The New York Herald Newspaper, December 7, 1852, Page 6

[oowrINTED FROM THTRD racs that the wet ¢ the fleece had been from less than (wo to pearly three » sof wool during the past tem years have 1849 1860. 1,681,601 By thie statement it is shown that the quantity of wool yous into the country, of late years, amounts to almost one-third part of that produced in it, while at former periods, as from 1841 and 1845, the quentity was nearly one half. The lar; proportion of this imported wool was chiefly from Buenos Ayres aud the neighboring Btates on the Rio de la Plata, and is of a coarse and cheaj variety, costing from six to elght cents per pound. It will be always cheaper to bring this kind of wool from re- where sheep are rearea without care or labor thay produce it at bome; but there is no country in the worldin which sheep may, by judicious treatment, be made a source of greater wealth and comfort to its inhabi: ‘tants than the United States. The ations of wool in 1849 and 1850 exhibit a re- markable increase over the preveding or any foumer year, amounting im quantity to 82,548,693 pounds, and_to the value of $8:800,000, wuear. ‘Wheat, where the soil and the climate are adapted to ite growth, and the requisite progrers has been made in its culture, is decidedly preferred to all other grains, and, next to maize, is the most important erop in the United States. not only on account of its general use for bread, but for its safety and convenience for exportatton. Itis not known to what country it is indigenous. any more than our other cultivated cereals ail of which no doubt hhave been errentially improved by man. By some, wheat is considered to have been eotval with the creation, as it f& koown that up s of # thousand years before our era it was cultivated. and a superior variety had been attained. It has steadily followed the progress of oivili sation, from the earliest times, in all countries where it would e. The introduction of this grain into the North American colonies dates back to the earlivst period of their settle- ment by Europeans It was first sown, with other grains, on the Biizabeth Islands. in Massachusetts. by Gosnold, at the time he explored that coast, in 1602 Im 1éll, wheat, as well as other grains was sown in Virginia, and by the year 1648 there sitiveted many hundred sores im that colony. Althouc) premiwns were offered as an encouragement of ite growth in 1651 it was not much oultivated for more than a century after in con uence of the ill-directed attention to the culture of tobscco, ‘Wheat was introduced into the valley of the Missisippi by the “Western Company,” in 1718. where from the earcless mode of cultivating it by the early settlers, and the sudden alternations of temperature it would.only yield from five to eightfold. running to etraw and blade, Without filling the ear. In 1746. however, the culture had 60 far extended. that six hundred barrels of flour ‘were received at New Orleaps from the Wabash; and. by the year 1750, the French of Illinois raiced three times a8 much wheat as they consumed. and large quantities of in and flour were sent to the same place. Prior te the revolution the primitive soils of New York, New Jersey, and of New England. appear not to baverewarded ihe cultivation of this grain much, if any. beyond the wants of the inhabitants Considerable quantities were raised on the Hudson and in some parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which were exported to the West Indies and New England. and to Great Britain, France, Portugal and Spain, io years of searcity, previous ‘to 1828. In 1776 there was entailed wpon this country an endar- ing calamity. in consequence ¢f the iatroduction of the ‘Hetsian or wheat fly. which wae supposed to have been brovgbt from Germany in some stiaw employedinthe de | barkation of Howe's troops on the west end ef Long Island From that point the insect graduatly spread in various di- rections, at the rate of twenty or thirty miles @ year. and the wheat of the entire regions east of the Allghanies is mow more or less infested with the lavral. as well as in large portions of the States bordering on the Ohio and Mis- sistippi. and on the great lakes; and so great have been the ravages of there insects. that the cultivation of this grain has in many places been sbandoned The geographical range of the wheat region In the Eastern Continent and Australia, lies p the 30th and 6tih parallels of north latitude. and be- tween the 30th and 4'th degrees south. being chiefly soontined to France. Spain. Portugal, Italy, Sicily, Greece, Turkey, Russia, Denmerk. Norway, Sweden Poland, Pruscia, Netherlands, Beigiow. Great Britain, Ireland, Northern and Sou:bern Africa, Tartary, India China, Australia, Van Dieman’s Land, and Japan Atlantic portions of the Western Uontinent. it embraces the tract lying between the 80th and 50th parallels, and in the country westward of the Kocky Mountains one or two more degtees forther north Along the west cont of South America as well asin situations within the Torrid Zone. sufficiently elevated above the level of the sea and tly irrigated by patural or artificial means, abun- nt crops are ofien produced ‘The principal districts of the United States in which important grain is produced im the greatest abundance and forms # leading article of commerce, embrace the States of New Jersey, Penreyivania Deleware Maryland. Virginia, Obio, Kentucky. Michigan, India inois. Missouri, Wis consin, and Iows, The chief varieties cultivated in the Northern and Sastern ves are the white flint, tea, Liberian, bald. Bisck rem. and the italian spring wheat. In the middie ana Western 3 ube Mediterranean, the Virginia white May, the blue tem, the Indias, the Kentucky white bearded. the old red chail, and the Tala- vera The yield varies from ten to forty bushels; and upwards, per acre, weighing per bushel from fifty eight ixty-feven pounds It appears that on the whole crop of the United States there was a gain doring the ten years of 15.645 378 bu-bels The erop of New England decreased from 00 bushels. exhibiting a deoline of d indicating the attention of farmers ravn from the calrure of wheat. » FLadeon to the Potomac, incluoing the Dist obi. it appears that they nced, in 1849. 35.085 000 bushels, against 29.936 000 in 1829. In Virginia. there was an increas+ of 1 123,000 ‘Dushels. These States embrace the oldest wheat growing and that in «hich the soil end 9 the permanent cul- he increase of production in the ten 000 bushels equal to 15.6 per cent Grouping the Stat ture of the grain The —ubile the proportiv eent In North Carolin 170 060 bushels there was 8 cop by «hole amount returned ( produced is forty six per bere nas been an increase of n States generally Indians. [ilinois, to the general ag 800.000 bushels; vduced upwards > the whole in. ping up with the t the Union, a decline in the calti- ress Of populaticn ‘we need have po app vation of this important crop The amcunt of flour ¢xported / wes 6424 barrels From Philedel barrels, besidee 88.000 buebeix of wh barrels besides 900 bushels of wheat Derrele, From Savannsh in Virginia, for ome year ann tion 80.000 bushels of wheat from the United © i Derides 1,015 rele, besides 26 5 els, besides 32 axports of flour +081 barrels, in 1810 653052 bar in 1510, 798 431 bar- ; fp 1820--21. 1.054 c ; in 1830: ) bushels of wheat; ia s $68 585 bushels of ls. berides 1.613.795 Dburhels of wheat; in 1 52.496 barrels. besides 4.899 061 bushels of wheat; in 1860-61 2 385 barrels, | Derides 1.023725 bushelsof wheat ‘Acoording to the census of 1840, the wheat crop of the United States amounted to St ‘2 bushels; in 1849, 0 bushels, al ig States, the us of 15% he largest witen! of 1849 fell tar below the averag ote ff Ohio especially. was there great defici- je apparent by the returns of the wheat ng Year—made in pursuance of an act of the Legirlature of that State. From the almost uni vereal returns of * short crop” by the marehals io that tate in 1849. which feil below tha! of 1859. two millions of buhels, and the a crrtained crop of 1850 we are fally Satisfied that the average wheat crop of Ohio, would ap thirty per cent greater than shown by the census re- Forms. The seme coures which operated to diminish the wheat orcp of Ohio. were net without their effects upon that of other States. bordering on the upper portion of the valley of the Misste ipot In the Londen «xbibition. very little wheat was exhi according to the ited equal to that from the United States. especially that | from Gennessce county. in the State of New York a soft, White variety, te tbe exhibitor of #bich, « prize medal ‘was awarded by the Koyel Commissioners, aod recently transmitted to Mr. Bell by the Prevident of the United Btates the chyirman of the Exe Committee in the United States The red Mediverr fom the United & wheat from South Avstralin. was probably superior to any exbibited while much from our own untry fell bat Lit tle bebind, and wa: unquestionably mext in quality. RYE Thie grain is suppored to be a native of the Caspian Caucasian devert and has been cul vaced in the north of Europe and Asis from time immemorial where it consti- tutes an important article of human eubsistencs, being merally mixed with barley or wheat [ts introdastion Into western Europe i# comparatively of recent date. os BO mes ‘ion i+ Wade of it in the Orius Sanitatis pubished at Augeburg io 1485 which treate av length of barley, mil- let onis and ‘ Rye was cuitiveted in the North American colontes Peon afier their settlement the Eng! Gorges Ryeske of it ax y in Nova Scotia in 1622 as wel\ as Plan‘agen’t enumerates it among th Virginia (New 1648. end wilu formmion « 1 ginia, by Sir Willams ier Jergrapbies!ly d grow nipon eituntions allke expored northern Asia end 1 Holland It ts much employed Tt ie also grown to sor Wales, In thir ec Miodle eee ore pro‘ite ble crops ihe tire leading varieties cultivated to Blatex, are the Sprieg Winter and hen Aifferina from the others only fr ng place Volted The yield varive from 10 to 00 o weighing trom 48 10 66 pounds to tHe hasbel pro Guction of rye hes ove ensed 4 iu'tae egate, bat in Now York it 1s eree’er thaw fa 1810 by Gout forty per cont. Pennsyiven ots the lar woer hex fallin off from 0 6 hele. Perhaps the general oiminution in th Of this grain pow prooveed may be e090 Soorreponding deriine in \h purposer, to which « large part of the © nantity up p ia vod f incipally between | the Peres, ram Phe United States in 1801, was 302 270, in 1812, 82 71 1820-21 there were exposed 1830-31. 19.100 barrels; im 1540-41, 44081 barrels: 1845-46, 38530 barrels; in 1846-47, 43,802 barrels; in 1850-51, 44.152 barreln, During the year ending June 1, 1860, there were consumed of rye about 2.144 bushels in the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors, According to the census returns of 1540, the product of the country was 18,645,507 bushels ; in 1860, 14 188,637 bushels, MAIZE, OR INDIAN CORN, Among the objects of culture in th maize or Indian corn takes precedenc crops, as it is best adapted to the soil aud climate, and furnishes the t amount of nutritive food When due regard is paid to the selection of varieties, and cull vated im ® proper soil, it may be accounted as @ sure crop in almost every portion of the habitable globe, between the forty fourth degree of north latitude and a corres- ponding parallel south, Besides its production in this country, ite prineipal culture is ifmited to Mexico. the West Indies, most of the States of South America, France, Spain, Portugel, Lombardy, and Southern and Central Europe generally. It is also cultivated with success in northern, southern, and western Africa, India, Chine, the Azores, the Madeizas, the Caniries, and sumerous other ocean isles. Although there has been much written on the Eastern origin of this grain. it did not growin that part of Asta watered by the Indus, at the time of Alexander the (ireat’s expedition, as it is not among the productions of the country, mentioned by Nearchus, the commander of the ficet; veither is it noticed by ariav, Diodorus, Columella, nor any other ancient author; and even as late as 1491, the year before Columbus discovered America, Joan di Caba, in his “Ortus Sanitatis,”’ makes no mention of it It has never been found in any ancient tumulus, sarcophagus, or pyramid; nor has it ever been represented in any an- rica. But in this country. according to Garcilaso de la ‘Voga, one of the ancient Peruvian historians, the palace | gardens of the Incas in Peru were ornamented with | maize, in gold and silver, with all the grains, spikes, | stalks and leaves; and in one instance, in the “garden of | gold and silver,” there was an entire cornfield, of consid | rable size, representing the maize in its exact and natu- | ralsbape. A prcof no less of the wealth of the Incas, | than their veneration for this important grain, | In farther proof of the American origin, it inay be stated, thas this plant is still found growing in a wild state, from the Rocky Mountains, in North America, to | the humid forests of Parguay, where instead of having each grain naked, as is always the case afer long cultiva: tion, it is completely covered with glumes, or husks. It is, furthermore, a well authenticated fast, that maize was found in a state of cultivation by’ the abori- gins, in the island of Cuba. on its discovery by Colum. us, as well as in mcst other places in America, frst ex- | plored by Americans. | ‘The first successful attempt to cultivate this grain in North America, by the English. occurred on James? river, in Virginia, in 1608. It was undertaken by the | colonists sent over by the London company, who | adopted the mode then practised by the natives, which, | with some modifications, bas been pursaed throughout | | this country ever since. The yield, at that time is | represented to have been from two hundred to more than one thousand fold. The same increase was noted by | the early set'lers in Lilinots, The precent yield, east of the Rocky Mountains, when varies from 20 to 185 bushels to an acre. ‘The varieties of Indian corn are very numerous, exbibiting every grade of size. color, and conformation, between the * pad reed” that grows on the shores of Lake Superior—the gigantic stalks ef the Ohio Valley—the tiny ears, with flat, elose, clinging grains, of Cai the | brillisnt, rounded little peari—the bright red grains and | white cob of the eight rowed hamalite—the swelling ears of the big white and the yellow gourd seed of the South. | From the flexibility of this plant, it may be acclimatized, by gradual cultivation, from Texas to Mume, or from Canada to Brazil; but its character, in either case, is somewhat changed. and often new varieties are the re- sult. The blades of the plant are of great value as food | for stock. and is au article but rarely estimated suff- ciently, when considering of the agricultural products of | the Southern and Southwestern States especially. The increase of produstion, from 1840 to 1850, was 214 000,000 bushels. equal to 56 per vent. The production New Englsnd has advanced from 6 993 C60 to 10 377 8 384 0C0 bushels. nearly fifty percent New York. New Jersey, Penpsylvanis. Delaware and Maryland, increased. 20 812 000 bushels. more than fifty per cent. In the pro- duction of this crop no Stste has retrograded. Ohio, | Which in 1840 occupied the fourth plice as a corn pro: ducing State, now ranks as the first. Kentucky is se- cond. Illinois third, Tennessee fourth. The crop of Ilti- pois bas increased trom 2 060,000 to 5,500,000 bushels, or at the rate of one hundred and sixty’ per cent in ten Along the®! years, Of the numerous varieties some are best adapted to the Southern Btates, while others are better suited for the Northern and Eastern. ‘Cbose generally cultivated in the former sre the Kouthern big and «mall yellow. the Southern big ana smell white flint. the yellow Peruvian, and the Virginian white gourd seed. In the more North- erly and Easterly States, they cultivate the golden sioux or Northern yellow flint. the King Philip or eight rowed yellow. the Canadian early white. the Tuscarora, the white flour, and the Rhode Isiand white flint The extended cultivation of this grain is chiefly con- fined to the Eastern Middle and Westera States, though The much more successfully grown in the latter. amount exported from South bushels; from North from Georgia, in 1765, bu several years preceding the revolution, annually 690,000 ; from Philadelphia, im 1785-66, 60,205 bushels, in 441 bo-hels. a] amount exported from this conatry in 1770, 78 $49 bushels ; in 64.035. bushels. 351 of which were Indian mes 2435 bushels, 238.108 of which were in me 0.960 bushels, there were ox- 069 barrels of In- of corn, and 1 27 bushels of in 1845-48. 1,286 068, corn. and 232.284 barre Durbels of corn and 208,700 barrels of meal; in 1846-47 16 826 (50 bushels of corn. and 948.060. barrels of *meat ; in 1860-61, 3 426 811 bushels of corn, and 203.622 barrels of meal. More than eleven millions of bushels of Ladian corn were consumed in 1550, in the manufacture of malt and spiritous liquors ‘According to the census of 1840, the corncrop of the United States was 377,591 575 bushels; in 1850, 599,326,612 burkels, oars. ‘The oat, when considered in connection with the artifi- cit) grasses and the nourishment and improvement it affords to live ttock may be regarded as one of the mort impor ant crops we produce Ite hi-tsry is highly in teresting. from the ciream-tance thet. whileim many por- tions of Europe it is formed into meal, it forms an impore tant sliment fr man; one sort at least has been eulti- vated frem the days of Pliay. on account of its fitmens an article of diet for the sick ‘The country of its origin is sowewhat uncertain, though the most common variety is reid to be indigenone to the I+land of Juan Ferasndez. Another oat, rerembling the ivated variety, is also found growing wild in California This plant was introduced into the North American Colenics soon after their rettlement by the English It was sown by Gornold on the Elizabeth Islands in 1602 ; cultivated in Newfound!and in 1022. and in Virginia, by Berkley. prior to 1648. ‘The oat is @ hardy grain, and fs suited to climates too hot and too cold either for wheat or rye, Indeed. its flexibility is 80 great. tha altivated with sussess in Bengal as low as latitade twenty-five degrees North bat refuses to yield profitable crops as we spp-oach the equa tor, It flouristes remarkably well when doe regerd ts paid to tho selection of varieties, throughout the in- babited parts of Eurone. the northern and genital por tions of Asia A Nortffern Africa, North America, and neurly all South Ameries, country the grow'h of the ont is con aed prin- cipally to the Middle. Westerm and Northern States. The varieties cultivated are the common white the black, the grey, the imperial. the Hopetown. the Polish, the Egyptian, and the potatoe ost. The yield of the com- mon Varieties varies — fro f to nivety bashels and upwards per acre. and weighing from twenty five to fifty pounds to the bushels. The Beyptian oat is culti- vated routh of Tennessee. which, after beiog sown in au tumn. and fed off by s ock in winter and spring yields from ten totwenty bushels per acre In the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors, oats enter but lightly and their consumption for this purpose does not exceed 60 600 bushels annually in the United States ‘The oat, like rye. never has entered mach iato our foreign commerce, asthe domestic consumption has al- ways been neatly equal tothe quon ity produced Th snnual average erp rts for several years preceding 1817, were 70.(00 bushels By the ceneur returns of 1840 it will besern that the total produce of the United States was 123 071,341 bushels of 1850, 146 678,879 burhels, nice The chief food. perhaps, of one third of the human race porresses the advantage attending wheat maize and otber grains. of preser ing plenty during the fluetnations of trade, and ie aleo surerp*ible of cultivation on land too low apd meist for the production of most other usefal plants. Although cultivated princips'ly within the tropics. it flourithes well beyond producing even heavier and better filled grain. Like many cther plants in eom- mon ute. it is now found will. (i: is to be usderstood that the wild rice, cr water ost 2 eqpatica which grows along the mu‘dy shores of our tid are is distinct plant from the commen rice. ard *hou'd not be confounded with it) nor ie { » country known thiopia. while others regard it of Asiatic origin The chief variety ig cultivated throughou' the torrid zone. wherever there is plentifal sup p'y of aad will mature. uncer favoratle circumstances. im the em continent a bigh as the 45th lel of north tude end as far south ax the 88th On the Atismt wide ef the Western continent it will floorieh as far north as latitude 38 degrees, and to a ¢ ponding parallel oust Or the western coast of America it #0 far north ea 40 or more degrees ite culture f« principally 4 to India China Japs Medagesonr m Africa. the south of southern por of the United States. the the Valley of Parana snd Urug At the Industrial there were displayed 1 ties of rice papieh main, Brazil, and London last y « specimens and vai ion wt eleva’ honorable me Yeroltnn rice exbihit hy the jury + mag 7 ry wore feo and jo it was awarded to admit that the American rice though originally fm ported frm the O.d World, is now much the fisest in quality M The grein war firet introduced into Virginia by Str Wil Mera Berks le 0 reorived half a basel of ixteen buyhels of excellent thevt or allo hwaisown the following yeur Tt Lo stated theta Hutch brig feom Madagasex* eames berlesten in JOO4. and left about a peokof paddy "The tloctuations in the amount exported in 1945-45-17 Of (bis as weil ms the other Binds of grain oa’ ivated ia this country. were oconrtoned by the great f to Tea Land caused by tho failure of thy } im thors Japon, Australia, and the £andwich Islands, the groups of | cient paintirg, cculpture, or work of art, except in Ame- | judiciously cultivated, | 000 bushels, showing an increase of | cng is cultivated in this country to alimt- called Cochin-China, or moun'ain rice, | from its adaptation toa dry soll, without irrigation. It ‘will grow several degreas further North or South than the Carolina rice, and has been cultivated with success in the northern provinces of Hu China, Westphatis, Vir- ginis and Maryland; but the ie much less then that | Of the preceding, being only fifteen to twenty bushels to an acre. It was first introduced into Charleston, from Canton byJohn Brodly Blake, in 1772 ‘The amount of rice exported from South Carolina tn 1724. was 18,0¢0 barrels; Im 1781, 41,957 barrels; in 1749, 90.110 barrels: in 1747 48, 55.000 barrels; in 1754. 104 682 bsrrels; intl760 61,100,000 barrels; from Savannah, in 1755, 2 209 barrels besides bushels of paddy orrough rice; in 1760, 8,288 barrels. besides 208 bushels of paddy; in | 1770, £2 120 barrels. besides 7,064 bushels of padty; from | Philadelphia, in 1771, 258.375 pounds. The smount ex ported from the United States in 1770, wag 150 529 bar- rela; in 1791, 96,980 tieroes; in 1800, 112056 tierces; in | 1810, 131,841 tieroes; in 1820-21, 88,221 tierces, in 1530-31, | 116817 tierces; in 1840 41, 101,617 tleroes, in 1845-40, 124 007 tierees; in 1846-47, 144,427 tierces; in 1850-51, 105,500 tierces. | _ According tothe census of 1840, the rice crop of the United States amounted to 0,841,422 pounds; in 1350, 215 319,710 pounds. Tonacco. ‘Tobacco, from the extent to which it is cultivated. its importance in commerce, and the modes of employing it 0 gratify the senses, constitutes one of the most remark- able features in the history of man. From the solace only of the wild Indian of Ameriea, it has become one of the luxuries of the rich, and gives pleasure to the poor, throughout the habitable globe, from the burning desert to the frozen zone. In short, its use for snuff. for chew- ing. or for emoking, is almogt universal, and for no other reason than a sort of convulsion® (sneezing.) produced by the first, and @ degree of intoxication by the last two modes gf usuge This is indigenous to tropical America, and ultivated by the aborigines in various parts of the continent, previous to its discovery by Europeans Columbus found it on the island of Cubs in 1492, where he was invited by achief to partake a suger In 1496 Ro manus Pane published the first account of it, as growing in 8t. Domingo. calling it cohoba, cohobla and gioia Sir Richard Grenville found it im Virginia, in 1535, when the English. for the first time, saw it smoked by the natives, in pipes made of clay. to have been int: + is balleved uced into England by Raleigh’s colonists, on their return from Virginia, in 1586. Soon after the set ent of Jamestown from the increased demand in Europe, and the peculiar adaptation of the soil for its culture. considerable quantiti raised, and nume- | rous individuals interested in the colony, contribu‘ed to induce that taste for it, which had already been diffused among all classes, In 1611, tobacco was first cultivated in Virginia by the | use of the epade. previous to which. it had only been raised after the rude manner of the Indians, In 1616, it was cultivated in that celony to so alarming an extent, that even the streets of Jamestown were planted with it, and various regulations were framed to restrain its pro duetion; but every admonition to the settler was disco - led. es 1, attempted, by repeated proclamations and publi ions, to restrain its use ; butjhis efforts had very little effect, and the colonists continued to experi- ence more rapidly increasing and better demand for this staple than for any other in the provinoe. Previous to the war of Independence, its cultare had spread into Maryland Caroling Georgia and Louisiana, from which nearly all Europe was supplied. But at pre- sent most of the sovereigns of the old world derive a con- siderable part of their revenue from the cultivation of this plant. production in the Middle and | — Independent of its Southern States of the Union, tobacco is extensively cul- tivated in Mexico, the Spanish Main, Cuba, Brazil, | | Trinided, St Domingo, Turkey, Persia, India Ohina, | , Australia, the Phillipines, and Japan It has also been Taised with success in nearly every country in Europe. | Egypt. Algeira, the Cape of Good Hope, the Canaries, and | numerous. other irlands in the ocean, Canada, New Brunswick, and on the Western const of America ‘The principal varieties cultivated im the United Statos, | are the Virginian, the large leafed. the dwarf, the Cubs, and the oommon green tobacco Tn 1662, there were raised in Virginia, 60,000 pounds ; the amount exported from that colony in 1639, was 120.(00 pounas ; annually, for ten years preceding 1709, 28,868,666 pounds ; annually, for scveral years preceding the revolution. 55000 bogsbeads ; in 1758. 70 000 hogs- ; from North Carolina, in’ 1753, 100 hogeheads ; from Georgia in 1772, 176.732 pounds. ‘The amount ex- ported from the United Colonies, in 1772, was 97.799.283 unde; in 1789. 17421267 pounds; from the United tater, in 1787, 99,041,000 pounds ; in 1791, 101,272 hogs heads. 81,122 pounds manufactured. and 15 689 pounds of enuff; in 1800. 78,680 hogsheads, 457,713 pounds manufactured. and 41 453 pounds of snuff; in 1810, 84 134 | hogsheads, 495.427 pounds mapufatured, and | 46640 pounds of snuff; in 1820 "21, 65,858 hogeheads, 1.332.949 pounds manufactured. aud 44,552 pounds of snuff; in 1830-31, 86718 hogsheads, 3.639 836 pounds manufac- tured. and 27.967 pounds of snuff; in 1840."41, 147 828 hogeheads. 7.503 644 pounds manufactured, and 68 553 pounds of emuff: in 1850 51. 95 945 hogabeads. 7.235 358 pounds mavufactured and 27.422 pounds of suff. According to the census retarns of 1849, the amount of tobacco raited in th» United States. was 219 163 519 pounds; of 1850. 199,7 in ite culture, of 19,410,673 pounds. corron Cotton, which administers so bountifully to the wants of civilized a8 well as to savage man, and to the wealth and economy of the countries producing it, stands pre eminent im the United States both as regards its saperior staple and the degree of pertection to which ita cultivation bas been brought. One or more of its epesies is found growing wild throughout the torrid zone, whence it has been disseminated and become an important object of cul ture in several eountries thereto adjacent. from time im- memorial It is mentioned by Herodotus, as growing in India, where the natives manufectured it into cloth; by Theophrastus, as a product of Etniopia; and by Pliny, a growing in Fgypt towards Arabia, and near the borders | of the Persisn Gulf Newhoff. who visited Ohina in 1655, says that it was then cultivated in great abuudance in thet country, where the seed had been introduced about 5C0 yenrs before. Columbus found it in use by the Ame- rican Indians of Cuba. in 1492; Cortez by those of Mexico, in 1519; Pizsrro and Almagro. by the Incas of Peru, in de Vaca, by the nations of Texas and Calitorn 6 Of the precise period of the first introduction of the cultivation of this plant into the North American Colo- nies, history is silent, In a pamphlet entitled. ‘Nova Britavpia offering most excellent frnits by planting in Virginis,’* published in London. in 16(_ it is stated that cotton would grow as well in that province, as im Italy. on the authority of Beverly. in his his- mund Andross, while Go gave particular marks of ny of cotton which sinew It further appears g time im the eastern ‘lina, and Georgia, in ¥ bis favor towards the pri Dis time has been much ne; that it wae cultivated for « | parte of Maryland. Virginia, the garden, though not at all asa planter’s crop tor do- nor of the Colony. in s mestic consump'ion. In anether pamphlet, entitled «A Btate of the Province of Georgia, attested upon oa*h in the Court of Savannah,” in 1740, it was ayerred that “large quantities have been raised, and 1: is much planted; but the cotton which in some parts is peren- nisl, dies here in winter: which nevertheless. the ranual is not inferior to in goodne:s, but requires more trouble in clesnsing from the seed? In shout the year 1742, Mr Dubreuil invented a cotton giv. which creased an epoch in the cultivation of this product in Loutiana During the revolation the in- habitants of 8t Mary’s aod falbot counties Im Maryland, ‘as well as those of Cape May county New Jersey, raised a rofficient quantity of cotton to meet their wants for the time It was formerly produced in sihell quantities for family use in ‘he county of Sussex, in Delaware, near the head waters of the Choptank The reed of the Sea Irland cotton was originally ob- tained from the Bahama Irlands, in about the year 1795, being the kind then known in the West Indies as the ‘Anguilla cotton.” It was first cultivated by Josiah Tatnall and Nicholas Turnbull, om Skidaway Isiand nea Savannah, and subsequently by James Spaulding and Alexander Bisset, on 8t_ Simon's Island, at the mouth of the Altamaha,and on Jekyl Jeland. by Richard Leake. For many years after its introduction, it was confined to ibe more elevated parts of these islands bathed by the ealins atmosphere and surrounde by the sea Gradually, however, the cotton culture was extended to the lower grounds avd bi yond the limits of the islands, to the ad- jacent shores of the continent, Into soils containing a ‘mixture of clay, and lastly into coarse olays deporited along the prent rivers where they mect the ocean tides Previous to 1794. the year a ney's ‘aw-gin. che annual amount of cotton produced in North America was comparatively inconsiderable ; but, since that period. there is probably nothing recorded in the history of industry. including its mannfaotare in this country and Eurepe, that would compare with its subsequent increae Ip the eastern hemisphere, the growth of cotton is principally restricted to the maritime countries lying between the fortieth dergee of north latitade and core responding parallel routh On the oasterly ride of the Western continent, this plant vill perfest its growth in moet of the districts adjacent to the tidal waters. Inciud- ing the seglone bordering on the Miseiveippt the Ameson snd the Parana, between latitude thirty nice degrees rorth ana forty degrees south; andon the west coast of America, between the fortieth parallel north and a eor- responding degree south ‘The growth of this staple « chiefly confined to India, China Japan, Avetralia, Persia. Turkey, Southern Ka- rope. Arsbia Egypt Algeria. Southern and Western Atriea, the soutrern section of the United states. British Guiana, New Grenada, Venezuela. Peru, Branil Ura guay. the Weet Indies and mume ous otuer oovan isos Accordivg to Dr Royie, who has recently investigated the subject. the different varielies of cotton may bo claseed under four distinet species, in the following manner — 1 Corsypinm indicum or herbeceum, the cotton plant of (nolan Chios, Arabia, Persia, Asia Minor and some not Aten Z. Gomypinm si bereum, a tree aotton, indigenous to ypiura barbadeuse the Mexican or West In. on of wie: the Bea Idand New Orleaas aud Jt was long «ines intro yarbon and thence into India; f = Bourbon cotton” nivatim, which ownd BON wok reeds, Woot Upland Georgina are duced ino the Trland of henee it nequired the pnwe 4 Gereypy yieids the Pers ate eh edt ‘i varieties | wb t eed 08 Bem Tete y the reme of * and long fibres ehort step! n and commercially in the Block ¥r wn eho 4 PRY Ap pe Arner (go: ky piom herhscnum ) exiled | chorte? wate etople with green coeds krown by the “uplind cat | of Nankin. oF yellow, (gre pinm barhadenas) the Maxi | con ané Pett Gut Tbe average yield ws about Ove hun | Gred poundé per acre 646 pounds, showing a decrease | the invention of Whit. | nad two kinds | the amount cultivated vas 790479,275 pounds; of 1850, 987 440,600 pounds, showing an increase of 196,970,325 pounds It appears that the culture of cotton is rapidly’ dimia- bing ip Virginia and North Carolina. Ip those States, is is doubtless giving place to other profuctions of the toil, There has been a very heavy falling off also, ia Louisiana, and no appreciable increase in Misslesippl. Butthe diminution in the former ctate, and the failure of smy advance in the ie accounted fer by the terrible inundations of the’ issippi and its tributaries. But for that calamity, it is probable that their increascd. yield would bave equalled it of Alabama, which now occupies the first A plae as a cotton planting State, and has almost doubled its production since 1840. Immense as the extent and value of this crop has be- come it is not extravagant to anticipate a rate of in- crease for the eurrent decennial period, which will bring up the aggregate for the year 1860, to 4.000.000 bales. The average annual yield for the five years ending with 1835, was estimated at 1.055 000 bales; for the same pe riod. ending in 1840 1440.0C0; for a lod, termi tlog with 160, 2.276 000 bal ke les Had no Reaching cane interrupted the progressive advance, the amount of 1850 would have excveded 3,000,000 bales, BUcKWwHEAT Buckwheat is cultivated in almost every part of the temperate and arctic climates of the civilized world for the farinaceous albumen of its seeds, which, when pro. perly cooked, affords a delicious article of food to « large portion of the human race. It also serves as excellent fodder to milch cows. and the straw, when cut green and converted into hay. and the ripened seeds. are fea to oat- tle. poultry, and swine Itis believed to be a native of Central Aria, as it is supposed to have been first brought to Europe in the carly part of the twelfth centuay, at the time of the crusades for the recovery of Syria from the dominion of the Saracens; while others contend that it was introduced into Spsin by the Moors, four hundred years betore ‘This grain appears not to have been much cultivated in this country prior to the last century, as itis mot often mentioned by writers on America previous to that pe- riod. Holn. in his history of ‘Pennsylvania, (Ni Swedeland ) published at Stockholm, in 1702, mentions, it among the productions of that provinse; and Kalm | the Swedish naturalist, who visited this countr} | 1748-49. speake of it a3 growing in Pennsylvania, N ia lew Jersey, New York; and several American writers on | Sericultural subjects have treated of it since. | The cultivation of buckwheat, in one or other of its is neipally confined to Great Britain, France, | \d, Italy, Netherlands. Germany, Sweden, Rus- | Tartary, Japan Algeria, Canada and the mid- | | dle and northern portions of the United States. In this country. from 30 to 45 bushels per acre be considered as an avera,e yield in fav seasons and i revere but 60 or more bushels are not untrequently produced. | This grain heretofore has never entered imto our foreign commerce Accordi | 1840, the annual quantity raised ia the United Btates, was7,291 743 bushels; of 1850 8,956,916 bushels. BARLEY, | Barley, like wheat, has been cultivated in Syria and Egypt for more than 3.000 years. and it was not until | | atter the Romans sdopted the use of wheaten bread that | | they fed this grain to their stock. It is evidently a native | ofa warm climate, as it is known to be the most pro- ductive in a mild eeazon, and will grow within the tropics | | at an elevation of 3 000 or 4 006 feet above the level of the | sea, It is one ofthe staple crops of northern and moun. | | tainous Kurope and Asia . | | The introduction of barley into the British American colonies may be traced back to the period of their settle. ment It was sown by Gosnold, together with other English grains, on Martha’s Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands, in 1602. and by the colonists in Virginia in 1611. | By the year 1648 it was raised in abundance in that colony, but soon after its culture was suffered to decline, | im consequence of the more profitable and increased pro- | duction of tobacco It has also been sparingly cultivated | in the regions of the middle and Northern States. for | malting avd distillation, and bas been employed. after being hulled, as arubstitute for rice. Although believed to have been indigenous to the countries bordering on the tornid zone. thi: bility of maturing in favorable searons and situations on | the astern continent, as far north as 70 degrees, and flourishes well in latitude 42 degrees Bouth Along the | Atlantic side ot the Continent of Americs its growth is | restricted to the tract lying between the 30th and 50th | pauallels of North latitude and between 30 and 40 degrees | South. Near the westerly coast its range lies principally between latitude 20 and 62 degrees north. Barley is at present extenrively cultivated in the temperate districts and ielands of Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. In Spain, Bicily. the Canaries, Azores, and Madeira, two crops are produced in a year. In North America its growth is principally confined to Mexico, the Middls, Western and Northern States of the Union, and to Cans- da New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. The barley chiefly cultivated in the United States, is the two rowed variety. which is generally preferred from the fullness of its berry and its freedom from smut. The yield varies from 30 to 50 or more barhels per acre, weigh- ing from 45 to 55 pounds to the beshel Bailey bas never been much exported from this country, as we buve been consumers rather than producers of this grain. In 1747-48. there were shipped from Charleston to England 15 casks, | The copsumptien of bestey for the past year in the manufecture of malt and spirituous liquors. amounted to | 3.780 000 bushels. According to the census returns of 1840, the annual smount of barley raised in the United States was 4,161,604 burhels; in 1850, 5,167 0:6 bushels, POTATOKS. The common Englith or Lrish potato (Solanum tubero- sum ) soextentively cultivated throughout most of the temperate countries of the civilized globe, contributing as it does to the necessities of a jarge_portion ot th» hu- man race, as well_as to the nourishment and fattening of stock, is regarded as of but little less importance in our national economy than maize, wheat or rice It has been found in an indiginous state in Opili. on the mountains near Valparaiso and Mendoza; also near Mentevideo, Lima. Quito, w# well as in Santa Fé de Bogota, and more | recently in Mexico. on the flanks of Orizava | ‘The history of this plant. in connection with that of the sweet potato, is involved in obscurity, as the accounts of their introduction into Europe are somewhat conflict- ing. and oftem they appear to be confounded with one apotber. The common kind was doub'less introduced into Spaim im the early part of the sixteenth century, from the neighborhood of Quito, where, as well as in all Spanish countrics, the tubers are kno«n as papas The firet published acceunt of it we findon record is in La Cronica del Peru, by Podre de Cieca printed at Seville in 1553, in which it is described, and illustrated by an en- graving. From Spain. it appears to have found its way into Italy, whore it assumed the same name as the trufile, It was received by Clusius, at Vienna, in 1598, in whose time it spread rapidly in the South of Europe, and even into Germany. To England it is said to Lave found its way by a different route, having been brought from Vir- ginia ‘by Raleigh colonists, in 1586. which would soem improbable. as it was unknown in No:th America at that time. either wild or cultivated; and, besides, Gough, in his cditon of Camden's ‘Biitanni ys it first plunted by Sir Waltor Raleigh. on his estate at Youghall, pear Cork, and that it was cuitivated in Ireland before its value was known in England — Gerard in his “fer- Lal,” published in 1597, gives figure of this plan’, under the name of Balata Virginian. to distinguish it from the dulis and recommends the root to be eatea as a dish ” but not asa common food. “The sweet ” suys Sir Joveph Banks, “was used in England ag cy. long before the introduetion of our potatoes, pported in censiderabl+ quantities from Spain anaries. and was supposed to possess the power of restoring decayed vigor” It is related that the com- | mon potato was accidentally introduced in England from Ireland, at a period somewhat earlier than that noticed erard, in contequence of the wrecking of a vessel on | the coast cf Lancashire, which bad a quantity on board. In 1663. the Royal Society of England took measures for | the cultivation of this vegetable, with the view of pre- venting femine ite utility as a food became better Notwithstandip, known. no high character wes attached to it; and tre | writers on gardening towards the end of the seventeenth century. a bundred years or more after its iatro duction, treated of it rather inoifferently. “They are much us in Ireland and America as bread.’ says one author, and may be propagated with advantage to poor people The famous nurserymen, Loudon and Wis». did not cersider it worthy of notice in their “Complete Gardener,”’ published in 1719, But ite use gr ally spread as its excellencies became better understood 't was near the middle of the last contury before it was generaily knowa either in Britein or North America, since which it has | | been most extensively cultivated. : The period of the introduction of the common potato into the Britith Nort® american Colonies is not preci-ely known It is mentioned among the products of Carolina ana Virginia in 1749. and by Kalm as growing in New York the year The culture of this plant extends through the whole of Europe a large portion of Asia, Australia the south. | erp and northern parte of Africa.and the adjacent islands, On the American continent, with the exception of some | rections of the toriid zone. extends from Labrador, on the east, and Nootka Sound, | on the wert to Cape Horn It. resists more effectually than the cereals the frosts of the porch Im this coun- | try. it is principally confined to the Northern Middle | and We tern Staler, where. from the coolness of the | ate it acquarex @ tarinaceous consistence highly | eonduelve to thy support of animal life It nas never heen extensively cultivated in Florida. Alavama, Missis. tipp) and Louisiane, perhaps more from the greater feeriity of raiving the sweet potato. its more tropical rivel Lim perfection bowever. depends as much upon | the roll ar on the climate in which it grows: for in the | ted ics on the bank# of Gayou Beouf in Louisiana, where the lend ts new, ic ia eal t tubers ars produced nw jarge. ravory and es free or as any raised in orler paris of the world Che eamo may be said of tho grown at Berm! Madeira the Canaries, end numerous oiber ecenn ites ‘The chict yarleties cultivated in the Northern States, ave the oarter. the kidneys the pink-cyes, the mercer, the orange the Sault ste Stari, the merino, and Vestera rd; in the Middle and Weste long ved Or merino. the orarge the Wertera red iw yield varior from 50 to 406 bushels and upwards per Dnt genersily it ts below 200 bar hels vithin the inet tea youth. an alarming “sot! hes attycked the tubers of thir plant about the time they erefullygiown It hi only appeares ia early every put of oorewn country but hay spread Otemey nt tines throvgtiont Orent Britsio and freiand, oane, oF to the census returns of — thi | sumption ef imported wine smong the people of Great | the take of preserving round number: the culture of this root | 77 States the mercer, the | AMERICAN WINE, ‘The extent of our territory over which the wine culture may be advantageously diffused has long @ sub- ject of much pect It early attracted the ation- tion of the first colo who not only attempted to form vineyards of the E vine, but to @ wine from our native grapes though the subject has been and sedulously pursued at various periods the easterly half of the oon- pever and it, of foreign grape. bave been able to bring their i to perfectio those who have Seatea Fate ekill our Betive va Yariotis, * we only met wit! success, Yet, a per: severance and enthusiasm seems to have pervaded all the votaries of this delightful pursuit, and a warm and mutu- al interchange of views and sentiments has existed among them, which has been compuratively unknown in other species of culture. And although the operators in re- cent times, from bring interspersed over £0 t ex- tent of territory. are Ft bare Sache Sar widely separated, still the connecting link, by a friendly co operation in one common cause, may justly and appropriately assimi- late their united exertions to that Joyous period in the history of France, when, during the reign of Grobus, thourands of all ages and sexes united inone ha teh ia and enthusiastic effort for the restoration of their vine- yards, Indeed, when the far greater limits of our domain are considered, the combined efforts of our fellow coun- trymen cannot fuil to produce effects even more impor- tant, from the great extent of their influence. and cause each section of our republic to reciprocally respond to the oa of others, with all their attendant advantages and igs. The earliest attempt to establish vineyard in the Britith North Ameriean colonies was by the London Com- pany, in Virginia . prior to 1620. By the year 1630, the prospects were sufficiently favorable to warrant the im- portation of several French vignerous, who, it was alleged, ruined them by bad management Wine was also le nm Virginia. in 1647, aud in 1651 premiums were offered for its reduction’ On the authority of Beverley, who Wrage prior to 1722, there were vineyards in that golony |™ produced seven hundred and fifty gallons of wine & year. } Beatchamp Plantegenet, in his ‘Description of the Province of New Albion,” published in London, in 16: states that the English eetwersin Uredate, Delaware, hi vines running on mulberry and sassafras trees, and that there were four kinds of grapes. “The first,” says he, is the Thorouse Muscat, sweet scented; the second, the reat foxe and thick grape, after five moneths reaped. being led and ralted. and well fined, it is strong red Xeres; the third. o light claret; the fourth, a white gray erseps on the land, maketh a pure gold color wine. fe Pale, the Frenchmun, of there four mado eight sor! of excellent wine; and of the muscat, acute boyled. that cond draught will fox a reasonable pate four moneths old; and here may be gathered and made two hundred tun in the vintage moneth, and re planted, will mend. An attempt to establish a vineyard, near Philadelphia, was made by William Penn, in 1683; also by Androw Dore. in 1685; but neither succeeded. In 1769, the French settlers on Illinois river made up. wards of 100 hogsheads of strong wine from the American wild grape. The quantity of wine annually produced in the United States has become a subject of some discussion since the appearance of the return in the seventh census ou that interest. The census of 180 gave 124000 gallons as the produce of that year It has been stated in the public prints that since that rericd the culture of the grape, and the manufacture of wine therefrom, have grown into & business of eonaiderable importance in the States bor- dering on the Ohio river, and that several hundred acres have been planted in vineyards in that valley, which yields at the rate of 300 ons of wine a year. The to- tal product of the Union, in 1850, was given at 221.219 allons. But during the intervenlng period there had n added toour own territory, California and New Mexico which, in the iatter year. produced 60,718 gallons. This quantity, deducted from the aggregate, leaves 160 531 gallons for the portion of the Union covered b; tho returns of 1840, indicating a gain of only 86.000. This is probably an under statement, but it seems to prove that ‘BO considerable progress has yet been made towards sup- pirirg. by a home production, the demand to meet which fel ait ged foreign wines, to a very large amount, are ually made. The searamrtion of wine in the United States, though | by ne means general, amounts in the aggregate to a large sum. The imports during the year ending June, 1851, were 6.160,00 gallons, of which probably, three fourths consisted of the wines of Franc& The value or invoice cort of the article was $2.370.000. ‘The average consump- tion of foreign wines was, therefore. in quantity but about one-quarter of a gallon for each person and in | ly ten cents. Tne coincidence is somewhat re | kable, that this is almost precisely the rate of con- Britsin, But in France, according to official returns, there is produced and retained for consumption 900,000,- 600 gallons of wine allowing twenty five and three quar- ters gallons to each person in the population. It appears from er tables in our census returns, that the quantity of ale and epirituous ee produced in the United: Btates, in 1850, exceeded 56 000.000 gallons. The amount exported was bulanced by the imports, and the quantity rejected in forming the above estimate for The consumption ot malt and spirituous liquors for manufacturing pur- pores and as 8 beverage, appears to have beenat the rate of nearly four gallons per head It is the opinion of many, whose inquiries upon the subject entitle their opinion to respeet that among what are called “civilized” vations the vice of inebriation prevails most extensively where the vine is not cultivated; while, on the other | hand, where this species of culture is widely disseminated. the temperance of the pecs is proverbial. Ifsuch be the care. we mey proudly hope that the day is not far distant when America will fully establish and claim a rivalry with the most fav lands of the vine and the olive, and exultingly disc! being tributary to any | foreign clime, POUNDS OF Hos PRODUCED. A gratifying incrcase has taken place in the culture of this ureful article The gain bas been veariy two hun- dred Por gent Almost the whole of the \acrosce, how- ever. has been in the State of New York. which, from lees than halfa million of pounds in 1440, now produces more than two and @ half millions, which exsceds five- sevenths of the whole crop of the United States Incopnexion with this circumstance. it may be men ticned that New York also stands foremost im the produo tion of ale beer, and porter in the manufacture of which the larger part of the hops raised is consumed, The breweries of this State produced six hundred and forty- five thousand barrels of ale. & , in 199), beiag more than a third of the quantity returned for the who.e Union. FLAX AND HEMP During the last halt century. great efforts have been | made jn Europe, and, to some extent of late. in the Uni- ted States, to increase ard improve the production and manufacture of flax and hemp. Formerly. they were considered as indispensable crops among our planters and farmers, but their use bas been superseded. in a measure, by the cotton of she South. Common flax is a pative of Britain, where it has been cultivated trom time immemorial, and from its hardihood and adaptation toa wide range of tempersture, it has | been grown in almost every country on the Eastern con tinent from Egypt to the Polar Oircle, amd im North America from Texas to Newfoundiand. Hemp, which is supposed to be a native of India, but long since acclimatized avd extensively cultivated in Bpain, Italy. and several other countries in Earopa. par. icularly in Poland and Russia as well asin different parts of America, also forms sn article of primary im- portance in commerce, and of extensive utility. Roth of there products were introduced into the North American colonies soon after their settlement by the English. They are mentioned as growing in New Eng: land as early a3 1622 avd bounties were offered for their cultivation in Virginia as estly as 1751 Captain Ma thews sowed yrarly. both hemp and flax. which he caused to be spun and woven prior to the year 1648 In 1622 an as pasted requiring each poll in Virginia to raise | anpuslly and manufscture six pounds of linen thread, but from the change of the laws and the cessation of the bounties, the culture declined. In the late Exhibition at London. of the workr of in- dustry of all nations, both of there materials held a con- spicuous rank. Fiax was exhibire th of Great Britain, Ireland, Hollund. Belgiu tugal. Italy. Prussia, Germany, Poland. Ri Egypt. India, Van Dieman’s Land, Cana United States, and hemp from all thee couatriv Britain Ireland, Canada and Van Dieman's ‘The fibre of flax and hemp has never bea produosd in this country in suflefent abundance to form much of an erticle of foreign commerce. but fisx seed was formerly | shipped to Burope im large quantities. Thre were ex- ported from New Jersey in 1761, 14 060 pounds of hemp ; from Savanvah in 1770. 1.860 pounds ; from the United Btutes In 1860-51. 4 769 hundred weight The amount of flax seed exported from Philadelphia in 1762 was 70.060 bushels, in 1767 84.663 bushels. in 1771 110.312 bushels; from New York im 1766, 12528 hogs heads; from the British North American Colonies in = 70, 312.612 bushels ; from the United States in 1791. 202.460 bushels. in 1800. 280 O84 bushels in 1810, 240 579 burhels, in 1820-21 264210 busbels. in 1830-L 120 702 busbela, im 1840-41 62,243 bushels, im 1860-51 9185 buebels. According to the census returns of 1849, there wore raived in the United States 952614 tons of flax and bemp; of 1850, 36 093 of hemp and 61 pounds of flax. ‘The correctness of the returns as to hemp in the eeventh census hoe not yet been perfectly verified in a | few instances there beiag sowe doubt whether the mart sha's bave not written tons where they meant pounds. If, however. the recor are allowed to stand without reduction, it would appear that the caltivation of hemp and flax has not materially changed since 1840, Im the returns of thet year, ax stated above. both of these ar- ticles were incluced under the eame head, In 1810, those | of Virginia gave 25504 tons of flax and hemp t gether. In 1850, onls 141 tone of hemp and 600 tows of flax were returned Such a failing off in oroduation woold aaronat to almort an abandonment of the oulrure of hemp in that State, which there is no reason to cuppore hes takea pine ake dlccovery of new methods for separating the fibrous from the woody parts of the flax plant hes, cout given @ vigorous stimuls ~ Nde Nay foi t pe process of Che: 4 general ate nbc erong ve in 1850 Though consi nontities ef fax dave beew produced in for Tit bea been ruised principally for rhe | | yea | avo has been Coit mere or Leos scriously in every qaactet | commanded aremmnera'ing price ‘the wan! of » cheap cf the globe. pnd rpeedy preeess for repreratirg the textile from the fo the greater uncerteinty attending its oultivat | péluse pareof the stalk bas ocorsioged a vast avsant low Jate years must be ait A the defcione of ¥249 a8 comperrd with thet of t* the four sgrienitural prody copsus eppears emulier then ten yeurs since sweet f the 4 is ono of voTaTORE te which. by the prevent | of uieful material to the country Should the atremp's which have Jately been toade to appiy Olsusen's inven How succeed, the production of flax im the Catted States may become of grew) tap ttence, aod be advantaceoaly o¢, not only alene. bat io the manntasture of mixed sik end other Bbres FIER cocoom The culture and manufacture of slik, like many pro The evect potato (b (alas edulis.) ia a native of the Berth » endct iotertropicst America and was the |S potet of theold English writers im the easle pact of the fourteenh eptury It was doubtlers totreduced tn- | to Carolina, Ororgin, and Virgiola, soon atter their sebtle- ' ducticns of nature and art, ore diMoult to brece from thai | tent, yet it ia not often sofficiemrly pure to adinit of ready | imperted sugar from Sicily. in the twelfth contury. at « | itwas thon extensively made. | Spain wer | ed into the West Indi | leans | Louiriana. where. among other objects of industry, ‘hey ur fobrioe, as it appears capable of Yeing spun with wool, | i tA . * | wich Iands, and to the southern districts of the Waited 1, violets from Inyg, the Create eee iim mmm aaa =e tity reli f i E i : fl i fll i i i s a A if mode of silk worms. of the eggs of insects from China, was prohibit of death. yet, by the liberal promises and Justipian they were induced to undert to im gome from that country, returning from their expedition throvgh Bucharia and Persia in the year 656, with the 8 of the precious insect. which had obtained in the far country, concealed in the hollow of their canes or Me on staves. ‘rom Constantinople it epread into Arabia, thenee {nto Spain and Portugal, Greece, Sicily, Italy, and other parts ‘urope. The introduction of silk culture intothe North Ameri- can Colonies, dates back tothe firat settlement of Vi ginia James First, who was anxious to promote thi: branch of industry, several times urged the London company to encourage the growth of mulberry trees, and addreesed a letter to them on the subject in’ 1622, ‘co: veying strict injunctions that they should use ev parpt ae Pa ms th id tly to the breeding themeelves diligent promptly Breil worms and. the establishment of silk works, be- stowing their labors rat modity than to te. Ge of which his majesty had recorded and published his vio- lent aversion. “The company thus incited, showed much zeal in their endeavors to accomplish tha King’s wiehes, A considerable number of mulberry trees was planted, but little silk was produeed, owing to he difficulties involved in their dissolution soon after In the year 1661, the rearing of slik worms again became ‘@ rubject of interest in Virginia, and premiums were offered for its encouragement; but it does not appear that the butiness was ever prosecuted to any exteat, The silk culture was introduced into Louisiana, in 1718, by the “Company of the West.” In the infant settiement of Georgia, in 1732, a piece of ground belonging to government was allot as 8 nurrery plantation for white mulberry trees, and the at- tention of come‘or the settlers was soon enguged in rearing eilkworms, f quantity of raw silk was raised im thut colony. which was manufactured into a piece of stuil, and presented to the Queen, In 1749, an act of Parlia- ment was passed for encouraging the growth of silk in Georgia and Carclina, exempting the producer from the payment of duties on importation into London. A bounty ‘was alto offered on the production of silk, anda mau named Ortolengi, from Italy, was employes to inssruct the colo- nists in the I'ellan mode of management A fow years after the Revolution considerable quantities of the raw material began to be raixed, which was said to be equal, in some cases, to the beet Piedmont silk, and worked with less waste than the Chinese article, arolina the culture was undertaken by small In 1766 the House of Assemb!y of this province voted the sum of £1.000 towards the establishment of a ae epg at Charleston, under the direction of Mr. Tt In Connecticut, attention was first directed to the rearing of silk in 1760, Dr, Aspinwall, of Mans- field. from motives of patrio‘ism, used his best exertions to introduce this important branch of rural economy. He succeeded in forming extensive nurseries of the mul- berry at New Haven, Long Island, Pennsylvania, and other places, Half an ounce of mulberry seeds was sent to every parish in the colony, with such directions as his knowledge of the business enabled him to impart. In 1783, the Legislature of Connecticut passed au act gramt- ing bounty on mulberry trees and rawailk It here may be stated, to the honor of Connecticut, that she is the only State in the Union which has continued the busi- ness without suspension, and probably had produced more silks from the ti her commencement up to the year 1630, than all the other States. In the year 1769. on the recommendation of Dr. Frank- lin throvghjthe American Philorophical Society, » fila- ture of raw silk was established im Philadelphia, by private subscription, and placed under the direction of an intelligent and skilful Frenchman, who, it ia said, produced samples of recled ‘silk ‘mot inferior in quality to the best from Franco and Italy. In1771,the managers —— 2 800 pounds of cocoons. all the products of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware. The enterprise was interrupted by the Revolution. A similar enterprise was again attempted in 1£80, under the supervision of M. J. D. Ho jae, and cocoons were brought in abundance to the establistment from various parts of the country, and so continued for sometime afterwards; but for the want of capital, the i undertaking failed, In about the year 1831, the project of rearing silkworms | and establishing filatures of silk was renewed in various | parts of the Union, and the subject was deemed to be of so much importance. that it not only attracted the atten- tion of Congress. but afterwards received encouragement fiom the Legislature of several States, by bounties offered fer all the raw silk produced within their limits for cer- tain periods of time. The business soon began to be pro- secuted with extreme ardor, and continued several years, resulting in the establishment of extenalve nurseries of mu! berry trees, and ended with the downfall of the famous » Morus Muiticaulus Speculation,” in B46. ‘Lhe amount of raw rilk exported from @eorgia. in 1750, _ was 118 pounds; in 1755. 438 pounds, in 1760, pounds; in 1776, moro thon 20,000 pounds; in 1770, 290 poun from £outh Carolina, in 1772, 455 pounds. were raired om Silk Hope Piantation, in South Carolina, 630 pounds of cocoons; in Mansfeld. Connecticut. in 1793, 265 pounds of raw silk; in 1827, 2.430 pounds; in 1831, 10 000 pounds: in Connecticut, in 1844, 176 210 pounds; in the United Spates, the same year 396.790 pounds. Aceording to the census returns of 1840, the amount of silk cocoons raleed in the United States, was 61,562}, pounds; of 1858, 14 763 pounds. From the above. it is obvious that the production of cocoons has decreased since 1840, 46,789 poanda, and sinee 1844, 882.027 pounds. suGaR. Sugar, so extensively used in every country of the ha- bitable glebe. and forming as it does one of our chief ata- ples, supplies the commercial demand mainly from the Jutce of cape.which contains itin greater quantity and pa- rity than any other plant. and offers the greatest facilities for ita extraction. Although eugar, identical in ita cha- racter. exists in the maple, the cocoa nut, and the boet root, and is economically obtained to a considerable ex. separation from the foreign mattor combined with it, at least by the means the producers usually have at hand. ‘The history of cane sugar is involved in great obsourity, It appears to have been imperfectly known to the Greeks and Romans. as Theophradus who lived 320 years before Christ dercribes it as a sort of “honey extracted from canes, or reeds"? And Strabo. whostutes, on the author- ity of Nearchus, the commander of the fleet in ths oxpe- dition of Alexander the Great. says that ‘rosds in india yield honey witbout bees”? 0 informed, that sugar or eoger condy hagbeen made in China from very rrmote antiquity ; and that large quantities of it have been exported from India. in all ages whence it is moat probable that it found its way to Rome. Sugar cape occurs in a wild state on many of the isiands in the Pacific, but in no part of the Ameaican continent, notwithetsnding a con'rary opinion has been expressed. Its cultivation, and the manufacture of sugar, were introduerd into Europe from the East. by the Saracens, acon after their conquests. in the niath century. It is stated by the Venetian historians, that their covatrymen cheaper rate toan they couid obtain it from Egypt. where ‘The first plantations in it Valencia; but they were extended to Gra- nade, Mercia, Portugal, Madeira, and the Canary Islands, as early as the beginning of the afteenth century. From Gomera one of these islands. the sugarcane was introdue- by Columbus in his second vo: age to America in 1493 _ It was cultivated to rome ex- tent in et Domingo, in 1506 where it succeeded better than in any of the other isiands. In 1518. there were twenty eight plantations in that colony established by the Spaniards, where an abundance of sugar was made which, for a long period, formed the principal’ part of the Euro- ‘an aupplies Barbadoes, the oldest English settloment In the West Indies, began to export sugar in 1646, and in the year 1076 the ‘erade required four hundred vessela avereging one hundred and fifty tons burden, “Ye iwtreduction of sugar canc into Florida, Texas, Undorn'a and Louisiana, probably dates buck to their ear lierteetilememt by the Spaniards or French, It was not cultivated in the latter, however. as a staple woduct before the year 1751, whem it was in- rodveed, with several negroes. by the Jesuits, from &t. Domingo. They commenced a smull plantation on the banks of the Mississippi just above the old city of New Orie ‘The year following others cultivated the plant end mede some rade attempts at the manufacture of sugar. In 1768, M Pubreutl established a sagar large rcale, and erected the firat sugat mill in what is now the lower part of N Jre His success was followed by other plantations, and in the year 1765 there was sugar enongh manafae: tured for heme consumption; and in 1770, sugar Bad be- come oue of the staple products of the colony Soon after the revolution a large number ot enterprising ad- vemturers emigrated from the United States to Lower engsged in the cultivation of osme; and by the year 1893, there were no lees than eigbty one sugar estates on the Deltaslone, Sinee that period. while she production of cane sugar bas been annually inoreasing a: the South tke manufacture of maple sugar has been extending ia tH North and Wert. ‘The common sugar cane is a perenn'al plant, very sen: fitive to cold. end ix. therefore restristed fm {ts oultiva- tion to regions bordering on the tropics where there is little or no frost. In the Rastorn hemisphere tt pro- duction ts principally cenfned to situations favorab'e to its growth, lying between the fortieth parallel of north latitude aud a ecrre-ponting degeve routh On the Atlantic side of the Wesvern continent, it whl not thiive beyond the thirtyshird degree of morth Lath tude end the thirty fifth paralle: roath. On the Vacific fide it will perfect its growth rome fico degrees feither north or south Prom the flexibility of this plant, ivie bighly probable that it is praduslly beoomlag more bercy and #ili eventually endure an exposare aed yield a profitable return much farther north along the vorders of (he Mirsieatpp! and some of its Gributeries than ft hag hitherto becn produced Tn most parte of Louistans the cous yild three srops from one planting. Cha first renon itis denoteimated * plant cane’ amd oash of the subsequent growths, “ratoone.’? But sometimes. ar on tbe prairtes of Altakepas and Opelonsa’, aed the highor nor her range of ita cultivation. tt requires to by re planted every year Wihin the tropics. in the Wort indies and tisewhera the ratoona frequently continas vo Jirld wburesntly for twelve fitleen, ead even twenty. four years. trom the ewme roots ‘Lhe evitivation of tbis piunt {© principally confined to the Weet Tndies, Veneaunia Magi Mauritius Brivieh Indie. China. Japan the Sunde Poilippine, ad Sand Staten The varieties m: Atriped bine end yellow rl toultivated in the latter are cho NH. OF Java the red ribbon, irystalline og Maladar, the