The New York Herald Newspaper, October 16, 1848, Page 1

% THE NEW YORK HERALD. heen os NO. 5248. MORNING EDITION----MONDAY, OCTOBER 16, Our London Correspondence. Lonpvon, Sept. 22-23, 1848. Felon Emigration to the United States—Cotton in India—Olyect of Lord John Russell’s Visit to Freland—The Special Commisston—The Catholic Endowment Bill- Movements of the Queen— French Affairs, §c. Will the citizens of the United States of Ame- rica believe that an organized society exists in London, to pour upon its shores and into its towns liberated felons, who are the very dregs and scum of the English metropolis? The proof of this fact was given on Friday last by two poor women, who appeared before the Lord Mayor to solicit relief, as they had been deprived of all means of support by the departure of their husbands to New York, where they had been sent by this society, free of charge, leaving their wives, as best they might, to shift for themselves. A Mr, Jackson, who de- scribed himself as a city missionary, was the agent who selected these men as proper candi- dates for the society’s bounty. It appeared some muegivings were afterwards entertained that their crimes Roareely partook enough of depravity to bring them sufficiently within the scope of its cperations. Mr. Jackson sought to exculpate him- self from the charge, by the assurance of these men that Hey had many times been convicted of felony; and his own jnGR mene of their personal appearance, and the slang language they made use of, went to strengthen their statement. Mr. Jackson, it appears, is only one of the agents, or uppets, in the hands of Lord Ashley, who is the Resa and promoter of this society. If ever there was a transaction more than another in character with tke man, this is it. This lord—one of the most profound political and religious Maw- worms—1s the son of Lord Shaftesbury, perpetua chairman of committees in the House of Lords, anda eee of nearly forty years’ standing on the pul lis pure, The injustice he is doing, and has done, directly to the States, and the injustice he is doing indirectly to the honest but poor Englishman who may emigrate to them, are per- fectly monstrous, and require the most prompt and energetic measures to be taken to remedy the evil. The burst of indignation on the appearance of theee proceedings in the papers on Saturday morn- ing in the city among mercantile men, and, in- deed, the public generally, was universal. The opinion is, that the American government will im- mediately protest against it to the English cabinet, and Ch such means as will prevent any recur, reace of such imfamous proceedings; as, other- wise, a taint will be attached to all English emi- grants. The secret workings of the class of men to which Lord Ashley belongs, for purposes like the above, are scarcely credible. An almost | parallel case exists in the manner of getting rid of | indifferent characters, to supply the deficiencies in | New South Wales, between the latitudes of twenty- nine and ten degrees South, which competent judges have pronoanced very good. Then, again, the settlement of Port Natal near the Cape of ood Hope, is said to possess a soil and climate admi- rably adapted for producing agood article. With- in the last few years, and now within the last few months, a very patriotic phrenzy seems to have rvaded certain minds on the question, for whom itis charitable to ascribe some portion of disin- terested motive in the agitation they are getting up reumstances are being brought to light, which have a tendency to show, that, whilst Lord Joho Ruesell’s visit to Ireland was professedly of a po- litical nature, it, at the same time, partook somewhat of a peraonal one. If public jour- nals are to be believed by his lordship’s evidence at the approaching special commission, for the trial of the State prisoners, 1t will be shown that he has been implicated in certain seditious proceedings, as well as his neighbors. It appears that, durin the progress of the Reform Bull, m the House o} Lords, in 1832, his lordship had written certain letters to various political leaders throughout the kingdom, to get up meetings at which proposals were to be made, for large bodies of men to march to London, to present their petitions in person, but virtually with the view of intimidating the lords. Such letters, it is said, will be placed in his lord- ship’s hands, whilst in the witness box. The threatened accomplishment of similar purposes, by the chartists, on the 10th of April, it will be re- membered, were met by his lordship in quite a different sprit. He had then got all Re wanted ; more he did not require. The Reform bill had been passed, and he has more than once declared it his final measure ; but it 1s one that is a mocke- ry, and delusion to the people, and intended as such; but it had the effect he and old Grey desired, of giving the whig clique a more frequent chance of holding office. Formerly, the tory interest was all-powerful. The starved and rapacious whigs, ever clamorous for power, enly secured what they wanted by arousing the people to bully the lords, as they did to secure their object. Nor is this all ; the tories bei g more eligible for ofhce, as being less necessitous in their pecuniary wants, and possessing more aptitude for legislative business, have too frequently, for the whigs, ousted them from the loaves and fishes. The whigs, in opposition, however, descend to the most con- temptible means to annoy them, and reinstate themselves. Strangerumors are at this time afloat on this point, that go to implicate the present pre- mier in transactions of a very discreditable nature. It will be remembered that when Sir Robert Peel was in office, his cabinet prosecuted O’Connel for eriginating and heading the great Irish monster meetings. It is scarcely cre- dible, but report attaches to Lord John that such proceedings originated from his suggestions, with the view of annoying and driving from office a po- litical rival. It is further asserted, that letters urging this line of policy are ic the hands of near- ty all the Roman Catholic hierarchy, and ready to the various police forces throughout the kingdom. | be produced on the tnal of Smith O’Brien. It‘can The lords and squires recommend to these vacan- , be no longer considered mysterious, if the report cies, privately, those who have become trouble- | is correet, that the specific object of his mission s¢ me to them either as poachers, garden plunder- | ers, receivers of pauper relief, or in any way | obnoxious to them. Ahint from such parties, to | various police commissioners, 1s enough, espe- cially to the London ones, who are said to take | in any man who presents himsrlf with such recom- | mendations. It is to be hoped that the editor of | the Herald will lay this emigration infamy more prominently and powerfully before the American people than the writer can do. Something ee | | to be done in the States, as the time is probably not far distant, when the large landowners, or, | probably the government, will send forth a tide of pauper emigrants to Canada, which will, if not pre- vented, find their way into them. Above all things, | Jet matters be put on such a tooting, that honest | English emigrants may be enabled to show their | faces without being afraid and ashamed of being mistaken for one of Lord Ashley’s protegies. For some time, a strong desire has beea mani- fested, by the manufacturing interests of Lanca- shire, to test the capabilities of India, in the growth | of cotton: hei the parliamentary enquiry of last session, which was institated on’ Mr. Bright's motion. The evidence was very voluminous; but the labors of the committee appear to have created very little, beyond a local, 1n interest at the principly seats of the co:ton manufactures. Lat- terly, however, the public have had an opportuuity of acquiring, in a more popular form, several in- Heremm ne perueviers on the subject, from a gentle- man of the name of Chapman, who is the man: of the embryo Great Indian Railway. This gentle- man has addressed a paper to Mr. Bazely, the chairman of the Manchester Chamber of Com- merce, wherein he points out the various contin- gencies that may arise to prevent the regular 1m- port of cotton from America; to the impolicy of depending on foreign supplies; and, lastly, the capabzlities of India, for an almost unlimited one, and the means of Ag available at a very reasonable cost. Among the contingencies enu- merated, 18 that of war, to intercept the transat- | lantic supply. According to Mr. Chapman’s | account, the capabilities of production in India are so great, that if one field in thirty-six were appropriated to the culture, the sup- ply would be equal to that of America, and of a very superior quality. In the Nisam’s territory, with @ most oppressive land tax, it might be sold at a price varying from 14d. to 13d. alb, The present difficulty of making ut availaole | to ha Manufacturers arises from the want of | any adequate means of internal transport to the | place of shipment. It 1s natural to anticipate, from the position Mr. Chapman holds, as manager, that he Hae raile the immediate construction ofthe great | Indian railway, to remedy this impediment to the accomplishment of so desirable a_ purpose. With this means of transport, the manufacturers of Man- chester have his assurance of the delivery of a firet-rate article, at Liverpool, at the low price of 2id. per lb. It remains, however, to be proved i how far the staple of the article produced in India can be improved by a better culture, as several uni ful attempts have been made, some years ago, to attain this important object, even at the ex- pense of introducing American seed, and planters to superintend its growth. On this subject Mr. Chapman is unfortunately silent. It is not to be denied that the subject is one that requires the at- tention of a prudent government, but at the same time, it must be admitted that, inthe present case, ite introduction to the notice of the Manchester Chamber of erce emanates from a oe having for ite object the attainment of a partial | rather than general interest. It is notuncharitable | to ascribe some portion of his zeal for English manufacturing interests to arise from a desire, in | these dull times, to distribute the unallotted shares | of his railway among the parties he proposes so | rgely to benefit. The prospect of war, it is to be | oped, 18 remote, still a stimulating hint at the pos- sibility of such an event may operate favorably for | the earlier construction of the Great Indian. Let such a mity arrive whenever it may, it will be | a woful aay for Lancashire ; then, indeed, will there be a well-grounded fear of an English rebellion ‘amongst the millions 1t would bring to poverty and starvation. As a resource for England to fal! back upon, the realization of the scheme may be pro- | nounced reasonable; but with the view of a speedy | adoption, it would operate most mischievously. | In the. first place, were such a course of policy | carried aut by England, it would necessarily shut | the American ports against the introduction of its | manutactures. Those of America would receive | an impulse to supply her own requirements, and the surplus cotton above these wants, would find | ite way in a manufactured state into neutral ports, | to compete with those of the mother country, It | may be urged, that agriculture comes more within the legitimate province of the occupations of the Americans, which is true; but if necessity im- | posi departure from this course, there is no al- | ternative but to begin manufactures on amore ex- | tended acale, or diminish:the production of the raw | material. Competition in neutral markets must be | unegually sustained; us the balance must certainly be in favor of America, every manufacturing | Tequirement, except wages. Coal is not an impor- | tant consideration, water power being so abundant tood 36 also abuadant and cheap; and then must be considered the absence of an overwhelming taxa- tion, which weighs so heavily on English preduc- | the rooms at was to throw himself on the confidence and mercy of these prelates, who, it appears, have him so completely in their power, that they may hold his nose, when and for so long a period as they hka. to the grindstone. No wonder mv ‘ord John urged the expediency of g4 amnesty for prelatical tréason; meanwhile, Lord Clarendon, little dream- ing whence flowed the premier’s lenient yearnings for forbearance. To judge from past circum- stances, it is not unreasonable to attach some de- gree of faith to the rumor. During the passing of the Reform Bill, the system of coercive terrorism instigated by the whigs was notorious, and much worse than any modern chartist displays to that effect. The debates of the last session of Parlia- ment show, on Mr. Wakeley’s authority, that General Evans, that saffron-faced whigling, oftered to lead one hundred thousand men to the door of the Honse of Lords to terrify them into the pass- ing of Ruseell’s Reform Bill; which was not de- nied, though the parties charged with this threat- ened outrageawere seated on the opposite benches. If this can be true. what can the world think of such a minister, who is dyed up to the eyes with a treason te his fellows if not to the State, and who seeks to punish men not one whit more culpable than himself? It is evident, from what has already transpired, that his lordship has not been successiu] in the objects of his Irish mis- sion, nor will his offers of compromise or amnesty be attended to. This is strengthened by a notifi- cation from the Pope, that he will not agree to the system of education Proposed for the regulation of the new government colleges in Ireland. He has, according, it 1s said, to the suggestion of the Arch- bishop M’Hale, put a veto upon it ; which isa fresh, and willbea formidable barrier to the favorable change these establishments were expected to bring about, on the principles and loyalty of the rising generation. Whether it has been with the view of retaliation or no, for this dieplay of papal } hostility to the government scheme 18 not known, but the government have lately protested against his holiness parcelling the United Kingdom into titular bishoprice. This objection has been called into action by the creation of a new one at Bir- mingham. His holiness, however, is indifferent to their frowns—his rescript has been issued, and the bishop has been installed. For the present, the Romush diplomatic intercoarse bill is suspended, the holy father having expressed a perfect indiffer- ence about its succcess If there 18 a mire, the ministry will be in itif they can, and appear always see of treading themselves deeper and deeper into It. Notwithstanding the admonitions of the ama- teur scribe of the Chromicle, the journals pour forth their columns of twaddle about the royal visit. All is chromicled—the smallest scraps help to jeed the hungry maws of morbid appetites. A re- cent account has given the world a description of Balmoral, the color of the chintz that hangs on the walls, the various designs of the Dutch tiles on the hall floor, and a thousand other etceteras equally interesting Then there 18 an ac- count of a visittoa Mr. Farquharson, at Invercauld, where there were large (ae of the clans. The royal party wore the Stuart tartan, and were met by the worthy host, his lady, Masters Farquharson, who presented bouquets of wild flowers to the guests, &c., &c. Then came the old and, apparently, only highland time of altel Me) big hommer, which Her Majesty viewed with much interest, it is said, whilst seat- ed on a rustic chair, placed on a tartan carpet spread on the green sward. After this refined exhibition, a stalwart kilted Highlander show- ed his powers of climbing, by running up the precipitous face of Craig Chlunie. In this exploit, her Majesty took especial interest, snatching up a Spyglass, the better to watch his daring agility, which was frequently rewarded by encomiums the royal lips, and ultimately by afive pound Bank of England note. It ought not to be omitted that the pin sport ended by a sword dance, during the execution. of which, it was difficult to determine whether the screams of the bagpipes, or the battle yells of the dancers, were predominant. The prince consort and his German jagers are assiduous in deerstalking. He however, missed his first shot at a fine buck by an unlucky keeper being too near the animal to al- low his Highness to gratify his love of sport at the risk of a Highlander’s lite. Her Majesty’s chief minister seems to enjoy no kind of populari- tyin his tour. He landed at Greenock on Sunday afternoon at 5 0’clock, and proceeded quietly to the Tontine hotel, where he remained a couple of sae He visited those wonderful waterworks, the Shawswater, and a cotton mill on its banks, and the five and returned to town on foot, followed by a train of ragamuffin boys, at whose pertinacity o! pursuit, he seemed much annoyed. Thence he went to Glasgow, where not even a bailie ste ped out to meet him, much lees the civic authorities. There he popped his chaise upon a railway track, and proceeded, by the Scoitish central, in the direc- tion of Aberdeen, to plod his way to his royal mistress at Balmoral to relieve Sir George Grey, who returns to London to keep a look out for Confederate and Chartist_ squalls from the official eminence ot the Home office. The papers say his lordship looks pale and careworn; but that he has, withal, a firm and vigorous step. The great body of protestant dissenters through- tion. Bat, independent of all these considerations, where is England ¢o find a cuxomer for her im- | meas? exportation of goods, if she gratuitously breake connection with the States? [thas already been shown that America tikes yearly more in value from England than all her cofa: Tt must also be borne in mind, that America might not feel the Joes of English connection go severely as some aaticinate. [t may be aporaximatively stated, that the domestic consumption of cotton in the States, haa increased remarkably withia the last few yeurs; some accounts giving it as rising from thirty thousand to nearly three-quarters of a milhon of bales. The whole proposal wears an air of profonnd absurdity, and argues the propriety of establishing a capricious mercantile indepen- dence, that would involve England in rnin, merely to promote the interests of the Great [ndian rail- | way. Mr Chapman 1s not alone in the field for | the attainment of this object. Another interest has supplied a sample of cotton, which was grown in | 9u8 opposition to the Irish out the united Kingdom, are at this time marshal- ling their forces, with the viéw of offering a vigor- ior rish Roman Catholic en- dowment. These consist of the Methodists, Bap- tists and Independents, who look upon the subject as one entirely subversive of the fundamental Gl the constitution as established at the Reformation. There 1s no doubt that the efforts of this [pad il body would of itself, independent of the disinclination of the Peeeced to accept the roflered boon, prove effectual in thwarting the intentions ofthe ministry It would not be the first defeat from such a source, for it is well known had it not been for exertions of these parties, the whole education of the youth of the kingdom would have been in the hands of the clergy of the estab- lished church, who would have spared no pains to cram into the juvenile mind the whole daties of a wilting tthe and rate prayer, and the thirty-nine articles to boot. The pittance at present granted by the state for educational purposes, 18 perfectly ridiculous—as much having been spent in one year | for building stables for the Queen, at Wiadsor, as | has been granted for the education of the people in two. The pretext tor this niggardliness, is, that the proposed recipients, namely, the Establishment | and Dissenters, are opposed in their views as to the manner of applying the funds. One party in- sists on the reading and study of the Bible forming one part of the education, Another is opposed to it, on the grounds of such. course being likely to lead to unpleasant dissensions ; whilst the bishops must needs insist on the introduction of the church eatechism to make matters worse These difler- ences appear almost a planned conspiracy among the various parties to keep the rising generation in darkness, at which, if the truth were told, the ministry may not be tll pleased. In the meantime | the poor suffer by these delays, for they are invari- ably told, when they petition for pol.tical equality and rights, that they must wait, and can oaly have them when they are sufficiently ‘ducated to exer- cise the trust, when placed in their hands, with discretion. At all events, the delay arising trom the differences of the conflicting parties, is a deep | injury inflicted on the working man, which there seems no present probability of being removed. The hands of the editor of the J'umes are still in the gutter. He has been bespattering General Cavaignac with dirt, to prejudice h'm in the eyes of the world. To accomplish this he desecrates the memory of the dead, and blasts the character of the living An obscure print at Bordeaux, furnishes him with materials to charge t! ofthe g-neral with saving the lite of a citizen. | the cost ot his daughter’s virtue, during the first | revolutionary outbreak. The victim was stated to have left her native city an outeast, and having never more been heard of. To rescue his fathe memory from so foul a charge, the general in tuted inquiries, which were no sooner undertaken than it was discovered that the eldest son of the asserted victim was similarly employed. The re- sulthas proved that the charge is utterly false ; as | the lady, whose name is so cruelly dragged before the public, not only denies any indigaity being offered to herself by the late Colonel Cavaigaae, but shows that she never left Bordeaux, where she has long been respectably married, and 1s the mother of a large family. | jf | The result of the American Presidential elec- tion is anxiously looked forward to here, by the government and the upper classes. Upon the sult will depend much that affects their polt interests. Indirectly, Ireland is the thorn that sticks and festers in their sides. The well found- ed fear that the votes of the mass of Irish e1tizens in the States may preponderate on the side of Cass, fills the aristocrats with alarm. And well it may, | as America, ata favorable moment, when Eng- land 1s distracted, either engaged with a toreiga power or domestic strife, might strike a blow ua- der which she might not only stagger, but fall with an infliction that might make it impossible to re- sume her former posture. This contingency, added to a similar uncertainty in France, oa the same momentous questions, entail a most painful suspense on those whose consciences remind them occasionally that they have some misdeeds to answer for. ‘ The English public have latterly been painfully interested in a variety of disclosures, which go to prove that poisonings of the most wholesale kind nave been perpetrated, for the sole purpose of pro- curing money from burial socteties, to which the guilty parties belonged. In one case, a wretched and ignorant woman had buried, in a brief interval, no fewer than three children, which realized her a sum of two hundred and eighty-eight dollars from ten different societies, which she subscribed to, being ninety-six dollars for the interment of each | child, by which she would pocket a net profit oftwo hundred and fifty dollars. This has happened ina great, a free,a glorious, anda humane contry, whose people pay a million and a half sterling a ear to keep up an African blockade to protect the black slave, whilst its government will give nothing to educate such a woman as this. Educa- tion might not wholly prevent an evil like this, but it would lessen the chance. Atpresent, the amount of crimejin England shows, that a frightful mass arises from the people being brutalized and ground down by the inhumanity and injustice of their ra- lers. The two poor felons’ wives have re-appeared on the stage to complain of Mr. Jackson’s unkind treatment. He at last has been shamed into a pro- mise of sending them to their husbands. Lord Ashley 1s yet silent in the matter; he offers nu ex- planation. It 1s evident from_his lordship’s ante- cedente, he contemplated an altered culture of the republican vine by the corrosive irrigation he has been applying to its roots. i The latest accounts from Ireland by wire show, that when the troops removed f:om the hill of Mea- liff, large assemblies of armed peasants took their place. AtDrombane, the chapel bells were ringing, and large armed gatherings were at Castle Otway. Doheny isin Paris. Strange work may shortly be expected in France, Louis Napoleon being at the head of the poll at Paris, and elected for several places in the departments. Ifhe makes no false step he will probably be the first president of the republic. The communists foliow him in the majorities. Cavaignac’s Popularity ls waning; and it is feared he will not hold his ground much longer. The whole of Germany is stl! very unsettled, and cannot long remain in its present state. “The Frankfort Parliaments, and its various sovereigns, will create such a conflict of interests as will make a German republic a matter ot ne- cessity. Our Paris Correspondence. Panis, Sept, 19, 1848. State of France—The Death Penalty—The Clergy— Gen. Cass. Many people profess to believe that the present condition of things cannot last long in France. Paris 18 in a state of siege, and the press subject to be euppressed at any moment, and the city made a military camp, say they. They say that they do not know what the change may be—‘“ it may be Henri Cinq, the red republic, or socialism—but it will be something different before long.” Such are the sentiments of some very intelligent French citizens of Paris. I am not prepared to contradict them; butI do notsee the evidences of a change so clearly; on the other hand, it appears to me that the government is gaining strength, and the people becoming more quiet under the present regime, which is pretty stringent, to be sure, but not a whit more so than is necessary for the security of the city. To allow a tew such men as Girardin and Proudhon the free license of an outrageous press, daily exciting the more sgoerant people, would folly—madneas; it would be more—it would be cruelty and inhumanity, for they would make | the blood flow in streams in the streets of Paris. | As well might the government let loose 80 many | public aseassins, to slay all they might meet in the | streets. Whether these men and their associates | are wicked or mad, is not material, the effects | produced by these presses are the same—civil war and bloodshed—and they must be restrained, or peace cannot be established in Paris. The Assembly have decided, by a vote of 493 to | 216, against the abolition of capital punishment in | criminal cases, although there 1s a manifest re- | pugnance to resorting to it in any care but that | of absolute necessity. There are some men, in | every nation, who fear the halter and the scaffold | more than any other punishment, and whom no | terror, short of that, can restrain from committing | depredations upon society, and the lives of assas- sins are worth little to the world. France 1s not in a condition to remove this restraint from before the eyes of the desperate ; to do so, would be to invite murder, in the present state of society, and | offer, as it were, a premium to assassins. .France still reserves, in her constitution, the principle of paying the clergy out of the funds of | the State. No country, but our own, has learned the fact, that the fostering care of the State cor- rupts religion and its professed disciples; that | there 1s no security for either Church or State but ma perfeet separation; that the touch | contaminates both, and paralyzes their healthy action. Even Protestant England makes her church an instrument of oppression, corrup- tion, and power, and the people gam no | benefit from it, while they are burthened with | taxes to support it. There is more that 1s arbitrary in the church of your city, than in any other part of the United States; but free institutions check the encroachments of the clergy, beyond a certain point. But there 18 great toleration and liberality in France, now, for aCatholic country. Protestant | churches can be established in any part of France, and the clergy are amenable to the criminal code, like other people. To those who have been accus- tomed to gee the priests exempt from the eontrol of all civil fw, and to commit murder and rape with impunity, this appears to be a great advance to- wards civilization. There is to be a new contest for the election of a President of the Assembly. These elections come along eH: and they try the strength of the parties generally. Hitherto, the club Poinea have been defeated ; but they are now making preparations to make a great effort to carry La- crosse, or Dufaure, into the chair. The former is now one of the Vice Presidents, and the latter aman of much talent and consideration, and one of the commission who framed the constitution. Itie said that M. Marrast will net be a candi- date tor a third election, but will devote him- self to his duties as reporterof the Constitutionnel. The Americans, in Paris, wish that General Cass was minister sull in France; he was so popular, and kept an open house to his countrymen, open- ing, thereby, the way, to all American strangers, to the best society in Paris. I believe Mr. King did much, also, in the same way, when he was here. General Cass 1s very popular with the French: his free, social and liberal character made all Paris his friends. He kept an open house, and lived far beyond his salary, as any man must do who dispenses his hospitalities as an envoy in Paris; and this part is avery important one ia every point of view, as well for our country as its citizens who are travelling abroad. Did 1t depend upon Paris, the General would be the next Presi- dent of the United States; and Frenchmen would feel that, in him, they had a friend and an acquaint- ance. This feature in the character of a man, in Paris,,gives a minister influence and friends; and, if he ean epeak the French language, they like him still the better. Every graduate from any one of our colleges should be able to speak the French, Italian, Spanish and German languages, correctly —fluently they cannot do, till they live ia those coun ries, A portion of the time devoted, fre- quently lost, upon Greek and Latin, should be given to the modern languages. No young man ought to be regarded as educated till he can speak the modern languages. Fluency 18 onlv acquired by practice. OnseRveR. Our German Correspondence. Frankrort-on-Tue-Maine, August 24th, 1848, Fate of Poland—Ejforts for her Restoration—Re- Sflections. History scarcely presents a more interesting cir- cumstance than a nation that has become free de- ciding on the fate of one that 1s apparently blotted out ot existence. More important questions than that of Poland have, perhaps, been discussed in the National Assembly of Frankfort, but certainly none have presented themselves in which justice appeals so loudly and forcibly to the heart. The Grand Duchy of Posen, commonly known as Russian Poland, arose in its present extension in 1815. A part of the Duchy of Warsaw was granted to the King of Prussia, by the Congress of Vienna, and acknowledged by all the powers of Europe. In assuming the reins of government, the King of Prussia insured the inhabitants their nationality, their religion and their language, as well as admission to all public offices antl posts of honor, and the benefits of the then promised and never granted constitution. Many other royal promises made in Vienna were never fulfilled, and the Grand Duchy of Posen was treated asa province of Prussia, and divided into two dis- tricts—Posen and Bromberg, The population consists of about 800,000 Poles, 400,000 Germans, and nearly 100,000 Jews. ‘The Germans are mostly descendants of colonists who emigratéd thither centuries ago, and are principally found in the cities, where they are nearly always the most numerous and wealthy portion of the population. After the revolution of 1830, Prussia also laid regular plans for Gigi dee Grand Duchy. The Jews are German, and their sympathies are never with the Poles. The religious tolerance of the country has eee. them every opportunity to become more influential than in most European nations. Germans predominate in the northern and western part of the province, and Ger- man peasants hold a ronice pecnornen. of the land than the Poles. National feeling has always been a barrier to friendship between them; and, since the first division of Poland, the nobility have been the sworn and bitierenemies of the Germans. The Polish nobifity had held their peasants in a state of bondage, until they were liberated and raised in the scale of existence by the Prussians. This caused the Polish peasants to take the side of Prussia eaeinnt their own nobles, and increased the bitter feeling of the latter—the desire for re- venge breaking out into hostilities at the first leam of hope. After the celebrated battle of Jena, the hatred of the Polish nobility showed itself, by a general insurrection against all the Prassian officers, which was repeated in 1880 and 1816. Unfortunately, however, in all these attempts to throw off the yoke of foreign Oppression, it was not the Polish nation, but the Polish nobility, that rose—their own pats became their execu- tioners, and the bloody ecenes of °46 are fresh in the minds of all, where scythes, flails, aad fire were used by the peasants in a brutal war of ex- termination against their masters. I was an eye- Witness to the ever-memorable scenes of the bloody night of the 18th ot March, in Berlin, and Poles were among the prominent men of the barri- eades. Scarcely had infant liberty recovered from the pangs of birth, when the twilight of hope be- an to dawn for them; they begged to share in the estival of freedom; and the men with whom they had stood back to back on the barricades, cauglit the sound, and with hearts overflowing with gene- rosity, demanded from fallen royalty that the pri- sons should be opened. Pale and care-worn, they left their cells to take part in the joyful resurrection of nations; enmity between Poles and Germans had ceased; they were drawn in triumphal cars, greeted by the shouts of thousands, through the streets of the capital, to the pace where they had received the sentence that had condemned them to an ignominious death—yesterday they were traitors, to-day they are heroes ;—as heroes, they demanded @ restitution of that nationality for which they had lived, fought, and sacrificed all, save honor. Their demands were granted, and Germans and Poles lay in each others’ arm3 in the streets of Berlin, intoxicated with the cup of joy. The Pole had forgotten that the first article of his creed was hatred—everlasting hatred—to the Germans, and the latter had forgotten the war of annihilation that was to have been waged against them, if the insurrection of ’46 had been successful. Germans wore the cockade and white eagle of Poland, while the Poles placed the black- red-golden cockade of German liberty on the breast that had been exclusively dedicated to their own colors. I looked on, astonished at the re- turn of the day of miracles, but had seen too much of the jealousy and hatred existing among the na- tions of Europe, not to fear that these bedlam shouts of enthusiaem would finally Pr way to the shouts of the battle-field. A Polish national com- mittee was formed 1n Berlin, aud a Polish Legion. The object of the committee was to correspond directly with the ministry, and transmit their orders to Posen as fast as they should decide on measures. The Poles thought immediately on the restoration of the old kingdom of Poland, as it had existed before the division of 1772; the Germans had thought of the re-organization of the Grand Buchy of Posen ;--Poles calcu- lated on an extent of territory and land once occu- pied; Germans, in the now existing nation, ex- pecting to grant them a re-organization for them- selves, to the extent of Polish institutions, officers, etc. The frenzy of the revolution of Berlin was, howeyer, not shared by the 400,000 Germans in the Grand Duchy, and the arrival of the Polish com- mittee from the capital, with the announcement that their countrymen had cast them off, struck them with terror. They refused to submit with- out orders trom the ministry; and, in the mean- time, sent numerous deputations to Berlin to pro- test against their separation from Germany, and propose a division of the German and Polish dis- tricts—the former being given to Germany, and the latter to the Poles for re-organization, as they might desire. The Poles proceeded immediately tc dismiss Prussian officers and abolish Prussian institutions; and the bloody and barbarous scenes that followed are well known. The Prussian go- vernment soon saw itself obliged to adopt the doc- trine thatthe earth is neutral—the soil neither Polish nor German, and that the inhabitants give it the character of nationality. On this basis, it was determined to annex the German districts to Prus- sia, and exclude them from the Polish re-organiza- ation. This was only eflected by military force, as the Poles rose everywhere in arma, assisted for the first time by the peasaats of the Polish and Catho- he districts, under the opinion that their religion was in danger. That this movement of the Poles was premature and ill-advised, I have as the opin- ion of a member of the committee from his own lips. The result was, the loss of the sympathy of the Germans,and with it were blasted the brightest hopes of the Polish cause; there was a hope that Germany would raise the sword against Russi tyranny, forthe liberation of Poland—but the off- epring of frantic enthustasm had vanished. In annexing the German districts to. the conte- deration every meang was resorted to in order to obtain the wishes of the inhabitants, and so far from overstepping the bounds, it was found arces- sary to incorporate some other districts, at the ex- press wish of the people, who stormed the govern- ment with petitions. A new question now arose, in relation to the capital of the Grand Dachy—the city of Posen— 1848. although surrounded by Polish districts, the city itself contains more Germans than Poles, and has risen to its present importance under Prussian aus- pices. The government has spent eig!it mulions of dollars in erecting the most powerlul fortifica- tione on the borders of Russia, at the spot where the possessions of this dangerous neighbor extend | into Prussia like a wedge; and, to abandon this to other than German hands, would be to lay all the eastern frontier of Prussia open to the inroads of | Russia at this most dangerous epoch. Since the | city of Posen has passed into the hands of Prussia, ‘he population has increased from fitteen to forty thousand, and the landed property of the Poles is little more than a million of dollars, while the German Jews alone have three millions, The lice of demarcation was, therefore, so altered that the city of Posen was also incorporated into the Germanie Contederation—that is to say, excluded from the Polish re-organization ; under these cir- cumstances the elections for the National Assem- bly, at Frankfort, were held in those districts that were declared German, ‘The result was, that twelve deputies were sent here, who were receiv- ed provisionally until the subject could be fairly investiguted by this Assembly. The question was the most interesting one that we have had of the central executive power, and called forth the very best talent of the House. The sins p-eviously commatted against ill-fated Poland were the work of princes; her cause was now laid into the hands of the pecple. Two parties presented themselves, with the following demands:—The ultra radicals contended for the entire restoration of the nd Duchy of Posen to the hands ot tne Poles, inglu ing the halt million of Germans living within its | borders; they would re-organize as they might see fit, retaining the German Pretectorate, that they should not instanter fall into the jaws of Russia. The German party took nat » Not terri- torial, grounds, contending for a line of d marcation that would separate Germans from | Poles, restoring the former to their conatry and feaving the Poles free to re-organize under the Protectorate of Germany; at the same time retaining the fortification of Posen as the only bulwark against Russia. Ot the twelve deputies from the Grand Duchy, but one too« the tribune for entire restoration; but he handled his | cause nobly, and threw back, with contempt, the appeals to sympathy that had been made in behalf of the Poles; “ we appeal to virtue and honor, we want but justice,” said the speaker, “ and that, it the Heavens should fall; we have long ayo been swallowed,,but, as sure as there is a God of nations, we will never be digested while one Pole lives to fight his cause.” Had enthusiasm gained the vic- tory over expediency he would have carried his cause. It was asoul-thriiling moment to see two nations drawn upin array on the battle-field of in- tellect; in the same Assembly—the one fighting for justice, with the weapons of poeticil, senti- mental enthusiasm, heaving a sigh for fallen greatness with every pulsation of the heart—the other, with the cool calculating eyes of expedien- cy, governed by circumstances as they now pre- sent themselves, and following the dictates of prac- tical conviction. I need scarcely add that the Ger- mans gainest the victory—for to say otherwise, would be to announce that still another part | of Poland had been delivered up to the Rus- sian Knout; or, the moment that Germany yields her right, Rufsia will seize, and it is folly to suppose that Germany can involve her- sel in a war with this colossal power, to avenge | the wrongs of another nation, or make good* those of her forefuther. A war with Russia would | blast all the prospects of new-born liverty, and | lead a tyrant, with his myriads, into the heart of Germany to annihilate the Poles and suppress | the liberal movemens of the Germans, by jotnin | the aristocratic party, and forging new chauns ot | bondage stronger than those so lately burst. No | man, who loves his fatherland, can be destitute of sympathies for an unhappy, half-ruined nation ; for 2 nation whose bloody fragments dragged through haif the continent of Europe. But this nation has grave faults, which are the secret spring of all its misfortunes. ‘Unity 1s strength,” is a motto that Poles have ever trodden in the dust, and for centuries that nation has been divided in itself, What Americans consider the Polish nation, is not the nation, but the nobility. The glory, the bravery, the splendor, that rests on Poland’s history, is not that of the people—these belong to the nobles, and to them also belong her sins and the long catalogue of her misfortunes. It is suid that the Polish peasants moistened the grave-stone of one’of their rulers with their tears, as he had been their oaly protection, and, as they too truly feared, was their last. If, in the memo- rable contest ot 1830, the Poles, who are ever tound on the battle-field of liberty against oppres- sion, had granted those rights to their peasants, which they demand so loudly for themselves, the fate ot this chivalrous nation would have been very different. Like the Bourbons, they had learned nothing and forgotten nothing, and, like the Bourbons, in the family of Kings, so do the Poles, in the family of nations, seem singled out as the shuttlecock for the battledore of fate. The revolutions that have swept like a hurricane over Europe, reached the plains of Poland, but only revived her hopes to carry them again to an un- timely grave. From tHe Rurye, August 23, 1848. Abolition of Titles in Germany—Curious Suosti- tutes—German Navy—Printers’ Strike, &c. §c. For the last six months we have been blest with one continued season of April weather—I mean | in the world of politics—to-day sunshine and calm, to-morrow thunderstorm and hail; or, torsooth, we have been favored with all the varieties of the | seasons in a single day. Seedtime, however, has not been succeeded by harvest, and is not likely | to be so as long as our April weather continues. | Indeed, it is beginning to be doubtful whether the | political harvest will correspond to the brilliant promises of spring; and some wiseacres prophecy that April weather always makes April fools. Nous verrons. Be that as it may, politics, wn thig quarter of the world, has more shady sides than sunny ones; and, to drive away dull care, allow me to indulge in a little political gossip. | Everybody is writing peer. now-a-days, as it requires all shoulders to the wheel to keep up with the progress of events. Among other novelties, a History of the Barricades 18 announced, from the 24th of Feb., 1848. Some enthusiastic friends of this mode of warfare are about reducing it to a science, and have ,made a number of admirable improvements.in ‘ barricade architecture.” I was forcinly reminded of the ‘‘old General” on the bleody night in Berlin, as I saw a splendid barri- | cade being built, of immense bags of flour, sup | ported by oil hogsheads at intervals ; this barri- cade, it is true, was not so successful as the cotton bags, though it held out for six long hours with desperate fighting, aguinst a stro: ivison of the Prussian troops ot the line. ith the science of barricades, an entirely new field for the development of musical genius has been opened to the music-loving Germans. I allude to what we call charavaris or calithumpian concerts; but the Germans are a sunple-hearted people, and , always call things by their right names ; their phi- lological accuracy will admit of no other term than “cat-music,” and it certainly deserves the preference over all others; cat-music is the only | word that gives the remotest idea of the unearthly combination of sounds infernal, to which all can- didates tor political favor are treated here, if they | happen to remain behind the sovereign people on the political race course, instead of keeping ahead of them. | Torchlight processions for the man that talks loudest about his own patriotism and shows his wounds, and cat-musiec for the modest, are the order of the day, or rather of the night, as this modern warfaie generally commences under noc | turnal auspices. To tell the truth and shun evil | should be the motto of the gossipper, as it 18 of the historian ; and I would disdain to give a “chro- nique scandaleuse,” but it is a solemn truth thatthe Germans are becoming decidedly ill-mannered. They pay less respect now to counts and princes than would be paid to them by many of our moneyed republicans—especially if these gents were to ap- pear with a charming moustache, a delightful im- | penal, and a military glance and bearing,calculated to take every lady’s heart by storm. A deputation of citizens was sent to Prince Reiz-Schleiz-Loben- stein, who, for ought I know, has as many as five thousand mile in middle Germany, to demand a redress of grievances, His princely highness treated some coolly, and insulted others. A se- cond deputation wos then sent to demand the amende honorable in writing, or politely inform him ot the probability of being honored with a “ giant cat-music,” in consideration of his ttle. He agreed to do anything rather than receive the sc- renade, and the aflair was amicably settled by allowing the sovereign people to do anything that they, in their wisdom, might see fit. In their de- creasing respect for persens and papers, the Ger- mans have just resolved to make the greatest sacrifice that a German can make, namely, to dis nse with titles. The National Assembly, in rankfort, have abolished all titles not directly connected with office. This is peculiarly severe plenty of streets, but no houses. | in sovereign contempt of the laws of trade. | The clergy are muking a bol ; notwith*tanding so many have been broken in the ; Russians and TWO CENTS. on Berlin, where every one in good soci ty is at least a privy counsellor. And this title is always repeated in conversation; whether with lady or gentleman—par example: nothing ‘s more usual than “Mrs. Privy Counsellor Johaan Schmit,” “Mr. Chief Railroad Engineer Schul or “* Mrs. Lieutenant General Fritz.” To compensate, in some measure, for the loss of these high sounding titles, some members of the Assembly have re- ceived very appropriate nicknames; the leader of the radicals is known as the * Genius of Truth -”” and, to be honest about the matter, there 1s a pretty good proportion of rather queer geniuses among the company; but the very queerest is, decidedly, one known as the * National Canary Bird ”—said bird 1s always dressed in yellow nan- keen, trom head to foot—coat, vest, and pants— and thence his significant title. On the first entrance of the Archduke John into the Assembly, the mem- bers, with one exception, were attired in black, this exception wae the Canary Bird, who remained true to hiscolor, and stood forth in bold reliefamong his black asseciates. Many heads had been put to- Rother and jokes cracked asto the true version of this yellow story, and the general conclusion was, that his constrtuents were obliged to give him an outfit in the shape of a suit of clothes, and found nanieen the cheapest and most likely to keep him cool during the summer ion. The second version, and now most gen: ly received, that the radicals on the floor of the house, being accus- tomed to give the sovereign people in the galleries a sign, when itis necessary for them to shout and yell, found it advisable to have some promineat signal-giver, not calenlated to contuse or mislead. The National CanaryBird has therefore been raised to the dignities of office, and a twitching of his head 13 always followed by a tremendous shout from the galleries as putting the seal of approbation on all that is uttered by a “ people’s man.” la Republique. Vive Most of the new State assemblies have a plentiful sprinkling of peasants among them, who have a rovereign contempt for the arts of reading and wri- ting. The minister of finances,in Berlin,gives soirées once a week, to which all the deputies are invited, and he is said to be extremely attentive to the p> - sants, endeavoring to initiate them into the mys- leries of society and the duties ot their new sphere. Ata late sotré2, one of them approached the minj- ter, in the early part of the evening, and beg zed to know, with a very serious air, the name of those capital cakes he had eaten at the last visit. “Ido not know,” replied the minister, ‘perhaps you mean the gooseberry tarts.” ‘ Gooseberry tarts! eh ? well, they were glorious; just let’s have some more the next time, and we'll always vote yes.”” This was no small consolation to a minister of finances__I was strongly reminded, a few days ago, of Voltaire’s City on the Lake of Geneva, where, as he naively expresses it, there were ‘* Nous avons des rues, mais nous at avons pas de maisons.” The Germans are in about the same quandary about their navy ; they have flags already, but no ships. The Assembly has just resolved that the naval flag shall be a black, red, golden tri-color, with the arms of the German Empire, and the black. double eagle. Said eagle, havmg two heads, will, it is supposed, keep a sharp look out. In a few weeks, a frigate, a corvette, and three steamers, of more than 200 horse power each, will be ready. Gun-boats are being constructed in nearly every” German port of the Baltic, and the first o1e was launched at Kiel, a few days ago, with great cere~ mony andrejoicing. Contributions for the new navy are coming in from all quarters—all the cities and villages are sending their quota. Schools, churches and singing societies are making collections, and even penny collections are being taken up every- where ; while men, women and children, are all singing patriotic songs at the idea of soon being able to take a trip over to Copenhagen, to annihi- late the Danes. Indeed, patriotism is at a great deal higher premium now than bank stock. “‘Magyars,” said the celebrated minister Kossuth a few days ago, in the Hungarian Chamber of Magnates, “the Turks and Russians are advan- eing to our borders, the Sclavonians and Croats have invaded our altars and fire sides; [:ngland, our friend, 1s afar off, and france 1s busy athome; we have no arms to rely on bat our own ; are they strong and ready for the battle unto death? Can t rely on 200.000 Magyars and ferty millions of florins!” ‘The Chamber rose, to a man, witte deafening cries of ** Elyen, elyen,” (the Hungarian vivé.) The tears rolled down Kossuth’s cheeks as he said, “I bow in humility betore the great- nees of the nation ; my country is saved.” Some idea mav be given of the bitter enmity existing, between Hungary and her subordinate nations, by the tollowing from Transylvania :—The people of this country have circulated thousands of copies of | the Lord’s Prayer among the peasants, inter- olated somewhat in the following manner: “ Our ‘ather, who art in Heaven, hallowed Thy name.” What does this mean? Why, simply, that the name of God is so holy that six mil- lions of Hungarian curses cannot desecrate it; six millions of Hungarian robbers and mur- derers cannot injure a hair in the head of his people. “Thy kingdom come.” Does thar mean the kingdom. of the Hungarians, with their false priests, office-holders and soldiers? with ex- tunction of the press, tyranny, and bondage? “ But deliver us trom evi) :”—that is, God deliver us trom. Hungarian bloodhounds, Hungarian taxes, bank- notes and thieves. The effect of this appeal to an ignorant peasantry may be imagined. Among the thousand-and-one new movements thas spring up here in a week, that ot the journey- men compositors and printers is beginning to at- tain quite a formidable appearance. They, and their devils, are turning the political world topsy- turvy, by rong to puta hand to type, paper or ink, until their demands are complied with. In their zeal to regenerate their affairs,in the general commotion, they held a convention in the city of Gottenberg-Mayence, celebrated in the history: of the printing art; here they made their owm terme, without consulting the employers. The latter | now announce that it requires two parties to make a bargain, and that the demands of the journeymen are such ay to ruin the business, as they are made In Berlin, Hamburg, and Oldenburg, they have quit work. In Leipsic, Brunswick, and Hanover, t are negotiating, while preparing to retreat ,if neces sary. Most of the journals are limping along with the agsietunce 0. apprentices, but frequent] ly ap- pear in half their usual form. At this period, when all the world feeds on newspapers, their strike becomes a sensitive affair, and en- gages the attention of politicians: especially. ‘hey will probably quarrel until the 27th of this month, when the principals and journeymen alf meet, in grand convention, in Frankfort. Mephisg tophiles and Faust are expected to be present, to agsirt in raising a row and building barricades. In Vienna, religious affairs are now getting out of joint; the German-Catholic fever has broken out and threatens to rage. A meeting of those 12 favor of Ronge’s doctrines has been held, a con- etegation formed, and eight hundred members Joined in one day The bitter hatred to the Pope in Vienna, on accountof Italy and Lombardy, will give a strong impetus to this movement. (Quite an excitement has just been caused by the escape of a.nun from aconvent. She had heard of the glorious times ia the world, now-a-days, where women, as well as men, have all become sove- reign, and felt inclined to try her sovereignty. push to get ribs, revolutions ; they are petitioning tor the abolition of cel:bacy. Strange to say, experience proves that the present commotions, political and other- wise, are extremely conducive to health. This | tme last year all the German baths, watering places, medicinal springs, ete , were full to over- flowing ; now, they are begging for patients. Even ‘English are snddealy'in the best of health and remain at home ; rumor says they are determined to patronize no nation that fights with barricades; they are a satire on the science of fortification, oO. P.Q. Srraner Censvs.—We read in the Journal des Debats,—“ The government, in order to obtain an exact account of the respective strength of each party in France, has ordered to be drawn up, in every department, a general list of all the citizens who have been named members of the municipal councils, indicating the opinions of each. This demand, which is imposed with great urgency upon the prefects, lays down the four following cate gories—viz : Legitimists, Conservatives, ar~ dent Repubt and moderate Republicans.” Heavy Verpict ror per.—Ia the Court of Common Pleas for Hampden, the trial of a case for slander resulted ina verdict of $1 200 damages — The Springfield Republican contains the following report of the case :—\iarta & Ames, by her next friend versus Julian Ware, The trial of this case commenced Tuesday afternoon and closed Thursday morning The plaintiff is a young girl, who lives im Chester. and damages were claimed of the detendant, who aleo lives in Chester, for certain slanderous re- been circulated by him reapect- i the same trial was had i y zo the jury thea the plaintiff Exceptions were ta! a new trialgranted The result of the present trial, will weopine, not suit Mr. Ware quite as well as the one first arrived af, for the jury, after being ont bute short time, brought ina verdict of $1100 in favor of the plaintifl,