Evening Star Newspaper, May 16, 1940, Page 2

Bar Relief Slash, - Cannon Contends Declares Curtailment Would Cut 700,000 From W. P. A. Rolls' By the Associated Press. Representative Cannon, Democrat, of Missouri asserted to the House today that world and domestic con- ditions were so unsettled that Con- gress must abandon original plans to slash relief appropriations and provide enough money to help the same ‘number of unemployed that have been aided this year. Opening debate on a $975,000,000 W. P. A. bill before President Roose- velt arrived to deliver an extraord- inary defense message, Representa- tive Cannon said: J “Here is the situation: Under our present schedule of $1,500,000,000 we are employing 2,000,000 men. If we curtail the program we can employ only 1,300,000 men. In other words, 'we would have to drop 700,000 work- ers in America. “So radical a transition would be most disastrous.” Backs Roosevelt Request. Representative Cannon pleaded with the members to agree to Presi- “dent Roosevelt’s recent request that he be permitted to spend the $975,- 000,000 in eight months if necessary. In his budget message last year, Mr. Roosevelt recommended that amount for the full 12-month period starting July 1. “I doubt that there has been a period in history when conditions changed as much as since that (budget) message,” Representative Cannon said. “War abroad has de- pressed unemployment. There is no market left for our products except & few, very few. “As a result.of this situation, it has been necessary to revise our work relief program.” As debate began, one group ,of House members wanted to raise President Roosevelt’s recommenda- tions to $1,500,000,000, approximately the amount voted for the year end- ing next July 1. The President seeks authority to spend the smaller fund in eight months, if necessary. Republicans, on the other hand, renewed their appeal for decentral- 12ing the relief program. Repre- sentative Taber, Republican, of New York drafted an amendment to use the $975,650,000 for grants-in-aid to communities, with the Federal Gov- ernment putting up 75 per cent of relief expenditures and the local- ities giving the remainder. Representative Taber was one of four- Republican members of the House Appropriations Committee who declared in a minority report yesterday that some W. P. A. condi- tions were “scandalous” and involved “incompetency, graft and corrup- tion.” Majority See Improvements, The committee majority, in ap- proving the President’s recommenda- tions for next year, held W. P. A. guilty of “many past misdeeds” but found a “noticeable trend toward better administration.” The committee’s report said that $975,650,000 would provide W. P. A. employment for an average of 1,950,000 persons if spent during eight months. The average for the current year is 2,042,000. It was learned that Representa- tive Woodrum, Democrat, of Vir- ginia,” floor manager of previous Telief appropriations, had stepped down from that assignment because of his opposition to the bill. Representative Woodrum failed to get the committee to hold up the bill while working out a plan for eventual liquidation of W. P. A. Faults Pointed Out. As background for the debate, Wwhich is expected to continue into next week, the committee minority declared that a 14-month investiga- tion by the W. P. A. Subcommittee had served “to re-emphasize certain fundamental faults under the pres- ent system of relief.” “There is no uniform standard for determining need,” the minority said. “There is no proper supervi- sion, or control, of sponsors’ contri- butions, inventories, engineering, ex- penditure, purchase of equipment or supplies, or other important features of the work. “The investigation has also dis- elosed incompetency, graft, corrup- tion, the selling of jobs and promo- tions, the diversion of relief funds to private use, ruinous competition with private industry, the existence of subversive activities, political manipulation and conditions which may fairly be characterized as scandalous in a number of States.” “Convicted of Many Sins.” The minority added that there was no justification for continuing “a system of relief administration which has served to deprive the needy of millions upon millions of dollars appropriated for their relief and which stands convicted of so many sins of omission and commis- sion.” The minority report was signed by Representatives Taber, Wiggles- worth of Massachusetts, Lambert- son of Kansas, and Ditter of Penn- sylvania. The majority report said that mis- deeds within W. P. A. ran all the way frem “minor abuses to major offenses.” It asserted, however, that provi- sions of last year’s relief act and the Hatch law, prohibiting Federal em- ployes from engaging in political ac- tivity, “have gone far to assist the administrative officers in bringing about improvement.” Aid Sought for Dutch And Belgian Children An appeal for funds to aid war- stricken Dutch and Belgian children was made today by Frank Kingdon, chairman of the Save the Children Federation, following receipt of a radiogram from a federation official in England. The radiogram stated: “British Save the Children Fund urgently appeals to friends in United States. Send immediate help to save Dutch and Belgian children from overwhelming disaster. The cry of the mother for her children must reach your heart. Dare we or you fail to extend Christian charity and answer the cry?” Mr. Kingdon said contributions will be received through the Chil- dren Federation, 1 Madison avenue, New York, and forwarded imme- diately to the children fund in Lon- don. "% ' ' WABHINGTON, D. O, THURSDAY, MAY 16, 1060, %" \ Festival of Dances |Senators’ Squandering}’ C I';que Presented by Pupils {Answered by Army and Navy At Phoebe Hearst More Than 200 Take Part In May Day Program Before Parents More than 200 pupils of the Phoebe Hearst School celebrated the arrival of warmer weather yes- terday with a May Day festival of dancing and songs. A series of seven Wances taken from the lore of many nations was ] - | exhibited before parents and teach- MAY DAY FESTIVAL—These children are fourth grade puplls at the Phoebe Hearst School, pic- tured while presenting a Swedish folk dance at a May Day festival which took place at the school yesterday. The children made their own costumes. —Star Staff Photo. Text of President Roosevelt's Message (Continued From First Page.) are part of the new technique of modern war. The element of surprise which has ever been an important tactic in warfare has become the more dangerous because of the amaz- ing speed with which modern equipment can reach and attack the enemy’s country. Hemisphere Protection Calls For Ready-at-Hand Weapons. Our own vital interests are widespread. More than ever the protection of the whole American Hemisphere against invasion or control or domination by non- American nations has the united support of the 21 American re- publics, including the United States. More than ever this pro- tection calls for ready-at-hand weapons capable of great mo- bility because of the potential speed of modern attack. The Atlantic and Pacific Oceans ‘were reasonably adequate de- fensive barriers when fleets under sail could move at an average speed of five miles an hour. Even then by a sudden foray it was possible for an op- ponent actually to burn our Na- tional Capitol. Later, the oceans still gave strength te our defense when fleets and convoys pro- pelled by steam could sail the oceans at 15 or 20 miles an hour. But the new element—air navi- gation—steps up the speed of possible attack to 200 to 300 miles an hour. Furthermore, it brings the new possibilities of the use of nearer bases from which an attack or attacks on the American conti- nents could be made. From the fiords of Greenland it is four hours by air to Newfoundland; five hours to Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Quebec, and only six hours to New England. The Azores are only 2,000 miles from parts of our Eastern sea- board, and if Bermuda feil ‘into hostile hands it is a matter of less than three hours for mod- ern bombers to reach our shores. From a basin in the outer West Indies the coast of Florida ‘could be reached in 200 minutes. The 1slands off the west coast of Africa are only 1500 miles from Brazil. Modern planes starting from the Cape Verde Islands can be over Brazil in seven hours. Aggressor Must Be Attacked Before He Wins Bases. And Para, Brazil, is but four flying hours to Caracas, Venezu- ela; and Venezuela but two and one-half hours to Cuba and the Canal Zone; and €uba and the Canal Zone are two and one- fourth hours to Tampico, Mex- ico, and Tampico is two and one- fourth hours to St. Louls, Kansas City and Omaha. On the other side of the continent Alaska, with a white Ppopulation of only 30,000 people, is within four or five hours of flying distance to Vancouver, Se- atatle, Tacoma and Portland, The islands of the Southern Pa- cific are not too far removed from the west coast of South America to prevent them from becoming bases of enormous stra- tegic advantage to attacking forces. Surely, the developments of the past few weeks have made it clear to all of our citizens that the possibility of attack on vital American zones ought to make it essential that we have the physi- cal, the ready ability to meet those attacks and to prevent them from reaching their ob- Jectives, ‘This means military imple- ments—not on paper—which are ready and available to meet any lightning ‘offensive against our American interest. It means also that facilities for production must be ready to turn out muni- tions and equipment at top speed. ‘We have had the lesson before us over and over again—nations that were not ready and were unable to get ready found them- selves overrun by the enemy. So-called impregnable fortifica- tions no longer exist. A defense which allows an enemy to con- solidate his approach without hindrance will lose. A defense which makes no effective effort to destroy the lines of supplies and communications of the ene- my will lose. An effective defense by its very nature requires the equipment to attack an aggressor on his route before he can establish strong bases within the territory of American vital interests. Defensive Strength Improved Greatly in Recent Years. Loose talking and thinking on the part of some may give the false impression that our own Army and Navy are not first- rate, or that money has been wasted on them. Nothing could be further from the truth. In recent years the defensive power of our Army, Navy snd has been very ours are equal to, or better than the vessels of any foreign power. The Army likewise is at its greatest peacetime strength. Its equipment in quality and quantity has been greatly increased and improved. The National Guard and the Treserve strength of the two serv- ices are better equipped and bet- ter prepared than during any other peace-time period. On the other side of the picture ‘we must visualize the outstanding fact that since the first day of September, 1939, every week that has passed has brought new les- sons learned from actual combat on land and sea. I cite examples. Where naval ships have operated without ade- quate protection by defending aircraft their vulnerability to air attack has increased. All nations are hard at work studying the need of additional anti-aircraft protection. Several months ago the use of & new type of magnetic mine made many unthinking people believe that all surface ships were doomed. Within a few weeks & successful defensive device against these mines was placed in operation; and it is a fact that the sinkings of merchant ships by torpedo, by mine or by air- plane are definitely much lower than during the similar period in 1915. Airplane of Year Ago Now Is Out of Date. Combat conditions have changed even more rapidly in the air. With the amazing progress in the design of planes and engines, the airplane of a year ago is out-of- date now. It is too slow, it is improperly protected, it is too weak in gun power. In types of planes we are not behind the other nations of the world. Many of the planes of the belligerent powers are at this mo- ment not of the latest models. But one belligerent power not only has many more planes than all their opponents combined, but also appears to have a weekly production capacity at the mo- ment that is far greater than that of their opponents. From the point of view of our own defense, therefore, great ad- ditional production capacity is our principal air requisite. For the permanent record, I ask the Congress not to take any action which would in any way hamper or delay the delivery of American-made planes to foreign nations which have ordered them, or seek to purchase more planes. That, from the point of view of our own national defense, would be extremely shortsighted. During the past year American production capacity for war planes, including engines, has risen from approximately 6,000 planes a year to more than dou- ble that number, due in greater part to the placing of foreign or- ders. Our immediate problem is to superimpose on this production * capacity a greatly increased addi- tional production capacity. I should like to see this Nation geared up to the ability to turn out at least 50,000 planes a year. Furthermore, I believe that this Nation should plan at this time a program that would provide us with 50,000 military and naval planes. The ground forces of the Army require the immediate speeding up of lost winter's program to procure equipment of all kinds, including motor transport and artillery, including anti-aircraft guns and full ammunition sup- plies. It had been planned to spread these requirements over the next three or four years. We should fill them at once. Appropriations Sought For Four Primary Purposes. At this time I am asking the immediate appropriation by the Congress of a large sum of money for four primary purposes: First, to procure the essential equipment of all kinds for a larger and thoroughly rounded- out Army. Second, to replace or modernize all old Army and Navy equipment with the latest type of equipment. Third, to increase production facilities for everything needed for the Army and Navy for na- tional defense. We require the ability to turn out quickly in- finitely greater supplies. Fourth, to speed up to a 24-hour basis all existing Army and Navy contracts, and all new contracts to be awarded. I ask for an immediate ap- propriation of $896,000,000, di- vided approximately as follows: 1, For the Army, $546,000.000. 2. For the Navy and Marine Corps, $250,000,000. 3. To the President to provide for emergencies affecting the na- tional security and defense, $100,~ 000,000. In addition to the above sum, T ask for authorizations for the Army, Navy and Marine Corps to make contract obligations in the further sum of $186,000,000. And to the President an addi- tional authorization to make con- tract obligations for $100,000,000. ‘The total of authorizations is, therefore, $286,000,000. - It is my belief that & part of the req! of $100,000,000, and the requested authorization of $100,000,000 to the President will be used prin- cipally for the increase of pro- duction of airplanes, anti-air- craft guns, and the training of additional personnel for these weapons. This would be in addi- tion to the direct estimates for these purposes in the other items requested. ‘The proposed details of the ap- propriations and authorizations asked"for will be given to the committees of Congress. These estimates do not, of course, duplicate any item now in the pending War and Navy appropriation bills for the year 1941, Nor do they include sup- plemental or deficiency estimates which may become necessary by reason of pending legislation or shortage of funds under existing programs, Expresses Confidence In Meeting Emergency. There are some who say that democracy cannot cope with the new technique of Government developed in recent years by a few countries—by a few countries which deny the freedoms which we maintain are essential to our democratic way of life. This I reject. I know that our trained officers and men know more about fight- ing and the weapons and equip- ment needed for fighting than any of us laymen; and I have confidence in them. I know that to cope with pres- ent dangers we must be strong in heart and hand; strong in our faith—strong in faith in our way of living. 1, too, pray for peace—that the ways of aggression and force may be banished from the earth—but I am determined to face the fact realistically that this Nation re- quires a toughness of moral and physical fiber. Those qualities, I am convinced, the American peo- ple hold to a high degree. Our task is plain. The road we must take is clearly indicated. Our defenses must be invulnera- ble, our security absolute. But our defense as it was yesterday, or even as it is today, does not provide security against potential developments and dangers of the future. Will Not Hesitate To Call Special Session, Defense cannot be static. De- fense must grow and change from day to day. Defense must be dynamic and flexible, an ex- pression of the vital forces of the Nation and of its resolute will to meet whatever challenge the future may hold. For these rea- sons, I need hardly assure you that after the adjournment of this session of the Congress, I will not hesitate to call the Con- gress into special session if at any time the situation of the na- tional defense requires it. The Congress and the Chief Executive constitute a team where the de- fense of the land is concerned. Our ideal, our objective is still peace—peace at home and peace abroad. Nevertheless, we stand ready not only to spend millions for defense, but to give our serv- ice and even our lives for the maintenance of our American liberties. Our security is not a matter of weapons alone. The arm that wields them must be strong, the eye that guides them clear, the will that directs them in- domitable. These are the characteristics of a free people, a people devoted to the institutions they them- selves have built, a people willing to defend a way of life that is precious to them all, a people ‘who put their faith in God. ers on the playground of the school at Thirty-seventh and Quebec streets N.W. Children ranging from kinder- garten to sixth grade classes took part in the annual celebration. A public address system, provided by the Parent-Teacher Association of the school, detailed the program. ‘The master of ceremonies was 11- year-old Ernest Deal, who was forced to refrain from taking part in the Virginia reel his sixth grade classmates presented because of an injured knee. Rather than deprive Ernest of a part in the program, Miss S. B. Holland, the school prin- cipal, gave him the announcers position, The dances, which included a minuet, a quadrille, the shoemakers’ dance, a Swedish folk dance, a rib- bon dance and the Virginia reel, went off without a hitch, excepting a little trouble encountered by the Virginlans in keeping their broad, straw hats from being whirled off by the gusts of wind which swept the ground. Mrs. Catherine De Shazo gave the children initial instruction in the dances they presented, for which practice sessions were held during the last three weeks, and the other teachers assisted in the polishing up and perfection of routines. Previous to the actual dancing, the small terpsichoreans gravely pronounced “A Salute to the Flag.” Classes resumed again at 1 o'clock yesterday afternoon. Congress in Brief TODAY. President Roosevelt delivers spe- cial defense message to joint session, 1 pm. House: Begins debate on $975,000,000 relief bill. shifting winds becoming westerly. partly cloudy and continued cool. Pressure is_relatively low over the lantic States, Washington. D. C.. an lotte, N. C.. 1.014.6 millibars . while 1t_remains low over the Great Lal region, Houghton Lake, Mich., 1,006.1 mil- libars * (29.71 inches). Pressufe is high some distance off the Atlantic Coast, while lower Mississippi Valleys, Pembina, N. LOZL3 millibas C10.18" inches), is rising over the North toosh ~Island. sh.. 1. (30.34 inches). while pressure is relatively low over the ‘middle Rocky Mountain re- glon and the far Southwest. Phoenix. Ariz.. 1.007.8 millibars (29.76 inches). Tae ot ine" Lave ‘reston the Onio Vaher, tions of the Lake region. the . the Middie Atlantic States and the East Gulf States. Repert for Last 24 ‘Temperature. Barometer. T M Yesterday— 4pm (Prom noon yesterday to noon today.) Highest. §8. 3:50 pm. yesterday. S Zowest. 58, 4 a.m. today. Year aso, 47. Record Temperatures This Year. Fighext. 92 on May 14, Lowest. 7. on January 29. Humidity for Last 24 Howrs. (Prom noon yesterday to noon to:y.l Highest, 95 per cent, at 3 am. today. - Lowest, 33 per cent, ‘at 3:30 yes- terday. Tide Tables. (Purnished by United States Coast and Geodetic Survey.) Monthly precipitation in inches n the Capital (current month to date): . Month, 1940. Ave. January Sun, today 8un, tomorrow. today _ Moon, 38 a.| lphts must be turned em Au 10blle one-haf hour J Plant now for continuous bloom A.GUDE SONS Co R TE———— LANDSCAPE DEPARTMENT CEET—e— 1318 EYE ST. NW. VASHINGTON.OC throughout the summer. Rose Bushes Extra Large Potted Plants PLEASE NOTE ADDRESS OF OUR LANDSCAPE DEPARTMENT u A. Gude Nurseries—, : 95c en.-,$9 A Drive Out to Our Nurseries and Make Your Own Selection Sons Co. FREDERICK PIKE— Mi. North of Rockville Phone Rock. 251 « .| 8an Juan. Puerto Rico_ Ha Cuba Figures Produced to Show Six-Year Total Was Only $4,968,000,000 Countering Clark, Democrat, of Missouri that the New Deal has “squandered” $7,000,000,000 on national defense in six years, Federal budget and mili- tary officials today produced figures showing total expenditures for every military purpose, including pay of the Army and Navy, during the first six years of the New Deal have to- taled only $4,968,000,000, and that the addition of the as yet unexpend- ed total for the current fiscal year brings the total to $6,265,000,000. Senator Clark, in an acrimonious Senate debate - yesterday afternoon over the Lodge resolution providing for an investigation of national de- fense, declared his opposition “to pouring any more billions down the .same rat hole before we find out what the brass hats have done with $7,000,000000 they've already re- ceived.” The Budget Bureau today re- leased preliminary figures for seven years of national defense expendi- tures under the New Deal which show that, although by far the largest part of the appropriations 80 into pay, rations, subsistence and maintenance of the existing mili- tary establishments, the New Deal expenditures already have resulted in 130 new warships, nearly 3,200 new airplanes for the Army, Navy and Marine Corps and an increase of 270434 in officers and men for the three services. 65 Per Cent for Pay, Rations. The War Department produced figures showing that for the fiscal years 1937, 1938 and 1939 more than 65 per cent of its total expenditures were for pay, rations, forage and similar items, including the main- tenance of more than 100 Army Pposts and stations, and that for the current fiscal year, despite great in- creases for new equipment, ex- penditures for these purposes still will amount to more than 45 per cent of the total military expenses. Although complete breakdowns have not been prepared for the six years covered by Senator Clark in his statement on the Senate floor yesterday, the War Department made public a preliminary break- down for the past four years which shows where its appropriations have gone. For 1937, the War Department’s total military expenditures were $380,000,000, of which only 28 per Weather Report (Furnished by the United States Weather Bureau.) District of Columbia—Cloudy and slightly cooler; lowest temperature about 52 degrees tonight; tomorrow mostly cloudy and rather cool; gentle Maryland-—Cloudy and cooler, preceded by showers in extreme east portion tonight; tomorrow mostly cloudy and rather cool. | Virginia—Cloudy and cooler; preceded by showers on the-coast to- night; tomorrow partly cloudy and rather cool. West Virginia—Partly cloudy and slightly cooler tonight; tomorrow | River Repert. Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers cloudy at Harpers Ferry: Potomac clear at Great | Falls today, Weather in Varieus Citles. 58 54 56 Birm'zham Bismarck Boston _ Buffalo Charieston icago Cincinnatt Cleveland Columbia Des Moines 30, Detroit Paso Galveston 2D IRD D TINZ2ITISRIR ‘Year | Phoen! 3 29.97 Foreisn Stations. (Noon. Greenwich time, today.) Temperaturs. Weather Horta (Payal). Azores 63 Cloudy t:nn-emn observations.) Tampa WASH..D.C. = 78 .. Canal Zone charges by Senatorjcent went for the purchases of new equipment, including airplanes, tanks, anti-aircraft guns, artillery and other items. Fourteen per cent of the total went to replace or mod- ernize worn out or obsolete equip- ment. Fire per cent went into main- tenance of equipment and ammuni- tion. The remainder went into pay, clothing, rations, subsistence, travel, maintenance of Army posts, building construction and similar items. 1.66 for New Equipment. For 1938 expenditures amounted 10 $402,000,000. Despite the increase, the Army was able to spend only 1.68 per cent of the total for addi- tional new equipment, and expen- ditures for replacements and mod- ernization remained at 14 per cent. During the past fiscal year, with total appropriations of $455,000,000, the expenditures for new equipment increased to 5 per cent, those for replacements and modernization fell off to 13.5 per cent, while those for maintenance of equipment and am- munition increased to 5.5 per cent. Expenditures for the current fiscal year will show, for the first time, substantial increases in the alloca- tion of the funds provided by Con- gress. Total appropriations and obligations amount to $838,000,000 and the allocation for new equip- ment will increase to 24 per cent of the total, including the great $300,- 000,000 Army Air Corps expansion program. The gains for new equip- ment are partially at the expense of replacements and modernization, as only 9 per cent of the total this year will be for that purpose. Allocations for maintenance of equipment and ammunition also fall off, to 36 per cent. The great bulk of Army expenses are due to the fact that the United States takes excellent care of its personnel, it was pointed out. Whereas the pay of enlisted men in the European armies averages only 65 cents a month, the average pay of the Army enlisted man in this country is $39 a month. Amer- ican soldiers are better fed, better clothed, better housed and are given better medical care than those of other nations. The United States also spends more in proportion for its equip- ment because of compliance with wage-hour laws and other standards which do not apply abroad, it was pointed out. This makes for an | expensive army. Navy Makes Figures Public. To illustrate where Navy appro- priations have gone, the Navy De- partment made public figures for the past three fiscal years, as illus- trative of the defense trends in recent years. In 1937 appropriations, both reg- ular and deficiency, for all naval purposes totaled $530,184932. Of this total, $155,008,729 went into construction of new ships, exclusive of emergency funds for shipbuilding, which amounted to $25,513,345 addi- tional. For maintenance of the Navy #thore and afloat, expenditures were $329,419,997, plus an emergency total of $920,573. Pay of the Navy, including subsistence, transportation and other personnel items, totaled $177,630,366. For 1938, appropriations totaled $530,710,450, of which $178,716,262 went into construction of new ships; $362,073,547 into maintenance of the Navy; $12,369,036 into emergency ship construction; $17,798 into emer- gency maintenance, and $187,181,399 into pay of the Navy. | For the last fiscal year appro- | priations totaled $592,150,744, of which $222,484222 was for new- ship construction, $374,797,873 for maintenance, $4,225,083 for emer- gency ship construction, $68,008 for emergency maintenance and $197,- 917,436 for pay. Naval appropriations for the current fiscal year total $931,084,- 504; total national defense appro- priations for this year are $1,297,- 000,000, according to the Budget Bureau. Gains Made by Army. Under the New Deal the Army has obtained an increase, accord- ing to the Budget Bureau, of 1,200 airplanes; 107,000 men in the Reg- ular Army; 62,000 in the National Guard and nearly 20,000 in the Re- serve; 8200 motor vehicles; 700 tanks, armor cars and combat cars; 400 anti-aircraft guns and 750 anti- tank guns. The Navy has gained by 2 air- Sensé of Jusfice Vital fo Democracy, Hughes Declares Letter From Roosevelt Pays Tribute to Work Of Law Institute Chief Justice Hughes, in one of his rare public appearances, said today that “the dominance of a sense of Justice” is to insure the survival of democratic institutions. In an address to the American Law Institute, he pictured the judge, working with fairness, deliberation and patience, as the keystone of the American system of society. The American Law Institute, at which the Chief Justice was the principal speaker, began the three- day session of its 18th annual meet- ing at the Mayflower Hotel. The institute is interested principally in the restatement of various aspects of the legal code to meet modern changing requirements. President Roosevelt congratulated the organization on its past work and future prospects, in a letter read to the meeting by its director, Wile lam Draper Lewis. In part, Mr. Roosevelt said: “As members of the legal profes- sion, we must always bear in mind that the law is not a detached science, but is the handmaiden of society. It must be adjusted, as nearly as possible, to the require~ ments of shifting society and eco- nomic conditions. As has been truly said: “The final cause of law is the welfare of society.’” Pepper Opens Institute. ‘The meeting was opened with a solemn air by the institute's presie dent, former Senator George Whar- ton Pepper. “Let us all stand for a brief mo- ment,” Mr. Pepper told his col- leagues, “while each of us in his own way quietly beseeches Almighty God to vindicate his power to order the unruly will and affections of mankind.” Mr. Pepper, drawing attention to the vast difference between law and warfare, observed that “even as the battle rages, we can turn aside for an interval of quiet while we con- sider those things that are the antithesis of chaos.” Thoroughness Emphasized. Chief Justice Hughes expressed his gratification at the undertaking of the institute. However, he reserved the most forceful part of his ree marks for the end of his address, where he urged the continued existence of an independent ju- diciary, firm “against solicitation and clamor,” acting with deliber= ation rather than speed, putting care and thoroughness ahead of promptness in decisions. Mr. Hughes said: > “We cannot afford to lose the ideal of a fair and adequate hear- - ing in a passion for expedition, or - to make the processes of the law a mere vehicle for prejudgment or for a mere sorting of facts to suit a preconception of policy. “If democratic institutions are to survive, it will not be simply by maintaining majority rule and by swift adaptations to the need of the moment, but, in the community for- tunate enough to enjoy the benefits of those institutions, by the domi- nance of a sense of justice which will not long survive if judicial proce . esses do not conserve it. - “The judge must in truth repre- sent authority, but he is a symbol not so much of power as of justice— of patience and fairness, of a weigh- ~ ing of evidence in scales with which prejudice has not tampered, of rea- soned conclusions satisfying a sen- sitive conscience. The Decisive Test. “It is in the quality of judicial work—whether performed by courts * or by agencies invested with judicial functions—in its expertness, thor- * oughness, independence and impar- tiality, that the whole scheme of the law, of government by law, comes to the decisive test. “And only as that test is success= fully met will the foundation of a sound democracy be made secure.” craft carriers, 7 cruisers, 7 light cruisers, 13 submarines, nearly 2,000 | aircraft; 55250 manpower, Regular Navy, 16,150 reserves, and 11400 marines, ‘These total gains include the re- placement of many over-age and obsolete vessels, which have been retired, it was pointed out. A total of 130 new vessels actually has been constructed by the New Deal. CADILLAC could build it! §1240 for the Series Fifty. Coupe, delivered at Detroit. Sedans start at $1280. Trans- state and local taxes (if any); optional equipment, acces- 1222 22nd St. N.W. 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