Evening Star Newspaper, July 18, 1937, Page 27

~ ‘BENEVOLENT MONOPOLY’ . IS CREATED BY AIR LINE Pan American aw Into Future and “Sewed Up” Trade Routes That Aid U. S. BY JOSEPH S. EDGERTON. N THE early davs of air transporta- tion, much of the development was based on pure expediency—a mere meeting of the demands of the | day. The fiying of passengers, mail and express was too new a thing to admit of long-range planning. There were 100 many unknown factors in- volved: the science of flying was ehanging too rapidly to permit looking very far into the future. was thought The result was that airlines made those mistakes which are the inevitable result of short- | wighted policies. Thev were costly mistakes and they resulted in finan- efal failures in many cases. There were, of course, exceptions to | the general rule of living for the day. | many of the A few of the domestic airlines went | In for what some of their competitors | contemptuously referred to as “crystal £azing” and became the beginning of the great systems of todav Perhaps the most notable example of long-range air transport planning, however, is that exhibited, not in the domestic field, but in the more diffi- | cult field of international flying by the group of pioneers who established what todayv is Pan-American Airwa The growth of this system into the world's greatest air transport unit is the result of a type of planning which from the very beginning. looked ahead into the years and prepared for the future. Spared Cancellation Stigma. Tt was a type of planning so sound and so detailed that when the political &torm of 1934 swept awav every do- mestic airmail contract, Pan-American alone of all the airlines under the United States flag was unscathed. It had established itself so firmly and had made itself so vital and integral a part of American foreign commerce and policy that Congress. the State Department, the Post Office Depart- ment and the Commerce Department were forced to recognize that it could not be treated as a part of the ordinary airmail svstem So thorough and far-seeing was the policy which has guided the develop- ment of this international line, which now carries the United States airmail * flag into every country of the Americas and every territorial possession of the United States. which crosses the Pa- cific and operates in China and which now is pioneering its way across the Atlantic, that when the depression staggered progress on every other American airline, Pan-American went forward to its greatest gains. These gains it made and has maintained in the face of domestic depression and the savage competition of subsidized European “empire” systems. Pan-American made a modest start. At the end of 1928 it was operating & single 251-mile route. following its inaugural venture between Miami and Havana. By the end of 1929, Pan- American was operating a 12.000-mile gvstem. The end of 1936 found it operating over routes totaling 40.869 miles. this year has witnessed com- | pletion of the Pacific service, inau- guration of the Bermuda line and opening of services in South America which brought into the network the only two nations into which Pan- American had not previously operated in the New World. Before the end of this year, it is anticipated that Pan- American will be operating across the Atlantic and down through the South Seas from California to New Zealand. Pioneering flights across the Atlantic #nd to New Zealand have been made. Under the United States flag, Pan- American today operates nearly one- | fifth of the total international airway mileage and at the beginning of this vear linked together a total of 40 countries Pan-American’s success is credited to the fact that it has reversed the procedure adopted by a majority of airlines in developing new territories. Almost universally, the procedure in the United States has been to obtain | an airmail contract and theh base | development upon the contract; no | contract, no development. Pan-American, on the other hand has gone into its new fields as though there were no such things as airmail eontracts to worry about. Long before Any one else had considered the possi- bility of airmail service on many of | ita routes. Pan-American was in the | field. Trained foreign commerce ex- | perts were studying all of the trade | possibilities and arranging desirable | commereial agreements between local interests and the airline. All-important operations agreements were arranged with governments along the route, covering the handling of | airmail and the use of ports and other | facilities. Options were obtained on the use of railroad facilities, servicing | facilities, ports, hotels—anything which | might be essential to the operation of | an airline. In every possible case, the agreements were exclusive agreements | in favor of Pan-American. Its fran- chises to operate in foreign countries | were obtained long before the first sirplane appeared; before any one else was fully awake to the possibility of airline service over the route. Mail Follow Axiomatically. With the route thoroughly and com- | pletely “sewed up,” Pan-American was ready to operate. Very often its op- erations were begun without malil, in order to protect its franchises. But when the time came for airmalil, it at once became apparent to all that there | was but one airline in the field and | only one which could operate in that | particular field for a long time to come. | So. when airmail bids were advertised, | Pan-American submitted its bid at the maximum legal rate and was, virtually without exception, the sole bidder. This was the reason Pan-American alone was spared in the airmail con- | tract cancellations. Pan - American | was our foreign airmail service. It | held exclusive franchises everywhere and was the sole principal in airmail | agreements with the countries into | which it operated. To cancel Pan-| American’s foreign airmail contracts was to cancel foreign airmail service. This, in view of the administraton's policy of building up foreign commerce, was unthinkable. Pan-American was rendering an international service which was regarded as indispensable and was providing that service with a thoroughness and efficiency rare among airlines of the world. It had, in fact, become a vital and growing part of our international commercial life. Monopoly? Yes, but a monopoly built upon such early and thorough development, of the field that belated efforts to build up competition proved sterile and died without issue. Or so it | built. | for | airmail, Business. its operations. The line did not base its operations upon aireraft which might be available for its purposes, As virtually all other airlines have one. It decided, years in advance, the type of aircraft it was going to | require; aircraft so far in advance of | anything then obtainable that most of | the aviation world was startled and | incredulous when the specifications became known. But the airplanes were | The splendid Sikorsky S-42 types which pioneered the Pacific to | China and to New Zealand, which are pioneering the Atlantic and which are the backbone of the Caribbean, South American coastal and Bermuda runs, were developed to Pan-American specifications. So were the great Mar- tin clippers which now are maintain- ing service between California and | China. And so are the huge Boeings, which have not yet come out of their Seattle factory, The same forward-looking policy is applied to the training of the flight crews which man the big clipper fly- ing boats. Pan-American starts with | men who already are qualified trans- | port pilots university graduates and. very often, aeronautical engineers. It | opens to these men a career leading to the highest flight rating yet created. that of master of ocean fiving boats Up to last year no man had attained that rating in the seven years of op- eration. Today there are five masters. learns From Ground to Sky. The “recruit” pilot. with his trans- port license. his university training and | his Reronautical engineering degree, starts in school with Pan-American. He acts as a trafMic man, communica- tions worker and meteorologist. He helps the mechanics and radio men In school he learns the trades of en- gine mechanic, radio operator and be- comes & celestial navigator. He qual- | ifles for licenses in these trades. He | learns traffic problems and must qual ity by examination clearances. international law, maritime law, at least one foreign language and seamanship. Then he becomes eligible to fill the funior post on an ocean- fiving boat. To progress to the next degree— flight engineer—he goes to school again, specializing in engines and radio. among other things. | in international | | hardship. THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHIN GTON, D. C. JULY 18 1937 America’s Wasted Riches Farming Methods Have Neglected Soil Conservation as Source of Wealth. e This wheat fleld is a fine sight. How long will it continue to bear such crops? BY PAUL B. SEARS. | HE greatest argricultural college in the world has no faculty, | and 1t is older than history. | It is the tough, costly school of It publishes no bulletins. | Its lessons must be burned into the | fiber and folkways of its graduates. | | Those who will not learn do not sur- The next degree is senior pilot. This | calls for & great deal of air and water experience. The senior pilot is captain of his flying boat and will receive a salary of $7.800 & vear or more. But even the senior pilot and cap- tain goes to school. He is seeking the superlative rating of master. The master, eventually, will be relieved of all actual fiying details and will act purely as the master of his ship, in exactly the same capacity as does the captain of the largest ocean liner. | This will greatly prolong the useful careers of veteran pilots and will per- and hard-won experience after their value for actual piloting detail has ended But, although Pan-American so far has won for itself a virtual monopoly on all of the far-flung routes it has pioneered. there ix a growing tendency in Washington to restrict any further monopolization of international aerial trade routes. especially in the richest fleld of all—the North Atlantic. Five Years of Preparation. Here Pan-American already has put in more than five years of prepara- tory work. It has entered into oper- ations agreements with Great Britain, France and Germany. It has ob- tained exclusive rights to represent United States aviation in Bermuda, the Azores. Greenland, Iceland and in the British ports. Years of detailed weather and oper- ations studies have been completed. | Pan-American representatives gone into Labrador, Iceland with Trades have Greenland and scientific expeditions. agreements and commercial | liaisons have been made. The flight | pioneering period is in full swing and terminals have been prepared in the United States and Canada, in Ber- | muda, the Azores and Ireland. | Mississippi is wonderful stuff The time s drawing near for air- | mail. Congress has provided funds establishment of trans-Atlantic airmail service this Fall. American is the only operating airline in the field and the only one likely to be in the field for a long time to come. Its pioneering work is behind it and it is ready to go. But will the same old monopoly result? Will Pan-Ameri- can bid in another juicy contract at the maximum rate because it is the only airline capable of backing up a | bid? Perhaps not. If trans-Atlantic service were to be established on a contract basis, as is done altogether in the United States and has been done, so0 far, in the in- ternational field, a monopoly unques- tionably would be created in favor of Pan-American Airways. But the Post Office Department and the Commerce Department are unwill- ing to see such a monopoly established. They believe the trans-Atlantic serv- ice will be heavy enough to support competitive activity amnd that the field should not be restricted by monopoly. Would Distribute Business. Second Assistant Postmaster Gen- eral Harllee Branch, in charge of explained that the Post Office Department is seeking to avoid contracting with Pan-American or Any other company for trans-Atlantic airmail service, but that efforts will be made to distribute this airmail business on a straight poundage basis to any sirlines capable of per- the procedure followed in the steam- ship mail service since the smashing of the ocean subsidy system, it was | explained and ends both subsidies and monopolies. Before the poundage rate system of distributing mail business can be applied to the trans-Atlantic air service, however, Branch said, legisla- tive action will be required. The necessary bills have been introduced in the Senate and House and efforts are being made to push them to en- actment during the present session. Secretary of Commerce Roper also has come out publicly against erea- tion of an Atlantic air transport mo- mopoly. “The completion of the first trans- Atlantic flights from England to this country and return” Roper said, “‘opens up very forcibly to the Amer- ican public the future possibilities of foreign air trace over the seven seas. American designers and builders of aircraft have lead consistently in this development, and with the new, large, ocean-going flying boats now in pro- duction I believe they will continue to lead. “But certainly the Federal Govern-/ ‘The thoroughgoing efficiency with which Pan-American established its routes was carried into all phases of A ment, in visualising the future enor- mous possibilities of air-borne trade, will see to it that proper encour- forming the required service. This is | Again, Pan- | vive to graduate And so it happens that permanent advances in agricultural practice almost up to today have arisen where life was not easy. The the great, | Indians of our very dry Southwest grow their dwarfed corn and beans and feed themselves where we would have trouble to hang on. The Egvp- tians. for all their good luck in getting tribute from the upper Nile, had to use their wits and skill. Life had to be built about the river. Engineers were developed to relocate landmarks | after the flood. to impound water when mit Pan-American to use their long | 1t was high for use after the river had | receded. Planning and forethought were the price of staving alive For the price of a postal card any one of us can bring to our door & stream of printed information about the land and its use. This information is tested and technically correct. But it is, alas, precisely no good until it is a part of the life of those who live upon the soil. And these, by the million, are doing things as their fathers taught them. under the com- | pulsion of debts and taxes. love and prejudice, ignorance and native wis- | dom. Fat chance to tell a man to | buy fertilizer and terrace his farm when he may not know where his seed is coming from! Bright prospect in asking him to manage the land for his grandchildren's sake when it belongs | 1o some one else. as is the case with over 50 per cent of the farm land in the United States today. Human Side Most Difficult. These things being true, suppose we leave the realm of tables and formulae | and look at folks a while. For the | most difficult part of conservation is not the technical. but the human side. | The rich black land of the lower | In the words of an old Texan, "It just | naturally seems to sprout big white | houses.” That is, it used to sprout them, when cotton was king cash, labor was cheap and happy, and owners lived on the ground. If a man has money in his pocket. what else does he need? Certainly not the pastures |and woods which covered the thin- | had stripped the living cover from | was wrong. soiled hills above this black land. Particularly not if these hills could be plowed and put into 40-cent cotton Not long ago a supervisor of one of | the Federal relief projects in a South- ern valley learned that most of his clients were the immediate descend- ants of the once-wealthy planters in the valley. And about | that time, in the course of the exca- vation which he was making, or rather which they were making under his direction, he found the answer. Some nine feet down from the present sur- face, under a load of sterile sand and silt, lay the buried family treasure. This treasure was none other than the rich, deep, black soil that had in its day sprouted mansions. The hands that had buried it were not those of pirates but of its lawful owners who cotton | the hills in their effort to better a very good thing. And when the rains descended, the hills, too, came down. Why was not something done before it was too late? Ah, there's a story, too. The city dweller, living in a crowded world, with comparisons constantly before him, knows the moment his shoes need a shine or his automobile lacquer becomes dull and faded. But the farmer may have the soil shifted about under him and be unaware of the change. More than once I have had men tell me that they never knew their ground was washing away or being buried by wash from elsewhere until unaccountable crop failures warned them that something We pay millions annually for locks, bolts, policemen, armies and navies— merely to protect our wealth. We do not expect any direct return apart —_— P agement is forthcoming to any and all American citizens desiring to make contributions in this field. The outlook is so enticing and success 80 vital to American business and industrial life that the responsibili- ties and opportunities involved must not be permitted to be monopolized. The over-water route must be kept open and free to all Americans who prove their worthiness to enter and serve our trade and humanity. “While this air-trade development, as the merchant marine, has its place in the background of national de- fense, it is far more important to consiaer it in the background of in- ternational peace.” | ticular | history. from this protection. The forests und pastures on our steeper hills are the | locks, bolts and police force that pro- tect our fertile valley land—worth the money for that purpose alone, as the Greeks, Chinese, Mid-Africans and Californians have all found to their sorrow. But the good officers do not stop with protection. Today, lumber at an impossible figure, the wood-pulp supplr not good for 10 years ahead. pasture at a premium, we see where the hills would—like the swank officers of the old imperial armies—have paid for the privilege of being useful to us There is & famous wheat county in the Pacific northwest, once covered with & pasture of bunch-grass. Not long ago Its wealthiest but he was not wealthy from the growing of wheat. No indeed. With A stubbornness almost unmatched, he refused to plow and mine his roliing land as all of his neighbors were doing. He kept it in the native grass—the | only man in an entire county who did 0. True, he never produced any two- dollar wheat. But he never had any crop failures or any surplus of unsal- able produce. Instead. his land was in constant service for the pasturing of with | citizen died; | the largest estate in the area. More- over, its value was as good at the end as in the beginning. Meanwhile the loose plowed larid of his neighbors was being shredded by shoestring erosion until it became famous as & horrible example I'm sorry such a good story does not | have a happy ending. But at any rate the ending is true to form. The old man died and his heirs promptly had | the land planted to wheat Under the natural cover of grass and | forest, soil tends to build up. But cropping. apart from the most careful management under most favorable conditions, inevitably results in soil | depletion and erosion. Recreation Necessary. Many & business man learns 1o his sorrow that he cannot afford to neglect his rest and exercise. Recreation is necessary to good work. A man who spends every minute of every day in | producing weaith cannot expect to keep it up long. Yet we act as though our soils may be expected to do the impossible. We want them to create wealth with no let-up or chance to recuperate. We count on using quick restoratives if emergency comes. But SCHOLARLY TIES HOLD PAN-AMERICANISM HOPE 'Educational Sessions This Month May Link Nations Better Than Diplomacy or Trade. EY GASTON NERVA HE pan-American movement will receive support from five important educational under- takings in the course of this month. Three of them, in the United States. have already started: The Sum- | mer seminar on international relations at the University of Maryland. the round table on Latin American affairs at the Universily of Virginia and the institute on inter-American relations at American University. The other two, in Latin America, are the annual Summer schools on inter-American problems aoon to begin at the University of Mexico and the National University of Panama. While the first three are devoted to a par- these have ambitous in view an even more and thorough program, covering nearly every important sub- | ject relating to the racial origins, the the art, the literature, the political economy and the social in- stitutions of present-day Latin Amer- fca, besides a frank and unorthodox review of inter-American relations. Variety of Courses. At the Panama Summer School, for | instance, which the writer visited two years ago, students were given courses ranging all the way from the folklore and customs of the native civilizations | of Mexico. Central America, Peru and Ecuador down to the more controver- sial discussion of such timely topics as | the canal treaties, the “good neighbor’ policy, the Mexican 6-year plan and the Chaco dispute. The significance of these pioneering efforts in the pursuance of inter- national understanding through edu- cation cannot be overestimated. The greatest hindrance to the program of pan-Americanism is the astounding lack of knowledge of the culture, ideals of pan-Americanism—that one another between the peoples living on both sides of the Rio Grande. There are. as we have often stressed in these columns, three ways of ap- proaching pan-Americanism. First, that of government officials, verbose political leaders and diplomats of gold- embroidered uniforms. They look at it from a political point of view. Nat- urally, they expect to accomplish the ideals of pan-Americanism, that is, permanent peace and co-operation in the New World, through the age-old political methods of treaty signing, arbitration pledges, “recommending” conferences and spectacular good-will missions. Ties of Trade Sought. ‘The second way is that of business men and traveling commercial agemts. They advocate the establishment of closer economic links as the only means of turning into material real- ities the dreams of theoretical inter- nationalists. To a certain extent, it must be admitted, they were once among the pioneers of the pan-Amer- ican movement, though perhaps with- out realizing it. Because of the world depression and the awakening of eco- nomie nationalism in the Southern Continent, both their enthusiasm and phase on pan-Americanism, | | their influences have dwindled in | recent years. Outside these two methods. the political and the economic, which are the only two so far attempted—im- | perfectly, of course—in a century of inter-American relations, there is another, aimost ignored to this day. which might be called the intellectual approach The principle behind it is not new, but its application only recently has been suggested. Its promoters are men | of letters, educators. college professors, writers and other “idealists” who never have enjoved much favor with hard-boiled public opinion. They believe that the best way to attain, and certainly to approach, the goal of pan-Americanism s that of better knowledge of each other, cultural | interchange. and the mutual under- | standing which only popular education | can avail. | Fducation Levels Obstacles. | Although the real solution probably will be found only when the three methods are put to work simultane- | ously—not before—the merits of the third one are self-evident. If none of the three alone could, by itself, suffice. the third method has the ad- | | vantage that it may show to the other two and simplify their problems, minimize their obstacles. The settlement of political differ- ences is, obviously, an essential re- quirement before any two nations, or any group of nations, can come to & lasting friendship. Dissensions as to principles and practices of inter- national law are serious enough to block the road forever. So are political dogmas and “shibboleths.”” The effort | of diplomacy, with its two great | weapons, conciliation and arbitration, | are sorely needed. But political ad- | Justments and diplomatic compromises | are only temporary, if misunderstand- ings, mutual ignorance and the sus- picions which both create are allowed | to remain in the way. Economic ties also must be accorded | the importance they deserve in fur- | .lhering international good will. In | an era of scientific progress, rapid | means of communication, radio, wire- less and mass production, commercial links and material contracts should | have considerable weight in building | up friendship among countries which have everything to gain from their | mutual co-operation. But friendship | based purely on material fundations is not permanent. It is not even reliable. Under the present organi- zation of society, economic links are artificial, intended for private benefit or, at the most, for temporary national purposes. As things stand today, and just as long as economic and political factors continue to be directed by private interests at odds with one another and by outdated traditions standing in the WAy of progress, the pan-Americanism of scholars, it cannot be repeated too often, should take precsdence over the | Pan-Americanism of politicians and of traveling salesmen. (Copyright, 1937.) | | | | vacation or undertaker.” | Eastern markets. | bast | has been plowed—without —A. P. Photo. is practicable is the slow, deliberate process of nature, operating through means of the natural forest or grass- land. Much of our soil today is like &n overworked patient to whom the doctor says, “Take your choice— Fortunately, 43 we have seen, there is so great a need for the products—wood and grass of so-calied “idle” land—that the vacation can be made to pay for ftself | directly as well as indirectly. Before this can be done the man who lives upon the land must get rid of one of the great illusions of modern life when it comes to weaith most of us confuse the symbol with the thing itself, just as we do in manv other relationships of life. Nothing is more difficult for the average man than to realize that cash on the barrel-head is not wealth, but merely a way of measuring it It is a somber and grotesque trick | we have plaved on ourselves in the United States, this destruction of at least one-third of our most essential wealth—the soil. There are no more workmanlike farmers in those of the “Eastern Shore.” Across the Chesapeake. partly in Maryland, partly in Virginia, lies this realm that has been settled for 300 years. The great wars that rocked the rest of the Nation passed lightly over it. It pro- duces fish and game in abundance and perticularly vegetables for the Violent fluctuations in demand and price have brought their ups and downs. but the people always have enough to eat, and the The top fertility of the sandy soil was long ago consumed, and today enough money for fertilizer goes on | each acre each year to buy the same amount of ground in some places. Forest Part of Farm. Every farm has a large grove of pine trees. whose ‘“shatters or fallen needles. are constantly worked into the soil and used for many purposes The forest is as much a pari of the farm as the barn or plow. and as | necessary. But it is not the virgin forest. Each grove consists of uni- form age. and that age I should esti- mate runs to something over 150 years In other words, these people had at one time cleared the peninsula so they could farm it all; and present. they found it necessary to call back the forest to their ald. This would be a very good lesson for us to remember | elsewhere in the United States, where the motto is: “Don't use any land for trees if you can possibly use it for anything else.” It is not particularly easy to find places in the United States where such mistakes will not have to be undone. But they do exist. About 1850 a group of Norwegian Lutherans started to settle a rather hilly tract near Meridian, Texas. They might have chosen the flat, fertile, black cotton land not far away; but they preferred the less productive, more stony land which reminded them of their native Norway To enter this rolling domain from | the South, one must pass up & beauti- ful valley which has been handled in the good old American way. Every fleld that could be put to the plow terracing or other precaution. And the hill- sides too steep for that purpose have been grazed bare, so that ihe hard rock shows between the juniper trees which form a sparse growth. Every- where is evidence that the soil Is washing away. while downstream a beautiful artificial lake has been given up to die because of the silt that is being carried into it. This silt is farm real estate, but the city that de- pends upon the lake seems much more | concerned than the farmers who are losing what they paid for. But as one passes through this picture of destruction, he suddenly becomes aware of a change. Neat, compact farmsteads with everything under shelter, good gardens. plenty of chickens, milk-cows and other ac- cessories of good living are en- countered. Only the flat fields of the valley bottom are plowed—beautifully plowed and contoured, too. The up- lands are all in pasture—green, fertile pasture with no trace of the under- lying limestone showing. Soil and vegetation both remain in place. The pastures are cross-fenced—that i, divided into sections so that one por- tion may be used while the others Tecuperate. The little 12-mile circle about the town, in addition to feeding itself, marketed 60,000 bushels of wheat, 70,000 pounds of mohair, and $200,000 worth of produce last year. Depres- sion passed it by, and booms have left it equally unperturbed. It has never seen any land speculation such s that which rocked the grain belt. to (Bee WASTE, Page D-8.) ] the United States than | —PART TWO. B AUTOPSY OF BY THOMAS R. HENRY. HALF million words—. During the past two weeks, eminent and earnest men and women—economists, Journak- ists, members of Congress, educators diplomats. clergymen, soldiers and business men—have been in session at the University of Virginia cussions on one question—the next war and why? They have produced a half million words, more or less. Very many more | of course, if all the discussions which | never reached the mimeograph ma- | chine were included The saddest thing about it was that even the most optimistic of them seemed to be whisthng in the dark All saw the horizons dark clouds. They assigned various reasons from devaluation of the currency to the necessity in some countries of providing soft jobs for rich men’s sons. Thew attitude to- wards it was precisely that attributed to the pastor of the late Calvin Coolidge towards sin. One and &all, they were opposed Lo it No Practical Solution. And, one and all, they seemed to have very little idea of what could be done sbout it. They all sgreed that the next war will be terrible, especi- ally on the folks at home. As one speaker said, the ouly persons who will be reasonably I be the xenerals. When it came to ways of preventing war, nearly all were forced back into talking generalities—reform- ing human nature, changing the habit | pattern of human thinking, etc These were busy men and women They hadn't journeyed to Charlottes- ville to enjoy the hot weather. They weren't talking just to hear them- | selves talk. They expressed, probably, safe wil catile and created. ax we have said. | in most piaces the only restorative that | & fair cross section of American | opinion. The various views, of course, can't be dealt with quite fairly in | brief abstracts | Delving into the half million odd | words, we emerge with the forthright remarks of Maj. Gen. Smedley D Butler. Gen. Butler knows a lot about war. He hates it. He said “Every war fought, or may fight in the future cutside their own continental bound- aries, has been or will be a racket—a | mean. cruel “Rot—p! flthy racket.” e, unadulterated ing rot he termed such respectable slogans as world safe for democracy & war to end wars.” Two Avoidance Methods. The way to kecp out of war, Gen Butler believes. is by rigorous honesty and pitiless publicity. The nation that | follows this path. he thinks. will be sicken- erstwhile “making the " or “fighting ahead “There will never be a congressional investigation.” Gen. Butler said, “into the steps taken or the methods adopted which saved us from a war There would be nothing to investigate | Men who took a part in peace would be only too willing to publish to the world &l their moves. Men who rush into wars never rush into print with proud statements of how they did the Job “Lying propaganda is almost tainly necessary to arouse a nation to the pitch where men kill and women give their boys to be killed is necessary to keep a peace.” In other words. he thin people knew the actual wars, they wouldn't fight man doesn't relish killing somebody else He suggested as & national slogan, “Mind your own business " While no one is entitled to be sanguine. T am convinced that no one is entitled to be hopeless.” was the view of R. Walton Moore, counselor of the State Department Memory and Fear Remain. | Regardless of how mad nations get at each other, Mr. Moore folks still remember the last war and are afraid. It would require a brave man indeed to take the final step over the brink of armed conflict and risk the universal execration which would be heaped upon him “Apparently.” Mr. Moore sald, | is no longer the case that there are strong thinkers who regard war as a natural and inevitable condition | It is an encouraging fact that here- after no war can be started without any premonition, inasmuch as there |is now in progress & vast and con- | tinuing debate caused by the dread of | nation at hat if the reasons for The average being killed or { o1 preventing it.” | The very horrors of modern war- fare have set the world against it. Mr. Moore believes. The conflict in ways. It may have inciled a lot of national animosities, but the sufferings of the civilian population have given the world a clear warning of what to expect if it gets out of bounds. In this respect, he holds, both the newspapers and the radio are potent weapons for selves with the Spaniards and * with its horrors.” Welles More Pessimistic More pessimistic was Sumner Welles Undersecretary of State. Horrible as sufferings of heir souls are seared & manifestation of a more deeply root- ed disease—a disease from which most of the world is suffering. It is a different sort of war than the world has known for some centuries. The trouble springs, he held, from economic and spiritual maladjustment which followed the World War. He said: “A vicious circle has been created No one set of these problems can be solved without a simultaneous ad- Jjustment of the others.” Keeping strictly out of foreign po- litical entanglements, Mr. Welles said, the United States for some years back has “proclaimed on every appropriate occasion and in every practical man- ner, a broad program for world re- habilitation which in our considered belief will restore international con- fidence and lay those foundations of normal and just international relation- ships which mean peace.” The outstanding need is to get the world out of the “%ar habit” of think- ing and into the peace habit, said Miss Jeanette Rankin, only woman member of Congress at the outbreak of the World War, who voted against it “War is really & habit." she said. “It is something you do without think- ing. It comes W us through long They have concentrated their dis- | | and | such as those of Dr with war | | for the coming catastrophe—ranging | world’s | | sons which Americans have | |lawyer, reasonably safe in the perilous days | cer- | No lying | believes. | | war and a desire to find & means for | Spain, he indicated. has worked both | peace. They have enabled folks thou- | sands of miles away to identify them- | the Spain has been, he stressed. it has been | the | s D3 NEXT WAR REVEALS NO SOLUTION Thinkers and Practical Persons of Affairs See Only Futility in Pre-C linic. traditions and history and teaching. We are unconscious of how many war habits we have and our method »f perpetuating them. All our history and our music and our art and liter~ ature and family traditions are tied up with war. The men in Congress who had war habits, regardlesa of how much their intellect toid them they should not go to war, when the emergency came, voted for war. 1 voled for the same reason. I had peace habits instead of war habits, in the emergency I used my peace habits." Allegedly specific threaten war in the world today wers cited by various speakers. Adolph Hitler came in for some harsh words, Wolfgang Hall- garten, exiled by the Nazis becaire, ha says. he made & “scientific study of Germany's heavy industries.” The Nazi strength today, he holda, is & combination of essentially the same elements as those of the old German empire—the “younkers” or nobility, and the middie classes—both opposed 1o labor, but with conflicting interests. The younkers are satisfied. They have the army and jobs for their The other element must be provided with Jobs and war is one way of doing it Currency Reprisals Blamed. Dr. W. W. Cumberland. New York econom found & potent cause of War the almost world-wide eur- rency instability Mere failure one country to maintain & sound financial strueture.” he said. “may well cause more loss and hardship to a third country than acts of armed aggression. No jmpor- causes which in of | tant nation can for long outwit ethers | in currency matiers or obtain special advantages. Attempts to do 80 demon- | strate that one nation is willing to be unfair t its neighbors. Such attempts invite reprisals " The basic trouble. it was stressed by Dr. Frank Kingdon. president nf the University of Newark, i that the world lags so far politically behind its material progress. The political set-ups which did very well for a world of steamships and mounted couriers don't work for & werld of airplanes and trans-oceanic tele- phones. He saw the best hope in “the organization of a valid world eourt with power to summon nations to its tribunal. At present. no nation has &Ly recourse under injustice but to appeal to arms Frederic R. Couder:, New York found thne great obstacle in ‘Prussian mentality'—a general term, however, for something which i found throughout the world. The World | War propaganda pinned the adjeetive “Prussian” to it Ideas Lead to Killing. e world todayv.” he said. “seeme somewhat in the condition of Burope in the sixteenth century, or similar 1o the time of the Prench Revolution, where the clash of ideas led to the general clash of arms through nearly & generation. Men kill each other for ideas more readily than they do for economic interests. The Spanish War 18 llustrative of what we have not perhaps seen since the sixteemth cen- tury—a conflict of ideas so bitterly in Opposition that each side believed the ation of its own cause to require the assasination of those who pro- fessed contrary doctrines. | "The dogma of race supremacy and | force In the past has prevailed in Varving degree among all nations This mystic and fanatical doetrine Wwas not & mere fad of a certain school of thought. but lay back of a great | deal of the German self-justification | for the war and all the appeals to the | instincts and militant qualities of the German people. It is no longer a dangerous philosophy held by a few, but is a popular gospel enthusiastically shared by the masses in certain great nations If carried to the end it would d o the destruction of the present Europe It is a powerful, doctrine for which men are ng lo fight and die. It has the compelling force which enabled the Mohammedans &t various epochs to overrun the greater part of Europe Whether it takes the form of 8 myatic nationalism or the form of commu- nism, the result is the Totalitarian state and the triumph of an intolerant, fanatical mentality.” War's Futility Cited. The futility of war was streased hv Senator Elbert D. Thomas of Utah War today is useless because all Wars, excepting wars of conquest or nf revolution. are ended by the negoti- ations at the peace table. and once the | peace Luble 1= reached the binding custom of nations furnishes the rules for the settlement. Thus the war | stage 15 without point. If the law of nations governs after the war is ended in the making of the peace, why should resort not be had to the war of nations for overcoming the differ- | ences? “There have developed in the world international habits, rules for negoti- | ation, conference, consultation of pro- cedure for the settlement of differ- ences. Is it then merely the dream of a foolish {dealist to suggest their use at all times?" As for the next war, said Repre- sentative Jerry Voorhis of California: “Only generals will have a reason- | ably good chance to live through it, which may explain one reason for their comparative enthusiasm about preparation for it.” One “Absolute Cure. He went on to quote an cure for war” submitted “by a friend of mine” Mr. Voorhis' “friend." many will feel, was about 100 per cent right. It consists of & proposed law: That all Congressmen and Senatore voting for war, be given the choice of | enlisting in the shock troops or being shot on the Capitol steps. “That each battleship, cruiser, de- stroyer and submarine shall carry as excess baggage, one or more stock- holders in battleship concerns. “That all manufacturers of war supplies be hanged when their profits reach the million dollar mark. “That admirals, generals, presidents, kings, emperors, cabinet officers and politicians who promote war for profit and glory, be placed in the front-line trenches to begin the fighting.” The friend forgot to mention how he would catch the proposed victims. Not Much Interest. Substandard life insurance. by which persons unable to pass the physical tests of leading companies ars insured, is having a rocky road in lea ‘abasolute Japan.