The New York Herald Newspaper, October 23, 1843, Page 1

NE LUCINA CORDIAL, LINE OF STAGES CONNECTION WITH ‘rif Mew york AND ELIXIR Of LOVE RAILROAD COMPANY, Jn older: time, among the Jews, ; tANGEMENTS ! ‘TWO DAIL £ Wit man a second wile might choose— ieee after Wednesday, Lith; October te the Red Bird Nott ist by F ome kindly doom, Line of Stages will leave the village of White Plains, every Aired ae ree ances hie home. orning, (Suu pted,. ¥ . M., y * », val afternoon at 2ovhock, PM, and the ietiad Depot, City, frayed to Lucine, the midwafe’s patron; Hall, aud the Westehester House, comer of Broome street and Eayptian wives, in such a crisis, the Bowery, New York, every morning at 8 o’clock, and every alled to their aid the Priests of I aiternoon by the 2 o'clock train. even now. the meek Hindoo— ‘arm as her clime, and tender, too— Agents are in covstant attendance at. the Railroad Depots, of If childless twelve months from her bridal whom every informatién may be: ghsained. and who will also ; fea weerl tend to the baggawe put wader thts CheaRe sy Proprietor, bad with eased ese fe ateaths wild, 4 . ons Bramab ; _ White Plains, Oct. th, 1843. oll Im*ec. For well he knows, Love shuns to bless ‘The Hindoo bed of barrenness. So much forlove in days by-gone, And savage customs in our own; But say, even now, does Love's communion Bless in’ oun land, a sterile union? No, oft times conjugal felicit; fs thus disturbed—ay, e’en in This city gt may the barren, if they te em SUMMER ARRANGEMENT NEW YORK AND PHIL ADELRBIA RA JKOAD LINE Newnaunswict, Paine: ‘Axo Bunusare Via Newara, iN, TRENTON, Borpentown iN ae TD 3 t Elixir” for her friend, paves ( nt pe ort of Courtlandt st ‘The childless wife's repinings end. oe — to Bordentown, from thence by But not Pepoetice power camboat (0 fi 3 ALone, is this Philadelphia) without changeof care.” Camden (opposite vo | Consumption’ ils it 3 wld —- . ty Aud all lites tance Will procure “their ticket Coyrtlande street, where a commodious: steasbost willbe sa readiness, with baggage crates on i Phjladelphin Crates are conveyed ftom city to city, b epee ore aPR MRA fet pane tom iy ig city, | ahs hac eau god Ge races gycarin which are apartments and dressing teoms expressly for Returning, the lines leave Phifadelphia from the nut street, Dy steamboat to. Bordeatown apy pclock: Av Krom Fluor Attu it relieves her, nd each disease, He fair and fragile with proper care, too,) form is heir to. Ray qtreets PY. steamboat to Bordentown, at, 7,0 : heae are bxi TROTHS, who calls them Action ‘Phe lines for Baltigore leave Philsletphia ae7i A, M., and Pall have stem proof is contradiction, 1 8 coutfhuation of the lines from New York: parteten tat PATERSON RAILROAD. fimost ryihle the jaws of death; ‘ow in their night! ye ~ ‘Phauks to Life's friend, Yo Naseat'street, Ana sometimes names the very number— “Ninety-two Nassau”—even in their slumber of Diseases ordeal to Jersey City. 2d, 1843, the cars will leave Leave New You. 1A a PM oP. ML, “ Leave Parrason Durer. UNDA¥S: 8 AM ‘ From Paterson On and after Monday, Oct. Paranson Devore osc Arsen, uaeyes rete sons ordering this anedicine from # , a remitanee, cau have ithbored up and sant to aay rato tee ion. Price $3 per bottle, ar $21 per degen, Ro.90 North eta oe, Porladeiphta, Por 1°20, Also for saleat WINTER ARRANGEMENT=—In con- nection with the New York and Harlem Rail Leave New York. 9% A.M. 4 «PM, oad ign eats leave daily (Sundays excepted.) Passen-| “the railyno Line of Stages will on and after Monday, el to be at the Ferry, foot of Courtlandé. street, a | 22d follows York with thea e'elced tenn, ato th aed Sade once yea * | Reha {a gt sew Foe neh ms oe pH SPANISH STEAMER NATCH- ae reat piety, Roghelle, at quarter past 8 A. foe RAV ANTE Di DNA hone | ME, aud’ 2 ofelock, TUM. Lsave Mammaroniclt halfpasi 7AM. Leave Port e ‘era nat ‘ortchester ae be REMITTANCES TO IRELAND, &e.—The subscriber continues. to transmit money in sums large # small, to persons residing in any part of of Ireland inthe same manner as he, and his predecessor in business have done for the last thirty years and ‘more j al any England, or Seotlaud,» uae chalorys ek ylenita Villair, der. will x i ey pair commen ler.will leave the port of ana direct. The NATCHE , for has been newly coppered, refitted with new boilers, and in point of ele- general comfort cannot be surpassed. Passage apply to JOHN B. ET ANS er gance and who will accompany the Natchezjon Ni*r JOHN R. STANHOPE mo PTT EAIEGH : WEST | Money’ remitted by letter (post, paid) to the subscriber, HAVANT eee ONL Bes aR hy im, with the name of the person or GALVESTO. RAS ~The bpleatid | eet and nearest host weeny will oe eee ee eee PON, | TEXAS.’ WF t Past tants immediately seam Shio NEPTUNE, Captain Wil | and paid accordingly, aud & receipt to that effect’ given arin: warded to the sender. In like manner money, or elaims on persons in any Ireland, England or 8 pe ively on Wed- M. 1 2p Oetober, instaut, at 4 o’clock ‘The tuhealthinegs of New Orleans, with other circumstances, has induced Captain Rolling to delay the departure of the Nep- tuue until the above day, 25th instant. whieh at (he earnest so- Heitation of many. passengers he has aasented to with great re- Inctance. ‘Thepublic may rest assured that no delay will be suybinitged to beyond the day now fixed and, can be dolleated ty. the caveats ber for persons residing in any part of the United States or Ca- nada, and will i De paid to th dinghy. GEORGE MeBID FROM CORK. Jr. 82 Cedar st. ‘The Neptune has been completely overhauled, and is in per- hips. —We fect order. Passengers may Fly upon every comfort and cou- Ne cming spring, 18 Fn amma may Ya ry the coming spring, 1844, the number of her berths are For pasi for the above ports, in state or streevage, and for freight of light goods oF apply on board, at the Tobacco Inspec inton street, E. R.. or to, J.H. BROWER, 75 Wall strect, TRAVELLERS GOING SOUTH OR WEST —Sixteen hours in advance of the U.S. Mail—Tri-Weekly Line to Savannah, h the Central Railroad to first class American ships, the above port every week, which will be fitted ‘out in such a manner for second cabin and steerage passengers, as cannot. fail to ensure them every comfort. One of our firm, Mr. James D. che, resides there, who will see personally to the forwarding Of all our passengers, and will spare neither pains or expense to meet their wishes, and haye them forwarded without any delay. ing tor their friends will at once see the advantage to be derived by paying in our line. : letter post paid, ROCHE BROTHERS CO. &Y isengag’ rooms, cal specie for Charleston, tion wharf, foot of Cli 015 to2s#ee Macon and the West-—Th di 36 Fulton street, next door to the Fulton Bank, or ti pockets, GENERAL CLINCH, Gaby J, Pe peasant JAMES D. ROCHE, CHARLESTON, Capt. i, Barden, will lenve Charleston eve | pg. Passage certifieates and dno cout tee qeaveriool ty Tuesday, Satu “ y af . $=] c can be sen Lar thearnival of the Wilsninetone Bote Tea the Occlgeks af | the regular packet ships on the Ist, 7th, 13th, 19th. and. 29th Gt every moath, also by the Boston steamers on the Ist and 16th. Sher en eet Fa aoe ~The ‘we n very fast sailing Brit CHESTER, John Wilson, master, having « large portion of her cargo on board, will have immediate ‘despatch for the above port. pers Of goods will find the Chester a most desirable con- ing at Savannah the same day, and will leave Savannah on the same days as above, at 6 o'clock P. } after the arrival of the cary from Macon, ‘Travellers will find this to be the cheapest and most expedi- tious route to the south and west. The above boats are fitted up in a superior style, snd ao ene ne pales, Wilt be 40 euswre certainty, comfort, and expedition to the travelling [xt FOUND. GRRE ie ile. * Te eat veyange, itzsimmons’ arf, atleston. ro Shan Siesta elon. ees scares ee very comfortable accommods- : SE ARRANGEMENT 2 CHE, BROTHERS & CO., %5 Fulton at, FaRS ANDEREIGHE HeDUCED. oir next door to the Fulton Bank, REGULAR MAIL LINE FOR LIVERPOOL-NEW LINE—Reguiar VIDENCE AND BOSTON, Packet of 25th, October Thy i ; INGTON AND NEWPORT— BB cach Sorry auyrot 1080 vase, MT as above, hee regular day. F b the following superior steamers, running in conne For freight or paseage,f the Stonington and Boston and Providence Raflroals ome furnished accommodations,apyly on board at Orleans Ree HORE TES. Cope, Cometocke wintl insalirallscomocaae ne vison board ac Orcas IMODE ISLAND, Capt Pliayer. E. K. COLLINS & CO OVIDEN CE: Price of , $75, 236. Sow ARRAGANSETT. The vaeket ship OSCIUS, Captain John Col MOHEGAN. ie. tons, will succeed the GARRIOK, and sail the 25th One of which will leave New York daily.(Sundays exeept- | her regular day. ed) from Pier No. 1, Fines, Ni River, att P.M. ngers inay rely upon the s ‘ARRANGEM: iN 3. tually as advertised. ‘The RHODE ISLAND, Captain Thayer, on Monday, and | ——2—* Wolsedap for Btoniigtsn sad ‘Newport, and Frias? for FOR LIVERPOOL—The New Ling—Regulr bb ng tnd ’ Packet 16th of November—The fine New York built The MASSACHUSETTS, Captain Comstock, on ‘Tues- packet ship! HOT TINGUER, Ira Bursley, maste : day.aud ‘Thursday for Stonington, and Satarday for Stoning: | 10 tous will sail as above her regular da SST Rew port ane Erevidenoe, For freight or passage having very superior accommodations, Phsseagis, om the arrival of ehe atearety at Stonington, will | apply to the Caprain on board, at west de Buelow alin, orto pe tamedigtely Iyrardo4 Yn‘ oleatid and, eommod/oca OODHULL & Mi NS. Soath st Cars. of the i=» Provideues and Boston, and if for | The fine packet ship, Liverpool, J. Eldridge, ‘master, Newport will proceed in the steamer Mol Superior or- | tous, will succeed the Hottinguer and sail-on her regular der) from thence at 6 o’clock the following moming, thus | 16th December. giving them an,opportuntty of a ight’s rest on steam fr'Naseachuretia or Mhode Island, and then breakfast on board the Mol ‘The above. steamers have been phongaghly equipped and t ot the 25th packet at tons, will sai FOR LIVERPOOL—Regal: stb ostirt well-known fast. sa GARRICK, Capt W. Skiddy, of 1 es above, being her regular day. prepared to promote celerity of travel an fort and. se) i i na j ier accommodations for cabin, second cabin and steerage gurity of passengers, and not surpaesed by any in the United sscngers ae magarpasied by avy nencl i ory and as a rin es : ae ber of her passengers are already engaged, those desirous of se- agit sarene or Freight, wiich is taken at yery ceguced rates, | curing berths should make early roplationon to fee of Samuel ‘Devean, freight agent, on the wharf, my JOS. McMURRAY, 100 Pine street ‘Tickets for the route and steamer® berths can be secured on | UF Coraen of SOeeh. boerd, or at the office of IN & CO., No. 3 Wall street HARNDE! n= NOTICE—CHANGE OF HOUR—On_ and after Monday, Oct. 9th, the steamers of the New Jersey Steam Na- vigation Company, forming the line to Providence and Boston ‘via Stonington, will leave pier No. 1, Battery Place, at4 P.M. ie" Un and after the 10th mst, freight will not be recsived and forwarded after half-past 4 P. M. m9 6m* m ARRANGEMENT FOR NEW SHREWSBURY—Long Branch, Sandy Hook, Ocean Houge and Batontown Landing. new Steamboat SHREWSBURY, Captain John. f. now runas follows, on and after Thursday, 27th lew York, fron the foot ef Robinson street, Thursday, and Saturday, at 10 o'clock, A, M 25th Or packet ship GARRICK. 1000 tous burthen, Capt. W. kiddy, will sail on Wednesday, 25th O- way, ‘The ships of this line being all 1000 tons and upwards, per- sous about to embark for the old country, wall not fail to see the avivantages to be derived from selecting this line in prefer- ence to any other, as their great capacity renders them every way more comfortable and convenient than ships of asmailer class. wishing to secure » should not fail to make early application on board, or to _. W.& J. T. TAPSCOTT, At their General’ Passage Office, 43 Peck’ Slip, cor South street. NEW LINE OF LIVERPOOL PACKETS— Packet of the etober—The new and elegant etober,her regular day. every Tuesday, ‘The Garrack will sail from Liverpool on the 13th December. Ke etty: Landing on Monday, Wadnesdey and'Friday, | Persons wishing to send for their friends can. have them her or any of the regular line on favorable terms by jock, J ishing to remit money can be sunplied with di wary will itt fis fo bury will ran as above, w permitting, un} | Those wishing vo rem rls. for all the principal towns of the tilfurther notice. All baggage at the tisk of the owners. ited Fare 9734 cents. a dom. olsec N.'.—Brages “will be in attendance to convey, passenger FOR LONDON-To wil % NDON the county re 4 on the Ist Novembar— packet ship VICTORIA, Capt Morgan, will sail as above, her regular day. ons for cabin, second cabin and steerage are unsurpassed by any vessel in port, aud asa num- ‘of her passengers are alread 4 ber of er Passengers ane iar those desirous of se! the aforesaid landing places to any pai ASithe Shrewsbury will co the inner passage. when prneticable. ORNING LINE SEVEN O'CLOCK M Geese rok ALBANY, THON, and intermédiie andings—From the steamboat pier, at ‘he new 1200 tor e mn to reet. preakkfast and Dinver on board. ‘MeMURRAY, orev New York—The Fmpire. 0 Monday Wednesday | _o2t ii. Plan strech soto at Reeth. and Friday. The Troy om Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, OLD BLACK BALL LINE OF PACKETS “7 ibding at—-Caldwell's, Wert Point, Newburgh, Hampton, FOR LIVERPOOL frcket of the at November Hiyde Park, Rhinebeck, U. Red Hook, Bristol, | Sapeeitathbone, ‘will be dexpatehed ak ubove: har secuiat ey? Poughke 5 8 "Coxsackie and Kinderhook. Co Caressa Ein Ren x the morn a phe ey ow rest TROY, Captain A. Gorham, at the morni Mor passage, apply to F-B. Hall, at the offiee, foot of Barelay or on board. Novices AN Goods, Freight, Boxgage, Bank Bills, Specie or any other kind of pedo pat on oard Property, taken, the Boats of dia Wine,muat be at the risk of the owners of auch i goods. A PROPLE'S LINE OF STRAMBOATS FOR ALBANY—Duily at 6 o'clock P. Mi ough direct—From the steamboat pier iween Conrllandt and Liberty streets, Suuday excerted. She ‘has superioraccommodation for cabin, second cabin and steerage passengers. Shove wishing to eecure berhe wills, Quire to make early application to 4, QOH, HERDMAN, th at, near Wall su N, B.—Pasvage from Great Britain ‘and Ireland, via Liv Pool, can at all times be engaged, of the regular packet ships, an . lowest terms, by any d drafts furnished payable at the National ned Provincial Denk of Ireland, and ail the prineigal towns throughout the United Kingdom, plication as a oat T FOR NEW ORLFANS—First Ship—The ele- gant 1 RGE STEVANS, Cay Cushing, onday the 23d i, stant. verfpart of her between decks is comfortably fitted up wi Miberty atrcets, Ne staumoet RNACRERWOCKE Care. Ac P. St. Jobe, state rooms for the accommodation of 2d cabi ¢ Capt. A m. | State c : _ who vill icaved Moniay, Wednesday and Frtsy Hvoungs sts |S Se edo iy nas ed ir . aad Can be taken, wiring, berths will Teq ooegmbont ROCHESTER: Capt, A, Houghton, will leave | taake immediate ph card the ahi at pier 10. ‘AU's o'clock P, M.—Landing at Intermediate Places. R., orto 0 80 EN. Sreunboat SOUTH AMERICA, Cap L. W. Brainard. | ~. phe splendid well eowe petbocente Frans Deceh Pill leave Monday, Wednesday, and Friday afternoon, a! | will guccesd the above, and sail on the 25th inst. ‘This sh'p has unequalled accommodations for cabia, 2d cabin and steer- age passengers. Apply as above 023 mmbogt NORTH AMERICA, Capt, M. H. Truesdell, will leave ‘Tuesday, Phorsday and ‘Saturday Evening, at five o’giock. Paseongers taking this Line of Boats will at all times arrive in Albany arample time to take the Morning “Iran of (are for ihe east or west. i 4 “rhe above boats afe new and substantial, are furnished with neat and elogant State and for speed and accommoda- tions are unrivalled on the Etdson. Wor Passage or Freight, apply on board, orto P. C. Schultz Whe fast. selling pocket ship 1 sail as above, hervegular day handsome furnished accommo: on, he OF passage, havin yon board, at Orleans wharf, foot of Wall street, i BE. K. COLLINS & CO, 56 South street. ppers may rely upon having their goods by this line cor rectly measured. atthe offige on the wharf, ; NOTICE—On and afer Monday, Oct. 16th, the boats of this ’ Heeat OR Me hate Fonts 9 prfigents in New Orleans, Hallen & Woodruff, who wil ve for Albany at 6 o’cloc! P LOC NING LINE SRVEN O°O) EV for ALBANY AND TROY direct, ds aed landing—the splendid low pressure steamboat SWALIL, , Onaptam A; als will leave the foot of ‘Durtlanit ‘strret every ‘Kuesday, Thursday, and Saturday ova at Foveoek, fae Albany direct si ‘The Swallow has a large num of sl ms,and peed ial ‘ccommodations is uot aurpassed Ou the Hndsen. pe NEW YORK AND KINGSTON STEAM FREIGHT ND, PASSAGE LINE: eeketahip Siskepeare, Capt Alle pac ket ap sare, Capt Alle eer the OVONEE, and sait the 10th Nov. her rem oar FOR NEW ORLEANS REOULAR PACKET he h NORTH — SI it et p T SAROLINA, Captsin Disintacnds will have imme: tate dispatch for the ‘The nccommodations of thee rt. f this ship for cabin,second cabin, and | pei Passengers, are ee cannot fail to ensure every com: Toole frame nmr agate See feat a ate app) \d c bourd at bier foot of Jones! lane, next Wall steep ton TAPSCO! passenger: ata very moderate rate. or Kingston, ane, Delaware and Hudson ; wk Ggnal—atecinbosts MERALD ‘and NOW | At theis General Passage Otc, PE eae: WICH. . ‘The ships of this line sail every five days as usual, NT PMEICALD. Captain John Ketcham, will, lave New B.—The North Carolina can accommodate few. m in, the second cabin, who will be respestasly. (owed York, foot of Murray street, every Monday and Thursday at 5 AVI eave’ Kingston, (opfont Iandiug) every Wednesday ee oa. nom saturday abd oelock, PeM. She NORWICH, Captain Job, Seamus, will Jeave New NEW YORK & BOSTON verk, foot of Warten set, every Weilneaday and Saturday at SOUND PILOT. se’clock, P. M. Ls . ‘Will Jeave K agston (Rondont landing) every Tuesday and WEN PRESCOTT, Pilor wad er saeek. P.M ’ f vessels bound 10, New Relienarteyts aster and EXTRA TRIPS, Fortsmouty, Porthind, Kenneberk, and OF iT: ‘Tho EMERALD will leave the foot of Murray street every Office at Ftye & Sha tical store, 239 Snuday morniggat T clocks. Returning, leaves Kingston at «| Water street, comer Beekman. Iaference to x umber of on hoard, or to CBT, as chants, and che several lusuranee Companies in this city, Bow: Or PMIELIRMSON, BaRiow vik sme ton and Portland Ver & CO. OR SALE Ns ‘OR SALE IN NEW JERSEY— 164 West stort bout sixty acres, under a high state of cultivation cit STATE ISLAND PERRY, FOOT ‘horoughly Iymed and manared, some of witch to ond OF WHITEHALL. ST. the | duambont | oot and ours nitty 9 close by, Seotch Pl STATEN ISLANDER willleave New Depot on the ‘own and Somerville Railroad. ‘The in sland, on and after October 2d, as follows, unt hoose is newl: d, with seveo next rooms and a kitchen in pad Sonten Toland ood order; the ont buildings are also in good repair. “he rther noti 0) wwe New Vork 9, 11, 2, 33g. 5%. stock and crops will reasonable, and immediate Posses- All aS ee tetlenhy martad and | URIMIeL ais Tees op abo Ne reaieed tignarly ma poly at the Depot as above, of to ja at the risk ofthe owners thereon wintr | oll ay PO YORIN HERDMAN, 61 South street. Falr of the American Institute---Anniver- sary Address of the Hon. D. D. Bernard. On Friday evening, as we have already stated, the Hon. D. D. Barnard, M. ©. delivered the An- niversary Address before the patrons of the Ameri- can Institute, in the Broadway Tabernacle, in this city, which we are now enabled to furnish to our readers entire, as follows :— Mu, Presipent ayn Gentlemen ov THe American Insti tuTE— ‘The object o1 this Association, as described in its charter of incorporation, is the promotion and encouragement of “Domestic Industry in this State ond the United States, in Agriculture, Commerce, Manuiactures and the Arts, and any improvements made therein.” And the means to be employed for this purpose are also described in the same charter, namely: ‘By bestowing rewards, and other bene- fits, on those who shall make any such improvements, or excel in an \d branches, aud by such other ways 0 id corporation, or the trustees there- of, shall appear the moat expedient.” In carrying out the purposse jor which the lostitute was established, annual airs have been appointed to be held; and we are now in attendance on the sixteenth of these agreeable Festivals of Labor, At these Fairs, specimens in each of the gr: at departments of human ind ed fer exhibition, and new spection and experiment. They are Fairs of exhibition rather than of sale. The highest efforts, both of inventive d of skill and expertness in production and in w hip, are exerted in the furnishing of these Fairs, stimulated by a natural ambition to excel, and by & generous strife ‘for those prizes, rewards, and com. mendations, which are bestowed and received as the proof ofexcelience. Seventeen thousand specimens are exhi- vited at one of these Fairs, and two hundred and fiity thousand persons go in to look at them, and no won- der. The mastery of mind over the material things ot this world, the fulfilment of the primitive com mand to man, to subdue the earth, is no where more stri- kingly shown and illustrated. Here it is seen how the sterile ground has been made to yield its increase—how the rude products of the land and the sea have been made to assume ten thousand shapes of utility and beauty— and how all the elements of power, supplied so liberally by the great God and Giver—even those secret agents,the most powerfulof all, hidden irom common observation, and revealed only tothe diligent and patient inquirer, have been boldly seized and subjected to the purposes of man. Individual instances of the triumph of mind over matter, and over the difficulties and discour. agements of its earthly sllotment, arrest our attention and draw from us exclamations of wonder—as the pyramid of Cheops, at Memphis; the church and dome of St. Peter’s, st Rome; the steamship Great Britain, constructed ot iron, and measuring three thousand five hundred tons; a locomotive, on the Western Railroad, in Massachusetts, as-ending with ease a grade of eighty.three feet in the mile, at the rate of ten miles an hour, and carrying a bur- then of one hundred tons. These are individual cases to show what the genius of mortal mind can do with the materials and elements of earth. Sut, aiter all, 1 think we are never so struck with the amazing capabilities of this same mortal mind as when, at such a place as the exhibition rooms of the American Institute, we see brought together, and placed under our view, at one time, the prodigious number and variety of objects and productions of art and Inbor already perfected ior the uses of mankind, and alreo!y employed; and the prodigious number and variety, also, of new things, fullofthe pro. mise of high utility with which ingenuity continually teems. It is only in such aplace that we are made acquaint- ed with the actual advance which mankind have already secured in the work of sut duing the earth, and making it the fit and pleasant residence, and sojourn of beings c@, ble of something better than mere animal existence; in multiplying instruments and agents of power, profit, con venience and enjoyment, and in ‘his way aiding to bring about their own deliverance from ignorance, darkness and error, and their introduction into ‘the marvellous light of knowledge, refinement and civilization. It wasa partofthe original design of the Institute, as wehave Seen, to encourage and promote agricultare, And the Society now receives the aid of the State in furtherance of this object, under the act of the Legislature, in relation to that interest. Thus, that prominent place is given to this branch of industry in the plans and operations of the Society, to which it is noturaily entitled. 1am glad that this iso. The importance of agriculture, however, in itself, is better understood, perhaps, than it isin its eco- nomical relations to the other pursuits of industry. 1 shall deem myself happy if 1 shall be able, in the course of my remarks this evening, to impress this Society and those who hear me, with the fact, and the great import. ance of the fact, of the necessary mutual dependence on each other, existing betwaen the different departments, theseveral grand divisions, of human employment and labor. This dependence, [ nold to be a necessary law of the separate existence of these departinents; and without such division or diversity of employment, no considera bie advance could be made in any branch, nor with gach division can any one { ranch, at least in such a country as this, be made to advance and hecome truly and perm: mently prosperous, while any other branch shall be couraged and retarded, or be made to stand still. All must flourish er languish together. ‘This is my opinion; and I propose to embrace the present occasion, to 6iy romething cn this impertant topic. Perhaps we may see how tiislaw of necossary dependence arises; and aiso how another necessity arises, namely—that of exerting the power of the Society to protect the several divisions, according to their separate employment, end keep them in harmony, so that the advance and prosperity of each and all may be secured. It isnot unfair, perhaps, te con- sider the anniversary addresses delivered before the In- stitute on the occasion of its annual Fairs,as a part of those new products of domestic industry which it is usual to call forth. Certain it is, that those heretofore delivered have done the Institute, as well as their authers, vast cre dit, and they now form, taken together, a body of sound matter before (he public, the value of which it would be difficult to estimate, as among those “other means” which the Institute wasto employ, according to its charter, in promoting ond encouraging the interests of agriculture, commerce, manufactures and the arts. I cannot hope to be able to add muchto this stock of useful product I claim to possess no skill whatever inany of the depart- ments of industry referred to—I wish [could—and very little, indeed,even in that fieid of labor to which yeu have assigned me for this occasion. There are, however, principles connected with the edvancement and success ofindustry, with the progress of national wealth and civilization, which 1 ought to know something about, andin regard to which I may speak, perhaps, without presumption—possibly with some proiit. And ‘here, be- fore I go one step further, I wish to be understood. Pali tical economy isa scientific subject, and as such I propose to speak of it. It is asubject, certainly, important to be understood by those who associate for the professed object of promoting domestic industry. And the very fact that opinions ditfer ina degree about its principles and the practical rules te be adopted for prometing domestic in dustry, points it out as a peculiarly fit subject for discus- ion “betore this bopy. ‘The discussion may easily be nducted so esto give cause of offence to no human be ing. The subject Delongs to science, and not to politics or party. Icae nn morethink myself liable to give just cause of offence to any by offering my sentiments here on the scientific principles of political economy—on the laws which govern production—than if 1 were to offer e dissertation on chemistry as applied to soils, or on tempe- rature and climate os offecting vegetation and cul ture. The subject of the laws which govern pro. duction and the creation and distribution of wealth, has only in Comparatively recent times been in- vestigated and subjected to philosophical discussion d arrangement. Political economy is altogether & modern science—if science it may yet be called —as we find it displayed in the works of somo of its pro- fessors. ‘The father of the science—or of whatever there is scientific about the present state of the subject—Adam Smith, first po hed his Wealth of Nations in 1776. The writers on the same subject who preceded him, in France, Italy and England, were mere speculatists, who amused themselves with defending the theoretic vay mercantile or the Sgricultural system—the made all national wealth consiat of old and silver, brought in by a favorable balance of trade, or that which professed to have discovered that wealth con be got out of nothing but land. The main body of the writers on this subject since Dr. Smith, have been his disciples, and itisnot too much to say, that in their hands the science has made little advance. “Many have differed from him in something, but few have ventured to impeach him of fun damental error. Some have, indeed, done so, ond with full success. Smith bas certainly this merit—he explod ed the speculatisis—the Davenarts and the Quesnays of politrcaleconomy. His system superseded theirs, just as that of Socrates, in moral science, superseded those of Thales and Pythagoras. Like Socrates, be discovered some sublime and immortal truths; but he also fell into great errors, the more serious, a8 they were of a practi- calkind. He proceeded regularly by the true method of induction, till he had demolished the mercantile and agri- culture! systems, resting os they did on speculation; and then, as soon as he came to the important business of building up a practical system of his own, he also fell to speculating. disciples, Malthus, ‘Ricardo, Say, McCulloch and the rest, adopted arid tangb' india and then, on matters of practical import, have speculated, just as their great master did be- fore them, and just as Zeno, Piato, and the rest, sprewint ed in philosophy aiter the exemple of Socrates, their mas ter. ‘These speculations are not without their value, but truth demonstrated is worth a great deal more. Because the eu! ject ef political economy has not yet been made to take on allthe precision and certainty of a science, and because it is so much easier to specalate than to reason in ® philosophical way, most of the writers on this subject and, perhaps, the most dogmatical among them, insist that the subjeet is in its nature incapab'e of precision and cer #, {for one, am not disposed to admit. It is ‘ed that the truths of this science are moral, and not mathematical truths; but I, for one, shall not admit that mathematical truths ate a whit more certain than mora! traths. 1 shall not admit that it is only the laws of phy Hical nature which ave certain and true, while the ays which do and must govern the moral world are incap: ble of certain ascertainment, and areonly dtto be spec lated ue that it is morally wrong fora man to rob or cheat his neighbor, as it is that two parailel lines can never meet; and it is just ascertain and true, that Dr. Smith’s law of productive Jabor, a di versity of employ ments, is ersential to the making of ca pital or national wealth, as it is that (hings that are equa tothe same thing are equal to one another. Uncertain ties anderrors in moral or natural science arise just where duction leaves off, and speculation beging; and thi truth is no where batter illustra ed than in the ecie ce oF political econcmy, as it is presented by Dr. Smith. It wos clearly shown by Smith, that labor is necessary to pro. duction; that capital is necessary to employ and sustain labor; that the Productive powers of acvimmunity depend on division of labor, or diversity of employment; and W YORK, MONDAY MORNING. OCTOBER 23, 1843. that diversity of employment can take place only where | exchange of products can be made—that is, where a re- ciprocal demand for products exists, which is the measure 0! the ex!entsto which diversity of employment can be car- ried. All this was profoundly conceived,and established by the fullest demonstration. Happuly, too, no part of the case was materially weas ened by idle speculation, though be did indulge sn a very idie, but perhaps innocent conceit, | inregardto the origin of the exchange of products.— One would think it was a very natural thing and not re- quiring any very elaborate explanation, thet if aman wanted an article which he hadp’t got, and could get it in exchange tor en article which he had, but which he didn’t want,hewould make the exchange But this act and operation—this reciprocal want and demand,which alone gives value to all surplus produets,which creates and tains ail devision of labor, making its exact extent, whi the way and the only way, to the making of cap wealth by opening reciprocal markets for surplu ts—this Dr Smith informs us is to be traced to certain propensity in human nature—the propensity to truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another.”— “It is commoner,” he says, “to all men, and to be found in no other race of animals.” A certain propensity in hu man nature to truck! Justeuch a propensity, I suppose— Just such an instinct—as leads the domestic fowl when she has produced her eggs, to siton them till they are hatch- ed in order to make something valuableout of them. It is only just, however, to the Doctor, to sa! he sug. ts, aiter all, that this “propensity”—this “trucking disposition,” seems more probably to te “the necessary consequence of the facilities of reason and speech,” than to be “one of those original principles in human nature, of which no further account can be given!” 1 wish it could be said with truth,that all the cenceits and specu- Jationsin which Dr. Smith indulgea in bis book on the wealth of nations, were as innocent as this. Dr. Smith | in his chapter “of restraints npon the importation from | foreign countries of such goocs as can be produced at home,” enters upon a formal investigation of the effects of such regtruints upon the annual produce of the indus- try otthehome country, andhe lays down some very just and philosophical propositions. “The general in- dustry of the Society” he says, “can never exceed what thecupital ofthe Society con ‘employ. As the number of workman thot can be kept in employment by any par ticular person must bear a certain proportion to his cap ital, so the number ofthose that can be continually em- ployed by all the members of a great society, must bear acertain proportion to the whole capital of that Society. and can never exceed that proportion. No regulation of commerce can increase the quantity of industry in any society beyond what its capital can maintain.” So far ail was philosophical and strictly true. He had reached one important conclusion, namely, that the quantity of indus- try in the society could not be increased beyond ‘what its capital could maintain, by commercial regulations, by any restraints on importation. But, though this was a conelusion of some importance, it was not one to rest upon, or stop at ; the subject proposed to be investigated was very far from being exhausted. He had but just come to the topic of chief interest. How was the annuw! produce of the industry of the conntry to be affected by regula- tion? That was the question, ‘There was alimitto the quantity of industry that could be employed in the exist aug amount of capital in the country forthe time being, and all attempts to increase the quantity of industry, by commercial regulation beyond this limit, beyond ‘the proportion which the whole capital could employ, would be vain. This being settled,two inquiries naturally arose First—Is it true that the capital of the society, whatever itmay be, whether greater or less in amount, is,and will ho naturally und necessarily go used as to employ all the industry of the society, or all that so much capital is ca. pable of maintaining? If not,can the quantity of indus- try which that amount of capital is capable of maintai ing be increased by ary commercial regulation? Next— Af it be supposed that all the industry of the society which its-capital can maintain, is and will be employed, then is it true that all that mdustry is and will be naturally and necessarily employed in the most productive and advanta, ap ters way, both for itself and for the whole society ? And f not, can the manner in which that industry may be em- ployed,be improved and its advantegeousness increased by any commercial regulation? These questions, forming the gist of the whole matter under investigation, are not put forth in Dr. Smith’s hook, in the formal manner in which Thaye statedthem. Buf they were in his mind, of course, for he has given answers to both of the: and to both the inain propositions, his answers are in the afticmative. The first of these propositions, and not the least important of the two—it is true, is almost evaded. The affirmative is, indeed, asserted, but it is by implication. After declaring that “ho regulation of commerce can increase the quan- tity ofindusiry in any society beyond what its capital oan maintain,” he adds: “It’can only divert a part of it into a direction in which it might not otherwise have gone.” In other words, the quantity of industry being all the while as great as the capital of the society can main tain, the only effect which can be produced is to ‘‘divert” indnstry—to derange existing employments just to the extent to which new ones shall be introduced. He as- ven, distinctly, that ali the industry, all the labor ot the society, which the existing capital of the society can maintain is, and wilt be naturally ai.d necessarily em- ployed, with the capital for the time, no more labor can be employed. It may be diverted by regulation, but it cannot be increased, whether it be all employed in the most advantageous way, is another question—us also whe- ther it woutd be likely to be more advantageously employ- ed by the diversion Which would take place under com- mercial regulation. But that it is all employed, advanta- geously or not, is assumed and affirmed in the decided manner just related. ‘The question is no where met by Smith in‘a more direct way. In all his reasoning on the subject of commercial regulation,in reference to its effects on the annual produce of the industry of the society, he just assumes—takes for granted—the material and govern- ing position, that the quantity of industry, the whole be g {uly employed, cannot be increased by any new bu siness into which it may be drawn by fegal provision, or in consequence of any inducements they held out for the new, or increased employment of capital. For this postu late assumes also,by implication, that all the capital of the ciety is always fully employed in maintaining industry inasmuch as all the industry is fully employed which th: capital is capable of maintaining. This important point being settled in this summary way, Dr. Smith then comes tothe other question, which enquires whether all the la bor of the society, within the capa‘ity of its capital to move, supposing it be all set in motion, is sure to be em. ployed to the best advantage, tor ali concerned, and this question he disposes of by a rare specimen of pure specu- lation. Hear him: “ “very individual is continually ex erting himsell to find out the most advantageous ment for whatever capital he can cemmand. dt advantage, indeed, and not that of the society, which he has in view. But'the study of his own advantage natu- rally, or rather necessarily, leads him to prefer that em- ployment which is most advantageous to the society .”— “Upon equal, or nearly equal profits, every individual naturally inclines to employ his ca in the manner in which it is likely to afford the greatest support to domes- tic industry, and to give revenue and employment to the greatest number (ef mae LC of his own country.” Here, then, we find Adam Smith, the great economical philoso pher, indulging in trae Scotch metaphysics upon a ques tion which, in its nature, admits of no solution whatever, but by philosophic induction, from ascertained facts and trom experience--a practical question, too, which he un- dertook to resolve for the guidance and government o! statesmen, and of nations in matters deeply affecting na- tional growth, prosperity, civilization and happiness. He argues altogether, not from facts, not from experience,but from speculations about the probable course and conduct of human nature under certain circumstances. Every owner of capital, he affirms, ‘ous of making the most of it, and, therefore, be infers that be will be sure to light on that’ employment of it which will give him the largest return of profit. This ishis first metaphysical postulate. This he lays down as aselt evident proposi tion, He makes no appeal to experience—at least, beyond that which establishes a common desire of .» He does not go through society on a search alter the actual facts of the case. It is true, because it is in human nature, and therefore must be tr} is his reasoning. He insists that the love of gain is as unerring as our animal inet, and that if it does not invariabiy lead to the m of profits of the largest kind with the means it possessed, it is because there is nothing in nature out of which such profits can be made. It is never deceived, never mistaken. Men never carry their capital intoex- perimental operations, where the results disappeint and freak them down; vr into channels of busiuess where thousends rush in along with them, all expecting to go on swimmingly, while there is not, depth and rooin enowgh for half adozen of the wholé number to float comfortably together never { These things never happen—no There is no overstocking and overerowding of ents by the force of fashion, of imita- other fields of enterprize, full of the ‘promise of reward, lie unoccupied and neglected Nothing ot the sort. Every owner of capital habitually makes the most profit out o! it that so much capital is ca pable of producing, if only left free from all legal restric: tions on the part of hisown government, and in spite of allthe commercial regulations of all other countries at fecting the trade and own. But the next step in this metaphysical argument is still more extraordinary. Capital in private hands will be employed to the highest advantage of the owners, there fore it will be employed to the highest adventage of the society. This i¢ Dr. Smith’s second postula: It would be uniair, perhaps, to take this proposition in its broadest vense, for that would be to make its author guilty of too qross an absurdity. He could not have intended fo assert that society is always richer by just the emount which every speculator in merchandize or in lands which every gambler contrives to transfer from the pockets of others to his own. We must suppose him to have spoken only of the capital actually employed in pro duction; and the question still isis it’ trae that all the capital of a society, of any and every society, under any and all circumstances—for sf true of one? It is by the sup- position and argument, true of every one; is it true that all the capital of a society, supposing it all to be employed in production, is naturally and necessarily employed in the way most advantageous to its owners and to all, in the wey to bring out the highest returns, and so that th listribative shores of all the labor in the society and o! the cepital respectively, in the resulting profits and wealth, shall be as great as so much capit faha labor ere copable of producing? Thisis the true quettion,and thisDr Smith undertakes to answer in the affirmative, solely upon a principle or disposition in human nature. ‘I do not he: ih Hy sitate to answer it ia the negative upon the strength of The result isnot necessarily fi ts and 01 all experience, commonly as he suppor he society ha foremn mercial intercow while it adopts no commercial reguiations of its o exposed to the operation aud effect of the selfish regule tons of other nations. [tis very pisin, that if two com. modities are produced at home, end exchanged with each other for consumption, twiee the domestic industry is employed that wouid be if only oncof these was produced at home, and that was exchanged for the other produced abroad.’ And hence itis that capital employed in the fo reign trade of consumption, gives at most but one half the ‘We sec, then, the general position encouragement to the industry and productive labor of the society, that the same amountof capital would give if employed in the home trade. This and proved by Dr. Smith himself in another part of his work. Here then an instance where the owner o! capital may employ it in a way which may be the most advantegeous to himself—In the foreign trade, and yet not in the way most advantogeous to the society, which would be inthe home trade. But this case is met by Dr. Smith with the old speculation upon the natural dispositions of the human heart. He is sure that these jead every person with equal, or nearly equal profits, to prefer the home trade to the foreign ; and theretore he affirms in a very positive way, tha ry individual naturally inclines to employ his capital in the manner in which it is likely to afford the greatest support to domestic mdastry, and to give revenue and employment to the greatest number of people of his own country.” Ifthe argument from natural inclination is to be relied on, [ believe it is directly the other way majority of cases—that the leaning is to the foreign t in preference to the domestic. There is something pect liarly attractive in the very hazards of external com merce. The idea of exchanges prosecuted with a foreign and distant people, ac ox# rome thousands of miles of se- parating ocean, has something in it to affect the imegina tion. And then, though the hazards are great, the pro- mise of profit is great if the enterprize be successful. H often realized from a few lucky voya- ide ; the test of the mutter isin experience, and that appealed to will certainly show that 1m all countries, trading capital is accustomed to push ita operations and advantages in the channels of vines commerce, without any special care or regard for the particular interests of home industry and labor. This is the natural course and tendency of things, and is accord ing to the actual fact. At the least, it is the mere wanton- ness of “onjecture, to suppose that all the trading capital of the country is employed by preference as far as possi- bie, in giving the highest eacouragement to domestic in- dustry, and that none of it goes abroad in foreign com merce but by a kind of compulsion, and because it is perabundant for the possible uses cf the home trad or proposition, main tained by Dr’ Sintth, and generally, tollowing him, by the body of speculative writers on political economy.— It is that, in any country or political society whatever, where the course of nature and of natural inclin not interrupted by the meddling hand of dom rity, allthe capital of the society which can, © under any circumstances, be applied to production, w: of necessity be always fully employed in maintaining i productive industry, and all the labor or productive in- dustry of the society,which so much capital is capable of maintaining,will, of necessity, be always fally employed by it , and that such capital and labor will always be ne cessarily employed and applied in the manner and ways dvantageous to the owners of capital and those who w the labor, and to the whole society. It must be added, thet these authors also maintain that, though the full and profitable employ ment of capital and labor in the socicty may, in particular instances, be injuriously dis- turbed by foreign legislation—by foreign commercial re: gulations—yet, so long as :uch foreign regulations con- tinue, all attempts to remedy the evil by counter regulu- tions at home, can only result in additional injury, Now, in direct opposition to the broad assumption—for it is no thing but assumption—that ell the capital and labor of every society, uninterrupted as is suggested, will of ne cessity, be fally and most profitably ‘employed, always and at all tim: and that, hence, i by any commercial regulation ov other interference o! the public authori tios, any capialor labor should be required or induced to undertake a new production, some profitable busine or other must first be abandoned for the purpose: position to all this, 1 maintain that so far, in the history of the world, capital and labor have seldom been as fully or a8 profitably employed any where as they might have been, that they are not now so employed in any quarter where examples would naturally be quoted, and that there is not the least probability that they ever will be until the laws of progress in production, and in the making of capital and wealth shall be better understood, or at least more carefully and strictly ob served ondacted on. The fundamental law is the Jaw of mutuality and of proportion, to be established and main tained in each society between the producing classes, between the several great departments into which the industry of the society is arranged fer maintaining diver sity of employment. Of that law, of its operation, and its necessity, I shall ask leave to Say something before 1 conclude, At present, itis the matter of fact in regard to the alleged full and profitable employ ment of capital and labor of which I wish peak a little further. This, it rust be remembered, is declared to be the natural and necessary state of things in every politicalsociety, when lett tree and undisturbed. And if disturbed by legal en actment, by restriction or regulation, stillcapital and in dustry will be fully employed, as befure, and the only effect produced will beto “divert” them ‘into a direc- tion in which they might not otherwise have gone.” Loss, indeed, may be sustained by the necessity of chunge end transition, and the community may be burthened with anew tax to sustain the change, but still capital and labor will be no more idie than before. This is the po- sition. Now Iceny strongly and utterly the whole pre misex, and Imake my sppeal to facts and to all experi- ence. 1 must not go into detail, but 1 may refer to a few leading particulirs. Look, then, at the leading nations ot Europe, advanced, as they now are, in the arts ot in dustry acd in wealth. Is it true that in England, France, Holland, Germany—in either of them—in the first place that industry 1s ful) faa in production 7 If 20,000 men have been Seigloyb for two or three years past on the fortifications of Paris, this has been a new earbymest, und the Jabor has been drawn from the body of the French people. Does any body pretend or imagine t! am unt of labor has been drawn off, diverted from any occupation or business where it was before fully and pro- fitably employed? These nations maintain large stand ing armies. France, say 00, England 110,000, and soon. Does any one sup p that these armies are alto- gether recrui ployed and producing class es, and not chiefly from the idle and vagrast population rom the want o! something to do? And should be disbanded tomorrow, would thi meet aready demand for their labor, prompt employment and good pay? Is it not notorious that, in all these coun tries, there is a perpetual struggle, and a hard task to keep their population employed? And is not a new employment—a vew demand for lsbor—always hailed with general joy ? Andis notthe least obstruction in ex isting operations—the slightest diminished demand for bor, feit as a general calamity 7 When the cultivation r beet was introduced in France, was it nec urb and derange other avocations, in order to find the necessary labor? Did any thing of the sort take place when the silk manufacture was established ip Eu gland? Germany has entered intoa new league for the establishment and nce of home manufactures, Does the Zoll vevien leave agriculture or any other business without adequate support by the thousands upon thou- sands who are drawn into the new field of labor? Is not the pauper system of England, ina great measure, the necessary result of a heavy poptlation failing to find fuli employment? Are not these countries—some of them at leost—encouraging in every way the yearly emigration, and expatriation of thousands from their shores because these thousands, and millions more besides, want work, which they cannot givethem ? Nor is labur superabundant in these countries because there is any want of capital to employ and maintain it. England leaus annual millions to other countries—so does Holland In all, the rate of interest is low; and millions on millions are employed in gambling speculations, and squandered on vices and depraved indulgencies, or wastefully consumed at home or abroad, which would be employed in production and the support of labor, if copital was in active demand for the industri: ees of the courtry, But it is not. Lixe labor, it is super abundant. Both capital ond labor are under greatly di minished demand in these countries at this day, from the vast multiplication of physical power by the modern im provements in machinery, and the use of steam; and by the difierene: the cost of national subsistence, and national expenditure between a time of pea of war. ‘The machinery employed in man Great Britain alone, performs the labor of 9,000,000 o men. And England spent not much short of 2,000,000, 000 of dollars in the last general war, which ended with parebly wiser, better and happier then she has bi now is. And now turn to our own country — 4s opposite in many things to thore we have been consi- dering, aa could well be desired. Here we have an out- spread population, scattered over a territory of almost boundless extent, and with untold ecres of virgin soil of great fertility, appropriated almost without cost. We are 4 comparatively bet aed not Beviog yet had time to make great accumulations of capital and ‘wealth by the Try courses of industry. But we have made some uc- y, an re rich, almost beyond example, in our lands, so cheaply obtained, with ail their natural advantages of fertile soil, of intermi- nable wood and timber, of inexhaustible mines, and of countless powerful streams of running and falling water. Our soils ahd our water-falle are agents of pro~ duction of the most valuable and effective kind, and our forests and mines afford us natural raw products of incal- culable amount, requiring only a market, and the Jabor of severing from the earth, like standing corn or pote toes in the ground, to give them value. All this is cepi- tal, or etands to ug in the place of capital. But we are far from being as rich as our neighbors posite shore of the Atlantic, while oar numbe! small in comparison with theirs. Both capital and Ja! are in much better demend with us than with them. Wages are much higher, and so is interest, But alter all, are cepital and labor,even In this favored and country, as fully and ‘as profitably emyloyed in duction as they mignt be? The present i# probab! period when a sounder business is being carried on in the country than it has known before in a quarter of » century. The diversity of employment eater, or is maintained in better proportion. Ther been a great revival of manufacturing and mechanicat industry within the last year. Iepeak of the fact, not of the cause. And yet with all this, what do we see? Why, money at a lower rate of interest, perhaps, than wasever belore known in the United States. The arey price of labor too, is comparatively low, though provi- sions and subsistence are cheap also. Capitalists find it difficult to invest, aud unprecedented millions are on idle deposit in our banks. It a new fhotory is opened any- where, or and old one revived, and such cases are hap- pening now almost every day, there is no want of money or of men to carry iton. And we hear of nocomplaint that the capital and labor for these operations are di- verted, drawn off, trom other employments. Nothing of the sort. We are not yeta very rich people, or very nu- merous, but we have more means and more hands than can be profitably employed in two only of the great de- partments of industry, namely, in agriculture and com- merce; and the t |, that of manufactures and the arts, though lately revived and looking up, is not as full by a reat d it might be. So long as we have our mil ions of acres of tertile land still vacant, and invitiog cupation, and where subsistence for the surplus apd in- create of our populetion may be #0 cheaply obtained, where alittle Jabor can produce a great deal of food, we shall be likely to experience, a8 a people, little compara tively of that distress which is oiten felt in older and closely packed countries, trum the inability to give em- ployment to lnbor, But jand employed in this way gives istence, not profit. And gn egricultural populution, consuming just what it produces, making no surplus for exchange, because it has no market, enjoying none of the products of other countries or regio f the usetul arts anywhere, except in the rudest state, end ef house- hold moenipuletion- such an ogricultural population wherever it does or may exist, is Just one remove above barberian and nomadic ‘What we are looxing after is progress—progress in production, in capital and wealth, and in refinement, comiort, and civilization, For this, it is necessory tuat Capitel and labor should be fully em- ployed, andin the most profitable manner ; and what I mean to say is, that, even in this country, limited as it both in means and hands, there is still abundenc ca tal and labor tor new busin promising profitable re turns, without drawing off or di inishing in the least degree, the amount of either which is profitably applied to existing employ ments. ‘This is in the Jace of the sssump- tion of the speculative writers on Political Ecenomy ; but Thold the fact, as [have stated it, to be incontrovertible. Ideny, theretore, altogether, that in any quarter where we should naturally “look for examples—in any of the leading countries of Rurope or i our own—do facts war- rent the idea that it is the naturel and necessary tendency of capital and labor to keep themselves tully employed in production, and always to the best advuntege, and so that ho new employment con be undertaken at upy time, unless men goto it moved by akind of animal instinct, without disturbance and injury to existing business. The disposition and desire to make the mostof capital and industry are natural enough, «nd may be admitted; but the end is not so certainty attained. In every countr there are serious impediments in the way. Individual with the best intentions do not always choose the right path to personal success; when they do, their interest is often very far from being identical with tha of the so~ ciety. ‘Then industry is very slow if left to itself, in adopting divisions of labor, and arranging itself in de- partments, with any thing like due proportion between the several orders of productive ay et ae which it cannot be profitably employed; and finally, such divie sion of labor, and such proportion in empl yments are impossible to be established ond maintained in any coun. try having foreign commercial relations, which itself leaves all thingsto their natural course, while it is sub. jet tothe tull operation snd effect of the commercial regulations of other countries, But | come now to sey something more directly—it cannot be much, after the time I nave already occupied—on the particular topic to which Lhave 8o often had occasion already to allude. I refer to whet | have called the law of mutuality and of proportion between the several departments of industry im society, asindispensable to the proper development of its productive energies, and in order to attain the highest access in production. When we understand what this jaw is, we shall see atonce the necessity for it, end w shail see how impossible it 18 that capital and mane in uny country +hould be fully employ ed, oF employ ed in the most advantageous manner, without it. I treat this point wih reference exclusively to its practical bearing op our own country. 1 havestated already from Dr. Smith’s work on the wealth of nations,the elementar, principles on which production and the increase of cay tal and wealth depend, and from these the law of mutu- ality and proportion to which | have referred, is derived. The grand ri quisite for increasing the preductive powers of acommunity is, what is usuatly called division of labor. Dr. Smith’s demonstration of this point is enough to immortalize bis book. But there can be no di labor, or nene of any account, without the pow: changing one product for another; in other words, there must be a demand, or market, for the products of divided jubor, and such division ef labor will beexectly limited by the demand or market. All this, too, is clearly de- monstrated by Smith. It is the effect of this demand or in supporing and limiting alldivision of labor, or diversity of employment, and of consequence in sup- porting and limiting production, from which the neces. sary law of mutuality and proportion in the grend divi- sions, the great departments of industry , is deduced. vurplus production is valueless without a demand market. If A and B, two individuals occupying together an isolated position, are both engaged in producing food andeach produces for himself lt he requires, then, if either of them produces more than he ean consume, the surplus is of no value, because there is no demand for it, it cannot be exchanged. But sf A con produce food enough for himself and B too, and B, relieved from pro- ducing food, cen make clething enough for himself and A also, then ai exchange can be made, and anew comtort is provided for both. The surplus food of A, and the surplus clothing of B have exchangeable value; and if A and B can prouce each a still further surplus, #0 as to supply food and clothing to C., another individual, in exchange for his (C’s) labor in constructing dwellings for them as well es for himself, then this further comfort of ashelter may he obtained, and the little bond itself be enlarged. And it is easy to see how this band or company may continue to grow ond expend on the terms, Swelling in numbers, in comforts, end in iL and wealth, until it should become a great and powerful vation. But what I want should be observed particula ly, is this—how easily the whole economical struc! his community may be disturbed and deranged, se as ef- fectually to arrest oll growth and expansion. Ia the case I have supposed, there is a certain mutuality and propor- tion between the parties, A. raises his own food, but gets the battle of Waterloo. Both capitel and labor, I repeat, aré superabundant in these countries. The capital is not employed in moving all the labor tha: it is capable of maintaining, and much of the labor, much of what might be the productive indus try of these countries, is idle and unemployed Lénter not into the causes of this condition of things that would be too widea field, I speok of the tect. may be permitted, however, to say, in passing, that, nn: doubtedty, of all the evils that cen afflict a count want of full and profitable employ ment for its populatio for its Jabor, is among the very greatest. England su mightily in this way; and certainly itis not, in her for want ofthe policy of commercial restrictions— pe licy which she has steadily pursued for centuries, und u » the all changes,and in the lead of all parties; and never less steadily than when she hos had Smith for ber oracle in political economy, and, his nominel disciple, Hushisson, tor her m ister. That she bas built up both her manu nd her agriculture upen this system, is notori But she has committed greet & She hi warming population, the growth of ages; and this po pulation isconfined to very narrow territorial limits — — Her commercial and restrictive policy has had for its object to build up the prosperity of this island home 0! hers, by laying the whole external world, including her own vast colonies, founded or conquered by herself,under contribution. All should be tributary to ber. Her desire, especially been to manufacture for all the world, and todo this, as far as possible, on @ principle of monopoly, that she might command her own prices, and make ex- orbitant profits on her wares, This was aselfish policy, to characterise it by no hersher epithet, which was sure. sooner or later, to array all countries against her in com. mercie), if not in military hostility. It was a_ policy which was sure in the end to defeat iteelf, It has defeated itself, signally. Sheis great and powerful, but she is not hoppy. Look at her debt—look at her pauper list—look at the squalid misery which she exhibits in the midst of her regal magnificence and splendor. A nation, like en individual, may have a temporary and showy prosperity, got by driving hard and unconseicntious bargains with her neighbors, but she will be far happier, end of sounder condition, ifshe will be content to thrive only by the honest gains of honest and well-directed industry, Eng: his clothing aud his dwelling from B.and C. by exchange. makes his own clothing but gets his food and dwelling ‘rom A. snd C. C. constructs his own aw it gets his food and clothing from A. and B. But suppo: C., in addition to their other labor, insist pee raising their own food, inatead of taking that produced by A., it 1s evi- dent that the previous arrangement must be wholly broken up, and general confusion must ensue. A. loses the demand for all the surplus food he produces, which becomes valueless—B. loses A. as a customer for so much of his surplus clothing, and C. loses them as customers tor So much of the products of his labor. And if this continues, each must be thrown back upon consuming what his own hends and skillcan produce, and nothing more. Lifemay besupported in this wey, after a fashion, but there can be no improvement,so advance. Exchange, 4 proportion must be ogain established, as ot making aforwerd movement. And as dC. as ind 1s, so-it is with A. B. and C. as representing the great departments of industry in as ciety er nation. Three principal classes may be regarded, and usually are, as comprising ail thelabor of 1p, which is set in motion by ail ite capital, Those vho areemployed iu producing the rude produce, food and materisis, fequired for the use and consumption of the society—those employed m manuiacturing and pre- paring such rude produce for use and consumption, and those employed in carrying and making the necessary exchange: thof the rude and Cyt produce. For shortnesqghey may be named, as they commonly are, though iMs an imperfect enumeration, the Agricultural, Manulacturing, and Commercial classes. This diversity token together, i# a v of employ ment in the society, ry to success and progress in production, just o# of labor is necessary to success in spy lee seller bus @ manufacture of pins fo! ; we suppose our society to be isolated, we shall see at once, that neither class can ¢: jout the hen 0 Smith eets this matter in a clear light—" Unless a capit was employed in iurnishing tude produce to # certain dew gree ofabundance, neither manufactures nor trade of any Kind could exist. Unless pital was employed in manufacturing that part of the rude produce which re- (uires a good deal of preparation, before it can be ft for ie asd consumption, it would never be produced, Jand is rich, but she is cruel to her own children. She compels labor to receive low wages, when it can get | any,) and to Pay high prices for food. She has land | enough, ifoultivated, a she knows how to cultivate it, ofcheap food to her whole poptt Ml have enough lett, in all reason, for her parks and pleasure grounds. And il, | with this, she had thought less of her external relations and her foreign trade, and more about supplying the wants of her own home population—which might have done by a better adjustment of the relations between agriculture and manufactures, and by an increased home | trade—if she had done this, she would have been incom: | | neighborhood satise there could be Ho demand for it. Unless a capital scar employed in transporting either the rude or manu "f'produce from the places where it aboundsto er could be pro- umption of the wi lw so where it is wanted, no more of ei essentially necessury eit jon of the othwrs, or to the general c talyhe declares, i In these three divisions,or depart ence or extenst encyol the society. then, we will suppose, and the supposition i enough for our pronet Mors sg tees ~ labs ft) hich con be produc- e0, pa er eaployed. And if such ® society