New Britain Herald Newspaper, June 13, 1929, Page 6

the mest important thing abeut It looked like a big scoop for the Peansy. The New York Central, the well- managed rival line, got no publicity and wanted none. It merely acted. Thus find that the first’ air rail trip from New York to Los Angsles will take place over the New York Central, and over the Univer- sal Avistion Cerperatien from Cleveland, today.’ Mrs. Mabel W. Willebrandt, counsel for the avistion company, will carry a bottle of Hud- #son water—presented to her by ress | Mayor Walker—to the Pacific. Of the wee for Fe-publicstion o te it or met otherw! credited s s i % y i vl B IR M .""flml“ Entrance Another simile: He gets as much free publicity as Flo Ziegfeld. e Overheard from the lips of a flapper: “I'd be willing to go auto- ing with him any day. But not at night.” | The calling of power magnates be- fore the Federal Trade Commission continues with unabated fury. The next time we read in some busincss journal that the F. T. C. should be abolished we intend to laugh it off even more heartily than usual ——— To the best of our observation the elling of city streets has been ac- complished this year with a mini- mum of an overdose. Street oiling Ned more uses than one. Among othér things it prevents dust being blown in the bad man's eye. — UNCOLLECTED TAXES A Cennecticut problem of consid- erable proportions is the collection ot taxes. New Britain, regarded by Tex Commissioner Blodgett as one of the ideal tax collected cities of the state, on April 1 had uncollected taxes of $397,992.20, &ccording to L. Curtis. Stamford, one of the worst the report of Comptroller )'anford offenders in the state, huppuus 10 be oaly three times as bad, having an uncollected tax list of about $1,000,- o The Injustice that accompanies uncollected taxes is seif-evident. The citisen who honestly pays his tithe 10 the city government is a better citisen than he who throws his tax bills in the wastebasket; but the lat- ter is financially ahead of the former By just that much. The city, forced to gét its money from somewhere, 8 inclined to raise its tax rate to make up the difference. Not only in the cities, but in the gountry districts the situation is much the same. Indeed there are reports that the rural districts are weorse offenders in this respect than the citles. The impression seems to be widespread that to be able to beat | the community out of taxes is smart. DOWN TO BED ROCK The special committee of the Common Council which has been delving into the ashes and rubbish disposal evil existing in this city got down te bed rock in its report, in our opinion. when it came to the conclusion that only municipal col- lection of ashes and rubbish would smeoth out the onerous situation caused by citizens dumping refuse slmost anywhere where they feel disposed, and frequently at night. when detection is difficult. The city, it is stated with a good | show of logic, could control the sit- wation if individuals were relieved of the necessity of transporting re- fuse from their properties. Tt is amazing indeed that a city the size of New Britain has not had municipal ashes and refuse collec- tien. The city has enjoyed municipal sarbage collection, probably because this was something which, for rea- sons of health. could not be allowed to drift. Hundreds of cities much smaller than New Britain have had munici- pal collection of ashes and refuse for years. Such collection does not add a cent to the cost of living, as citizens already are forced to pay for the collection of ashes and refuse whenever intinerant and irregular collectors happen to call. The ash cellection bill paid by citizens is considerably higher under the pres- ent system than it would be if the city did the work—and collections are bad, to judge by complaints. THE AIR RAIL ROUTES One’s sporting instinct is slightly aroused at the efforts of the major railroads 1o hook up with “air travel” and be the first in the ficld. The Penneylvania management, employing Colonel Lindbergh in an advisory capacity, was the first to amnounce such a linking up process. The railroad obtained reams of nice publicity from the ncwspapers and magazines, with pictures of the planes, the air ports, and all the | knowledge becomes widespread thn!‘,..““m,,, class at Mt. St. Jeseph's course, Mabel will be one of the first three passengers on the line. The Pennsylvania's air mall sys- tem, however, will not start until July 7. Colonel Lindbergh, on his honeymoon, is no help in this emergency. ANOTHER THIRD PARTY? Senator Brookhart is in favor of & new party—a Progressive party—but fails to specify who is to lead it, especially after. it fails to win an election. A Progressive party would have some chance of developing in this country if politicians were not too eager to get into office quickly. Even, to such & man as Theodore Roosevelt, one defeat was enough. and he jettisoned the parly he created. And a little over four years ago, when the elder La Follette was head man in his own particular third party, the subject was dropped after the election. Working up a third party is a .mnltlr of about 12 years, able lead- ership, and adequate finances. Brookhart talks of none of these. STAGE CAREERS IN ITALY The experience that Miss Leonora Lacava has had in 1taly is gratitying to her fellow citizens in this city. It is evident that she gained distinction in grand opera in that land of song. This is no small honor considering the competition that faces every as- piring singer overseas. The city is duly gratified that one of its daughters was able to survive this | gruelling test. Why Americans go to Jtaly and other foreign countries in order to imake a start in an operatic career is self-evident. Cénditions abroad are different, and they favor the aspiring singer. Grand opera in the United States is the most sumptuous on earth; it is given with the world's greatest singers, amid the most magnificent scenic investiture, in immense auditoriums, and in the most lavish and expensive manner generally. But there are not enough srand opera companies extant in this Mnd of the best of everything te provide opportunities for even a small part of tho:s who would shine amid its glitter and tone. In addition to the three main opera companies— in New York, Chicago and Philadel- phia—there are a few other cities enjoying this type of amusement on a part-time basis, with singers in the Tleading roles from the big three; and there are a few miner troupes traveling about hither and yon. In aland of 110,000,000 population, this is scanty operatic fare. Com- pared with the myriads of opera companies on the continent the op- portunities for rising singers are slight in comparison. Even if the Metropolitan or the Civic Opera of Chicago would care to do so, it could not employ a tenth of the worthy native song birds. That is why a large number of American singers go to Furope to “get a start;” with an opera company in virtually every city, subsidized by | the communities or the govern- ments, the opportunities are vastly increased. Besides, there is no denying that a singer who makes an outstanding impression in Europe stands a good chance to hook up with the three or four opera com- panies in America. This has been done, Opera in Ttaly, and in some other | parts of the continent. | is a great national amusement. The cities sup- port it as they do public parks. A singer, told that there is no opening in one city, need only take a short journey to the next and there per- haps find bhetter luck. We in this | country have not arrived at this point hecause there is a prevalent belief that opera is only for a metropolitan centers, which can | give it with kingly lavishness; and when smaller cities attempt to ape the Dig three the enterprise goes !down vnder an avalanche o; cost. | When Italians on their native soil attend the opera they primarily interested in the prima donna her primarily few are not how much is receiving for | nor they | interested in the lavish. ness of the acenery, a world-beating {orchestra, or in the jewels displayed in the hosxes. appearance; are The Ttalian opera— certainly in the smaller cities—is in these things. But | talians go primarily to hear the music, and they like it because they understand deficient the . are familiar with the | | standard repertory, and take all the rest for granted : Opera in the United States will not attain the i same dimensions per capita until the same spirit is shown opera is the music—not finances ner how many pet snakes Mme. Song Bird has in her domicile. REPEALING THE AMENDMENT An imposing list of local citizens of prominence appear to be among those who are willing to lend their moral and financia! suppert to the eftort to eliminate the 15th amen: ment from the Constitution. How this is to be accomplished is a task that faces the Association Against the Prohibition Amendment. Of. clals of the association believe that the amendment can be repealed if 1l those favering repeal put their shoulders to the wheel. This would require a change in the complexion of Congress, which is drier thai™it used to be. Anti-prohibition sentiment 8 widespread; but this amounts to lit- tle so long as during elections the wets dutifully uphold the same congresamen and senators as the drys elect. This, of course, comes through political afiliations. We wonder how great a proportion of the workers in the anti-prohibition association, fer instance, voted the same ticket last fall as the oMcials of the Anti-S8aloon League and the W.C. T. U That is where the shoe pinches. A movement for repeal of the 15th amendment, to be placed before the states, must come through Congreas. It is possible that this boedy, com. posed of many members who are politically dry and wet in practice, would feel warmly disposed toward repeal if they could be shown that sentiment in this direction is large and influential enough to justify tak- ing the neceasary political risk. The chances of the wets in this connec- tion are even better it reapportidn’ ment goes through, ieading to & more equitable representation of the industrial wet states in the lower House. The Senate, where small dry states are as well represented as the big wet states, presents more of a problem. The movement which has gained a foothold in New Britain mirrors what has been going on in many other cities. Curiously enough, it has gained in impetus after President Hoover uttered pleadings that the prohibition law be given another chance, and after he appointed his commission to investigate and report upen the workings of the law. The influential citizens Who are identi. fied with repeal of the amendment evidently do not consider the doc- trine of “another chance” and the “investigation” effort with cenfi- dence. THE FAKED DATH AGAIN Because a thing' is published in the Congressional Record—the offi- cial publicatien designed to report what is spoken in Cengress but also including material that members in- sert on the “leave to print” princi- ple—does not make it trye. The Georgla Court of Appeals has been the most recent judicial body to find this out. It accordingly upheld the conviction of Mrs. E. C. Alumbaugh on a charge of circulating a false oath of the Knights of Columbus during the last presidential cam- paign. Part' of the woman's defense was that the oath had been printed in the Congressional Record. It is curious to trace the in- stances where this spurious oath has been - utilised for campaign purposes and for purpbses of bigotry and scare-mongering. Judge ' Roscos Luke, who wrote the opinien of tite high Georgia court, unsparing in his denunciation of the tactics, said the affair was denounced as “revolt- ing and nauseating” when it appear- ed in the Congressional Record; but these words were not reprinted along with the alleged oath. It is high time that this faked oath were dropped by persons suf- fering from a mental complex which causes them to seize at anything so long as it is foolish. This Is the sec- ond time court action has resulted in a conviction for circulating the faked oath, the former incident be- ing in New Jersey. A committee of Masons, called by the Kaceys to compare the faked oath With the genuine, readily and unanimeusly excoriated the faked oath. But it was used in the recent campaign, and despite the general enlightens | ment of the nation, there were peo- ple who believed it; just as thou- sands once took geriously the forged document supposed 1o have origin- ated from the so-called elders of Zion. There is a point below which de- cent people will not descend im an argument, or in an election cam- paign. This point ought to be kept relatively high, not dragged in the mire of malicious, falsehood. '25 Vears Ago Today All New Britain was shocked by the terrible disaster in New Yerl yesterday wh:n the General Slocum ship was burned. claiming over 1,000 victims. New Rritain was host yesterday 1o 17 officials of the Conselidated railread who made an inspection of the local prop:rty of the company. i by music Jovers; until artist-idolatry tis thrown into the discard: until the Miss Grace Nolan. daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Jdhn P. Nelan of thiz city, is the valedictorian of the in Martford. An eld.fashioned picaic was held yesterday afternoon at Rentachiér's park in hener of Justus A. Traut who has cempletud 50 years ser. vice with the Staniey Rule & Level Co. The class of 1904 of the State Normal schoel will hold its class night exercises this evening at the Normal hall. Graduating exercises will be held tomorrow afternoon. A musical wag given last evening by the pupils of Professor Frederic Harmon. The new Corbin car, which has caused s0 much talk in the auto- mebile world, is now on the market and the company has already re- celved fully & dozen erders. The car has a red body which attracts at- tention wherer it is run. The Business man's association will have charge of the Fourth of Juiy gelebration this year. Facts end Fancies BY ROBERT QUILLEN Jazz may endure for a night, but joy cometh in the merning. If only Burbank had lived long enough to cross the boll weevil and the hookworm. It Nature is so grand, how did she happen to produce the kangaroe and the flivver on different con- tinents? ‘The litérati is composed of two groups—those who do their own thinking, and those who read | Mencken. Forunately there is no pest that blights all crops—unless you count the. tourist, and a good fence thwarts him, Gang killings are easy to under- stand when your caller's children be- gin to smash the furniture, A country doctor is one who can tell the difference between appen- dicitis and green peaches. One objection to marrying in haste is that everybody wonders which one of you got the other drunk. The city man on vacation seldom gets bit by a snake., His jumping- jack reaction to the sound of a rattle has become instinctive, Americanism: Hamstringing the railroads to pleagze the common people—who own the steck and wonder why it doesn’t pay big divi- dends, All we need now to make life care-free and jolly is a charge ac- count at some nice bank. Alas! The fittest who survive us- ually are weaklings who take care of themselves while the he-men take chances and get planted. Europe will pay her debt despite the tarift when somebody finds a ay to fatten a hog by keeping it away from the trough. If you would see a guilty con- sciénce at its best, observe a nice little man, who doesn’t smoke, buy- ing cigarettes for his wife, Oh. goody! Mr. Hoover has rais- €d the tariff on glass and now the farmer will have feweér panes. No wonder Europe kicks on our tarift. 8he doesn't try to keep out any American product ¢xcept auto- mobiles, film machinery, chemi- cals and things like that, The white man isn't the only one efticient enough to utilize waste and eliminate expense. The natives of central Australia eat the old folks. Politics 18 like religion. Those who lose iutercst after each revival can’t hope to get as much benefit a those who work at it all the time. Correct this sentence: *! inferior to men,” said she, ecaus: they alwayvs get the facts before they condemn or praise anything.” feel so Copyright 1929, Publishers Syndicate e Harny - . ye hoard this one ? THE ABERDONIAN HITS BACK An Aberdesa man long resident in London made up his mind to have a holiday in his native city. in spite of what he regarded as the excessive railway fare betwcen the two cities, 80 up he went one evening to King's (‘ross Station and took his place in & long queue at the third- class hooking otfice. When he came {in front of the little window he asked the clerk the price of a single ticket to Aberdeen. Aye . “Five Pounds. and sixpence,” clerk. “Would it be ony cheaper tac tak’ a return ticket?" cautiously asked the Aberdonian. “Eleven Pounds, five shillings!” {sald the clerk without directly an- swering the question. Sandv's lips started t6e move in a mental calculation and this ‘ook him &0 long that a company of American tourists immediately b {hind him in the queue became very impatient. “S8ay. boys.” commenteq ene of the teurists “I would rather have fifty Americans in front of me than one Bcotsman! The Aberdeen man looked around with a droll twinkle in his eye “Aye” s=aid he in a loud voic: “That's what the Kaiser #aid in 1917 twelve shiliings snapped out the BRITAIN DAILY HERALD, THURSDAY, JUNE 13 Tip! To Finland and Lapland trip fold. ers allure us, A happy vacation we'd have, assure us, But why not save money, and find Tecreation o In Fun-land and Laugh-land “ this summer vacation? Modera Viewpoint! Teacher: “Why should we be kind to our parenta?" Tommy: “I'll bite, they Why should L VERSES AND VICE VERSA It's Not Right! (An & General Tendency in Mod. ern Novels) Of what fastidious folk may care Our age is unafraid; Writing biographies, we dare To call a rake a spade! —Lawrence S8nell ¢ o . It Doesn't Pay! I sheuld be gladder, Happier indeed, If T had dever weakened And learned to read. ‘When T read bad books 1 wonder sadly Why any one should want To write 8o badly. ‘When T read good books I burst out crying: I can never write that well, What's the use of trying? But by far the deepest Gloom and despair Comes when 1 read books That are just fair. When 1 was a small boy seom as destlate ag at the ead of the Romaa Era But I shall knew that civilisation has pet yet perished if I can walk in and submit my threat confi- dently to the sharp, steel bl of any barbe: - His Own Petard! Harris: “Did your wife wake up when you came in last night?" ‘Thorsen: “Yes, just as I got un- dressed. I had presence of mind Harria: “Pretty clever, eh?” Thorae! ver me eye! The darn kid woke up and I had to keep alking for three hours before it went 1o sleep again!” 3 —Friedrich Schmidt (Copyright, 1929, Reproduction Forbidden) Quostions and, QUESTIONS ANSWERED You can get an anawer to any question of fact or information by writing to the Question Editor, New Britain Herald, Washington Bureau, 1322 New York avenue, Washington, D. C.. enclesing two cents in stampe tor reply. Medical. legal and martial dvice cannot bé given, mor can ex- tended ressarch be undertaken. All othér questions will receive a per- sonal reply. Unsigned requests can- net be answered. All letters are confiden —Editer. Q. What kind of gifts should be given on the eighth wedding anni- versary? A. Pottery. Q. When was the first meeting of the assembly of the League of Nation! A. November 15, 1320 at Geneva, 8witzerland. Q. What is the meaning and natienality of the family name “Drexel”? A. It is an English and Ameri- can family name derived from the French “Dressel”, meaning “son of Andrew”. Andrew is from the Greek and means “manly”. Q. When was the first edition of Dickens’ “Tale of Two Cities” pub- lished? A. It was published by Chap- man and Hall, 193 Picadilly, Lon- don. It was illustrated by H. K. Browne. A few of the first copies have page 213 misprinted 113. It bears no date. Q. How are decalcomanias made? A. The decalcomania or transfer paper, is commonly made of a paper coated with a starch solution. When this is dried, the paper is coated with a dextrine solutien. The de- aign t6 be transferred is printed over this surface, when dry, with a lithographers ink. definitions of I learned to read. THAT was a great mistake, It was, indced! —Henry Steller Nobody Else! Dr. Pierson: “You must be care. ful of your stomach.” Patient: “A’l right, Doc. T won't let anybody use it except myself!"” —Virginia Newbern THE IDEALIST! By Herbert John Marks Bernice: “Don’t you think you meet loads of people who don't understand you, sort of 2" Irwin: Bernice: of boys, f'r instance, who think I'm terribly queer because I don't neck, because I mean they say all the other girls they know do, do you know what I niean?” Irwin: “Yeah, you bet!"” Bernice: “I mean they simply don’t understand me bocause I've sort of got ideals about things like that.” Irwin: “Well, they have a lot of respect for vou, just the same, though.” Q. What are the “humer”, ‘“irony", “sarcasm"® A. Humor is merriment, the ten- dency to look at things from the incongruous or mirthful side. Irony is a subtle sarcasm, a mode of speech conveying the opposite of what is meant. Batire is a species of poetry in which centemporary vice and folly are held up to ridi- cule. Carcasm is a bitter cutting satirical expression. Q. How many republics afe there in the weorld? A. Counting the Union of Boclal- ist Seviet Republics as one there are 39. Q. What newspapér has the largest circulation in the United States? A. The News in New York City. which has an average daily circu- lation of 1,224,243, Q.- Who invented dynamite and when? : A. Tt was invented in 3866 by Alfred Nobel. Q. Where is Patagonia? A. In South America. Q. What is the annual produc- tion of oranges in California and what proportion are navel oranges? “satire” and Bernice: “I don't think they have—I meas 1 really dont, my dear, because T actually think they just think I'm awfully dif'rent from other girls and kind of pe- culiar or something because 1 don’t neck.” Irwin: “Well, there’'s a lot of suys who don’t understand a girl who has idcals hecause so few girls have ‘em nowadays. Bernice: “I s’pose that’s it, isn't it? But I can't understand these girls who just let anybody neck them because I mean unless I cared for the person, sort of, it wouldn't mean anything.” Irwin: “You're darn right.” Bernice: “Not that I think there's anything wrong about necking but T just think it's awfully sordid, sort of, to let anybody neck you.” Trwin: “Yeah, vou said it!" Bernice: “Goysh. I'm terribly glad you think I'm right about it and 1 honestly think you're one of the few people who really understand how T feel hecause T mean you sort of appreciate anybodv with ideals about thines like that.” Trwin: “Sure—T think it's great for a girl to have ideals.” Bernice: “Well, you don't know how simply marvelous it is to meet romebody like you who actually un- derstands how a girl feels about things like that because I mean 1 simply wen't let anybody neck me who thinks I'm like these other girls who just let anybody neck them because I mean unless the persen respects you for your ideals about things like that T think it's just a terribly sordid performance. my dear—I mean I actually d His Preference! Florenca: “Don’'t you like checo- late bars?’ Allen: “Nope. T always patronize the hard-drink kind!" ¢ —NRoger Wray The Temt! After all. the radical papers may predict poverty may stalk the land. dis be rife, science be sterile. art decadent, rebberies and Blasy (ot murders increage. nten find and lpmlllm & new God, and the world 1 P A In 1938 Caliternis preduced o - bemes of eranges of which between 14 and 16 millien were of the Washington naval variety. Q. When did the Natienal Pre- hibition Act become effective? A., January 11, 19%0. Salooms were closed at midaight January 16, 1920, e Q. What color paints when mized will prodite an orchid shade? A. Mayve and white oil paints mixed. Q. How is the wealth of the United States distributed? A. One recent statistical estimate is that two per cent of the people own sixty per cent of the wealth; thirty-three per cent of the people own thirty-five per cent of the wealth; sixty-ive per cent of the people own five per cent qf the wealth. Q. Is John Alden or Miles Stan- dish the hero in “The Courtship of Miles Standish"? A. John Alden is the real hero. Standish sent John Alden to do his courting for him, but Priscilla, after hearing him patiently plead for the other man asks, “Why not speak for yeurself, Jehn?" Q. What is the combined wealth of Henry Ford and his sen? A. It is estimated about $1,200,- 000,000. Q. Whigh state produces the most peaches? A. California; second. Q. Are Chinese horn in the United States citizens of this coun- try? A Yes, except those born in this country of parents Who were in the diplomatic service of the Chinese government at the time. Q. How many American aviators were credited with the destruction of one or more enemy planes dur- ing the world war? How many were killed in aerial combat? A. There were 1,177 American aviators who were credited with one or more enemy planes destroyed during the world war, and 23¢ who diéd in aerial combat. Observations On The Weather Washington, June 13.—Forecast for Southern New England: Partly cloudy, pessibly local showers to. night or Friday; slightly cooler in north portion tonight; meoderate variable winds. Forecast for Eastern New York: Partly cloudy, probably scattered showers tonight or Friday; slightly cooler in central portion tonight; moderate southwest winda. Conditions: Pressure centers pre- vail this morning over northern New England, Narthfield and Albany, and over the central Mis- sissippi valley at Davenport, Towa. 8howers were reported over scat- tered districts from the Central Minsissippl valley eastward to the Appalachian regions and over the Lake districts and eastward inte the 8t. Lawrence valley and northern New England. The greatest amount of rainfall for 2¢ hours was 3.42 inches at Knoxville, Tenn. Temperatures re- main ubout the same as yesterday. Conditions favor for this vicinity ungettled weather and not much change in temperature, Temperatures yesterday: 5 High 88 70 and Georgia is Low 70 62 Atlanta Atlantic City 5 Essay Writing Contest By Polish ess Mon ‘The monthly meeting of the Po- lish Business Men's asseciation was héld last night at the Falcon Rall at Beaver street. - Stanley Kukuc, viee president, presided, The association has decided to start a contést which every bey and girl, under 16 yeirs of age, is eligi- ble to entér. The contést requires the writing of ga original esmy, the theme of which is “How Can the Polish Business Men Incréase Their Popularity?” It must not be mére than 500 words in lendth and writ- ten in the Polish language. The awards will ba as follows: First prize $10, second $5, third $3. The contest will close in the latter part of July. FOR SLEEPERS, TOO London, June 13—In the near future, if all churches adept the plan inaugurated by two here, peo- ple won't have any excuse not hearing sermens. All Hallows has installed a system of headphenes in pews for pedple who are “hard of hearing.” Winchmore Hill Céngre. gational church at Enfleld has also installed head phones. T ——n Eat Everything without Fear . . of Indigestion Are there lots of foods ean't eat—for fear of , _bleating, dkhlflhflcfl the r'o::. them ? That's a_sign you need Tanlac! For more than 10 years Tanlac has restored to rous health thou- gands who denied themselves their favorite foods just as have to. Mr. William lhml{:! 15 Har. riet St, Pawtucket, L, says: “My tion was 80 peor that I had to live on toast and eggs for six months, Tanlac made a contin- uous ig_lpnvmout and I've gained 1bs. It suffer from indigestion, gas, di’:‘:imu headaches, constipa- tion or torpid li Tanlac a chance to help you! first bot- tle often brings the nesded Tanlac is a good, made of roots, barl that are recognized by L 5323' h‘\' ur money r y. Yo ook g n't help you. Tanlac 52 MILLION BOTILES USED WHO ARK TREY? Our Washington Buresu has compiled a new directory of motien pice ture actors and actresses, alphabetically arranged, and containing brief about :70 of principal people of thé screen. 1t you 14 ke & copy ot this mevie directery. il eut the ccupon belew and mail es directed: = == = e w= =CLIP COUPON BERE === == ==e = ll(m‘loN PICTURB EDITOR, Washington Buresu. New Britain Homn 1322 New York Avenue, hington, D. C. T want & copy of the bulletin MOTION PICTURE STARS, and enclese I herewith A NAME cente in coin, or loose. uncancelled, U. 8. postage Im cover posage and handiing costs: ll'x‘nlu‘ AND NUMBER succececnrncacan cITY STATE I am & reader of the NEW BRITAIN HERALD. Getting the Letter Mailed Fomine Poe. 197)