The New York Herald Newspaper, July 11, 1848, Page 1

NO. 5149. TIONAL ADDI “FOREIGN CORRESPONDENCE NEW YORK HERALD, tron — Cuba — The United States — Design of England, &. So rapidly are the events of the present day oc- -curring, that it requires considerable activity to keep pace with them; and, in fact, the “parlia- mentary,” or slow train people, are left sadly in the Tear, to speculate in obscurity on the maze that surrounds them. To reeord them all would be a * work of some difficulty, if done with accuracy ; and it would also be one of some danger, since the coercion act of our government bas come into operation. “Open and advised” speaking and writing has already made its vietims, though | dowbt if the “ crown and government’ of ber Majesty has, by its operation, #0 far, beem better secured Its secu- | rity, as Mitchel well remarked im his case, was seoured according to act of Partiament. It is obvious, age ‘curity built on a piece of printed paper, is not equiva. lent te one built on that love for & government that ‘arises from the hearts of a well governed, happy, and prosperous people. In the ease of Mitehel, which must be familiar to your readers, the effect of his fair trial has been to make him & martyr, and to oo: active sympathirers and repealers, State prosecutions being the order of the day, half a dozen of our chartist leaders bave bad true bilis found against them. -fown’’ the chartists. These willing tools to our aris- ‘tooracy have lately made themselves especially ridicu lous in their dieplay ar special constables. They o not be better described t as being @ complete coun- terpart of your codfish aristooracy—only, probably, “moré servile when their immediate Interests are con- ‘nerned, being alike strangers to the feelings of pa- triotism and to the claims of humanity, as presented by the sufferings of the starving population to their no- tice. In fact, no distraction the business or curtail their profits. Self-interest, of the most sordid kind, | am sorry to say, is the characteris- “ic of the English shopkeeper middie class man ; | Do interest does be teel for the sufferings of the poor 80 long ashe is comfortable. This, however. cannot Jast long ; the “ millions” are becoming alive to their eondition, their rights, and their power, and are jo- ning to express it very unequivocally; and Sous ear Fhe Konni “ nnington Common meeting was prenounced ‘@n affair finished, never to appear again. The first Monday, however, of the present month, the fallacy of the supporition, On the evening of that day, sixty thourand men appeared, almost i tano- wusly, in Clerkenwell, and marched, with military pre- mn, six abreast, through the principal streets of London, Their object was fully j they struck ‘terror into the hearts of the aristocracy—for the fact | pastally ‘oved by the immediate organization of « darge force in [the metropolis, with its atten- dant train of police und “specials” ‘The journals de- peribe the procession to have amounted to fifteen or ‘twenty thousand ; but the principal evidence before the committing magistrate describes it as 1 have stated, at 60,000 persons, when it was headed by Williams. or versras of a fortnight has this system of agitation deen t up, with the view, as asserted, of ing out the mili and poli d harassing the business of the shopkeepers. This may seem very vexatious and very wrong of the working classes; but the fact is. the mass of destitution and misery in London, and all over the country. is frightful, and it is not to be ima- gined they will await. with » dignified patience, the Pedrers of. levances they have petitioned so fre- uently to have redrersed, for the last ten years. As | x as they are concerned, petitioning ts abandoned; as they assert, with much show of truth, that not only is | no attention paid to their wants, but their constitu ‘tional demands are treated with con! Hence th ‘advances towards physical force, which the govern. | ment foresees will arsume a dangerous character, if public meetings and proces-ions are not stopped. Whit-Monday may be a long-remembered day in Eng- land Se Sen? we may — in — wes (648, tho night of public meeting in the open virtual; pred On the attempt of this constitutional ‘ilege being exercised by the working-men of Lon on the above-named day, to express their woes and their wants, a soldiery and police, eager for carnage, awaited their commauder’s order to fire, had they not dyepersed. A heavy rain, coupled with a full know- ledge cf the incompetency of these poor men to com- pete with such a force. induced them to disperse, and when advised to do go by one of their leaders, Mr. Mc- Dowall, he at the same time told them each to reflect what was the bod thing bay done. i Ay that next ‘thing will be, @ alone will prove ; in mean| it is driving them into secret socleties, where, if a is detected, he is summarily treated in a Toug! wanner, and turned out with no further tion to | make a second visit. It must, I think, appear pretty evident from the alarms and ns of govern- ment, that our aristocratic and royal instil ns do | not stand upon a very firm basis. The fact is, an opi- | nion is fast gaining ground that it is rotten to the core —that our eeoriees constitution’? is worn out, and | ‘that Kings and Queens, by “Divine right,” are very pro- — ‘Dlematical, and that intelligence is marching too rapid- ly for the present state of things in England to last much longer. A happier advent would not be distant ‘were the middle classes not so dreadful; of con- | ‘tact with the artisan. and alarmed at the assumed an- | archy and spoliation on the admission of the great | Rect the people into a share of the representation of eo | reception at Drury la On Wednesday night, however, a prominent weeks artic! that the Spsnich ambaceador had been ordered to leave Londow—that war was about to be Spain, and the first act of ourgovernment would be the fitting ont an expedition to seize Cuba as payment for the ol ms of British creditors, This announcement ithin half an hour, contradicted ia a seconde. the Globe, a demi-official hack, The denial carefully worded as an affidavit, which, at the the, was regarded as suspicious, Lord John Russel’s answer on the subject. last night, in the House, shows how little official contradictions sometimes should be attended to. for the fact, announced by the Sun. as to the Spanish ambassador's disinissal, confirmed, and it war against Spain, and the seizur of Cuba Were not contemplated, or, in fact, decided on, have stated the fact distinctly. A variety of circumstances, having a tendency to confirm this fet, exist, and I will enumerate a few. England ‘Wishes to porrens Cuba, that the “States” may not have that advantage. By the possession of Cuba, a powerful competitor would be abolished to our colonies, in the production of cheap sugar. A heavy blow would be struck at slavery in Cub, and, through Cuba, a heavy blow at slavery in the United States, and her produc. tiveners lesrened. The re of this island has long been the pet sche of the protectionists, of whom ord Ke mtinck ix the jeader; and it is only lately in Parliament he let slip the fact, Never was a pretext more wanted for this act by this party, who urge the government, ifurging they require. ‘The de- mand of the party comprising the East and West India inmterert, if, thet government should place a protectiag duty of 106. per owt. on slave grown sugar; and as it is wy aw how they poeket the m as they get it, they bave nv objection if impottin are thrown in the way of other sourees of produ that will produce them, by indirect means, an equal amount of provt This is the more probab! it is believed that Parliament dare not conce duty to our planters, and therefore their only chance is getting bo d of Cuba, and damaging the slave States | of America and the Braxts, The question, however, | . But will not this lead to a war wiih moment. | believe England would ee Of such @ contingency; and the | rearon is obvious, as our ministry no doubt speculate | that France is too mach eecupied to combine with you, Mexico is not sincere in her treaty with the United States, and may yet be troublesome. Be these as t arker scheme than either of the abo Some of our nity-mongers propose the raising of 10,000 black volunteer soldiers in the West [ndiesand shipping th: of im our transatlantic mail boats, un- der Britich leaders, to land on your shores, to proclaim the freedom of t! arms to massacre their employers, or, in other words, to | exterminate the people and Whilst people of this co they camnot shut their ex cant about slavery iv this © dle, because th ve who are | are thove who have no bowels of compassion for the poor white slaves at their own door whose condition is many times worse than that of their black brethi Believ- ing Ormiy that Cuba will not add to the interest of England. but only to that of a class of monopoliats, it ate the country, ury abhor slavery, yet ast the truth. The ™ untry is the more detesta- dest in its denunciation is to be hoped that the United States will take high and firm groun the subject of this threat»ned ap propriation. It is a matter in which the government will receive no support from the people; but rather otherwise, a* they will see in perspective, even if ac- at the public cost; on all of which points England has too costly and painful an experience. Before clos these remarks, | may that it is already fully be- lieved that the repe: t Law will be summarily Burked in the Hou Loxpon, June 23, 1548, Theatricals and Matters and Things in General. Now that the chartists hav sed their noc- turnal, as well as their doy perambulations, it leaves the subject quite threadbare. Since the failure on the 12th, not a sentence has been heard about them. They appearto have been sunk into complete insignificance. The neat excitement there will be about them, I suppose, will manifest itself on the tral of some of the leaders now in prison. The same unaccountable silence is preserved in Ireland; but whether these are only deceptions, which are to be followed by fresh outbreaks, it is impos- sible to say. The proceedings in Parliament have, during the week, been chiefly confined to debates on the West In dian distress, which are, however, concluded, The latter, yo aware, was tobe brought forward by Mr kept his word at last evening's discussion on ihe question, vei bers hi Lord Jonn Kusseil, of the motis incipal speakers. Mr. e are Hume, who As yot there has been ouly om -y few mem Mr. W. J preacher; it is bis firet session in f speech was certainiy very brilliant. For detail refer youto the parliamentary summary | Mr Home's is yeta matter of covjecture Something really ought tobe done, for the people are making Lerrible eom- ex—both of od manifest Cabinet councils are beld by Ub ministration three or four times a week. from which it would appear that the ministry are not insensible to the critical state of things in general. A graud ball for the benefit of English operatives will shortly be given It is to be entitled the Spitalfields ball, will be in cos- 1 believe, on @ scale of great spl aristocracy have already sign n of being present Should it be ps dererves, there will be a banded over to the distressed weavers, There was a | drawing room held yesterday, but | do not think it ‘was ¢0 full as the former ones her Majesty has bad this season. A State bail it announced by the Queen to | take place pext month, so we rhall have grand doings at the palace. The members of the Theatre His- torique are going to leave us. Disgusted at their Mr. Mitchell, the lessee of the French theatre, the St Jamon, offered the use of his house in order that they might give their representations ‘The offer was immediately accepted by M. livetein, the director of the troupe, and the performances took Indeed. the jountry. ar is every where the bs ph that cannot ‘de stayed, and if it cannot be stayed, let it be fairly met, | before it overflows its boundaries and overwhelms its | nents, A system of organization and arming is 2 ing on rapid); eit over the United Kingdom ; it is | vided an jivided into districts, all communica- ting through organized leaders, it is su; to one | central body. Imagine the working population,amount- ing to about three millions, fally organized and armed, ing simultaneously in every district tl h the Tength and breadth of the land—what could our Is amounting to only 100.000 men do, in opposition to this masa of human beings, fighting. not as hirelings, but each for his family and himself. for life, for existence, for liberty? The Inct is, the English monarchy hangs by a thread which is at’ this time tightly strung, an may snap any day; and then follows th ful crash. ‘A crash must follow. and to prove this we have only to Yemember the fact that the hard-saved earnings of the hhumbler classes is clutched by the government in the savings banks, to the amount of 30 millions, which is twice the amount of bullion in the Bank of pg oper ‘at the most prosperous times. At this time, s0 far has the expenditure of government exceeded its income Jnthe present year. that there in a present deficit of ‘nearly five millions sterling. If the English press were not an exclusively upper and middle class one, it would expose there dangers ; but such is the’ “ laissez faire’ propensity of this class, that they may be ascured they aro laying up for them- selves truths they little anticipate. The English press ‘of the prerent day is bound up in one system of mis representation, to promote party views, of which the most unblushing specimen is the 7imes. Honorable ‘exceptions exist in the independence of the metropo- litan preas—but it is rare; and this will be the more rendily believed when the assertion publicly made, re- mains uncontradieted. that they assented to Sir George Grey's appeal to suppress or distort all accounts of ular commotions, It is facts such as these, that ‘enlist sympathy on behalf of the working classes, who ‘have neither helf the kindness nor the comforts of one of your Carolina slaves. In the manufacturing dis- tricts of Yorkshire and Lancashire, the working popu- Jation are desoribed as being on the verge of starvation; whilst in many parts of Ireland the condition of the poor is beyond description; yet these are the poor wretches whom Prince George of Cambridge, and his grace of Wellington, propose to make food for cannon, and who would like to have “a cut at them.” Will ‘God's vengeance never overtake these wretches ? Dark as may appeng our domestic prospects, our ex- ternal policy is beginning to bear its fruit. Our offi- cious Reddlings in the affairs of other countries are notorious, The impertinence of Lord Palmerston’s tone towards the Spanish government, is generally con- demned, both in and out of Parliamont. It appeared & little amusing. the free and easy tone assumed by his Lordship, inrecommending those wholsome reforms to the Spanish government, which, at the very time, ‘Were so much needed at home. §The Spanish minister's teply was, that some attention paid to English disaffec- tion and Irish misery, would be quite as much in place with the duties of the Eage cabinet, as gratuitous eddlings in the affairs of Spain. His appeal, also, in e name of humanity. for the unfortunate Asiatios ‘under our rule, it ix to be hoped will have # beneficial effect. and lead us, as a nation, to ly harsbly of the slave owners in the western he- iephere ; in fact, our government has been much humiliated, and told,in the best terms, to have + the kindness, before beginnl ngrateful task of itis advice givers— to have kindness first to pull he beam out of their own eye. This, as was naturally to be expected, paved the way to unpleasant conrequence terminating, a few wooks ago, in thé dismissal of our ambassador, Sir H. L. Bul- from Madrid In the present state of things in is country, the rival faction Parliament io ue a. crimination an: on sw mn, and vonseq! areed, though tore’ piiaieesten wes ine ; yet he a Lor was right—and so the affate rested for rome three | @ repetition of the #awe disgraceful soene kc less invidious- | without any interruption, The theatre, which pegs small one. was not half filled drama of Monte Christo” is a miserable affair to which the actors were not by any mea: in their parts as they might ha been « theatrical riot of » P years, and it ix to be hoped it will be a long time before will have to be chronicled. Mr. Webster, the lesgee of the Hay- market, has issued a notice to the effect that «uel ts | added thetnflox of foreign performers into England, awd 40 | unprecedented t that he te | compelled to close his house wal, Of wil theatrical managers, this the last who | should complain; for by some curious wording of the | act of Parliament, he ie permitted to keep bie theatre | Pugliab have | open much longer than others, and the never been behind hand in par which, he has a foreigner ( sia of his pertormers, under whose control he places one his theatrrs. Mr and Mrs. Charles Kean are playing to crowded houses im th alph Waide Emerson England. The early closing ed him to deliver three lectures benefit of thew society, in Exeter Hall he will, | should imagiae & crowded audience, | believe he hae already given two or three lectures at one of the literary meth! ations in London; but as yet | have not had an of hearing him Mr. Rowland Hill is making co: ments in the working of the Post not be surprised if the weekly mai be continued throughout the year the notion of an ocean penny portage may now be ridi culed, there are reasonable grounds for asserting that Defore long it nust be brought inte operation years there will, you may rely, be ® vast alteratic this wonderfully increasing establishment. There i ample roow for many eb whieh, with ging the revenue, would ditional priv iege writers and receivers of letters ‘A very amusing scene oceurted in one of the law courts on Thursday. Mr. Cochrane, whose name | bi frequently brought before the noth your re in connection with some street riots war a ened for the representation of Westminster at the inet ge ral election. After rather a sharp © ted, which, he asserts, was mainly libellous article that app a The facts were these Cochrane took it into his n having eogag Great Britain, disguised as a Spanieh minstrel, daring | which excursion he contrived to collect about eighty unds, besides @ most extracrdinary number of mame joss favors from the wives and daughters of Lhe persoas | who behaved charitabl ards him. This ty tes in a work published w, his retaro marks made upow the conten and of | Sun newspsper at five thousand pow rh a very short one, and the jury gave a verdict of forty shillings. The entire p ings reflect great die oredit on Mr Cochrane A triangular survey London is being made, for the being made at a soale six hose of ye 1's Cuthedral is eurme bigh scaffol | the most perfect specimens ever built The immensely church looks quite novel with its additional ar chitecture At the top of ail ix a small tent for the engineer's convenience, some 460 feet in the air just at this season of the year we are extremely busy with ragged school auniversaries, | do not know if have any ragged schools om your side of the At ntic, but | mention their existence, as they are most ureful institutions. They are situated in every parish — | sometimes two. three, or four in each parich, according | to its size aud population— giving lessons of @ simple nature to the children of the poorest inbabitants, free, teachers are youn; men who perform the duty voluntarily, over whom ix ® master receiving « sual | enlary, co What bundieds ryyeiye @ portion of am edu- | appeared in the Sun evening paper, announcing | cational course without paying for it. did not exist, thousands would be prevented. fron | going to any place of instruction, not having means of | clared against | payment. Lord Ashley has shown himself greatly in- terested in them, and frequently presides at the an- nual meetings, Mr. Hudson, millionaire, is attracting considerable attention by his proceedi He amassed the greater part of his money by railway speculations; consequent- ly, until very lately, he has been unused to moving in aristocratic circles) He isa member of the House of Commons, and twice lately he has been accused by his pariismentary brethren, of having paid devotions to Bacchanalian pleasures. Two or three evenings ago he and his wife had a party; for three hours there was an uninterrupted arrival of guests. and the whole of the fashionable world were there, ‘Thus you see what money will do Parts, June 20, 1848, Provisions touching the Judiciary—Many of them appear Extraordinary, and, to me, Dangerous. For the interior administration, the actual divi- sion of the territory into departments, arrondisse- changed by law. In each department, there shall be an administration composed of a prefect, con- sul general, and a tribunal admi. ive, posse: ing the functions of the council of the prefecture also, one sub-prefect in each arrondissement. In each canton, a council confposed of all the mayors of the communes of the canton. In each com- his adjoints, and the municipal council—the muni- aves and to furnish them with | 4 the reform measure, neither of | tow | luid bis damages against the | C8# be impored « trial was | @ cipal council to choose from its members the mayor and adjoints. A law to determine the powers of the gene- ral council’, councils cantonal and municipal. The councils general and municipal are chosen by secret ballot, by all the citizens domiciled in the department orcommune. The law shall regulate the elections in Paris, and other cities having more than one hundred thousand souls. The councils general and municipal can be dissdlved by the President, upon the advice of the Council of Stat The chapter on the judiciary provides that justice shall be rendered in the name of the poople ; that i | shall be gratuitous; the debates public, when they are not dangerous to public order and good manners; that the forms of proceeding shall be abridged and simpli- fied ; that juries shall be returned in all criminal mat- ters! (only?) A jury shall be heard in matters na- tional and civil i the eases, and following the form: rd by law. Justices of the peace, and their assistants, shall be elected, in each canton, by suffrage direct. by the citizens of the canton. Judges of the first instance and of appeal are appointed by the Presi- dent. afte: order of candidation, (?) whieh shall be regulated by a law of judicial organization. Judges of the tribunal of cassution are appointed by the Assem- bly. ‘The magistrates of the public ministry are ap- pointed by the President ; those of the first instance, of appeal, and of cnssation, are appointed for life ; th vir powers can be revoked or suspended by a judg- ent. for causes and in the manner determined by law. ‘The Jaw of judicial organization shall fix the age at which judges shall retire. The military éouncils. by land and sea, the tribunals of commerce, the pru hommes, and other special tribunals, shall preserve their powers until modified by law. In each depart- ment.a tribunal sball be established to act upon liti. gated questions of administration ; these members shal be appointed by the President, from a list presented by the Counei There shall for France entire be a superior administrative counell. which shall decide all litigated questions ad- ministrative. of which the composition, the powers, and forms. shall be regulated by law. The members of this body are named by the President from a list jresented by the Council of State; their powers ei not be revoked, only by the President, upon the ad The members of the f Accounts sball be appointed and revoked the same manner, The conflict of powers be- the authorities administrative and judicial | shall be regulated by a special tribunal of Judges of on and of Councillors of State, designated every years by these respective bodies, in equa, num- | bers. The Minister of Justice shall preside over this tribunal, The reclamations against th isions of the Court of Accounts shall be ca before this court. Abigh rt of justice judges without a or reeo to the Court of Cassation; the ac s presented by the National Assembly, either against its own members, the President, or the Minis- ters; it judges equally all persons accused of crimes, attempt. or conpiracies against the security, interior or exterior, of the state by virtue of a decree of the Assembly, who shall de- signate the city where it shall sit. It is composed of Judges and juries; the judg: five in number, are ‘chosen by ballot, from their body, by the Judges of Cassation, and they choose their President; the mggis- trates fulfilling the functions of public ministers are designated by the President, and, in ease of his accusa- tion, by the Assembly ; the jurors are selected from among the Councils General of the department, When the Assembly bag ordered the sitting of the High *Court, the President of the tribunal sitting in h department shall, in public, decree the name of linister of the Council Gen Upon the day in- dicated for the session of the court, if at least sixty jurors are pot present, the President of the Court shail decree supplementary jurors from among the members of the Council General, when the court sits. and the delinquent jurors, without good cause, shall be subject torix months’ imprisonment, and @ fine from one pdred toa thousand francs; the right of challenge to be exereived by both parties, but in a menner to eave twenty-four jurors; guilty can be promounced nly by a majority of two-thirds. In the case of Min- her public functionaries accused, the nsend m before either the High Court, ry tribunals, or the Council of State. The Couneil of State can disqualify for holding office for only five years, and by a two-third vote ; the debates pablic. The President and the Assembly can deerve the examination of the acts of any public favctionary, the President excepted, before the Coun- oll of Si hose report is to be public, The Pres dent can only be tried before the High Court, upon the presentation of the National Assembly, for crimes and effences recognized by law. Much of this system of recommendation. and appointment, and manner of trial, and option of places and tribunals, does not strike my mind favorably. OBSERVER. Panis, June 20, 18: The Concluding Provisions of the French Consti- tutre Provistons—TI think them Dangerous. The public force is declared to be instituted to defend the State from enemies without, and to in- sure within the maintenance of order and tne ex- ecution of the laws, and is composed of the Na- tional Guards, the army by land and sea. ch person, with certain exceptions, owes military service to the State and duties as National Guards. Compensation vice ef the Council of State. Court tb: powed of all the citizens capable of bearing arms ¢ to the army; it should be or- ganized by law, and upon the basis of direct and universal rufirage. Particular laws shall regulate the of enrol ut im the army by land and sea; the sclpline, form of judgments and pun- foree is ememtially obedient; armed ‘employed to main- the requist- rding to No foreign hh territory who do not be term of service an only authorities the rules preveribed by the A ps can be intro pon the put the Asseubl rantees of righteare—th 4 death for political offe nec rlavery on Frew ply Frene polition of the pe- no confiseation of the Beure, all pers © be priuted, secaring the tees due to public and private rity; offenc bie only before juries and t fi) politieal oflene before a jury Pe the minteters ot religion 4 of the Sta exow pte wiabie; it if permitted t Abe forme means determined proved of his natural jadge; were and extracrd de we | lance ente and inrtroe ach ent only ® oil property i invic many take private property for ag a just and shed tor ~om_comtributes to it ac lithe t, fur onl: i equality of relathe e ‘ giatuitods — imformat titutions of per burnt by the. state werks of wtility, destlaed of necersity, the arms of the wm stLULON guarantees Lhe Howe » harmony the principle dem oeratio and republican; Algeria and the breach colonies are de red French territory, amd hail be reguiated by por » has alway# the righ! to change or modify titution, if, at the siatare, the Avembiy declares the opinion that the constitution requires (0 be awended, in whole. or im part: Unie wish or JeOhite rev. tu fei rations, takew each alter ome me ad by theoe-quarters of te votes, The Assembly of Mevigion Damned reply two mouths ond it shell gam t ttn | pevigiew only, for wlsck it Pucwed, bat ta ments, cantons, and communes, shall only be | mune, an administration, composed of the mayor, | —My Views are adverse to many of the | NEW YORK, TUESDAY MORNI “If these schools | } | dangero | posed upon the power of the Natic cases of urgency, it ean provide for Ingidiative ne- cersities ‘The codes. laws, and regulatte until they shall have been regul authorities in the sectuel ex shail continue until the pub 2 of the organic inws herein provided for ; the judiciary law shall deter- mine specially the mode Of nomination for the first cf the new tribunals I have now presented an exact view of the new eon- stitution of France, as it comes from the hands of the committee, revised by the delegates from the several bureaux. Perhaps it may not be utially modified by the assembly. It is as importay France a: was the constitution prepare tors for us —may it prove to be as wisely pre many of them, are nevel ; its ¢ u re vative—too much 80 for our country —exespt in the grand elections confided to the people. | think the power of recommendation and appointment is too lin ed, toe much mohopolized, and too Af the voice and control of the people. 8 kind of monopoly for arepublic. aud strongest tendency to corruption and « misuse public funds. I think the trial by jury is not well pro vided for, nor will succeed in eases where it is allowed I think the power reserved to the National Assembl to select between theso tribunals, before one of which they will send an accused, ix very dangerous, and in- consistent with a pure and impartial administration of justice ; I think there i h is almost dictatorial and unlimited. and that the pub- lic functionaries are too much mingled with the As- sembly, and are likely, too frequently, to grow up out of its bosom. While many of the provisions appear to me to be admirable, there are others to which | could never convent, and they are among the most important n tho instrument. OBSERVER, Pans, June 21, 1348, Discussion and Vicws of the Press and People, of the Comstituticn—Some Observations of my own— dis Dangerous Powers—Marks the Difference in the Condition of France and America. The discussion of the constitution, either in the press or the National Assembly, has not yet com™ menced. Generally, the press has remained en- tirely silent, and the Constitutionnel only has re- marked that there exists grave objections to many of the provisions. The Debats speaks of it as a great work, and gives no opinion. The organ of Henri q, Says, it 18 an enunciation of the revo- lution and the democratic principle, and could be put into execution, just as it now exists, and would be ‘nfinitely preferable to the present condition of things. I think, generally, it has been received with great favor, very great favor, and hope ; and what ap- pears to me to he grave objections, to some provisions which it contains, does not so appear to the French eople. 1do not mean to convey the idea that, as an instrument, it is nota grand production, and embo- dies eminent wisdom, and certainly is the result of the fruitful labors of the first minds in France. Neither would the same objections be regarded as important here, which would be most felt, perhaps. in our own country. It, therefore, points out the difference in the stute’ of the two countries in many respects. What | would be thought of a people or a State among us, who should ferm a ecnstitution without securing the right of tral by jury in civifsuits?—or who should provide | for their selection only from certain bodies of office holders in those eases, Where they are admitted, and where the highest interests of man and society are at issue? Who, that has had experience, does not under- stand the importance of selecting jurors by lot from the body of the people and in all ‘cases reserving to them, the exclusive jurisdiction over the question of fact?’ So, too,ithe importance of free recommenda- tion «nd appciniments to place and power among the people, instead of limiting their selection to small bodies of men, already in office, thereby accumulating | the power of recommendation ané place to a degree that cannot be healthy in any government. There are many other provisions that impress my mind un- favorably; yet they may work well in France; but they { mark the difference in the state of civil polity in the two countries.and the inexperience and condition of a most intelligent people, without practice in the mantpement of political institutions, based upon free | institutions. There is another peculiarity; and that | is. that the French think this constitution much more | liberal than that of the United States, and many regard | It cannot be in session only | is interdicted; the guard 1s com- | | jury being attached to the latter. and the power of send- two branches—indeed that is the goneral impression— | as a feature too aristocratic to be tolerated in France, They do not seem to comprehend that the very object of the second branch is to secure the liberty of the pso- ple against the tyranny of one branch, and that of the o serve the same end against both—that they are jsfor the people, and not weapons to be used | net them. The French adopt the idea that the will of the As- sembly is the identical vgice of the people, and that it must be unrestrained—hence the only restraint upon the rashness, temper. party spirit. or petty | tyranny of a body of men whose term of office is three | years, with an immense patronage in their hands, is | the right of the Prosideut to cause them to reconsider | their decrees or laws. They have a national bank under their control, the railroads and insurance offi- ces assumrd—the .+teliers Nationale, with its hundred | and fifty thousand men—the power or right to choose | the supreme judges. and a Council of State without a | ing all political persons before the one or the other for trial, at their election, and to accuse by ® mere majo- rity. With all the other powers retained by this bod, who would not tremble to be thus placed in the powe of seven hundred and fifty men, or amere absolute majority of them? [regard the power of the as dietatorial and dangerous in the extreme. gers even the President—for at any moment, when a majority can be obtained, he can be sent hefore the high court for trial, and his powers suspended; and the Vice Frerident, the creation of the Assembly, putin his | place. Hence, a refusal on his part to sign or publish il or decree, in a moment of excitement in Paris, may be attended with great danger; and in an hour efterwards, he may find himself on trial for the offence. From a close examination of this constitution, it will be seen that the French regard an unrestrained power, on the part of the Assembly, as the most democratic feature of arepublic. Whereas, in fact, it is the des- potism of an aristocracy of office-holders, wielding the power and patronage of the State, during the terms of their office, and to secure their re-election—their sit- ting too, is permanent. I think this power is too gi- gantic and absolute to be compatible with a republic, OBSERVER. Panis, June 21, 1848. omplated Impeachment of the Executive Com- mittee—Condition of Armand Marrast, Cle- ment Thomas, M. Arago and the Constitution— Grand Banquet of 200,000 Laborers—Cownter- movement of the East—The Dungeon. The press of Paris announces that the executive commission are to be impeached—that the com- mittee who have examined into the affairs of the Atclios Nationale, have discovered facts im- | peaching them, and that they are soon to demand | powers from the Assembly to proceed against | thers. Now how much truth there may be in the state! time only can determine; for the French are very close and secret in their affairs and movements, and little is ever said until it is done; but’ the statement has been travelling the rounds of the press for the last three days.— | It has the appearance of being a grave affair.— affair, Emile Thomes, who was sent out of the country in so mysterious a manner, has been examined before | the committee, and he isin a condition to make dis- closures. if there are any in his power to make. The ¢ nent, fthe committee has been very severe against | report the prerent Minister of the Interior, Recust; and the committee remark that they have treated him, not. | withstanding, with great forbearance. He threatened the committee and the Assembly with the powers ory the leliers Nationale against them, which raised a | storm inthe House. This matter of collecting 120 000 | men, ina body in Paris, to be supported by the State, war © great crime, or mistake, and will bring inealeu- lable evils both upon the men who have lived in idle- ners. prineipally, and the State, which ha din fear, ‘Three millions more have just been granted to sapport | this body of men ; but the Assembly are writhing un- yt some course to bring the question | to an n the extravagance, if not the corruption, of some of the leading men who here been entrusted with its management, has equalled the folly of the measure, It is now ® sore on the body politic, which endangers the whole fystem, and which must be cred to save the State, Clement Thomas, the commander of the National Guards, has resigned. His re. ference to the cross of honor, and his announce the battle for to-morrow,’ in the case of on, has put him in print, in cari before the publie in such a form, that he pelled to resign, It is said that General ‘wu will be hie successor, Armand Viarrast has an ed his determination to renounce his salary as Mayor of the city, while he is representative, This is ee it should be; and yet he is the organ of the com mittee Who report a constitution containing the pro- vielom that the if a reprerentative. shall nd not be permitted to re- wownee ft What a commentary! And what ideas of sality, purity, and political justice, in men so exalt- oe) Se, too, M. Arago was Postmaster, with a salary of $€,000, ond a reproseutative, and received pay for both | and when he was compelled to renounce the poy of Postimaster, he resigned the office of represen. tative. Every day's by gene «| confirms my former | impressions, that (here (« no difficulty with the masses | bite bling ng republican institu. | 7 France ; and that the difficulty lies among the leading m whieh would be aseful But much wisdom i» leerped vhen teh men are pot in a position to shandon a selary or resign nnofflee and when cu. ned je ralarle to a few dozens of Ss UDiNigpe, eo that G, JULY Il, 1848. | increase the forces arrayed against the troops. | ly from the Exaentive Commission, and the character Ming to tone of thou. | tioned there has received orders to leave that city om | ox hundred thousand offices were so divided as to average about five to exch man it fs some for a republic, rising from such state of corruption, to expel men from the Assembly je of reformin this respect, and to re- n continuing this outrageous abuse to only few individuals; and when the people eleet such farctionaries it shows how little the importance of thie subject fe understood by then It holds up to our people a mirror, in which the nm see the political condition of the people of ai great republic, and compare it with theif own ‘The great banquet has been adjourned to the 14th dey of July, and preparations are being made to dine 206.000 laborers ‘The government have also detor- mined upon a /éfe the same day, and to turn out the 400.000 National Guards in and about Paris, and to in- vite delegations from the National Guards ofall France to meet them, All this is done, professedly, for a fra- terization ; but two parties are at the head of the two movements. ‘and It does not require much sagacity to jer movement. God only knows what will bring forth. The republic will outrido . m, and force its way between parties and the evolutions of man; but it needs a wise and great man at the helm, and steady nerves among the people. OBSERVER, | Paris, June 22, 1948, | Russian Declaration of War agamst Germany— | Remonstrance of Germany agarnst the Blockade | of Trieste—Ialy calls for more Troops—Denmark | Advances against Schleswig—Further News from Prague. The complexity of European affairs is increas- ing. Wer has been declared by Russia against | the German confederacy, represented at Frankfort, | according to the Gazette de Cologne. It has been | received in Paris to-day, and created about as much | apparent movement asfwould the news of an émeute in some department of the mterior. Such is the | intensity of public feeling, and the state of the | public mind, that no event could create much sur- prise or consternatien, 1 do not think the news 1s fully credited, though regarded as probably true, Some think that the war is genuine; others, that it is a modo of letting the Russian army come into the German States, to put down the people and to put up kings, and that Kussia is to be patd off by Cracow, or some other grand piece of territory, for her trouble. ‘Tricste has again been. and now is, blockaded by the combined fleet of Sardinia and Venice; but the As- sembly of Frankfort has solemnly protested against it, in the name of the German States; and Bavaria has instructed her minister at the court of Charles Albert, | to ask for his passports, in case the protest is disre- garded, The French ambassador at the court of Verona has been at Inspruck, and offered the mediation of France in the affairs of Austria and Italy, (as is affirmed this | morning.) Which has been rejected by Austria, Charles | Albert has called for fifteen thousand more men ; and he is charged, by some, with being ao busy in getting Lombardy annexed to Piedmont, as to have neglected. Verona, and allowed it to fall before the enemy. This may be only imagination; but there would seem to have been some fault, in allowing the whole Austrian force to attack ten or twelve thousand mefi, with but @ very limited number of cannon ; and not be able, during fifteen hours’ carnage, to come to their ass ance. Padua has been surrendered to the Aus- trians, without resistance; and the forces have retreated, and reserved themselves to defend Ve- ice. The slaughter and fight at Prague have been en more terrible than I have described in a former letter. Men and women appear to have fought hand to band, and to have fought also with a fary that has yet had no parallel; and, from the best accounts, it ap- pears doubtful whether the troops have gained any ad- vantage, and whether, in fact, they have not been compelled to retire from the city to the heights, from which they are now cannonading the city. Vienna appears to fear to send any aid, as the Sclaves, thirty thourand strong, reside In-that city, and are in great itation; indeed, I think that the information, which inglerived only from the Austrian sources, indicates tHat the Sclaves in the country are rising rapidly, and The Bohemian students are on the side of the people; and wherever they are, there is sure to be hard fighting and heroic conduct. In ail the reyolutions, this class of young men-have been found at the post of danger. From this slight reference to the aspect of Europe, which the news of to-day presents, it ean be seen what new and important complications are growing up in the affairs of Italy and Germany, to say nothing of France and Russia; added to this, Denmark is again advancing into Schleswig with 8000 troops, and Prussia is preparing forees to meet them. M, Arago has an- nounced that he shall retire immediately and definite- Cf the annunciation indicates that it will be executed —that itis not a threat, but a purpose. There has been but little agitation, comparatively, among the masses for a few days; but the Reform of this | morning says it is the calm which precedes a storm. | It may be eo; but that paper is exciting fears in refer- | ence to Louis Napoleon, and it may desire to prepare the public mind for a decree of banishment, which, it is said, the Executive Commission are preparing. The committees now have the constitution before them. [ think the Press is preparing to attack many of its im- portant provision; OBSERVER. The mail leaves at 4 P. M. Beruin, June 19, 1348. The War m Germany---State of the Cowntry--- Condition of Races---Movements of Russia, §c. ‘The great European revolution,’ which, like the outburst of a mighty volcano, shakes the very earth on which the old fabric of Europe rests, and spreads flames of fire throughout the great build- ing, which has stood the ravages of time and age, is rapidly progressing every hour. It is raging in the north and in the south, in the east and in the west. A war between Denmark and Germany has been excited, and great losses of lives, destruction | of property, ruin of trade, and general disturbance | and confusion throughout the north of Europe, are | the lamentable consequences attending it. Nor is | there any prospect that this war will be soon termi- | nated. On the contrary, Sweden has united with | Denmark against Germany, and just sent troops to the assistance of the former. Norway, moreovgg, is preparing to send a fleet for the reinforcement of the Danes. Germany is not united against Denmark; and without a fleet to defend her coast, German ves- sels are captured by the Danes with impunity. Till now the war on the part of Germany has been carried on principally by Prussia; but the German parliament assembled at Frankfort, has, in one of its latest sit- tings, urged the assistance of the whole united Ger- | many a.ainst Denmark. Most of the German States, however, have refused to take part in ‘the war, and thus Denmark, favored by her position, and possessing a fleet, can, with the help of Sweden, Norway, and perhaps Russia. bid defiance toan enemy like Ger- many, which, though powerful if united, is not to be feared when divided. | The question about the Duchies of Schleswig-Hol- stein will, in the present state of things, remain un- settled for some Etime to come; and a destructive war inued in the north of Europ Similar to the Danish war, as regards a bloody con- test and the thousand calamities caused by it, is the hopcless struggle of Austria, carried on in the south, to maintain her dominions in Italy. The iron hand | of oppression which held in subjection the north of Italy, is obliged to yiold against the determined will of a people rising to shake off the yoke of tyranny — ‘The latest news from the seat of war south of the Alps, states that the position of the Austrian army jer Count Radetzki, has become very precarious: nd the last report is, that the Austrian government, despairing of the hope to keep down the revolution in Italy, is willing to give up its transalpine dominions, if it can obtain a peace by which Lombardy would take upon itself a part of the state debt of Austria, Such & peace, however, will not be accepted by the Ltalien people. who are determined to make themselves wholly free und indeprnaent of Austria, Meanwhile the port of Trieste is blockaded by the Italians, and all trade and intercourse is stopped. Disaster and confusion xpread throughout Italy. Accounts up to the latest date from the south of Italy, state that serious dis- turbances continue to take place in the Kingdom of Naples, and the provincial governments have just asked astistance of the government at Naples against insur- rections in the provinces. In the vast of Europe, one of the greatest political catastrophes known im the history of the world is taking place. All the different nations comprised under the name of the Sclavonic races, including the Magyars, Czechs, and Poles, and numbering above fifty millions of people, have risen to make themselves independent of the great powers of Austria and Prussia. Some of these nations are still true to the house of Austria, but each one is fighting for its own supremacy over the rest. The conflict betwoon these mixed. Yi is dreadful, and news has just arrived from Prague that that city has been thrown into tumult by the Czechs, and a bloody fight ensued, in which 600 lives have been lost. Similar accounts are daily received from other parts of the ceuntry. The Prospect of restoring some degree of order among these mostly vomi-barbarous nations ix a very vague one, if Prussia, who is advancing with all her forces | towards the west, does not succeed in realising her plan to establish a great West-Sclavonic kingdom under ersceptre. For the purpose of obtaining this object, ) of the country, who are destitute of the | great preparations have been made by Prussia, and 240,00 Prussian troops are now ooncentrated on the frontier of Germany. One Yundred thousand men are moving towards nH, Atl the latest accounts from St. Petersburg state that the Russian guard the 18th Jane and marey towards the frontier | ingin the east, the state of Germany is Whilst this is going on, and great things are propar- t leas din- turbed. The contest bet¢weon the royalists and the re- publicans continues, and the breach between these two parties becomes greatesevery hour. The political struggle imereases in propertion, and muitiptios the disasters and calamities under which the countrgis suffering already. Vienna. ¥zankfort and thie ofp, the great conteal pohiie of Gerrann, thrown ff the greatest commotion and cov@usien. AH parti of the country are more or less in the sang state. Ac- counts just received from Thuringi# state that the re- public has been proclaimed there, acd met 4 ce western Germuny are willing to join the republicans. At Frankfort a rent democratic convention has just assembled, and passed the resolution thatthe republie- is the only form of government suitable for Germeny. ‘The great German Parliament, also assembled at- Frankfort, has held its seventeenth sitting without coming to any result on the important questions com- cerning Germany. The Prussian Parliamen® asaem- bied here has, in one of its latest sittings, rejected the constitution preposed by the ministry for Prusstay and in consequence of this defeat of the ministry @ of the ministers have resigned. Great disturbancestave taken place here. On the 14th inst., the arsonalwag stormed by © mob, and robbed of several thoussad stand of arms. ‘The latest news from Vienna state that the Austrian ' Parliament will not assemble till the 6th of July, Frankrort-on-Tue-Main, June 1, 1848. Matters in Germany—Proposed Alhance with France and the United States—The Natwon- al Assembly—The Schleswig-Holstein Case, c. The German National Assembly, is now com- pletely organized, and nearly all of the members from the most distant regions have arrived, A few days ago, they proceeded to the definitive election of a President, and the choice fell almost unawi- mously on Henry Von Gagern, who had filled the chair provisionally. The announcement of his election was received with the greatestenthumasm, by all parties, and it is the most cheering omen for the futur Von Gagern is one of the purest patriots in Ger- many, and is destined to play a most importaat part in its future history. My opinion 1s, thats short period will find him issuing commands to kings and princes, a class that for years have scorned and reviled him. For many years he fought the battles of the people in the upper chamber of Hesse-Darmstadt, with the most untiring energy ; and seeing in the French revolution the moment for the salvation of hie country, he fought with redoubled vigor, and in short period the crown was obliged to call its most bit- ter opponents to preside over the ministry, as the only means of satisfying the people. Ho was elected te the Assembly almost unanimously, chosen president, and is now, without doubt, the man of the whole German people. One of the members exclaimed to me most on- thusiastically,—“ He is our Washington,”—and he truly deserves this compliment. The dignified, impar- tial, and fatherly manner in which he presides over the deliberations of the Assembly, gives proof of a noble soul, and his whole appearance is calculated to inspire love and confidence. He is aman between fifty and sixty, prepossessing in person, large stature, with » finely developed head, splendid eyes. and powerful but harmonious voice—in short, he was born a president, and is the first orator of the house. In the most oom- fused debate, a few words from him replace everythi in order and restores harmony. The evening of election, the citizens of Frankfort, of all classes, and all parties, honored him with a torch-light procession. The ‘assembly bas now pretty clearly divided into parties, according to the French custom of taking seats togeth- er—and they number four,—the extreme radical left, the left centre, right centre, and right extreme. The election of Von Gagern, who adheres to the loft centre in principle, was a great victory for liberal prinol; ion, and proves that in the grand objéct of their the members of the Assembly are willing to yield from the extremes for the purpose of unity and stre Several important questions have proved that the left centre is the only party that can unite the others #0 as to ensure eben and their measures will no doubt be carried through. As for a constitution, ours is the model, and they are all ardent admirers of our sovereign State system, with federal union. They bave already declared every State constitu- tion illegal that does not harmonise with this ays- tem, and there is now @ propusition before the house to create a provisional executive power to put thelr measures into force, and carry out their resolutions, until their labors shall have been definitely settled.— Should this proposition be carried through, it will be « sweeping victory for the people, and if this executive consists of one man, Von Gagern is that man, and shouid a direetory be formed, he will be the first man in it. constituent Assembly is the most conglomerate body that ean be imagined, and contains every shade of political element from republiéan to prince. The extreme left numbers about thirty, who are open re- publicans, without expediency; this party will be some- what increased by the elections now taking place in the grand duchy of Baden, the delay being caused by the avowed revolt of a portion of the inhabitants, assisted by French, Poles,ete. from Paris, under the commant of Hocker. The left centre is very strong, and all friendly to the republic the moment it can be intro- duced without the terrors of civil war and anarchy— and many of its members see no danger or impossibili- ty in the federal union of the States, with the privil of choosing constitutional monarchy on a democratic basis, orrepublic, as they may individually think best calculated to advance their welfare. The right centre are fiberal constitutional monarch- ists, and this party may be said to be led by the Prince Lichnowsky, from Silesia, a young soldier, who distinguished himselfin Spain by fighting for Don Carlos. The prince is frequently reminded of this faux pas by the republicans, who evidently make him and his aristocratic manners a laughing stock. On the extreme right, sit the Catholi ad priests, in their clerical robes. What they want can be easily divined. As yet they have said nothing. and appear to be husbanding their efforts for the church and state question. It is well known that they advocate a com- plete separation of church from , but at the same time. with the present powers of the state in clerical aff@irs. to be transferred to them, or in other See merely with the tyranny to change hands, di, course, to their benefit. Belgium has already cursed herself in this way, and now begins to see Be disad- vantage of clerical princes, It is to be hoped that her experience will not be lost on Germany. he most remarkable manin the Tesembiy. te un- questionably Robert Blum, of Leipsio—the leader of the radicals ; he began life as a lamp-maker, and shortly ed as lamp mender and trimmer, afterwards was eng: in the theatre at Leipsig. From raised to the post of ticket seller, an treasurer ; he ' now beg seller. a very strong and remarkably clear mind, and, although not a brilliant orator, his Tatgange sso force and plain, and his manner so impressive, that death-like silence prevails the moment he takes the floor. His influence with the masses is great, as has been proved by several occurrences within the last few months, especially in Leipsie — The most violent ves of popular excitement require but the “ Peace, be still!’ of Robert Bl and they become calm and manageable; a viole intreduction of the republic may make Robert Bium its president, a peaceful developement points to Von Gag?rn as the leading star of the German nation. The Schiew tention of t last week —it drawal of the troops from J Tepay the wiles of diplomacy w willtake nothing less than both t © vengeance. he duchies, and Pass. ed a resolution ordering the various German States to prepare for a desperate struggle against Denmark, and the Scandinavian league, and, if needs be, the Russian giant. The Germans attribute the tardiness with: which this war is carried on entirely to their want of a nd the committee naval affairs have just brought in a resolution to authorive the collection of ur millions of dollars for naval purposes from the spective governments: two millions to be collected immediately and thus applied~-for 2 frigates from 40 to 50 guns each, four corvettes from 20 to 34 guns, 2 «team. ers of 500 horve-power, and 4 of 350 berse-power, and about 200 gunboats. There seems to be ® strong de- sire to have an alliance @ith France. and some vision- ary heads are even tall of endeavoring to form an nailing with our government,ein order to have our vessels of war to operate inst the Danes ip the Bal- tie and the North Sea The Washi nop her last trip this way. came into the port of Bromon with the black-red-golden tricolor of toe Germans at her mast in connection with our flag. It was reported there that the Danes bad seen the German flag and aot ours, 4 the was received with joy ner be annihil to connect the idea of omnipotence with our nary. I saw it openly announced in the jouraals American vessels were said to be on their way Baltic. Thé money sent by the German citizens of United States to their brethren in the old the Assembly with was received a few days ago by the nen es ny enthusiasm, and they got ue thee th propored to appropriate it to new feet, powerful efforts are being made in behalf of this ua~ Nortaking that even penny collections . up in all parts of the country, im order & poorest an opportunity to contribul Professor Von Raumer made some ' » to the Ger dom ing ni Acme gal tion, t formally declared to the court of se ticte continuance of hostilities againat the Dames in Jutland, would be attended with the Rus r from Berli his opinion th Russia, Denmar!