Evening Star Newspaper, July 24, 1937, Page 6

THE EVENING STAR With Sunday Morning Edition, WASHINGTON, D, C. SATURDAY. " July 24, 1937 THEODORE W. NOYES Editor The Evening Star Newspaper Company. 11th St and Pennsylvania Ave New York Office: 110 East 4°nd Onicago Office: 435 North Michigan Rate by Carrier—City and Suburban. Regular Edition. The Evening and Sundav Star 65¢ per month or 15¢ per weck The Evening Star 45c per month or The Sunday Sta- . .. Night Final Edition. ieht Final and Sunday Star.. ight Final Star.. -~ __ T__ Collection rgade at the end of each each week. Orders may be sent by ma phone Kational 6000 St Ave. 10c per week —-5¢ per copy ~0c per month per month onth or or tele- Rate by Mail—Payable in Advance. Maryland and Virginia, Baily and sunday_. . $10.00; 1 mo aily only 1 $6.000 1 mo Sunday $4.00; 1 mo. S50 40c All Other States and Canada. Deily anq Su 1 oyr., $12.00; 1 mo aily “only__ 1 vl T$500% 1 mo. mday mmly $5.00; 1 mo.. 1 yr. boc Member of the Associated Pre: ‘The Associated Press is exciusively entitled to the use for republication of all news dispatches eredited to it or not otherwise credited in th Paper and also the local news pubiished herein, 1l rights of publication of special dispatches erein are aiso reserved. Delay in Palestine. There is a certain resemblance between events in the British House of Commons this week and the epochal demonstration | of congressional independence of which Washington is the scene in connection with the Supreme Court. In London, as here, the elected representatives of the people, rising in protest against proposed action by the executive branch of the government, caused it to be set aside. In Britain, it was a case of Parliament's objection to precipitate adoption of the plan for the division of Palestine. Though advocated as a ‘“surgical operation” necessary to remove the empire’s major difficulties in the Holy Land, the House | of Commons voted on Wednesday to defer Britain's definite commitment to the scheme. Opponents now hope it may either be revised or entirely blocked. ‘The idea of splitting Palestine into a Jewish state, an Arab state and a British mandate signally fails to arouse enthusi- asm among either of the racial groups chiefly involved, while Britons with no particular sympathles one %way or the other criticize the tripartite project as impracticable on the ground that it eon- tains the seeds of chronic trouble instead of enduring peace. _ Yielding to pressure, the Chamberlain government, which®sought outright ap- proval of the royal commission's report recommending partition, has now decided to hand the whole subject over to the Mandates Commission of the League of Nations for ‘“‘adequate inquiry The parliamentary opposition, which is led by Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George, lacks the numerical strength to thwart the government should it finally demand a vote of approval, but the force of the arguments arrayed against parti- tion causes the cabinet to concede the | desirability of thorough exploration be- | fore irrevocable steps are taken. If next | month’s Zionist Congress in Zurich, as | London expects, accepts the tripartite arrangement, its chances of League in- dorsement and ratification by Parliament will be enhanced. Part of the London opposition to par- tition, especially among the dominant Conservatives, springs from the belief that mandated territories are inalienable portions of the British Empire. But in practically all quarters there is admis- tion that Great Britain is obligated to tranquillize Palestine on lines that do equal justice to Arab and Jew, while safe- guarding British interests. Many of the government's critics feel that there has | never been really exhaustive effort in | this direction. Winston Churchill puts | the problem neatly when he says that | the supreme necessity in the Holy Land | is to persuade “one side to concede and the other side to forbear.” The parti- tion scheme, well intentioned as it may be, carries no assurance that it will pro- mote such a solution. — An unknown airplane has been discov- ered making its way to Europe. One of the responsibilities flyers will have to as- sume is that of identifying all fiying ma- chines and seeing that they have owners who are responsible for their behavior. | ‘War may seem hard to avert. The task is inevitable if the mere word is made to serve as a pretext for filling the air with ghips. st New York has always been a busy town | with plans for entertaining the entire country and at the same time with ar- rangements for taking dimes and quar- | ters from the stranger. While assuming | to regulate the great things New York | never neglects the small r———— Art Versus Propagands the de Dancing Teachers' Bu: meeting against activity” in t divislon of W a tion the organizatior obvious lack of respect money,” opposes identific dowed groups of da nistie societies, objects to Government time in picketing mands “wortih-while dance prod The charges are serious, but Indications numerous enough to that they are ju d. No special re- search is required to demonstrate that the influence of Soviet Russia is manifest | in the character of the programs offered by the W. P. A. dancers in the recent past. The shadow of “The Red Poppy"” is only too clearly manifest in terpsi- chorean appeals to “unite against war end fascism,” etc. Perhaps, however, an explanation will help the general public to understand what has happened. Briefly, the story is this: 1In 1918, following the Bolshevik revolution, Lenin and Trotsky found themselves obliged to decide the fate of the Marinsky Institute and the Imperial css Associa has proteste propagan formal res- “deplores the for taxpayers' on of commu- use of en- there | of the District of Russlan Ballet. It was their choice to pervert it to radical ends. They made THE it @ political instrument. And that Is its significance today. But in neither Moscow nor New York is it possible to mix art and propaganda without social peril. No conceivable sophistry can obscure their fundamental opposition. They are, basically, hostile forces. Painting, sculpture, literature, music and drama cease to be free the moment they are harnessed to a special cause. In other language, partisanism a poison. Even propaganda against anda is a sorry affair. Yet the Dancing Teachers’ Business Association is to be commended for its cism. The truly great dancers—Ad- eline Gen Anna Pavlowa, Isadora Duncan and Ruth St. Denis among them-—-simply could not interpret such 15 as “Down with the capitalists” ah for John L. Lewis.” —r———— Captain Barnard. There exists no proper measuring stick to demonstrate the values of so good and useful a life as that of Captain Morris Macy Barnard. He was unique in char- acter and temperament, and the forty years of service he gave to society repre- sent a durable asset which it would be impossible to appreciate too highly. As superintendent of the penal institutions Columbia from 1924 until his seventy-fifth birthday anniver- sary on April 4 last, he earned the undy- ing gratitude of the people of Washing- ton. But more particularly he will be mourned by the unfortunates with whom he was principally concerned. It was his belief that “a man does not cease to be 2 man simply because he has been con- victed of a crime.” Also, he entertained an ardent faith that “even the worst of rascals can be and should be reformed.” Prison, in his considered judgment, ought not to be “a hell on earth.” He gov- erned his charges in harmony with this philosophy of scientific but humane penology. Of course, there were occasions when he was criticized. The Lorton riots of 1933 put his doctrine to a bitter test. Yet he did not despair. Indeed, he pre- served his habitual confidence in mercy as an alternative to vengeance to the end of his career. And it was part of his reward that he found courageous ublic officials to support him and a large number of thoughtful citizens to indorse their attitude of trust. Captain Barnard will be remembered for the kindly and courteous gentleman he was as well as for the work he did. By genius of heart and mind and soul he wrote his name into the history of the Nation's Capital indelibly. R Aliens and W. P. A, Citizens throughout the Nation will be interested to watch developments in the fight now being made by. aliens to retain their connection with W. P. A. In the necessary reduction of personnel in the New York area approximately two thousand foreign-born persons were scheduled to be dismissed by July 31. The law provides for such a cut. Some of those directly affected, how- ever, are appealing to the courts for protection against being dropped from the Federal pay roll. A test case is to be made of the “firing” of a woman for- merly engaged in a pre-school recreation project. She has been in the United States since infancy, but it is part of the record that she did not apply for her second papers until June 1 last. The point at issue, it would seem, is one of fundamental equity. If curtail- ments are essential, it appears logical that aliens should be the first to go. Their status in this country is that of guests, and they are possessed of no rights save those which are granted them by sufferance or courtesy. It is | doubtful if they can demand anything except the ordinary consideration which commonly is accorded to a traveler any- where on earth, But to comprehend the situation it may be helpful to postulate a question— namely, what would be the attitude of a foreign government toward an American who insisted on a dole or a “make work” job? Tourists from the United States, landing at Plvmouth or Southampton, are obliged to sign a covenant not to compete for employment with natives of Great Britain while staylng in England. r—oe—s Farewell has been said to the original court bill. The situation, however, wil be studied for evidences of “new deals” which though smaller will nevertheless constitute an imposition on time and patience and cause even the Postmaster General to feel that one job at a time is all even a husky gentleman should be expected to undertake, - Fault is found by Mr. Morgan with some of the pictures made of him by teur photographers. Amateur are hard to keep up with press but ographers are worse in the { portraiture. eur pi —— e Men vs. Machines. and ion Scientists sociologists working 1 Resources Committee voice considerable apprehension as they ire after concluding that g the tide of unprece- and mechanical de- under the N rid ited material velopments The prospe painful periods of | adjustment following the application of new inventions leads to the recommenda- tion that & joint committee representing several Federal agencies prepare for the probable displacement of men by ma- chines during such trying times. Immediate studies are advocated of the sociological effects of potential man- displacing and investment-threatening devices such as the mechanical cotton picker, pre-fabricated houses, the photo- electric cell, artificial cotton, synthetic rubber, and steep-flight airplanes. Commenting on the group’s findings, | President Roosevelt said that “while it | is certdin much of the unemployment caused by the march of technical ad- vance is absorbed by new occupations “VENING that in the meantime labor may pay & very heavy price through readjust- ments and adaptations necessary on the part of workers whose jobs are affected by change. Employers likewise are deeply affected by swift technological changes producing obsolescence and displacement of capital investment.” “More than jobs and investments,” the President continued. “are affected by technical change: Family, church, com- munity, state and all industry are sub- Ject to its influence. Study and investi- gation of technological advances and their social implications constitute one of our most important American plan- ning problems.” Any one who reads the scientist- sociologists’ report, contemplates the changes that have occurred during the lifetime of a present-day adult American and glances over the pages of history must conclude that man was not placed on this earth to lead a complacent exist- ence. Whether the to which race has been subjected have been properly called “‘progress” may be open to debate, but there can be no doubt that further and perhaps even more sweeping changes are in store. It is encouraging, however, for a nation to awake to the need for prepara- tion to meet prospective change. That, unquestionably, is progress. Despite all the revolutionary political happenings of the day, the greatest rev- olution of all may come in the economic- technological field. The best brains of the Nation should keep their eves on that field if the perils and sufferings of past industrial revolutions are to be avoided. Civilization has required in- dividuals to prove their competence be- fore being allowed to operate automo- biles, airplanes, steam engines, ships and other devices that easily can be turned into juggernauts. Future society may require inventors to submit a plau- sible scheme of social adjustment before patenting their brain children, s The parrot is about the only bird that can be depended on for even a limited vocabulary. The adjustment of vocabu- lary to radio should be carefully con- sidered to keep the message strictly in line with human intelligence. Base ball players have been encouraged to speak an independent dialect and the result has been a method of speech not always simple to the masses. changes the ———aee . Having recovered health, Secretary Ickes proposed to a press audience that the States be called on for a constitu- tional amendment concerning the St preme Court. Mr. Ickes has not only recovered health, but evidently feels fit for a long siege of busy occupation. ———— If James J. Walker succeeds in intery esting the President in a new bridge over the Hudson it will prove that a good talker is powerful so long as he can keep changing the subject. ————— One of the conspicuous characteristics of the U. S. Supreme Court lay in the fact that in spite of efforts to create disturbances, its members took Summer vacations as usual. Shooting Stars. BY PHILANDER JOHNSON, Land and Water. Make hay while the sun shines, proverb advises. In spite of this wide admonition, When the sun through the mist of the morning arises T'd rather get out and go fishin', the The men who impress us as learned and clever Are oft in the selfsame condition. Though faithful in purpose and strong in endeavor, They all like to quit and go fishin’. For toil and for traffic the land was tn- tended. In the struggles of pride and ambition, Where the ripples begin all the strife should be ended. The water was put here for fishin’ Perquisites. “There are very few perquisites now- adays” “I'm glad of 1t replied Senator Sorghum. “Perquisites in the old days | were regarded by too many penurious people as an excuse for holding a public servant down to an inadequate salary.” Jud Tunkins says a special delivery letter is worth considerably more than a dime if it's as important as the girl | who receives one usually seems to think. Whoppers. Where substance fades and goes astray The shadow still will thrive; The largest fish all get awa The biggest yarns survive, Mediocre Speed. “How fast can your car go?” “Just fast enough,” replied Mr. Chug- gins, “to break the road rules, and not fast enough to keep ahead of the cop.” Physical Culture. “Do vou believe in corporal punish- ment?” “Certainly not. After a boy reaches a certain age, corporal punishment ceases to be discipline and becomes an athletic event.” The Mermald. The mermaid is & merry elf, ‘We must admire her more and more. She swims, and don't enjoy herself By promenading on the shore. “Some people’s idea of a contented dis- position,” said Uncle Eben, “is bein’ willin’ to sit down comfortable an’ wait foh meal times while somebody else does all de work.” = e Insect Intuition, From the Grand Rapids Press If insects can't think, how do all the STAR, WASHINGTON born of new industries, it 13 equally true b ¢ne A bugs in a square mile figure out where plenis 15? 105 (C Government Viewed In the Light of History To the Editor of The Star: We are witnessing today a great world-wide conflict supposedly between two theories of government, theories which have stimulated on the continent fear, suspicion, frantic demonstrations and even in some cases resorted to grue- some bloodshed. These theories are sup- ported by those in one instance who are in favor of rule by a clique, oligarchy or some titular head and on the other hand by those who believe in rule by the many, the masses or, to use the more popular term, the democratic way. Both factions seem very earnest in their en- deavors and no doubt conscience to a great extent is molding their decisions. Of course, we all have our own personal viewpoints on such matters, but merely for the sake of interest and the age-old axiom that history frequently repeats itself, let us briefly trace the course of human events during the last four or five millenninms and see which form or theory has proven the more successful. We are told by historians that the nucleus of that great drama called “the evolution of the state” is the early patri- archal family and, of course. this form of organization existed really before there was any kind of government in the modern sense of the word. In the patri- archal set-up the eldest male in the family was always looked up to and respected as the head over the small group which he ruled. The next chap- ter in this metamorphosis of the state was the tribe, ruled over by a chieftain and sometimes assisted by advisory councils. Here we notice that as society increased there was a tendency to add to the administrative end. The next step in political development was the ancient Oriental empire under which flourished the civilizations of Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, India and China. We are told that these empires were not strongly centralized, but were made up of subordinate units obligzed to furnish soldiers and to pay tribute. Our next form of government was the first real attempt at democratic government, known as the Greek city state. Here culture and education abounded apd rep- resentative rule worked out favorably, due in part to the small geographical size and unification of thought. The conquests of Alexander the Great about the middle of the fourth century B.C. destroyed the independence of the Greek cities and for a time re- tarded the advancements of democratic rule. The immense size of this newly formed Roman empire made it impos- sible to be carried on in the representa- tive democratic way and therefore bu- reaucratic and despotic empire was the inevitable outcome. Rome's system pre- vented political education, and its very success in tyrannical suppression brought about its own downfall. The next evolution was that of the feudal state with its powerful barons and their manors. This set-up was not as efficient as the former and was an intricate, interlocking form of govern- ment, with each noble a vassal to the other with the King at the top of a continually shaky pyramid. Under this system and that of the Romans indi- vidual initiative was stifled and the rights of the common man were un- rightfully suppressed. The industrial revolution was the big factor in bringing once more the world back to the folds of democracy. Through the introduction of new inventions and the factory system, trade and economics mounted by leaps and bounds. Indi- viduals became the power of the state and individuals demanded a say as to the progress of political thought. The old philosophy of divine right of kings so exemplified by Louis the XIV when he said, upon question, that he was state, gave way to the more radical and pop- ular - theories of free spsech, press and the right of peaceful assembly. This was the beginning of a new thought, a new era. and one which was to raise the world to the heights of social, economic and political develop- ment. It was this era which gave us the telegraph, the telephone, the radio, the automobile, the railroad, the flying ma- chine and countless other luxuries theretofore only dreamed of. Until today it has withstood in many nations the obstacles trying to defeat it, but in others it has succumbed to the ancient premise that one or a few should rule the many. This is the philos- opohy which builds empires at the cost of thousands of , taxing the people to pauperism so that a huge war ma- chine might always be ready to defend | the conqwered territory. This is the philosophy that persecutes certain fac- tions unmercifully that the ruling factor might remain as near omnipotent as possible. This is the philosophy of Alex- ander the Great, Caesar, Charlemagne, Napoleon, Mussolini and Hitler. In the countries abroad which are resorting to this philosophy, individual initiative to a great extent has been curbed, freedom of speech and press has been stopped and educational freedom has been dealt a wicked blow. I am inclined to believe, therefore, if ‘we as a nation do not plan progressively and systematically that we, too, might drift backward to Rome, back to the pagan influences of barbaric policies. BENJAMIN R. STICKNEY, JR. Way of an Ex-Convict Is Next to Impossible To the Editor of The Star: I read with interest you editorial on the “Last of the Daltons” because I knew Mr. Dalton in life and I talked with him several times. I know things of his life that vou could not possibly know. My interest in your editorial became acute when I read the last paragraph, in which you refer to “ex-convicts” be- cause I have been one some 24 years. In the process I know more about ex- convicts and being an ex-convict than you can ever know in this life unless the roads of life lead you to serve a sentence in a penitentiary and come out with the horror of the degradation attending you like a “nightmare” from which you had just awakened. I have been out of prison now a quarter of a century and the prison has never left me since I left it. I think of it in the daytime and dream of it at night. I have met and encountered more rebuff, hard disappointments and {ll- will, obstacles, hard knocks, ups and downs and stood it than any man dead or alive, in hell or heaven. No matter what I do I wish I had done some other way. What I do and the wayv I do it does not please society and the gen- eral public. During the past five months I have slept on the bare floor and I am 75 years old and my bones are hard and hard figors make them ache. I have had no ice this Summer to cool my drink. My v is hard and I could have had in my pocket a million dollars if I had taken the easy way. The way of an ex-convict is next to impossible and that is why we have such an epidemic of crime in this country. E. E. DUDDING, Huntington, W. Va. RS, Too ny of Something. From the Illinois State Journal. Goebbels is quoted as saying Germany has too many churches. What he wants it s too many preachers who don't agres with Goebbels, SATURDAY, JULY 24, 1937. THIS AND THAT BY CHARLES E. TRACEWELL. Something is always taking the joy out of life in the garden, and in gladiolus growing it is the thrips, a small insect with a cream-colored band crossing the black or brown body. This pest was unknown until about eight years ago. Before that there was no more insect-free flower than the gladious is any of its scores of beautiful shades. Here was one plant, every gardener told himself, which was not bothered much by insects. He could plant it any place where a reasonable amount of sunshine could be secured. This immunity from the pests which bothered so many otiter flowers was un- doubtedly one of the great charms of the gladiolus, which made it planted by amateurs as well as professionals. In the old days, an average gardener could have gorgeous gladioli, specimens 5 to 6 feet tall, with immense flowers of perfect substance and color. * Kk ok % ‘With the coming of the thrips. all this changed, almost overnight; at least, what might be termed overseason Blighted leaves, ruined blossoms, bulbs all torn and speckled—these were some of the results of the infestation. Professional growers and sellers were hit hardest. The swordlike leaves were the perfect complement to the fine flow- ers, and nothing more was needed in a bouquet. These long, fine leaves were the first part of the plant to show injury, being browned and made unfit for use. Leaves of other plants had to be used when sending out spikes of gladioli. To the lover of these flowers, this procedure was enough to make angels weep. But what could the grower do? He was fortunate if he got good spikes. x oK ok % Amateur growers were not so hard hit, since nothing but beauty and personal satisfaction depended upon the growth of thrips-free plants. (Thrips, by the way, is both the singular and plural form.) Nothing but beauty and satisfaction! Other plants, in other words, might be grown. One could give up gladiolus growing—and thousands of home gar- deners did just that. No plant, however beautiful, was worth all the treatment of corms (buibs) and spraying with deadly poisons later, if the plants were found infected anyway, despite the preliminary treatment. It was much easier to give up their culture completely, than to fool around with them. having the sorrow of blighted flower spikes. Few flowers are more beautiful than these, and few seem so much ruined when they are spoiled. * K ok x Professional growers had to do some- thing, and did it. Experts of the Department of Agri- culture were called in. The Division of Horticultural Crops and Diseases of the Bureau of Plant Industry, and the Divi- sion of Truck Crops and Garden Insects of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine co-operated. Ways and means of beating the thrips were worked out, with the aid of profes- sional growers, until today the controls are perfect, provided the utmost care is taken by all growers and planters all along the line. For the average person, the thing to do is to see to it that only thrips-free bulbs, or corms, are purchased. Even then, however, if infected bulbs have been planted in a neighborhood, the agile thrips may find their way to good plants and ruin them. Thus it may be realized that absolute sanitation is not always easy, and that STARS, MEN there i many a thrips between the corm in the ground and the flowers in the air, alas. R The corms and growing plants both may be injured by the pest. Since the corms are commonly stored in a moder- ately cool place in Winter, this makes an ideal Wintering ground for the insects. They feed on the bulbs during the ter. Tying them up in paper bags with napthalene flakes is an approved method One ounce, given as four level table- £poons, is to be used for every 100 corms The napthalene is to be left on the corms for about four weeks, when the flakes should be shaken out. The best time to give this treatment is after the bulbs have been ripened. Any time be- tween November 1 and March 1 is ap- proved. Other fumigants, being deadly poisons, should be used by professionals only Professionals also may use a hot-water treatment, which requires that the corms be immersed in hot water at a temperature of 112 degrees for 20 min- utes. It may be realized that this is a somewhat ticklish method, and exact- ness must be used all along the line. It is a method best used by the professional. ok ok Control of thrips in the field or gar- den must be done by spraying. and here again one of the most deadly plant spray materials is recommended. This spraying. to be really effective, after the telltale “silvered” spots are found as soon as the plants are up 5 or 6 inches, should be done weekly or every 10 days until flowering begins. Now this is a perpetual nuisance, one ma sist, and that is why we recom- mend that greatest care be taken in se- curing guaranteed tarips-free bulbs, to begin with. If this preliminary care is taken, one may rest fairly easy about the future of the flowers. One will not be forced to make those nuisance sprayings with extremely poisonous materials, There is alwavs danger in using such sprays, not only in the direct and re- peated handling of such materials, but even more in the unconscious and often unregarded inhaling of some of the spray. As in all spraving, the finer the spr the better, and the finer the spray the more easily it flies around when slight winds suddenly change direction. * < If the thrips infection is not noticed until the flowers begin to bloom on the spike, there is practically nothing that can be done. Hence it may be seen that the best “treatment” for the amateur is no treat- ment at all; that is, let the grower and seller attend to this, in the first place. This has been done, in most cases, so that today if one buys bulbs from a re- liable grower, and pavs a fair price, and does not hunt for bargain bulbs, he has every chance of getting thrips-free bulbs and flower spikes, No one should feel that because of this infestation gladiolus growing is impos- sible, or even difficult today very one knows how perplexing the keeping of a canary seems, if one only reads the book- lets about the bird, and notes the long list of diseases to which it is heir. After one acquires a canary, most often it gets along very well, with only now and then — { something going wrong. It is the same way with flowers. The i gladiolus certainly is worth all the care and trouble in the world, if this is neces- sary; fortunately it is seldom necessary for the amateur, if he makes a good se- lection at the start, both as to varieties, grower and price. Better a few good ones, than a “whole lot” of poor ones. AND ATOMS otebook of Science Progress in Field, Laboratory and Study. BY THOMAS R. HENRY. The iron age had a hard time being born. Man's natural conservatism caused him to look for many centuries with suspicion on the metal which was to transform human culture. Even as late as 1787 New Jersey farmers objected to iron plows on the grounds that they poisoned the soil and stimulated the growth of weeds. Even today certain African tribes will hot use iron hoes. They think the metal keeps away rain. The story of iron is presented in the recent report of the Technological Com- mittee of the National Resources Com- mittee as & striking instance of this deep-seated resistance to innovation. Only very slowly did the metal displace bronze and stone in human artifacts. One early drawback was the high price. At the end of the sixteenth cen- tury a forge could not make more than two tons a week. Fifty tons a year was a good output. The iron was of poor quality, was often insufficiently decar- bonized, and crumbled when it was ham- mered. The Englishman who first had the idea of using coal in forges in 1783 went bankrupt the next year. In 1856 an Englishman named Bes- semer first made public his process of making steel. Iron manufacturers bought his patents, but couldn't make them work. Bessemer repurchased them, per- fected his process, and went into busi- ness for himself. But he found that his product was a drug on the market. The public was suspicious of his new metal. Ten years before Bessemer an Amer- jcan named William Kelly had discov- ered independently essentially the same process, but it came to nothing. Kelly's father-in-law ran an iron forge. He thought Kelly's experiments were ridic- ulous and were giving his factory a bad name. When the experimenter produced some of his product the old man's com- mon sense was justified. Nobody would buy it. Equally difficult was the progress of the steam engine. It might have been invented a thousand years before it actually came into use. In 50 AD. a Greek named Hero, who lived in Egypt, described a machine which would open temple doors, produce a jet of steam which would support a light ball, and which appears to have been essentially a steam turbine. In the tenth century one of the Popes, Sylvester the Second, invented a steam engine which would operate a church organ. A little later an Italian chemist named Branca pro- duced a steam-operated device which would turn a paddle wheel. It was built in the form of a man. In the early seventeenth century Oliver Cromwell’s brother-in-law was making experiments with steam engines. In 1663 the Marquis of Worcester obtained rights for 90 years by act of Par- liament for a “water commanding en- gine,” the first knowr. effort to make commercial use of si#am. Both he and his widow, who inherited his patent, were unable to induce anybody to put money into a company to foster such a ridiculous idea. In 1698 an Englishman named Thomas Savery invented an engine to pump water out of coal mines in Cornwall. He thought Righly of his invention and circulated a pamphlet among mine own- ers—one of whom was using 500 horses to raise water by buckets—but was un- able to convert them to the idea of “raising water by fire.” Iv the machine was costly and dangerous and the mine owners probably were sound in their conclusions. In 1712 another Englishman, Thomas Newcomen, in- vented a steam engine to pump water from mines which was essentially the steam engine of today The invention generally is credited to James Watt. Actually, the report points out, his only made an improvement on Newcomen'’s device, but was able to so tie it up with patents that all further development was held up for a century. Watt didn't realize the implications of his own invention and wouldn't let any- body else realize them. In 1763, however, a Russian engineer named Polsunov invented independently an efficient steam engine. The Empress Catharine granted him an award, but that was all he ever got out of it. Rus- sla was too backward industrially to have any use for the device. In 1786 Oliver Evans was granted rights in steam machinery for flour mills by Pennsyl- vania and Maryland, but not a single miller would have anything to do with the “rattletraps.” In 1828 John Ericsson demonstrated a steam fire engine in London. The municipal authorities turned down the idea and continued to use hand pumps for 32 years. Electric power had an even harder time in winning a place for itself. Early experiments, the report points out, were ignored or ridiculed. No attention was paid to Benjamin Franklin's experi- ments. The Italian Galvani, in 1762, re- ported experiments on reactions of frogs’ legs to electrical shocks “I am persecuted by two classes,” he d, “the scientists and the know-it-alis. Both call me the frog’s dancing master. Yet I know I have discovered one of the greatest forces in the universe.” The great English scientist Faraday recognized the possibilities of electricity, but by that time steam was becoming established and manufacturers had made. heavy investments in machinery. They were little inclined to encourage any- thing which might render their machines obsolete, ———— Wrong Readers. From the Salem (Mass) News, The printed codes of instruction for motorists to help them avoid accidents are very carefully read by those who would never have any accidents anyway. e The British Way. From the Fort Wayne News-Sentinel. For lighting a cigarette in the House of Lords a member is unceremoniously ejected. Over here, the usual honoraria for indorsements would be doubled. ) Dialects. h " (Mont ) Independ Critics are complaining about the New England author who writes Negro dia- lect. It is awful, but the eritics should hear Hollywood British. [ ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS BY FREDERIC J. HASKIN. A reader can get the answer to any question of fact by writing The Evening Star Information Bureau, Frederic J. Haskin, Director, Washington, D, C. Please inclose stamp for reply. Q. What is the name of the American= bred trotter that is supposed to belong to Mussolini?—H. J. A. Muscletone is said to be owned by an Ttalian sportsman. Givo Maiani, but it has been rumored that the real owner is Premier Mussolini What language is spoken in Haiti? R Q. -~F. A. The spoken language is a corrupt dialect of French known as Creole French. Q. What has become of Barney Old= field, the famous auto racer?—H. J A. He is living in Beverly Hills, Calif,, where he works for a large automobile company and lectures on safe driving, Q. How old was President Roosevelt when he lost his father?>—C. J A. At the time of his father's death the President was 18 years old. Q. Where is smallpox most and least ! prevalent?—J. W. R A. The lowest rates occur mainly in continental ~ Europe, Australia and Japan, while the highest smallpox death rates appear to prevail in India, China and Mexico. The intermediate rates mainly in the Anglo-Saxon coun- including England, the United States and Canada. Russia and Switz- erland, until recently, had verv high rates, but in the past few vears have reduced smallpox almost to the vanish- ing point. Q. How many Rotarians attended the Rotary International at Nice, France? —J. F. A. More than 6,000 Rotarians attended, representing 65 countries. Q. For what are glass textiles used? —E. H. A. Their widest use is in industry where in thread and cloth form they are valuable for insulation purposes, both thermal and electrical. The cloth is used also as a filtering medium and in mat form for insulating buildings, pas- senger trains, refrigerator cars, domestic refrigeration and industrial boilers on furnaces. In a limited fleld textile glass has been used for wearing apparel. Q. Who invented champagne?—S. L. T. A. Dom Pierre Perignon, a Benedictine monk in the Abbey of Hautvilliers, France, discovered the process of put- ting the bubbles in the wine of that region more than 250 years ago. Q. How much does Donald Budge's tennis racket weigh?—E. H. A. The tennis champion uses a 15« ounce racket. Q. How many miles did the Carrols travel by dogsled to New York?—H. W. A. Patrick Carroll and his wife, who recently arrived in New York, had trav- eled 5000 miles by dogsled from their home in Ootsa Lake, British Columbia. They left home in March, 1936, Q. How much money is made in the tourist camps of the country?—T. R. A. Total receipts from rentals, sales of meals and merchandise in 1935 reached $24,300,000. There were 9843 tourist camps. The ones with service statiohs averaged $4.836, while other camps averaged $1,851. Q. What is dowmetal?—W. H. A. The metal is made largely of mag- nesium and is the lightest structural metal in the world. Aluminum is one and a half times as heavy as dowmetal. It is used for airplane wings, machine parts and for auto trailers. The gon- dola of the United States Army-National Geographic Society stratosphere balloon was made of dowmetal. Q. How many farmers are engaged in tobacco production?—W. P. A. Over 400,000 farmers produce the tobacco grown in the United States. Q. When were horseshoes invented? —J. M A. Though the ancients were suffi- ciently impressed by the damage done to horses’ hoofs to devise certain forms of covering for them (in the shape of socks or sandals), the practice of nailing iron plates or rim-shoes to the hoof does not appear to have been introduced earlier than the second century B.C., and was not commonly known till the close of the fifth century AD, or in regular use till the middle ages. The evidence for the earlier date depends on the doubtful interpretations of designs on coins, etc. As time went on, however, the profession of the farrier and the art of the shoesmith gradually grew in im- portance. Q. How many aliens in this country face deportation?—W. H. A. The files of the commissioner of immigration and naturalization contain the names of 3,000 aliens who are sub- Jject to deportation because of illegal entry to the United States or offenses involving moral turpitude in their na- tive lands. % people do not have —W. R A. Forty-five million residents of the United States have no library service of any kind in their communities, s —em—. How to Care for Pets. Give your pets plenty of room. Big cages are best for canaries and parrots, large aquaria for goldfish, outdoor exer- cise for dogs, fresh, clean air, and clean sleeping quarters for all pets. The 32- page booklet CARE OF PETS gives expert advice on the housing, feeding, bathing, breeding and health of all sorts of domestic pets. There are chapters on the care of dogs, cats, canaries, parrots, pigeons, goldfish, rabbits and other pets. The health, comfort and value of your pet is worth your careful knowledge and atiention. Any reader may secure a copy for a cost and handling charge of ten cents. Use This Order Blank The Washington Evening Star Information Bureau, Frederic J. Haskin, Director, ‘Washington, D. C. T inclose herewith TEN CENTS in coin (carefully wrapped) for a copy of the booklet CARE OF PETS. Name Street or Rural Route »