The New York Herald Newspaper, January 14, 1851, Page 6

of India Rubber in the United ‘States. Proposed, some ume ago, to give a brief A the various discoveries improve- made in the United in the India art, and mark the periods when they took to show the rise and ress of this now uable and extensive manufacture. Cur investi- ions have been carefully made, and honor will accorded where itis due. It is indispensable to a correct understanding of the subject, to glance at the early discoveries of the substanee of India rub- ber itself, clearly to define the honor due to Ameri- can discoveries, and indicate all new inventions. The introduction of India rubber from South America into Europe, was almost contemporaneous With its discovery by a French naturalist, about the middle of the lasi century; but we have no account of its application, to any extent, in the arts, until about 1820, when eflorts were made to introduce the milk of the tree, and to apply it to cloths and other fabrics, for the purpose of rendering them ‘water-proof. These experiments were, however, unsuccessful. When the substance was first intro- duced into Europe, it was of the natural color, as concreted from the juice of the tree; and this color wasalghtdrab. As early as 1820, the Brazilian Indians discovered a mode of curing rubber, and adapting it to use in the form of shoes. This curing process was, still is, very simple. It Consists in combining a small portioa of carbon , and vegetable oil ‘he Indian first obtaing an earthen vessel, rudely formed of clay, in the shape of a sugar-loaf, with a small aperture at the top; this is supported, with the base on projec- tions of stone, raising it from the ground sufficiently to allow the air to pass to the fire, which is built of bark, or leaves and wood. A peculiar nut, from a tree of the same forest, aad which yieldsan | oil, always used to increase the’ smoke, and which, in the process of burning, gives out the oil. The operation commences by uring the juice of the rubber tree on to the jast, or block on which the shoe is made. The consistence of this juice is very much like that of | our milkweed. The last is held over the apex or | perature of the earthen vessel, out of which the | smoke and heat pass, while the nuts are burning. A few seconds are enough to complete this coat- ing, and when dry, it is so thin as scarcely to be perceptible upon the last. The last is then put aside to dry, end another taken in hand, aud the | operation continued successively upon a dozen or more lasts, by every operator. In this manner trom twenty to thirty /emine are applied succes sively; and when completed, the shoe is suspended in the shade to harden, and thus prepared for ship- ment. Although the India rubber tree is fow Africa, aud the Indian Archipelag. quantities near the cquator,) no application of it to useful purposes has ever been oe ay to any considerable extent excep',by the Brezilian Indiabe, in whose country the art of cur- ing it is practised as we have described. The quality the India rubber deteriorates in proporttion as the distance from the equator increases: hence the article obtained fromCarthagena, small lots of which have been umported into the United States during the last ten yeers, ha~ always sold at a lower price than the rubber of Para. Many efforts have been made to import the milk itself, but without success. Mr. Norris, now our Consul at Para, was sent out there about ten years ago for this purpose, by agentleman of this city, and to intreduce the art of preparing the milk, and of apply’ » a8 concreted, to the cloth by the aid machinery. He ex- loge @ good deal of money in these experiments, ut they Were without success. With a tempera- ture of one hundred degrees in the shade, northern men cannot work; the native Indians can supply their wants for a penny a en In 1823, Charles Macintosh, of Manchester, Eng- Jand, pertected his famous discovery of rendering a cloth water proef, which afterwards bore his name. This was partieily accomplished by diesolving the rebber, and epplying the eojution, first with a brus and afterwards by spreading it oa with a knife. ‘Two surfaces thus prepared were united, and by this means, Macintosh and his associate: O- polized all the manufactures prepared in thi. and accumulated a large fortuae. From this time wll about 1830, few improve- ments were made in England, or on the Continent. Only four or five patents were taken out, and they were for inventions of no material importance. From 130 to 1835, the number of patents issued in sugiand for the mauufacture or application of in rubber, was thirty; some of which were tnvented in this country, became monopolies to enterprising epeculato ho were the first to introduce them unto the British dominions The British government bases its law of patents ‘on a wise national pelicy, granting monopolies tothe first whe introduces @ new art or discovery into the British dominions, whether they are the investors or not, while our own laws grant patents only to the orginal! inventor or his assignee. Justice is in (bis wey—in form, et least, if not in fact—secured © indtviduals, but po regard is had to the manu acturing interest of the counuy. From 1839 ll the present ume, some forty pa ents have been granted in England, for India rub- ber manvuf-ctures, or for machinery, more than half of which have been for American discoveries chiefly monopolized by mere introducers of them, under the laws of Great Britain. Nearly three times as many India rubber patents have been is sued in England asin the United States, and yet we believe that our manufactures in this article have greatly exceeded those in England, with the exce,uion’of braces and other textile fabnies, in which Englacd and France have hitherto had al- most the entire control One of the most important manufactures of rubber among v#,is what is calied the rubber clothes, #ince trom these are made almost all articles of clothing, &c. This manutacture was successfully accomplished in the United States, during the years 1527, °28, and "29, when the idea of combining other ‘substances, such as carbon, paints, echre and other earthy m with the rubber, and applied to surfaces joth, rendering it ca- pable of resisting, to a xtent, the ogee = ing influences of the sun aod atmosphere. The English mode o ating rupder did not enable the manufecture accomplish this reeult. it was unknown in Europe, and the idea ot preparing the Tubber itself to form oue surface of the fabric, was entirely new } The first and principal object the enterprising prajector eought to accomplish, wasto imitate, in oy fabrie, the wppearance of leather. One of the means of eflectpg this, was by incorporating | paints in dry powder, and carbon in the form of powder with the rubber. The great success of this discovery may be re- garded a# the most important ever made in this brasch of manufa and probably not fifty per- sone inthe United States Know that Dr. Howe ever | ion to the subject at all, much less uthor, The burning of the pa- destroyed the public record of ehment of the at end the ioguisned o Birmingham, Cona 8 imthese words That nd useful improvement, matter to be used as a airproof solution, paint or | . cribes « poruon of with rubber oae or 4 mode disco- —“ This com- any addition ture to hur himee't, © of tik p rhone ia (hea the said compe r and rem, softeaed with the oi! of a¢,) by any ot the methods ly ured in mixing aad ortant changes i india rubber; #ad now er years have passeo, We fee the most beautiful article of rubber shoes InnJ* by combiaing lamp- black and rubber with earthy matter and a small juantity of resin This dieco ry of Dr. Howe, with slight moditi- ions, is sail in use in this country and in | England, in almost all the india rubber fabrics which are made. The next diseovery in treating India rubber, which merits notice, ia that of combining with that of Dr. Hew ‘s comp yon the article of sulphur. ‘This discovery, which is of immense importance, ‘was also made by an American, by the name of | Nathaniel Hayward, in Boston, in the month of October, 1534 The mixing of sulphur with ladia rubber was almost entirely confined, for some time, to one est hment, viz the corporation knowa ‘as the Bag India Kubber Company, at Woburn, Mass., and they kept the process in part secret for about five years; and yet this company did mot apply it exte: jor, although it was organized to develope Mr. Hayward’s inventions, after afew ears they sold out, Mr, Hayward continuing the Business The chief benefit resulting from the inventien ‘was to improve the drying of the composition, and there was a serious objection in the use of sulphur, since it imparted © st) smell to the goods so j; and we speak of it as one of at im- chiefly because of the connection it had subsequent improvements by the same dis- coverer about the year I we believe, that oan man tok p—, * first patent for more than ( the sisted in the immersion of the Under this process ; if the textile cee covered with rubber, the: | pound to a high degree of he treating rubber. object of this invention was to remove the agglutinous, or “sticky proper words of the patent,) ioe in fabrics were not would be par- iculty attended could be suc- invention was tially yed; hence much di the treatment, and bu: cessfully , mate 80 a tl aband for all general purposes. About 1836, a guitiemen now conrected with the Erie Railroad Company, with Col. Barrett, of Siaten island, formed a company, which was chartered by the State of New York, and located on Staten la land. This company so far improvedon Dr. Howe's method, as to produce rubber shoes of a composi- tion which presented the appearance of fine kid. This was accomplished by fecorporaing about 60 lamp! percent, by weight, of calcia lack with the rubber. Up to this period, the process most generally used was to mix a smaller quantity of jampblack, which generally had the eflect of de- composing the ruober, after a few months ex- posure . _ Dr. Howe himself did not describe the quantity in his patent, and from the time of his discovery in 1827, or 1828, until Daniel Winslow, the foreman of the Staten Island Laps rm made his discovery of s0 rj @ proportion of jampblack, the manufacturiag of India Rubber proved in most establishments aa uncertain, and unsatisfactory business. This sim- ple discovery (of the quantity of lampblack to be used) enabled all who knew the secret, to produce good fabrics; and the goods which were made by mixing 80 parts of lampblack with 100 parts of rab- ber, continued, until 1846,to be the most perfect fabric in the market ; and millions of doitars worth of them have been manufactured and sold ; aad up to the present time no treatment of India rubber has been discovered, by which it is capable of withstanding exposure \o sunshine and weather, for a single year, except this. The article of car- riage-top cloth, now so much used, is thus prepared, and has been substantially by the same process for fifteen years. Shoes were always made in this manner until 1846, when vulcanized rubber began to take their place. There 1s one article which has been manufactured extensively and successfully, in which these com- pounds were omitted—we refer to the article [mows asthe ‘ Providence shoes.” They were made by a process somewhat different from the or- diary treatment, and we will glance at it. A portion of solvent, just enough to cause the rubber to swell, was poured upon it, and, durin the maeticeting process, just lampblack enouy) was added to color the rubber. Shoes prepared 1a this manner have been sold tor more than 4 million of dollars and constituted one style of shoe in the market from 1889 till 1849, when the manufacture ceased altogether. There is another mode of treatment, which has resulted partly from the discovery of Dr. Howe, and partly from the sulphur process of Hayward, and about which so much controversy has existed. It is now about ten years since the fizet successful developement of it came to the public notice, since which, succeeeive improvements have been made, and eight or nine patents granted, for ag many different modes of making vulcanized rubber, a majority of which are American discoveries. When this process is fully explored, it will proba- bly supersede most, if not all others, for many article; A great deal of controversy has existed about the authorship of these various improvements, and we shall describe the goods as they came before the public. The first specimens of rubber, which were so cured as to resist the changing effects of heat and cold, were made by Daniel Hayward, brother of Nathsmiel, at Easton, Mass. Hayward built an oven before 1837, which served for a great variety of expenments; and, in connection with the use of sulphur, and other materials, he made cloth (samples of which are yet in existence), which would withstand the changes of heat an: cold. The partial success which attended these discoveries led the Haywards to other and v: experiments, to produce what they called ** fire proof rubber.” In the winter of 1840 and ‘41, the tabric which had been made by the mixture of paints and sulphur was successiully treated, and shoes wad other articles then made, on a small scale, at Woburn, near Boston; and, duriog this period, till 1847, the same perso process con- tnued in their production and manufacture ia the United States; and, although no uniform or certain results were obtained, yet the fabric which had acquired the name of * metallic rubber,” from the fact that white lead formed part of the compound, wes found to answer many useful purposes. This bric was made by mixing rubber 25 pounds, sulphur 5 pounds, and white lead 7 pounds, and submitting the compound to an atmosphere heated to 270 degrees, Fahrenheit. One of the great ob- jecuons to this process of treating rubber was its uncertain results. Another was its offensive smell, and a third was its rapid destruction whea ex- posed to the sun and atmosphere, for it was soon discovered that after being exposed to sun and at- moepbere for a few months, it cracked and lost all ite elasucity. Various efforts were made to obviate theee difficulties, but with very litle success, uatil the rear | made by Hancock, in Manchester, England, in 1543. By a careful chemical analysis, he discovered that the metallic basis was the cause of the injury to the fabrics when exposed, and 4 natue ralearth was substituted. There was still, ho’ ever, another difficulty. Dy mixing the rabber with sulphur and this natural earth, the necessary cbange ceuld no longer be produced by an atmos- phere of hi but by a substitucion of steam, the object was accomplished. The presence of nitro- en inthe atmosphere, and its absence in steam ) oo will readily account for this. Although this discovery wes patented in Kogland ia November, 1843, the kaowledge of it was not published in books til late in 15845; and it was not introduced ia the United States, in our manufactures, ull 1547 in 1545, the process of treating rabber, by mixing it with sulphur alone, and curing it by steam, was aleo made in England, by Charles Kean, while epgaged in experiments with rubber and gutta pur- cha, as we have rtained trom the London Jom nal ot 1846. It well established fact, that rubber mixed with sulphur, and exposed to a heat- | ed atmosphere, cannot be vulcanized; heace the use of some other agent. The application of | as used by Dr Howe, and sulphur, as used by Hay- | ward, making @ triple compound—which was pa tented in 18i4—was the only successful process known in the United States, ull the English discovery of what was termed vulcanizing, wae introdueed. Dr. Thomas, a chemist of New York, discovered, in 1546, that a mixture of rubber end hypo-ewlphate of lead, prepared and | submitted to steam heat, without the presence of sulphur, would produce a good fabric. The arti- cles made by this combination, were, however, subject to the eame difficuity, es the English mix- ture of a patural earth with the robber and sulphur. lreannot be vulcanized ina heated atmosphere; but when heated in the presence of large propor- tione of hydrogen, (contained in steam,) it becomes perfectly vuleamzed. This is the only vulcanized fabric ever yet made which is entirely free from offensive emel! In the yeer 1847, (we believe) another gentleman of New York, took out a patent for combiniag mag- nesia With rubber and sulphur, submittiag his com- The ruoder vul- canized by thus compound, had all the apoearaace, and spparently useful properties,of that discovered by Hancock; but it wes foind that a simple expo- sure to the atmosphere, even in the shade, made it stiff, and it was found to crack, and this process of manufacturing has gone entirely out of use; it ie aleo a curious fact that atmospheric heat would pot produce the desired change on the rubber, un- der Ubie process; bence steam was resorted to Next in order, was the discovery of Tyre and He mn 1846, and eubdsequently patented by them; ed in mixing 4 large proportion of feof zwe, with a manute quantity of sul- od expoeing it t cam. A tabre wasthus h withstood the efiects of atmos- and is aleo urefal in producing fabric. The fabres now m the market, odia rubber,” are made by mix- parta, by Weight, of whiting, pert by weight of other ow uree parts by weight ot rubber, y at about 2¥) Fahrenhent. In portion of lead, in the form # incorporated; in which be exponed to the con- known as ophere and the wea parauon fof constant ex- ie merple reeber and and not Vuleanized. Hence, the | arncle of carnage coverings, of which sm- mense quantities are used, is made accord- ing to the Glecovery of Winslow, ia 1536, at Staten Isiand, and continues to be used for that end other similar purposes almost exclusively The only objection to it, i#, that it lacks that pe- euliat duculity which characterizes the best vul- conized rubber We must now briefly glance at the adaptation of the machinery necessary to the extensive and suc- cesstol manufacturing of ladia rabber, and its ap lication to useful purposes. Mackintosh, the Eng- fish inventor, used, in 1822, 4 brush to apply the preparation of rubber to the foundation oa which it wes required; but soon afterwards be took out another patent, for spreading with a knife or straight edge of me and (hen suspended the gooda in a heated room. Dr. Howe commenced his operations. that gentleman found some apparatus nec: incorporate hia pacts and coloring matter rontened rubber, and he first adopted the ordinary paint milla, ; but he seon abandoned them for fric- tion rollers, made of metal—one roller revolving faster than the other. This has continued, toe the present Lime, to be the mom succeseful and general orccess eed in the United States. Bi Kina of rollers (only that each revolved with equal epeed,) the paste was rolled upon the cloth or into and this aleo continues to ve the pro and Engiand, ry ‘cess in this count |, aa well as 0 fhe continent Some other means have prevailed, but only toa limited extent. in 1802, Wm. Atlanson, (now of New York, but greater wropor- | No other method was practised till | In 1823, the same | somewhat upon the principle of a r or a rag- cutting engine, and was used ter rgonen the solid ee Tubber, re paratol it pro- Ree of softening ra goreny Be it. verre f About the year 1834, a genteman of New Bruns- wick, New Jersey, built a machine upon the same Eo. and for the same object; although, as since been proved, he was entirely igaorant of the ciopevere of Atkinson. In 1836 the Rox- bury India Rubber Company abandoned their pre- cees of spreading cloth, (iu some respecys the same as that patented by Macintosh, io ) and adopted § process discovered by Edwin F. Chaf- fee, (one of their foremen,) which they patented. This consisted ia the use of the ordinary caleo- dering machine, with some additions and moditi- cations, and constructed very strong —dispensed with a solvent—using a high degree of heat to soften the rubber, in combination with the power of the machinery. Although a patent was issued for this process in the name of Mr. Chaflee, and no doubt with great croseiety, yet the same thing had been done before by Howe & Atkinson—a part.by each—and the owners of the patent, leara- ing that fact, allowed the invention to go into fufl and unrestricted use. The pressing of the rubber in moulds, for va- rious purposes, was done in England and the United States as early as 1839. One mode was to chop the rubber into pieces by means similar to chopping minced-meat; then to press it in moulds. A patent was obtained for this in the United States about that ime. Two modes ef applying rubber to cloth continue to be used. When a very thin laminw or covenpg is r quired, the rubber, either compound- ed or pure, is softened to the consistence ot jelly, and scraped on a cloth according to Macintosh’s mode ; or, secondly, it is made into a paste, by a sufficient solvent or heat, and reiled on between warm or heated calender rojlers. By this latter means the sheets of rubber are made, and when cooled, peeled off from the cloth. The article of corrugated or shirred goods, firet_ made by Dupont &H and described in their patent in 1840, for the making of gores or elastic pieces in shoes and boots, was afterwards applied to suspenders and, with slight modifications, tented in 1844. These goods are now made exclusively by machi- nery ; and are produced with ' rapidity. This process, also, was patented in 1844, the threads or cords being cut oa gh novel machine, invented | and patented by Tyer& Helm. About the same ume, another means of fabricating this class of goods was @ very ingenious arrangement of new aod peculiar machine, invented and patented by James Bogardus, the distinguished author of many valuebie discoveries, and whose last great inven- tion is the iron buildings. The most perfeot and successful machinery now in use is thatinverted by means cf which these shirred goods have been al- most exclusively made for the past five years, and the price reduced about eighty per cent fiom the original cost. Nearly allied to machinery. is the apparatus employed for the disposal of articles, pre- Rarstory to the application of heat for vulcauizing. ‘he device first adopted by Hayward, in 1836, was a email oven, through which the cloth panned, aad ac! after gone over a roller was returned through the oven. In 1844, a process was patented which had been used by him in 1842, and consisted of an open furnace in the form of the old fashioned ten plate stove, with the | top removed, and a roller runni lengthwise; and the cloth, made into an endless band, a small part of which came into close proximity to the bot- tom plate, which was rendered to a red heat, and the endless band passing into another part of the building, and there supported bya roller. After- wards, in 1843, he constructed a large room, the materials pa plates of iron, in which the cloth | and other articles were suspended—but neither of | these modes accomplished the desired result. In 1842-3, rooms of brick were built, and so ar- ran, ed the goods that they could be kept in motion within the oven, to equalize their exposure to the temperature,and so far a8 atmospheric heat is used, experience has demonstrated the absolute neces- sity of keeping the goodsin constant motion within the heated chamber, to avoid spoiling them. This discovery 18 now generally adopted for vulcaniz- ing ina heated atmosphere. When the vulcaniz- ing is eccomplished in steam, (which is found to be the only safe and practicable mode for the pro- duction of most articles,) a simple plain cylinder | boiler is so constructed that one head can be re- moved; a railway is laid the entire length of the boiler, and a suitable carriage 18 loaded up, (being three or four floors or stories high,) on which the oods are placed, and the carnege rolled into the iler, when the steam is admi few hours, the head is again removed, and the carriage rolled out. By this precess, the goods become uoiormly heated, and the chemical action by which the vulcanizing of the fabric 18 done, is thus valuable discovery ot the mode of vule ing, we umform and complete. For the knowledge of this are, however, indebted entirely to the English, by bine the discovery was originally made and pe- tented. Until about Jan. 1847, no piece of rubber one inch thick, could be vuleanized in the United States; since the vulcanizing by aa af e highly heated would overbake the surface before the centre of a thick piece could be acted on at all. The consequence was that the surface cracked, and crumbled, while the middle wes only properly cured, or vulcanized. This formidable difficulty prevented the successfnl manufacture of rubber in thick masses, until the introduction of steam, in 18347. Since then, thick masses, such as piston packing, end valves for the largest steamers, rail- road-cer-eprings, springs for triphammers, fenders, &c., have been made with entire success. The consumption of steam packing alone, requires about 3,000 pounds daily. Within three years the value of the raw material from Brazil, hus advanced over 100 per cent, and this edvance will doubtless be permanent, if not farther increased. Most of the raw material is | produced im Para, one of the northern States of razil, the whole population of which will not | reach 250,000 inhabitants. It is frequently neces- sary for the natives to stand up to their waists ia water, to gather the milky juice from the tree, Re- | cent efforts have been made to introduce slave la- bor, to increase the production, but with very little | success; since it bas been found that none but na- tive Indians can long endure the exposure. To attempt a full history of the application of {n- dia rubber in the various arts, would occupy too | much space. We shail therefore content ourselves by referring to some of the most important. In 1825, the rudely formed Brazilian shoes were | firet amported in small quantities, which increased until the aggregate annual imper(ation reached over one million dollars This importation ultimately declined to a few thousand dollars, in consequence ot the improvement of the manufacture in the United States. The late Stephen ©. Smith was among the first who took measures to improve the quaticy of rub- ber shoes, as made by the Braz liana. Ile was then living in Providence, K. 1, and he sent to Brazil forms on whieh to prepare the substance into thin sheets, to enable him to work it in this country in any form he pleased. He succeeded. Another mode was to line and ehape the rude Bra- zien shoe, vpon neatand proper last id bind the edges withfur. This was done earl 1829 or’). A few years afterwards, Mr. Smith and others obtained the rubber in theee thin sheets, in great quantities from Brazil, and formed it into echoes. For many years this was the best article in use. As early as 1823, a gentieman of this city made shoes waterproof by iaterposing be- prepared rubber. In © Company made tween the leather a ing, a ul 1834, the oxbury India shoes of moleskin cott zi | tw and leather soles attached, with a binding of the came material. Many hundred thousand pairs were made ond eold of this kind, but they were not elastic. In 18323, Mr. Atkinson invent- ed a shoe formed of rubber, which had been re-manufactured in this country, presenting the outward appearance of leather. is proeess was then entirely new, and, with such improvements as have been made in the mode of manufacturing rubber since, it continues to the present time, end the article of rubber shoes, now so universally popular, is constructed on the same plan as that patented by At 1834; but the manner of treating the rubber is the result of a recent dis covery which has not be ade public, and while the export to Europe ca be mass in such large quantities as at present, it ia not thought proper to to reveal the secret. It consists partly ini ting 4 most brilliant gloss, resembling patent leather. ‘This has been now three years in general use, and is destined to extend the application and con- sumption of India rubber more than any dis covery since the invention of Hayward. Some manufacturers use #o little rubber in the compound tbat their article scarcely deserves the name of rubber shoe; the admixture of other substances being as two to one of rubber, and yet the re quired elasticity is retained. The production of | this article alone, in the United States, has now reached over ten thousand pairs every twenty-four | hours, and no efforts have yet enabled the Eu- | Topeame to acquire the art | , Justice requires that the original author of this discovery should be named, and, although Daniel | Hayward has bad tees experience in making rub- | ber than his brother Nathamel, yet his success in | the preparation and manufacture of it, which gives it the po quality of patent leather with- out its objectionable features, entitles him to a most prominent position among those by whose genius our country expands ite energies and re- sources into new fields of industry, and rouses the | jeelousy of Europe. For many y: this moat —_—— plodder remained unknown and unre- warded. The consumption of rubber for the single article of costes top cloths, has averaged about 2,000 pounds daily, for the last fifteen years. Some- times more than 89 per cent of Taek ie used with the rubber. In the fabric of dniving-bands for machinery consumption in the United | States is pounds. combined with ne: double its weight of c earthy mat- ter and table duck, produces, we properly made, a superior band. This can be successfully vulcanized only by the aid of steam. So hkewise of railroad car g3, fenders, thick packing for steam machinery, &c. The daily consumption of rubber in the United States for car springs, is about 1,000 pounds, and fast increasing. The invention of springs of rubber for vehicles, was originally made by Mr. , and patented in England about twen- ty years His plan was interposing discs of rubber between plates of metal, and the resistance of the rubber when com |, gave the spring. How two subsequent patents can be extant for the same invention, is past our comprehension, unlcss the materia] justifies the presumption of a new in- vention. The spring as now used in this country, is made by mixing equal quantities, by weight of rubberand whiting, and adding five per cent of sulphur. Sometimes less whiting 1s used when the equal quantity is made up of lead or zinc to take the place of 80 much whiting. These mate- rials are all goose together in the masticating machine till they are reduced to a uniform pasty mass; they are then rolled in ¢alendering machines into a sheet, which is received on to a small man- dul, and is allowed to accumulate till the desired size of dise is obtained, when placed in strong iron moulde, and submitted for five or six hours to steam at about 250 Fahrenheit. This is substan- tially according to the description of compounding, which is given in the Begiinh patent granted to Thomas Hancock in 1843, but the proportions are not given by Hancock. The quantity of sulphur for the best effect, is about five per cent by weight to the quantity of rubber, but less than this will ac- complish the vulcanizing. ‘e have thus } paaced rapidly over the field, and traced some of the principal points that have marked the progress ‘of what now constitutes so vast and important a department of art and manu- facture. e perceive that it has been a pro- gressing business. No great achievement in the arts is ever brought about at one bold stroke. Diecovery follows discovery step by step; experi- ment succeeds experiment, till at last perfection is reached. Like the telegraph, one discovery has led to anothe! although many improvements have been made in the India rubber art, more important ones yet remain; and the man who shall discover atreatment of India rubber, by which it will be made ble of resisting the ravages of the weather for a long peried of time, will build for himself a monument for the admiration ef posteri- ty, ifnet a fortune, to recompense him for such a contribution to knowledge, while the preservation of the milk of tree to be transported in barreis and applied as wanted in the manufacture, would revolutionize the entire business. Who will first succeed in making this great discovery ? z Law Intelligence. Burreme Court or rua Uniten Starxs.—No. 26. Jacob Strader et al. vs. Christopher Graham. In error to the Court of Appeals of Kentucky. Mr. Chief Jus- tice Taney delivered the opinion of the Court, dis- missing this oase for the want of jurisdiction. No. 45. The United States, appellants, japtiste Guillem et al This cause was argued for the appellants, and for the dppeliees. No. 46. 8 W. Oakey, plain Jobn H. nett The cause was commenced for the plainti continued for the defensnt in error. Surmeme Conar or tux Unite States, Jan. 7.—No. 29. 8 B. Preston et al. vs. C. Bracken —No. 30. J. MeNulty vs. J. Batty etal. Inerror to the Supreme Court of the Territory of Wisconsin. Mr. Justice Nel- eon delivered the opinion of this Court, abating the writ of error in each of these cases.—No. 17. J. Lan- In error to the Cirouit Court of Miseourl. Mr. Justice Catron Moos. M vered the opinion of the Court, dismissing this case for the ma im error, and t of ju- risdiction --No, 46. 8. W. Oakey, plaintiff in error, vs. Jobn H. B it etal. This cause was argued for the defendant error.—No. 47. K. Blanc, plaintiff in error, vs G. W. Lafayette et al. This cause was ar- gued for the plaintiff in error.—No. 60. Canal Com- mistioners of Pennsylvania, plaintiffs in error. vs. The State of Pennrylvania. The argument of this cause ‘was commenced for the plaintiffs in error. Usiten States Surneme Count, Jan, 8.—No, 35—J. G. Wilson vs, G. A. Sanford, et al. In error to the Circuit Court of the United States for Louisiana. Mr. Chief Justice Taney delivered the epinion of the court, Gismiseing this case for the want of jurisdiction. No. 60—Canal Commissioners, plaintiffs in error, vs. the Btate ot Pennsylvania. The argument ef this cause was continued by Mr. Alricks, for the defendant in error, and concluded by Mr. Porter, for the plaintiffs in error. No. 61—J. H. Me oy. appellant, vs. % Rhodes, ct al This cause was submitted on @ printed argument, by Mr. Butterworth, for the appellant. No. 54—L. Cotton, plaintiff in error, vs. the United States. ‘This cause wae argued by Mr. Walker for the plaintiff eral Crittenden. for McGill, plaintiff io Ht, Armour. This was submitted to 4 srguments, by Mr. Butterworth, error, and by Mr. Benjamin, for the for the plaintif Gefendant in error. mp Count Or THe Unitep Sranes, Jan. 9.— 58. Ordered, that wh: upon the regular call of the docket, argued ly in bebalf of only one of the parties, bo printd argument will be ved, unless it is filed before the eral argument begins, and the Court will Proceed to cOasider and de: the case upon the er parte jument. (This rule to take effect after the resent term) No. 98. Charles J. Gaylor et al. va. B. Wilder. In error tothe Circuit Court of the U. 8. for New York. Mr. Chie: Justice Taney delivered the opinion of this Court, affiruing the judgment of the eaid Circuit Court, with costs md damages at the rate of six per centum per annum. N» 201. John liender- son plaintiff in error, vs. H. loren. TI laintit in error having filed a statement ther tne matters in controversy had been agreed settles between the ties, this writ of error to the Cirowit Ovart ef the J. 8 for Lovisiona was dismissed at the coste of the plaintiffs inerror, No. 66. R.O. ton, 2 Covert or tue Usiren & N. Van Dyke, Eaq., of Tennessee, attorney and counsellor of this court. Torre & CO., ap} ‘orre & ‘omitted to the consideration and printed arguments, by “OC pellant, va. Jecker. ot the court on the recor Mr. Coxe for Jecker, Tor and Johnson for Montgom appellant iy coure was concluded b: No, 67. The United States, pinintif—_s in error, ve, Brooks, et al The argument of this cause was com- meneed by Mr. Attorney General Crittenden for the plaintiffs in error. end by Mesers Key 0 66. It. C, Stockton, The argument of this = ey 3 The Chiet Judge ae to-day, the taking @ recess following announced thet hereafter, court would hold two sesrions « d: from 2to dg P.M This being motios motions were decided :—Dilyden' against Cothenl. reepondent oti denied with conta Wyek an ml Maison, appol Motion to vacate TF entered, dismissing the appeal of Ma’ on paymentof costs. The Farmers’ Losn a: Trust Company and others. appeilants, against Carroll and others, respondents. Motion on bebalf of Daniel J. Carroll to modify the decree entered in [bis cause om the 19th October last, as to him; granted in part. Corwin and Corwin, respondents, against Corwin, ap. pellant. Motion to vacate the order entered dismissing the appeal; granted on payment ot costs of procuring the order Kaymond and others, sppelleats, against Purdy and ot respondents. Motion to dismnias appeal granted with costs. Raymond ard ot pellants against Brewer and others ondenta tion to dismiss appeal granted wit! vivor, Ke.. a] dent ued. &e , denied in No, 1 wae re- pao and another, respondents nm and another ae ers, appe the 4th inet gran 48% on the calendar Puosruats or Line —It seems singular that on the property of the New Jersey in on, BO Mining Company, about twelve miles from Dover, in this State—who it is well known a8 one of the richest mines of red oxide of zinc in the world— there should also have recently bsen discovered the only mine, it is supposed, of phosphate of lime that has anywhere been found in a mass. It occurs in a vein of reck, one side of which is gneiss, the other, serpentine. The vein of phosphate of lime is about six feet wide at the surface, broadening as descends. It has been ascertained te extend two 8 in length. apecimen has been analyzed by Dr. Antisell, of New a who states nheowt ninety-three per cent of pure phosphate ime. It ie, in fact, the same material as calcined bones, dissolving entirely in muriatic acid. We have teen a specimen, but not the vein itself, and pre- sume there is no dowbt of its great value. It is an admirable manure, an article eo widely through the State. In the vicinity, it must be largely useful, and its benefits can only be limited ”, the obstacles to cheap and easy transportation. hese are the same as now possessed by the Zinc Company, namely, a Cy of three miles, to Hoptacong lake, down the lake to the Morris Ca- nal, on which it may of course be easily transport- ed to Newark and New York.— Newark Advertiser. Polftieal Intell ce. ur Lectearune “TBO legisiat 0 diem ted by detault. Jacks ar ols, respondent (No, 10) a B.Y. RK. Wright, erethe mort prominent andidates Scone in the Mountains. pas the Ban Francisco Journal of Commerce.] company of dammi eanene men one of the gold rivers in the int r, recently played upon some greenhorns quite a rich’practical joke, which, however, proved to be rather a barren and worth- leas to the latter, although productive of eon- siderable oro to the former. The diggers, aftera fruitless search after gold on the iuside of their dam, found a soft rock, which proved as destitute of gold as the rest of their claiay. Determined, however, to realize something to pay them for their trouble, they immediately sprinkled a considerable amount of the precious metal all over the rock, as well as in ite interstices and cre- vi and then proclaimed abroad that they had found a rich vein of golden rock in their dam, in- viting every ene to call and see it. From far and near the ere came to see the wonderful discove- ty, whilst claims in the surrounding dams roee in price ip B proportion to the excitement occasioned by the goldenrock. Many aud large were the offers made to the various claimants in the golden rock dam. But it was no go—the party concerned knew well what they were about, and would not sell one claim without selling all. Meanwhile, so intense had become the excitement, that no work was done for several days in the whole neighborhood, and the owners of 1 immensely rich claim, seeing the position of aflairs, determined to “ strike while the iron was hot;” accordingly, up went the whole of the claime in the “Golden Rock Dam,” to be sold at auction, to the highest bidders, for cash, at sundown the nextday. The excitement still raged, and, at the time appointed, the con- course of diggers was tremendous upon the scene ofaction. The sale commenced, and up, up went the bids to an astonishing price, until about dusk, when the whole was knocked off to a party of iucky hombres, who promptly paid the money, a sum far exceeding all the costs and outlays upoa the dam, and received the titles in lieu. came, and the new owners went to work, large concourse of miners, who had assembled to see the opening of the golden vein. Nobly did the pick and crowbar do their duty that day, and for maany hours did the workmen toil, the perspiration rolling in ams over their bronzed faces and sinewy limbs, But nothing further than the glit- tering particles on the surface of the rock rewarded their labors. It was noon, and as the wearied laborers cat resting at their meal, and speculating upon their diseppeintment in not having as yet realized but a few ounces, and the barrenness of the interior of the rock, when it was suggested to hunt up the former owners, and see what they had to say of it. The hunt commenced, but not a soul had seen the auctioneers since the evening before, apd wearied, at length, with their vain search, the diggers returned to their camp, overpowered with dreadful auspicions, where they found an Indian boy, with a note, couched in the most insolent terms of mockery, which fully confirmed all their most woful apprehensions. They were du; robbea of all their hard earned ounces, and had nothing to show for them. But no time must be lost—they might yet overtake the villains, and re- cover their bright and glittering dust. Vain hope! The diggings were scoured in every direction, and for miles around, but the swindlera had escaped, and the poor dupes returned to camp amid the jeers and ridicule of their compeers, a wiser and shrewder set of men. Quartz Mining on the Cosumnes. [From the Saeramento Transcript, Nov. 28] Capt. Garrett has purchased two large quartz veins on the eastern side of the north fork of the Cosumnes, which give promise of a large yield of gold. Fromahasty examination of these vei we are led to believe that ‘ral thousand tons o! quartz rock can be obtained at a trifling expense, as they run back from the river ina huge blufl, where they can be easily laid bare. A large quantity of the rock is not eovered with soil, but it is not likel that it bears the metal as copiously as that whic may be found lower down in the bowels of the | earth. There has alse been another large discovered several miles south of Mud Sprin: from car woop of gold to the value of one dollar have been taken. This vein is about two feet under the surface of the earth, and has been found to ex- tend for a considerable distance along the channel of the stream, which is dry during the greater of the year, and can be readily worked. ‘his vein, we believe, has not been taken possession of by any one; or, at least, it has never been worked to any extent. We observed a few pieces of the rock lying along the banks, which the curious had rolied up for the purpose of examining, but no one has ever tested its real value. The whole region of country in the vicinity bears gold, and some for- tunate hauls have already been made there. Professsor Spieker, ofSan Francisco, by his newly discovered principle of extracting gold from rocks, states that almost every species of ston n Celifornia bears this metal to a greater or leas de- ree. If the gold can be extracted from horn- lende, green stone, trap, etc., by this process, doubtless the amount that is ordinarily obtaine with quicksilver will be grestly augmented by fol- lowing the method of Prof. 8. Every miner of any experience is aware that talcose slate is a gold bearing rock, but we do not suppose that any one in the State has yet en- gaged in pulverising it, as has been done in the case of quartz. Outrage at Moqulamos River. (From e. San Francisco Picayune } One of the greatest outrages that ever came under my notice has been recently committed in this neighborhuod, repulsive alike to the feelings of ere good American as to foreigners. | A place called Drytown, or Placer ase Sarees, | discovered by Mexicans, and already settled them to the number of 400 or 500, was surprised, | & few days since, by a party of armed Americans, | numbering 200, notifying them that if they did not leave said diggings in the space of eight days, that they would eject them by force of arma. This, of | course, alarmed the peaceable Mexicans, but aot | sufficieitly to make them evacuate the place. A_ day before the expiration of the time appointed by | the Americans that they should evacuate, a squad | of them ared at the diggings, und told the Mexicans that, if wey did not all disappear at the time appointed, that they would shoot them down indiscriminately, men, women, and children, and burn down their houses, and take powseasion of their eflects, which purpose they would have carried out, had it not been for the timely interference of Judge Smith, the county judge and myself, We arrived at the spot about two hours before the time ap- intedfor their bloody design, and by force ef a ae jaded them to desist from their un- lawful and outrageous undertaking, but we could only get fromm them a respite of four or five days, when y said they would carry out their design | as originally intended, excepting only families and traders: 'y have already burned several Mexi- can shanties, scattered the poor Mexicans all over the country, taken possesmon of dirt that the majo- | tity of them had been throwing up for the last three | months, and depopulated a place, or town, which | promised to be one of the largest settlements in the mines. The leaders are James B. Steadman, one Washington, and Jobn O'Brien, all from Ore- on Bar, on Mequelume river, where they had en holding a for the last month for the | aforesaid purpose. he fa it is, getting late | for river digging, and there is no doubt that their only object is to rob, which fact is confirmed by their having already apportioned out to each man concerned in this revolutionary act, the dirt thrown up by the Mexicans. Judge Smith has dispatched @ messenger to San Jose, calling upon the govern- | ment for a Mere go of U. 8. cavalry, with which force, peace and order can be easily restored, and the foreign miner who pays his tax, protected. The County Jail. (From the Alta California, Nov, 27 } This building, now erecting on Broadway, —— to be a very substantial structure. its location is in Broadway, ween Pacific and Dupont stre with a front of sixty feet on Broadway, and 137 feet on an alley-way twenty teet wide. When completed it will be three steries in height, amd finished in the Norman style of architecture—the cornices and friezes of freestone, imported from Sydney. The main por- tion of the building will be of brick. The cella are in the first and second stories, and number about sixty. Those now leted are ten feet by #ix, the wails of brick, faced with China granite. We learn from the architect that it is the imtention to have the cells in the second story somewhat larger. Each cell will be supplied with water from a cistern of large capacity, and waste pipes will connect with the sewers. The jailor’s rooms and the offices will be in the third story. The basement, built upon rock foundation, is nearl completed, and ina few months the main porti4 of the building will be ready for occupation. Oalifornia, Deo 1) The Full steamer, Captain Creeay,/" her last trip entered the bay, being the first sie! Ves~ fel that ever crossed the bar. The capt reports the least water he found at half tide toz® “* quar- ter leas five,” or twenty-eight and a ha et, jepth enough for the largest merchantmen“ ‘obably, that will ever weil the Pacific. He wy Perfectly de- lighted with the bay and the couns }around it. It is destined to be one of the most *!ightfal and de~ sirable on the Pacific cong, Tne entrance to the bay is plain and easy, the ¢chorage good, nor winds nor tides will trouble © Testing ship when once within. Ite agriculty~ Advantages are said to be very great. here 28 wide extended suc- cession of arable acres, “etching - ty bor- ders of the clear watery® ‘he foot of the moun- tainband hille and tm beatiful quiet valleys between them, from whose breast the iculturist may gether eubsisi/Ce, health, and Juxury, if he a From the4eture of i vy oa? this io 3 'd by many that the entire cli- certain, It is bel material ir will change with the alieriag ciremustances of ite eurface; and that quartz vein | the dry season will cease to be so dry as itis at it t this change occur or not, the umboldt country is pretty certain to flourish. There they have not unfrequent showers, and na- ture with her emile unending, woos the farmer to draw upon her exchequer for hia full share of the abundant wealth therein. Then, also, it is within the region of the placers. Good roads have been ned from the bay, leading from HumboMt, Eu- mks ‘and Union Tow2, to the deposits on the Trinity and adjacent streams,and it is thought that the business done on their account this year has been only trifling, compared with what will be done hereate! ‘he agi is full of timber algo, and can furnish lumber to the whole country for years to come, and not miss it. The business of bringi wee from thence forthe improvements in this p! already one of no small importance ; and, in fine, numerous circumstances point it out as a section of great interest, wealth and prosperity yet to be. Oficial Courtesy. From the San Francisco Hereld, Dec. 1 His Honor, Mayor Geary, together with a few of hia friends, were received yesterdxy morning, et the instance of the French Consul General, on board the French national corvette, the Serieuse, and entertained by the very gentlemanly com- mander at breakfast. really a matter of wonder. Within the forty-eight hours ending on Sunda) meet nearly sixty sail entered the Golden Gate. The histo: the world presents no comparison. The arrivals yea- terday were between twenty and thirty sail. Gov. Wright at iatio n the Compromise The message of Gov. Wright was delivered to the Legislature of Indiane, on the 30th ult. The following are his views upon the Compromise mea- sures passed at the last session of Con, It is not @ pros eal seeenen imnainen Sane: mea- sures of peace, recent amed by great and geod men, in the same spirit which actuated our fathers in days jone by, are in ever: Lg nee jh as meet our unque- fittea approval. It has 2 said that the lives of the best of us are spent in choosing betw: iis; and it is often duty to endure a temporary and incidental evil fo1 permanent and inher A domestic inetitution, forced upon our foretathere ia colonial days, rather than voluntarily adopted by them, is, for the present, the necessary policy of our Southern brethren. Any suddenabandonment of that policy isimporsible. Even its gradual relinquishment beset with difficulty and embarrassment. The pa- triote of the revolution—convened to frame & goverm ment that hae endured for three-quarters of a century, has spread over half a hemisphere the blessings of ace, of political and religious freedom, an onal prosperity— assented to the great prin hat each Btate of the Union is sovereign, as to their inter- pal government, and lations. Without her social rel this recognition, absolute and unconditional, the thir- concurred im conservative could not re- iniom Without it, the has slways maintained © high conservative position, especially on that exoitli question of the day, which has threatened, more seri- ously than any other. the integrity of our confederacy Of States. She is, indeed, convinced that she has wise- ly selected her own domestic policy. She is satisfied with the degree of prosperity, ‘under that free policy, she bas attained. Our State was the nineteenth ad- mitted into the Union, In wealth, ia agriculture, an@ commercial importance. she is now the fifth, if, indeed, she be not the fourth. Of the eighteen States which @om posed the Union when we were admitted, four, at and not one of those since sight of us. Maintsining position abead of all younger sisters, Indiana walked quietly in advance of fourteen of the older es. Inour onward progress, we hi | acted toward each, equal to equal. Our c the great confederacy to which we ecg | member of it, have been faithfully kept, in | im spirit Neitl yy legislative act otherwise, have withheld fr y citizen of the Union the rights hich, under t! deral compact. are assured to bim. To this day, no cause of complaint has been given, nor,so far as I know, has complaint been mede ainet Indiena, by apy State in the Union. Abeve aff. Indiana recognizes the imperative duty, by every good citizen, of obedience to the laws of the land. ‘Whatever difference cf opinion may exist as to the macted by Congrers—how- jn the North orin the South may oppose them—there ie but one course of astion for the true pa.riot to pursue; and that is, wi in saith —_ out thi no eafety for pro except in the absolut ‘There is no hig! tain by word and deed. ¢ the heritage, rich bey with gold, but with the lit brave—that heritage bequeathed to us by our fathers, and wi we, in ti descendants- let us bear | act of disobedince to law downward road to anarchy. ‘The constitution of this great confederacy, written, on parchment, may be rent asunder, if it be not writ- ten also on the hearts and affections of the people. It is written on ours. We 1 @ respect it—we give it our highest sanctior for the sake of the secre@ principles of hu: liberty embodied in its provi- sions, for the unnumbered blesrings we have en- it ite rule, and in me: ‘J also of bere oer | s and ligaments that bind us together. are m: not physical. Our glorious Union {is one of and of tore & Union of confidence When these are g traction | At no hour of our bistory than at the present, an infusio that spirit in which the articles of our contederacy were first conceived. As representatives, as citizens of Indiana, as citizens of the United States, we have difficult, delicate, importent duties to perform. Fore most among these is the cbiigation to oppose, by every lawful means, thet spirit ef factious fanaticism, alike suicidal wherever it has birth, which insiduously as eumes the garb. in one section, of philanthropy, im another, of State rights. By speech, by action,by evesion, by forbearance, by compro1 ‘by the ence of moral suasion sod the stro perbaps. as well as Face, the same name, the same bioud--war that alall bring together, im hortile array, neighbor sgesinst neighbor, brotber against brother, son agalors sire To avert calamities ¢0 direful, Ludiaon wi to the last. the entire weight of her irducnce. Boe will be jurt to each and every member of (he confe deracy—just to the constitution — just to the laws. She will abide by that constitution —eride by the laws— 4. above wll, she will abide by the compromises the compyromi-es made by the and cheered in every hour r al the paths of wisdom and of pears, amit to posterity tha: sacred in- da blessing in the future, ae it part « her stand inthe ranks, nor yet of Northern destiny. the baris of the constituti ke of American destiisy t WT Walker, inte wed home yesterday lot bis ebip, after dis- thet por. The Env eletshery from TRRPRISH OF An of ship Envoy, of from bes Francisco, arpose of refitting ign was, however, | abandoned, owing to hf areat size and the difficalty of obtaining s suitab) Person to take command of her, | and ebe was at lenge *tripped, and sold to Mr. Wa. 0 | Brownell, « dealer ® Old junk, forthe sum of $81 He ew purchaser, however. co the Idea of refitvas her for sea and having do he fortunately 2e8ged Oapt. Walker te command her soeain ing the purchaser of one quarter of a. np Envoy accordingly sailed trom this | pert July 4 1848 , and pro. on a whali island of W | ty: y 800 bar lcotarned to Manilla in the fall o 1848; — shipped to 1 jom 1.800 barrels of oil lbs. of whalebone, which netted 4 . OF $87 600. The Envoy again sailed for the Pacific, and daring 000 Ibs the last season took 2.600 barrels of oil a1 whalebone (including, with the o!l previously om beard, 5 600 barrels); and the whole amount of eateh- Ings having been 6.500 barrels of whale ofl and 75,000 ibe. of whalebone Francisco, whe: and © w The Envoy then proceeded to Ban whe arrived on the 6th of November, ‘sold 25 000 gallons of ofl at $i per gailor remainder of the cargo (86.000 Lions) at 67 Lio lebone, worth Ra 500. bas bee ho hype P Cott, for Boston. At Ran Francisco, Captain W holds the retural of an offer of $6.000 for ‘The resuite of the voyage may therefore be summed np ae follows -— Net profita on 1,000 barrels of ofl shipped to ji and bone, catchings of ‘frat ‘er ” Baler at Ban Francisco... Value of whalebone shipped home Value of ship...... Total ses ee eere ‘mvoy was considered unseaworthy b; nce companies, at the time of her sail 1 they sccording!, —, The sa t/ verprive, Mr. the entire ri Capt rownell, aeeor: joluding the one q annul o < owned by WN. B. Mercury, Jan. 9