of admiring readers thronged their drawing room. Mr and Mrs. Jones, of Holborn, could not have enjoyed a more delightful privacy. The Em peror had expressed his opinion of “Uncle Tom” and kindred works; and his complacent organs were but too ready to earry out his views by their silence. In point of fact, the governments of Europe seem at length to have awakened to a know- ledge of the fact which we placed many weeks ago before our readers. They now see that Uncle Tom’s popularity in Europe was not due to any regard for the negroes of the Southern States. but to the warm language in which it pictured struggles against oppression in any form, and to the bold manner in which an ap peal to force to assert popular liberty was re- commended. Parisians. rising en masse to throw off the imperial yoke and proclaim a third republic, could not have sought counsel froma more appropriate work. Hence the imperial wieh that no notice should be taken of Mrs. Stowe and the obseurity in which she was suffered to re- main. Hence, in part (for kindly feeling towards this country had. we sincerely believe something to do with the decision.) the refusal of Queen Victoria to receive Mra. Stowe. Hence the previous condemnation of the work by the Pope. These three governments have concurred in expressing a strong sense of disapproval of “Unele Tom.” In the case of England, as we said, an honorable dosire to cultivate friendly relations with us has doubtless had considera- ble weight. But it would be presuming too far on British civility to regard this as the only motive at work. A thorough consciousness that many a George Harris lives in England, and that the poor of London and the operatives of Leeds and Manchester might apply the doc- trines professed in the work to their own cases, was at least equally potent. This latter consi- deration war, of course, the only ground on . whic governm: have acted. We may now, therefore, ea that “Unole Tom's Cabin” has run ity, oo, in Burope. Pro- scribed, or at least © sade mned by three of the most influential governments, it ceases to pos- sess any political vyeight, and relies solely for popularity on the fictitious interest which it poevesses in common with “Jack Sheppard.” all the witchery of drama.ie art, and every ebo'rm which talent could bestow. the cause of | 8’volition has been argued before the people of Europe; and out of the whele assembled au- dience, but one clique—that of Stafford House —has given us the least reason to suppose that they saw anything deeper in the book than a | mere interesting catchpenny tale. The only | Teal converts that Mrs. Stowe has made out of her ten or fifteen millions of European readers, are the forty or fifiy titled personages, whose unabashed snobbery has just received so mark- ed an illustration. We entreat the abolitionists to ponder on the fact. We beg them calmly to note the | gradual falling off in the Uncle Tom excite- | ment on this side the water; the terrible disap- | poittment which the failure of the “Key” has inflicted on the publisher, and the probability of both lock and key being entirely forgotten | five years hence. Mrs. Stowe will need to | probe her imagination afresh, and furnish some fresh stimulus te public curiosity before long. ifshe does not wish to relapse into peace- | ful oblivion and obscurity. Mexican Affairs—Almonte’s Official Reception by the P.esident=The Speeches—Peace or ‘War. We think it was that sly old fox, Talleyrand, who said that words in diplomacy were used to conceal ideas. And he was right, for except- ing the straightforward way of Napoleon I., ‘such is the simple solution of diplomatic science, in its highest perfection in Europe. It admits of the masking of the most belligerent designs under the specious veil of the most delusive asseverations of peace. Mark. for example, the late diplomacy of Russia on the Turkish ques- tion; the Czar dallies with his intended victim as an innocent cat plays with an unfor- tunate mouse; he boxes the poor Moslem into his ‘corner upon each attempt to eseape, though it is with a paw as soft as velvet. But the claws are felt, though invisible, while busy pre- parations for a deadly conflict fill up the whole background of the picture. We. have a striking illustration of this by- play or child’s-play of diplomacy-in the official reception of General Almonte, the represen- tative of Santa Anna, at Washington. The polite and courteous Mexican says:— Mexican government, desiring nothing else to cultivate and draw closer each time the relations of friendship which happil een that nation and this, in ji that, my worthy predecessor should go to fill a mission of the utmost importance in another country, ed that his place might be filled up without delay by another representative, and ieee me has fallen the lot of being selected for so delicate a charge. From this it would appear that the only de- sire of Santa Anna, (for he is the Mexican government.) in sending General Almonte so promptly to Washington, is to “cultivate and draw closer the good relations of friendship which happily exist between that nation and this.” Nothing else is desired. But at the same ume Santa Anna is strengthening his army to the war standard of nearly a hundred thousand men ; he is known to be extremely desirous of an alliance, offensive and defensive, with the powers of Europe most interested in Mexican affairs ; he has introduced some forty or more Spanish officers into his service ; the Captain General of Cuba and the Spanish fleet off that island are suspected of acting in co-operation with his movements, supplying him with arms and munitions of war, and the newspaper or- gans of the Spanish government furnish evi- dence in confirmation of these suspicions. He has also, substantially, declared repeatedly, since his recall from Carthagena, his implaca- ble hostility to these United States; and has sworn against the surrender of another square inch of the sacred soil of Mexico to the rapacity of the Yankees, whatever may be the other alternative. On our side, from all that we can gather from the reply of our President relative to the re- tiring Minister Larrainzar, and to his distin- guished successor, Almonte, the desire for peace and fraternal harmony between us and the Mexicans is as strongly entertained by Gen. Pierce and his cabinet as by Santa Anna him- self. Simultaneously, however, with these pa- cific declarations, it is well understood that our administration have said that the disputed ter- ritory of the Mesilla valley is ours, and that Gov. Meriwether and Col. Garland are en route for New Mexico, or shortly will be, with in- structions to maintain the neutrality of the dis- puted district, notwithstanding that our official boundary commissioner has turned it over to Mexico. as coming rightly within her jurisdic- tion under the treaty. We also know that the Tehuantepec question. brought to the verge of war under the pacific administration of Mr. Fillmore, is now in a more perplexing position than ever, and with a cabinet less likely to stick upon trifles. All these facts and circumstances, on both sides, goto confirm the apothegm of Prince Talleyrand, that words in diplomacy are used rather to conceal ideas than to disclose the real character of the relations subsisting between the high contracting parties. Per se, from the speeches on both sides on this reception of General Almonte, the only idea expressed is that of the paramount desire of both govern- ments to preserve the peace. This would be sufficient, if the actual state of things were euch as to justify our confidence. But they are rather ominous of an impending ruptare than indicative of the good relations of friendship so earnestly advocated on this occasion. Of course, it could not be expected that, in the mere formality of an official introduction, General Almonte would frankly present and discuss the whole chapter of embarrassments existing to a perfect state of friendship between the Mexican government and our own. We make no complaint upon this score. General Almonte’s address is orthodox—he said enough, and not too much. And so with the President. Our only purpose herein is to undeceive all such credulons individuals as may prima facie con- clade that the friendly sentiments interchanged on the presentation of Almonte to our Presi- dent are a guarantee of a confirmed and last- ing tenure of peace with Mexico. They are no such thing. They practically amount to nothing. Between Almonte and our Secretary of State, by and with the advice and consent of the President, the issue of peace or war must be determined. And we reiterate our oft-re- peated impression, and in all seriousness, from Nee andi Rome | the macs of facts and the lights of experience before us. that the issue of Gen. Almonte's mission to Washington is as likely to end in his abrupt departure as in satisfactory treaty for the preservation of peace. To this extent the destinies of this country and of this con- tinent are now awaiting the action of Secretary Marcy. Great country this—great country. Tur New Postrace Envetores.—Our readers generally must have been struck with the ready recognition by Mr. George F. Nesbitt of the very natural discontent elicited among our mercantile classes by the stamp of that gentle- man’s name and business address on the flap of the new Post Office envelopes; and they must at the same time have admired the promptness with which he aeknowledged the justice of the complaint, and made the amende honorable, by requesting permission from the department to dispense with the offensive seal. That permis- sion was of course given as soon as asked for; or rather. indeed, we might more correctly say that the Postmaster General notified Mr. George F. Nesbitt that no more envelopes would be received from him bearing such a stamp on the flap. So, by this unanimity of feeling on all sides, the obnoxious seal has been banished, and our private and business letters will be henceforth relieved of the duty of doing such a monopoly of advertisement for the one house. We have procured and have now before us a copy of the contract entered into by Samuel D. Hubbard, late Postmaster General. on the one part, and Mr. George F. Nesbitt on the other part—the latter having for sureties Messrs. James Kelly and Robert T. Haws. This com- pact. in which all the contracting parties are whigs, does not, as far as we can see, bind Mr. Nesbitt in express terms to supply envelopes aving his own name and place of business stamped on the flap. It merely contains this clause in relation thereto. And it is farther agreed, on the part of the said George F. Nesbitt, that each envelope shall have stamped upon the point or flap thereof an embossed ane gored device, similar to the envelope marked “C. No. 1, There is nothing in this binding the con- tractor to use the business stamp of his own house, which our merchants so justly com- plained of, except, indeed, it may have been that the sample marked “‘C. No.1” bore that device. And this we are constrained to think was the case, or Mr. Nesbitt would not have had occasion to apply to be released from that part of his engagement. So that if this be so, we have none to thank for the attempt to inflict this humiliation on our merchants but our late Postmaster-General Hubbard. The commu- nity at large must therefore be gratefully sen- sible of the very admirable manner in which that official discharged his public duties, par- ticularly in the matter of envelopes, and can- not fail, at all events, to recognise in him the existence of a most extraordinary talent for -advertising. The envelope excitement of the last few days had caused a dozen opponents to Mr. Nesbitt to start into business. Stamped envelopes can now be purchased at the stationers at five per cent below the government price. But the “Four Cent Man” has been driven from the field, or else he has gone to Newport or Saratoga to spend the warm season. ‘The Industry of all Nations. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE FAIRS AND COMMERCE OF THE ANCIENTS. The opening of the Crystal Palace in this city, on Thursday, the 14th inst., for the exhibition of the products and arts of the nations of the earth, forms a new era in the history of mankind. This is the first exhibition of the kind. which has ever taken place on the continent of America, inasmuch as the producers and artists of all nations have been in- vited to contribute to the exhibition. Hitherto our fairs to which the public have been invited have been made up from the products of our own soil, the work of our own mechanics and manufacturers, and the displays of American genius, skill and enter- prise exclusively. On the coming occasion we, tor the first time, practically acknowledge all mankind as belonging to the great brotherhood of nations, by asking them to exhibit before a wealthy, luxurious, and industrious community the peculiar products of their own soil and industry, as well as those which may come in friendly competition with the products of American skill and industry. The effeet of a taste for luxury is to stimulate in- dustry. As the enjoyment of luxuries is attended with pleasure, people are willing to undergo some degree of labor in order to obtain them. The supply ef luxuries furnishes employment to a large number of laborers who would otherwise be idle. The cfass who supply luxuries become usually more wealthy than those who supply bare necessaries, and form a middle class in society, who are equally distant from the owners and from the cultivators of the soil. We cannot observe the effects of luxuries better than by contrasting the present state of Eurepe and the United States with the state of Europe during the middle ages. At that period the food, the clothing, and the lodgings of the population were of the plainest kind. The owners of the soil were the only wealthy men; and the surplus produce which was paid to them as rents,.was employed in main- taining in idleness a number of retainers, who were ready to obey their orders, and to fight their batties. Upon the introduction of learning, the landowner employed his rent not in maintaining retainers, but in purchasing those articles of luxury or finery for which he had a taste. The retain- ers eould now support themselves only by producing those commodities for which the new taste of the landowner created a demand. From idle dependents they became industrious artisans. The landowners vied with each other, not in bring- ing into the field a number of men to kill one another, but in the elegance of their dress, their houses, or their equipages; in their taste for the fine arts, or in their literary and intellectual attain- ments. There are other advantages arising from luxury. When the mass of the people enjoy a variety of luxuries, they have a resource in seasons of scarcity. If they live on the lowest kind of food, and the supply of that food should fail, they cannot substitute a better kind, because it is dearer. So far from condemning the luxuries which consume the surplus of those articles that are used as food, they may, in some instances, be regarded as storehouses against famine. It must, however, be admitted that when people indulge in luxuries which they cannot afford, the result is injurious to the community as well as themselves; and it is probably on this ac- count that sumptnary laws, or laws against luxury, have been established both in ancient and modern times. é Among theffRomans these laws against luxury were numerous. By one law the number of guests at feasts was limited; by another it was enacted that more than a certain sum named should not be spent at on ordinary entertainment, In England, in the year 1337, luxury was restrictea by a law, wherein the prelates and nobility were confined to two courses at every meal, and two kinds of food in every course, except on great festivals. It also prohibited all who did not enjoy a free estate of £100 per annnm from wearing furs, skins, or silks, and the use of foreign cloths was confined to the royal family alone. Inthe reign of Henry IV. it was ordered that no man should wear shoes above six inches broad at the toes; and onder Edward IV. no person below the condition of a lord was allowed to wear a short mantle. In Ire- land a law was passed, in the year 1447, against the use of gilt bridles and harness. It enacted that if any person should be so hardy as to ride a horse with self a stronghold, and heaped up silver as dast, aud a gilt bridle or harness, any other person who chose should be at liberty to seize the horse, bridle, aud harness, and keep it for his own use, and as his ow property. » In the early ages of oriental antiquity, nearly all the traffic between the nations, and even between districts of the same country, was carried on by peri- odical fairs, The word fair is derived from the French word foire, which is taken from the Latin word ferca, a festival or forum, the market place. The market is derived from the Latin mercatus, and is of the same derivation as mercantile. Markets were held more frequently than fairs, being estab- lished for the sale of the produce of their neighbor- hood. At Athens the forums or market places were numerous. The old, or principal one, wasa large square, where the people used to assemble, ani where commodities were exposed forsale. There each trade had a separate market, and different hours were appointed for the sale of different commodi- ties. As this was in the frequented part of the city, workmen of all kinds endeavored to reside near it. Among the ancients the foundation of a city was commemorated by the institution of a festival. Whenever a large concourse of people assembled on such occasions, a degree of traffic was produced, The merchants attended to supply the multitades with such articles as they required; hence these pe riodical seasons of festivity became seasons of trattic. In those times all merchants were retailers. A mer- chant went to a distant fair and purchased goods; he transported those goods to another fair where there was a demand for them, and sold them to those who bad occasion to consume them. The import mer hant and the retailer were the same person. It is not until nations become highly civilized and wealthy that the retail business is earried on asa dis- tinct branch of trade. We thus see how in ancient times the establish- ment of markets and fairs, or exhibitions of the works of art and industry, tended to promote com- merce. It was an object of all ancient legislators to establish markets and fairs. A law of the {sraelites required that all the males in the country should ap- pear three times in the year at Jerusalem. Though the chief object of this regulation was religion, a secondary object was to facilitate the internal trade and commerce of the country. These religious festivals were public fairs, and we find from the his- tory of the New Testament, that traffic was some- times carried on even inthe temple at Jerusalem. On this subject we quote the language of Michaelis, in bis “Commentaries on the Laws of Moses:’"— When we speak of commerce, we must distin- guish between the internal commerce of the people with one another, and that which is carried on with other nations, especially by sea. For the former provision was made by the three festivals, to the ¢elebration of which all the Israelites were assem- bled thrice every year. Conventions of this nature, instituted for religious purposes, have generally, withal, been made instrumental to the purposes of commerce. Our messen (fairs) have their name from missar, (masses,) whieh were sung at particular sea- sons, and to which, in Catholic times, people from all countries resorted. As here there were buy- ers; of course there came also, merchants, with their commodities, and thus arose yearly fairs. The holy pilgrimages to Mecca gave, in like manner, an pulse to the trade of Arabia. Hence we tee that, although in the Mosaic institu- tions the interests of internal merce were indi- rectly consulted, it was only-fif such @ manner that the carrying it on could not hence become s distinct empl 't, but would merely connate weeks of leisure from the toils of agriculture; before harvest, at the Feast of the Passover; after harvest, at the Feast of Penticost; and on the conclusion of the vint- age, at the Feast of Tabernacles. In the same way public festivals were established in all the cities of Greece. Each city had its festi- vale—each State had its festivals, in honor of its founder, or to commemorate important events. And besides these local festivals, there were others of still more dignity common to all Greece. These were the Olympic games, celebrated every fourth year at Olympia; the Pythian games, celebrated every fifth year at Delphi, in honor of Apollo; the Nemean games, celebrated every third year at Nemes; and the Isthurian games, eelebrated every third year near Corinth. These gamea produced good effects. They gratified the social feelings. Frequent- ly, too, philosophers, who had written books, read them at the games; for the art of printing being then unknown, this was the most effectual way of circulating knowledge among the people. The games also served the purposes of commerce. Here merchants and manufacturers brought their goods, and persons who wished to purchase came to buy. An English writer says:— Every motive induced the Greeks to attend these public festivals. The devotee went to pay his hom- age to the immortal gods; the man of literature and science went to converse with the philosophers, and to listen to their lectures; the man of pleasure went to see the horse-racing, the chariot racing, the wrestling, aud the theatrical exhibitions; aud the man of business went to Bay and torell, and get gain. Here, in her most splendid temples, an idolatrous religion received the costly offerings of the crowds thronged to do homage to the gods. While in the groves of science, beneath a sky as pure and serene as ever soothed the passions, or as ever nurtured thought, the philosopher poured into the ears of his auditors, who were seated around him, those in-tructions which his own travels, or his owu reflection, hud supplied. And on the neighboring plain pleasure, in a variety of forms, gladdened the hearts and softened the manners of all her votaries. The Arabians and Egyptians, it is well known, were among the earliest commercial people men- tioned in history. That Arabia was very early peopled is certain; and the first notice we have of any considerable trade refers it to the Ishmaeiites, the inhabitants of part of Arabia. To the Arabians Joseph was sold by his brethren, when they were going down to Egypt with spices, balm, and myrrh. For the spices they must have had commerce with other nations—probably with India. Egypt is cele- brated among the ancient oriental nations for carry. ing many things to perfection, and no pursuit was cultivated by the Egyptians with more assiduity and success than commerce. It is certain that some of the most valuable manufactures were invented and perfected in Egypt long before they were known in other countries. It has been thought that the Chinese received at an early period some of their institutions and habits from the Egyptians. The Phoenecians have been called ‘the Yankees of antiquity.” Certainly, they were the most enter- prising commercial people of their times. The coun- try called Phoenecia was situated on the coast of the Mediterranean sea to the northwest of Canaan, and to the southwest of Syria. The territory was but small, and was at first divided into several indepen- dent states. The two largest cities were Tyre and Sidon. Old Tyre was situated on the main land, and withstood a siege for thirteen years, by Nebuchad- nezzar, king of Babylon. Ultimately it was taken; but the people of Tyre, having the command of the sea, removed themselves and their property before Nebuchadnezzar could take possession of tne place. The Tyrians afterwards returned and built New Tyre, which was a little distance from the land, and was founded on a rock about three miles in circumfer- ence. This new city was besieged by Alexander the Great, and was taken, with great slaughter, after a siege of seven months. Tyre is thus described in the sacred Scriptures: — A joyous city, whose antiquity is of ancient days, whose merchants are princes, whose trallickers ure the honorable of the earth. Tyrus did build her- fine gold as the mire of the street. When the waves went forth out of the seas thou filledst mauy people; thou didst enrich the kings of the earth with the multitude of thy riches and of thy merchandise. The Pheenecians of Tyre were remarkable fortheir knowledge of navigation, their skill in manufactures, and the extent of their commerce. The most ample account we have of the commerce of ancient Tyre is contained in the twenty-seventh chapter of the pro- phecy of Ezekiel. We quote a few verses from this remarkable chapter:— Sen of man, take up a lamentation for Tyras; and say unto Tyrus, O thou that art situate at the entry of the rea, which art a merchant of the people for many isles; oe borders are in the midst of the seas, thy builders have perfected thy beauty. They have made all thy shipbvards of the fir trees of Senir; they have taken cedurs from Lebanon to make masts for thee. Of the oaks of Basban have they made thine oars; fine linen, with broidered work from Egypt was that Which thou spreadost forth to be thy sail; blue and purple from the isles of Elisha was that which covered thee. of were thy mariners; thy wise men, 0, were in were thy pi They Lud, and of Phat, were in thine army, th: war; they ban; in thees; they ret forth thy ‘Tarsish was thy merchant, by reason of the rul- titude of all kind of riches; with silver, iron, tin ad: lesd, they traded in thy fairs. Juvan, Tubal, aid Meshich; they were thy merchants; they traded tac yerrons of mein and vessels of brass in thy market. they of the house of Togarneath traded in thy f.xr2. willl horses, and nerneen and mules. igen af Dedan were thy merchants; wee the mariaraee of thine hand; they brou. ht. thee for @ prevent horns of ivory and eb sy, Syria was thy merchant, by reason of the multitude ofthe wares of thy making; they occupied iu thy fairs with emeralds, purple, and embroidered wk, and fine linen, aud coral, and agate. Judah and ‘ha land of Israel, they were thy merchants, they traie@- in thy market, wheat, and honey, and oil, and bulm.. Demuscus was thy merchant, in the multitade of the wares of thy making, for the multitude of all riches; in the wine of ‘Helbon, and white wool. Dan also, and Javan, going to and fro, occupied ia thy fairs; bright iron, cassia and calamus were in. thy market. Decdan was thy merchant, in precious cloths for chariots. Arabia and all the ces ot Kedur, they oce pied with thee, in lambs, #1 rams, and goats; in these were they thy mercha::s- The merchants of Sheba and Raamah, they wre thy merchants; they occupied in thy fairs wita chief of all spices, and with all precious stones, and gold. Huran, aud Canneh, and n, the merche ute of Sheba, Ashur, and Chilmad were thy merchants. ‘These were thy merchants in all sorts of things, in blue clothes, and broidered work, and in chests of rich apparel, bound with cords, and made of cedar, among thy merchandise. ‘The ships ot Tarshish did sing of thee in thy mar- ket; and thou wast replenished, and made very glo. rious in the midst of the seas. Thy rowers have brought thee into great waters; the east wind hatlz broken thee in the midst of theseas. Thy riches an@ thy fairs, thy merchandise, thy mariners, and thy pi- lois, thy caulkers, and the occupying of thy mer- chendise, and all thy men of war that are in > and in all thy company which is inthe midst of thee, abel fall into the midst of the seas in the day of thy in. In the prosecution of their commerce, the Phoene+ cians found it useful to establish colonies for con- ducting trade with countries adjacent to the colo- nists. They are said to have planted more than forty colonies on the Mediterranean. Among these tha most celebrated was Carthage. That city, situate? on the coast of Africa, in the zenith of its greatnesa was about twenty three miles in circumference, and contained a population of about 700,000. The Oar- thagenians excelled in the arts and sciences. men of” Joun Butt Has Dong ir ar Last—It is report. ed by the officers of the steamship America that the Cunard steamsbip Arabia, which left this port on the 15th of June, at half-past 12 o'clock, had arrived at Liverpool at 10 A. M.on the 25th. If there be na mistake in the given hour, the Arabia has made tha trip in 9 days 214 hours clock time, or 9 days 164 hours real time, which is three-quarters of an hour quicker than that of the celebrated trip of the Aretic, in 1852, which, until the present, was the short est eastern passage. It is but fair to say, however, © that the Arctic’s passage was in the dead of winter, while the Arabia’s is in midsummer. The’ following are the quickest passages both ways:— Clock Time. Real Time, D. Hrs. D, Hrs. Baltic—Western pasrage,(in Angust).. 9 14 9 19 Arctic—Eastern passage, (in Feo’y).. 9 22 9 IT Arabia nas = in Juce)..9 213g 9 16g ‘This shows the Arabia’s trip to be the shortest ever made across the Atlantic, by three quarters of an hour. Talk on Change. Baler of cottom yesterday reacted 1,000 bales, without change in prices. Common brands of State flour sold about, ix, cents lower. while Westeru sud extra brands were unchanged. Wheat sold freely, considering the receipts, with the turn of the market in favor of buyers for West- ern red Corn fell off about one ; er eent per bushel. Some influential merchants came to an understanding yesterday, that n case the Common Counsil failed to make uituble povision for the reception of the Presicent, that they would subscribe among them- selves some $6000 or $8008, for the purpose of givirg him @ handsome rerepticn One ef the number called upon the Mayor, to know if be would join in the private subscription, as he was oue of the largest ship owners, and closely connected wita the eommereial inte. rests of the city His Honor intimated his williageess to contribute, provided the Commor Council failed to make the necessary appropriation, &c . whick he believed they would not fail to do at their next meeting. In the movement among the merchants there was not, the slightest tinge of party feeling. Both whigs and demo- crate expressed their willingness, through respect for the office, to contribute, if necessary, to give the President a, sincere welcome to the city. They would all be glad ta meet him im the rotunds of the Exchange any day it might ruit bis convenience, while sojourning in the city, whetbe: the Common Council provide for his recep" tion or not. The houses in this city engaged in the China trade, did mot receive letters by the Hermann. They expected to be in receipt of advices by the America’s mail, due in this city yesterdsy evening. It was regretted that there was a feilure to connect at Hong Kong between the full advices from Shanghae and the departure of the mail for the west from the former place. Unless later news from China should be received by the way of the Pacific earlier, no futher intelligence was expected by the way of Eng. Jand until the arrival of the next monthly overland India mail et Trieste, Owing to the unavoidable absence of the Hon, Li. M. Kenreut, appoiated Commissioner for the State of Mis- souri to attend the opening of the Industrial Exhibition, Col. Ww. S. Rand late of St. Lonia, and at present re- siding in New York had been induced to aceept the agency for Misouri Col. Rand was also said to be the Commissioner ‘or the State of Kentucky. A merchant engaged in the Western trade, personally sequainted with Col. R., spoke in high terms of his qualifieationg for the duties assigned him. He said that some splendid specimens of American hemp, tobaceo, &., would be submitted for exhibition. The three or four mills burned at Oswego, it was stated, turned out from 1500 to 2,000 bbia, four daily im the summer, and from 2000 to 8,000 daily in the autumn, ‘The with alof that amount from our receipts until next searon would tell to some extent upon the aggregate receipts at tidewater, Personal Intelligence. ‘The Collins steam+bip Baltic, whieh leaves to-day for Liverpool, will have on board the Hon. D, V.N. Rad- cliffe, of Albany; Prof. M. Sebele de Vine, of the Uni- versity of Virginia; Gen, R, Halsey, of Detroit; P. Es- candon, Secretary of the Mexican Legation; Edward de Lecn, our Consul General to Kgypt; and J. H. Halkett, the celebrated comedian, besides about 170 or 180 others. Hon. B.C Cabell, M C, Florida; Hon. J, B. Macy, M, C., Wirconsin, Lieut Care United states Navy; Rt. Rev. Thomas Emythe Charleston; Capt. Davis, ship Union; Capt. Yeaton sbip Lady Franklin; Commodore Watkina steamship San Fravci+oo arrived in this city yesterday, and are sopping at the Mevropolitan Hotel, Geveral Quitman, Jesse D. Bright, of Indiana, and J. © Matter, of Troy, N. ¥., were at Cincinnati, on the Tnanguration of the Crystai Palace, on the 14th of Jaly, 1853. PROGRAMME OF ARKANGEMENTS, Purchnvers of seagon ticket will receive with them notes of ievitation, adv itving the holder and a lady to attend the in Those notes will be of four different colors, designatin ur rections of the building, will nd mit the b to diflerent seo) aecordinj 6 olor of their m Persons holding these invite ox. peated to romain in their respective seotio monies are clered. The holders of blue tions will present them-elves at the entr: on Forticth street. these of red and yellow, on Forty-seeond street. Guests holling irvitations on white paper will enter om ors, who bare previously oltained thelr tickots, on Forty-second street. Those exbibitors who he win thoir tickets before the 14th inst., wi benecers rily excluded, Fxbilitore will be adm +, and will fe ne the ceremonies. remain in their reape ora entitled to admis- ‘The doors wil! be tion ap above nt ton v'clock At one o'clock the doors will be clored, and the ceremonies will commence Vartionlar attes tion is called to the preo regulations; they will he erictly enforced, bier The ceremonies of inauguration will proceed in the follow- iny order:— ing proyer by the Right Rey, Bishop Wainwright. fe posed for the sung by the New 8 nied by the National en. 8 Address by the 4 Addresses Vingnished guest 6 The ecroms vice will close with the Hallelnjah chorus. Helle will be rong to notify visiters when the time of re- tiring has arrived ‘ JM, BATCHELDER, Seoretary of the Superintendents, ~ dent's Office, Urystal Palace, New attutly informed thet. no person oan be t etal Paince on and alter Monday, July fourth, except exhibitors and persons ‘employed in the wuiiding This Feetriction fe absolutely nocessary to the preparation ot the Babibisiou, and ill he ont ytnent freention. DUN M. BATCHRLDER, Booretary of Bupeciutendente,