Evening Star Newspaper, December 30, 1934, Page 4

A—4 » ! JAPAN'S DEMANDS REJECTED BY HULL Naval Race Spectre Rises on Abrogation of Wash- ington Pact. (Continued Prom Pirst Page.) the Japanese Ambas- light- " consequences, sador performed his duty heartedly. He emerged from Secretary Hull's ~ office, after a 15-minute talk, with a broad smile. lighted a cigarette, and bantered with newspaper men who surrounded him and laid down & bar- rage of questions. “Japan will leave no stone unturned to achieve a new agreement limiting naval strength,” Saito declared “Will Japan take the lead in seek- | ing a new agreement?” he was asked. ' “Japan will not assume to take the + .leadership,” Saito answered, “but will co-operate wholeheartedly in all in- ternational efforts. Collaboration— that's the thing.” The Ambassador was accompanied to the State Department by K. Fujii, counselor of the embassy. Photogra- phers held them up several minutes, but the Ambassador had to stop for only a matter of seconds in the diplo- matic waiting room before the ticking clock outside Hull's office struck 12 and | he was ushered in. Saito, after delivering his govern- ment’s note, handed Hull a copy of the press statement issued by a for- eign office spokesman in Tokio, and one he had himself prepared. Talked About Christmas. But even then all was not serious, as Saito and Fujii, when they emerged, smilingly volunteered that they also had been “talking about Christmas, the terms of the Washington naval In his press statement, Saito said: “Although the Japanese govern- ment has given notice, according to the terms of the Washington Naval treaty, of its intention to terminate the agreement, it has done so with the sincere hope to have a substitute accord that will embody the pro- posals we have made.” “One feature of these proposals har been given. in my opinion, undue emphasis by critics.” he added. “That As the claim for equality. We have ~also proposed a radical reduction in naval armament capable of agres- sion. “We are proposing the total aboli- tion of the big and expensive war- ships covered by the Washington treaty, 1. e, capital ships and aircraft carriers. We are ready to go down to as far as the half of our present naval strength. But too little has been said of this. “On both material and moral grounds we earnestly desire a sub- stantial reduction that will free the *_nations of anxiety regarding the pos- sibilities of war. We want the others to be free of any anxiety regarding us, and we want to be free of any regarding them.” New Pact Proposed. The official statement of the Japan- ese foreign office spokesman proposed | a8 new pact and suggested that it “‘should rest not upon a ratio principle, but on the formula of an agreed com- mon upper limit for the armaments to be retained by each power.” This upper limit should be fixed as low as possible, the spokesman said, adding that in order to render it diffi- cult for one power to attack another, but easy to defend itself, the “offen- sive arms should be totally abolished or drastically reduced, and the defen- sive arms adequately provided.” the light of these basic princi- pl it was added, “it is impossible for the Japanese Government to acquiesce in the continuation for a further term of the Washington treaty of naval limitation, which not only permits the retention of the offensive arms. but admits disparity in naval strength through the adoption of a ratio system. “Moreover, the allocation of an in- ferior ratio, so detrimental to our na- , tional prestige, is bound to remain a source of permanent and profound discontent to our people.” FRENCH PLAN AWAITED. Scheme Expected to Be Sent Other Pact Signatories. PARIS, December 29 (#)—With the presentation today, by Ambassador Naotake Sato, of Japan’s denuncia- . tion of the Washington naval treaty, France's own scheme for future naval limitation was expected shortly to be communicated to the other signa- tories to the defunct pact. France's naval tonnage today has a 50 per cent margin over that of Italy, excepting in capital ships, and French naval experts freely admit they want to keep at least that margin. PEACE NOTE SOUNDED. Tokio Denies Desire Armaments. TOKIO, December 29 (#).—Japan’s foreign office sounded the gong of peace today while formally denounc- ing the Washington naval treaty, and in a formal statement took what was interpreted as a step toward avolding a threatened naval race. Japan has not, the statement said, “the slightest wish to enlarge her armaments.” Offensive Arms Opposed. “In order to render it difficult for any power to attack another, but easy to defend itself, offensive arms should be totally abolished or drastically re- duced and defense arms adequately provided for,” it said. The hope was expressed that an- other pact might be concluded super- seding the Washington treaty, but the statement made clear that any new agreement must conform with Japan's “basic principles.” “The allocation of an inferior ratio is so detrimental to our national pres- tige that it is bound to remain a source of permanent and profound discontent to our people,” said the statement Agreement Desired. “Our governnient desire fervently to arrive at an agreement just and fair to all parties concerned and en- tirely in accord with the spirit of dis- armament. “They are prepared, despite termi- nation of the Washington treaty, to pursue with undiminished zeal friend- ly negotiations with other powers. * * * Japan endeavors to promote the cause of peace by establishing the principle of non-menace and non-aggression through suppression or drastice reduction of offensive weapons.” to Enlarge Mudhole Stops Thief. HOPKINSVILLE, Ky. (#).—The mudhole in which Dr. John Garner's automobile was bogged down did a good turn for him—thieves who had taken the machine had to leave it there. G S THE SUNDAY STAR, WASHINGTON Ancestor of Modern Wirephoto Described W|REPHU"] GENIUS At left: Noah Steiner Amstutz, inventor of the “electro-artograph,” patented in 1891, which was one of the first machines used in the transmission of pictures by wire. Above, at right, is the modern wirephoto machine with which the Associated Press will begin the transmission of photos, to be pub- lished in The Star next Tuesday. Below is a sketch of Amstutz's invention, a model of which is on exhibition at the Smithsonian In- stitution. IL DUGE PREPARES FOR CRISISIN 193 Redoubles Efforts to Put Italy at Peak of Power Next Year. By the Associated Press. ROME, December 29.—Italy believes 1935 will be crucial in Europe and elsewhere, and intends to prepare dur- ing the coming 12 months for any possible crisis. An increasingly bitter boundary controversy with Ethiopia, African empire adjacent to Italy’s colonial possessions, and the frequently dis- turbed state of continental politics during 1934 have strengthened Benito Mussolini in his determination to be ready for whatever may happen, in- formed quarters said today. In 1935 Italy's new juvenile military service will go into full effect. 8 years old will begin their drilling and young men of 23 who have fin- ished their military service will con- tinue drilling on Sundays and in va- cation time for another 10 years. To Enroll 1,500,000 Boys. At the same time the enrollment of another category, the “Sons of the Wolf,” 1,500,000 boys between the ages of 6 and 8, will be completed. So as to furnish the army with more recruits, Mussolini in 1935 will swing with new vigor into his more and better babies campaign. Italy has just passed the 43,000,000 mark in population, and Il Duce hopes to see Iit close to 44,000,000 at the end of 1935. Italy is now easily the sec- ond largest country of continental Europe in point of population. The year will see the corporative state in full career. The 22 corpora- tions founded in November, embracing every activity of Italian industrial, commercial, transport and profes- sional life, will receive their practical baptism. May Replace Chamber. The new year, too, may see the dis- appearance of the Chamber of Depu- ties replaced by a corporative cham- ber in which the deputies would be elected by the various categories of employers and employes, and not by the voter ‘at large. Italy hopes in 1935 to balance her budget—for the first time in four years. During 1935 Italy will continue striving for naval parity with France. She is, in fact, rapidly reaching that parity. THREAT OF ANGLO-U. S. AGREEMENT MAY ALTER JAPAN’S NAVY STAND (Continued From First Page.) for another convention to replace the Washington agreement. Denunciation of the Washington treaty and automatic expiration of the supplementary London pact at the end of 1936 both technically provide that the signatories meet in an open naval conference within the next year, but the Americans have said repeatedly the conference is useless unless the Japanese change their attitude. Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, Japan- ese representative at the discussions here, is remaining to discuss certain aspects of the naval situation with the British. Future conversations of the three powers, however, will be through diplomatic channels. Yamamoto May Visit U. S. ‘Yamamoto will sail for home just as soon as the Tokio government sends him instructions and may return by way of the United States, indicating the possibility of bi-lateral discussions at Washington early next year. The final decision, however, rests with Tokio, since some Japanese quarters oppose his visit to Washington. Both British and American quarters today joined in lamenting Japan's denunciation of the treaty, although one American source expressed the opinion that the long-awaited action might help clear the international atmosphere. Ambassador Tsuneo Matsudaira visited the foreign office to deliver a text of the denunciation as a matter of courtesy. Washington later will formally advise the signatories of the denunciation. Claudette Colbert IH. HOLLYWOOD, Calif., Decémber 29 () —Claudette Colbert, film actress, was reported today to have entered Queen of Angels Hospital here for & rest. “Nothing serious—just s rest,” studio officials said. State Secretary Issues | | Statement of U. S. | Attitude on Pact. | ' Termination Is Held Source of Genuine Regret to U. S. By the Associated Press. The actual denunciation yesterday | by Japan of the 12-year-old Wash- ington naval limitations treaty was ac- compished in the following words: The Japanese Ambassador, Hirosi Saito, handed this note to Secretary Hul “Sir: “I have the honor, under instruc- tions from my government, to com-| municate to you the following: | “In accordance with article XXIII of the treaty concerning the limita- tion of naval armament, signed at ‘Washington on the 6th February, 1922, the government of Japan hereby gives notice to the Government of the United States of America of their in- tention to terminate the said treaty which will accordingly cease to be in force after the 31st December, 1936. “Accept, sir, the renewed assurances | of my highest consideration. “(Signed) HIROSI SAITO." Hull handed back to Saito this American note of acknowledgment: “Excellency: “I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your excellency’s note of December 29, informing me that the government of Japan gives notice to the Government of the United | States of America of its intention to | terminate the treaty limiting naval| armament signed at Washington on February 6, 1922, which will ac- cordingly cease to ‘be in force after the 31st of December, 1936. | “In accordance with the pertinent | provision of article 23 of the treaty, I am today transmitting to the other powers a certified copy of this notifica- tion and am informing them of the date on which it has been received. “Accept, excellency, the renewed as- surances of my highest consideration. *(Signed) CORDELL HULL." Hull Terms Treaty Abrogation Source Of Genuine Regret Secretary Hull's statement on the American Government's attitude relative to the termination of the treaty was as follows: “The American Government has received the Japanese government's notice of intention to terminate the Washington naval treaty. We, of course, realize that any nation has the right not to renew a treaty; also that any movement toward disarma- ment to be successful must rest on agreements voluntarily entered into. Source of Genuine Regret. “This notification is none the less a source of genuine regret to us, be- lieving as we do that the existing treaties have safeguarded the rights and promoted the collective interests of all of the signatories. “The recent conversations at Lon- don, which have been carried on in a spirit of friendship and good will, have revolved around the question whether a movement of international co-operation and disarmament can rest on the principle of equality of armament rather than on the prin- ciple of equality of security. “Each nation naturally desires— and we stand unalterably for that view—to be on a basis of absolute equality with other nations in the matter of national security. Ex- perience teaches that conditions of peace or measure of disarmament can- not be promoted by the doctrine that all nations, regardless of their vary- ing and different defensive needs, shall have equality of armaments. “What has been achieved up to the present time toward insuring condi- tions ‘of peace has been based on a community of objective, a community of conception of the general interest and a community of effort. No Invasion of Rights. “The treaties thus far concluded have involved no invasion of the sov- ereign rights of the participating governments, and they have pro- vided, with all proper respect for such sovereign rights, that the armaments of the participating nations be estab- lished by voluntarily undertaking on s basis. proportionste 3 “Notice of intention to terminate the Washington naval treaty does not mean that that treaty cesses to be aefl::tuofthl n; the provisions main in force until the end of 1936. 'Notes Are Exchanged by Saito And Hull in Treaty Abrogation AMBASSADOR HIROSI SAITO, ©Of Japan, photographed yesterday as he left the State Department. 35 —A. P. Photo. “There consequently remains a pe- riod of two years within which the Interested nations may consider the situation that would be created by the abandonment of the naval treaties, and the American Government is ready to enter upon negotiations whenever it appears that there is prospect of arrival at a mutually sat- isfactory conclusion which would give further effect to the desire of the American Government and the Amer- ican people—and it is believed that of the other governments and peoples concerned—that the nations of the world shall not be burdened by avoid- able or extravagant expenditures on armament. “The question presented, when the ‘Washington treaties were negotiated, and which prompted each delegation to the signing and each country to the ratifying of those treaties, was that of promoting peace through dis- armament and co-operative effort along certain defined lines. The ob- jectives then and there envisaged are still fundamental among the objec- tives of the foreign policy of the United States. “To this high purpose the people of this country, in a spirit of sincere friendship toward all other peoples, will continue unswervingly to devote their own efforts, and earnestly in- voke like efforts on the part of others.” e TRIAL DATE IS SET Urschel Ransom Suspects’ Case Fixed for February 18. OKLAHOMA CITY, December 29 (#)—The trial of four persons re- cently indicted on conspiracy ¢harges in connection with the $200,000 Charles F. Urschel kidnaping was set today for February 18 by Federal Judge Edgar S. Vaught. Judge Vaught at the same time set February 11 for the arraignment of Ben B. Laska, Denver attorney, one of those indicted. No date has been set for the arraignment of Edward Feldman, but the other defendants, James C. Mathers, Oklahoma . City attorney, and Alvin H. Scott, held in jail since his removal from Rose- burg, Oreg., have pleaded not guilty. Family Funerals Scarce. SALT LAKE CITY (#).—A record for long life is claimed by descend- ants of William and Jane Wilkie Hooper Blood, Utah ploneers. No adult. deaths have occurred in' the family for more than 72 years. The Mt family consists of 10 brothers and “sisters and their 158 children, grandchildren, great - grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren. One of the brothers is Henry H. Blood, Gov- ernor of Utah, A D. Cy | wirephoto machines that will SEES IDEA GROW Original Device Inventor in Capital on Visit—Star Service Begins Tuesday. Noah Steiner Amstutz, who built the few crude pieces of paraphernalia from which have sprung the modern soon send pictures around the world, is a visitor in the Capital. The Star will begin publication of wirephotos next Tuesday, using As- sociated Press pictures transmitted on a Nation-wide hook-up extending from New York to San Francisco and from Miami to the northern border. Amstutz, now a research engineer and patent attorney of Valparaiso, Ind., was a farm boy in Ohio when a chance remark that some one some- where was sending pictures over wires inspired him with the idea of trans- mitting photographs by telegraph. Referred to Old Experiment. The remark probably referred to the early attempts of F. C. Bakewell of England, to transmit handmade sketches over a telegraph wire in 1850, 14 years before Amstutz was born. “The first sketch transmitted by Bakewell was that of a criminal” Amstutz said. “The day after the transmission he received letters that five of the criminals had been caught and that the sixth would soon be in the hands of the police.” It was not until 1888, 38 years after Bakewell's doubtful success with line drawings that Amstutz succeeded in sending the first photograph by tele- graph. The next year he improved the machine and called it the “electro- artograph” which two years later was patented after a picture had been sent over a 25-mile wire in eight minutes. This machine was described as “a marriage of the photograph and tele- phone.” The process was founded on the use of undulatory or varying cur- rents of electricity, somewhat on the principal of the telephone—the trans- mitting instrument being actuated in- directly by the varying degrees of light, instead of by sound waves, as with the telephone transmitter. This variation was suggested by a stumbling fall on a garden hose. Am- stutz noticed that the pressure on the water changed when the weight of the stumbler was removed. “It is that same principle that is being applied in the newly perfected machines,” Amstutz said. “The thing we lacked most in those days was pre- cision. We didn't have anything to compare with the tolls and equipment of today. Everything we used, in com- parison, was crude. This present sim- plification follows my early idea.” French Hailed Success. When Amstutz's success in 1891 ‘became known, he gained world-wide recognition. In Paris. La Grande Revue commented: “This develop- ment is, indeed, a genuine attain- ment, and it is with legitimate pride that the designer can claim the honor of being the first to solve, in a prac- ;\cal manner, the interesting prob- em.” ' _Amstutz did not confine his activi- ties to picture transmission by wire, | however, for he studied photo-engrav- ing as well, and was ine inventor of the first automatic half<tone engrav- ing machine. He called it the “akro- graph,” and it, too, is in the Smith- sonian. Later he wrote “The Hand- book of Engraving,” still an authority on the subject. After considerable success as an en- gineer, he spent four years abroad. In London he appeared at the Royal Institution, and later became a fel- low of the Royal Society of Art. Amstutz is in Washington as the guest of his two daughters during the holidays, Mrs. Hugh Roberts, presi- dent of the Washington College. of Music, 1810 Connecticut avenue, and Mrs. Owen C. Holleran of the Cava lier Hotel DECEMBER" 50, | | | | i554—PAKY ONE. In Capital Letters Joe Byrns, Probably Nex: Won’t Let His Colleagues “Go Stylish” by Calling Him *Mister.” BY GENEVIEVE FORBES HERRICK. ON'T bother about the ‘mister.’ Just call me Joe. There’s no frills about me.” For a quarter of a cen- tury now, Joseph Wellington Byrns, the tall Tennessean who's going to be the next Speaker of the House, has been saying that to congressional col- leagues who attempted to “go stylish on him.” So they've been calling him Joe. PFrom the day, in 1909, when the ob- scure Democrat from Nashville, newly come to the Sixty-first Congress, re- celved a freshman place on the ob- scure Indian Affairs Committee, to the day, in 1934, when the nationally important Democratic floor leader was boomed for Speaker in the Seventy- third Congress. Choice Believed Certaln. And it's a safe bet they’ll keep on calling him Joe when he becomes Speaker, which he's sure to do just as soon as Congress is convened next week, For he will continue to be a man of frills. A plain person of simple wants, simple ways, this new, near-Speaker has long legs, long arms. Tremendous brows half hide large, dark eyes. ‘The angular lines of his frame seem ill suited to the soft curves of his Southern, drawly voice. He has fire in his blood, and enjoys & good fight. But there is no venom in his veins; he hates a grudge. “Well, now, it seems to me,” he muses during an interview, “that there's not a bit of sense in staying mad. A lot of the boys here on the Hill can't go along with me on every- thing. And when they can't, I don't write 1t down in the little book. No, sir, I just tell 'em I'm awful sorry they can't go along, but maybe we can get together the next time. Seems sorta sensible to me.” Easy to talk to, but a little difficult to interview because his life is no drama made up of a series of smash- ing third acts. It is, rather, a pag- eant, with each scene & bit bigger, more colorful. Born on a farm in Robertson Coun- ty, Tenn., July 20, 1869, young Joe went to country school, plowed his | father’s fields; knew neither luxury | nor want. His parents wanted their | six children to get the best schooling possible. That's why they moved on to Nashville, The farm boy finished high school in the big city at the age of 17; went on to Vanderbilt Univer- sity, joined the Beta Theta Pi Fra- ternity. Which makes him a fra- ternity brother of G. O. P. Minority Leader Bert Snell. Got Law Degree. Because he didn't have much money he took a short cut to law after two years at college, and got his law degree a month or so before he was 21. He started to practice law, “and had | a devil of a time at first.” When he was 26 he went to the Tennessee Legislature. When Ite | was 30 he was elected speaker of the lower house, and he married Julia Woodward, home-town girl. He's been defeated but once—in 1902, when he ran for prosecuting at- torney of Nashville. “I hate an alibi, especially in poli- tics,” he will tell you. Then he’ll add: “But I ran on a law-enforcement plat- form and I'll always maintain that the | liquor interests and the gambling in- terests just had me counted out.” For years his Tennessee district had been represented at Washington by John Wesley Gaines, an oratorical | gadfly, who skittered about Congress, | making speeches about anything and | everything. But he was always re- elected. Came a Fateful Day. Until one turbulent day when a Re- publican got so irritated by his col | “mister,” just plain Joe. After next ¢t Speaker of the House, league’s frothy speech that he yelled across the aisle: “John Wesley Gaines, John Wesley Gaines, thou monumental pile of brains.” The laughter that shook the room reverberated throughout Tennessee. And moved Joe Byrns to run against him. During the campaign—Mr. Byrns likes to recall the scene—he was | booked to face a hostile audience. They came wearing the big, red Gaines buttons. Joe Byrns began to talk in his quiet drawl. He heard something drop on the floor. It was a Gaines button some one had tossed to the ground. Byrns went on. Three more buttons plunked to the floor. | Every sentence, then, was punctuated | with the falling of Gaines buttons, the falling of Gaines votes. “One of the prettiest sights I've ever seen,” Byrns reflects, “was that floor, after the meeting, just covered with those pesky buttons. A beautiful sight.” ‘Two Joes in Congress. When the votes were counted, Joe | Byrns went to Congress. Another Joe (the Republican Uncle | Joe Cannon) was Speaker. Old Joe | put young Joe, the Democrat, on the Indian Affairs Committee. When the | Democrats swung into power, Byrns | was switched to the powerful Appro- priations Committee. On this eom- | mittee he gradually worked up, by the | laws of seniority, until he became its | chairman. Last year, when he was made minority leader, he, unlike many of his predecessors, gave up his chairmanship; gave all his energy to his big job. He likes people, and people like him. | He lives quietly at a hotel; calls his wife “mother”; goes to very few parties. For a quarter of a century, now, he's been telling them not to call him week they may Joe him all they wish, in the cloag rooms, but on the floog of the House % will have to be “mister” —Mister Speaker, (Copyright 1934 by North American | Newspaper Alliance. Inc.) A.F. 6. E.T0 SPONSOR CIVIL SERVIGE WEEK Observance Planned to Stimulate | Interest in Protection of Merit System. In what is announced as an effort to create public interest in the Gov- | ernment service and the extension and | protection of the merit system, the | American Federation of Government’ Employes is preparing to sponsor a “National Civil Service Week” from | January 13-19, it was announced yes- | | terday. The date coincides with the fifty- | | second anniversary of the adoption of | 8cres in size. | the Civil Service act. and the Civil| 880 an economy and culture intro- | Service Commission is indorsing the duced by the families who came up project. | “This observance,” said a statement from the federation, “will give the| opportunity to develop facts as to the work actually done in the Govern- ment service and the character of the | Government's employes. Many mis- apprehensions, some of them delib- erately fostered, have been spread through the country, and as a result, there is a far too prevalent opinion | in many quarters—though this has to | a large degree been overcome in recent | years—that Government jobs are largely sinecures.” HISTORIANS FETE FIVE OF FOUNDERS 50th Anniversary Conven- tion Ends—Chattanooga Picked for Next Meeting. ‘The most successful convention in the 50-year record of the American Historical Association closed last night at the Mayflower Hotel with a ban- quet in honor of the association's five surviving founders. Shortly before adjourning, the historians selected Chattanooga, Tenn., as their next convention city. + Speakers at the dinner were J. Franklin Jameson, chief of the Manu- script Division, Library of Congress; Charles W. Colby of Montreal, a spokesman for Canada; Isalah Bow- man of New York City, chairman of the National Research Council; Thomas I .Parkinson, member of the association’s board of trustees, and W. E. Dodd, United States Ambassa- dor to Germany and retiring presi- dent of the association. Leland Is Toastmaster, Waldo G. Leland, secretary of the American Council of Learned So- cieties, served as toastmaster at the banquet. The surviving founders and honor guests were Clarence W. Bowen, New York publisher; Davis R. Dewey, economist, of Cambridge, Mass.; Prof. Ephriam Emerton, also of Cambridge: Dr. Jameson and Henry E. Scott, | Boston editor. New officers chosen at the annual business session late yesterday were Michael 1. Rostovtzoff, professor of ancient history at Yale University and formerly a professor at the Uni- | versity of Petersburg, Russia, presi- dent; Charles H. McIlwain of Harvard University and Guy Stanton Ford of the University of Minnesota, vice presidents; Dexter Perkins of the University of Rochester, secretary, and Constantine E. McGuire of Wash- ington, treasurer. 800 Attend Convention. Approximately 800 historians and teachers of history assembled for the three-day convention, which marked the fiftieth anniversary of the associ- ation. The attendance was at least 150 in excess of that at the largest previous annual meeting. In addi- tion to American historians, scholars came to the session from England, Germany, France, Spain and Russia. Speakers at the closing sessions yes- terday included Prof. W. F. Dunaway of Pennsylvania State College, chair- man of a joint meeting between the Agricultural History Society and the American Historical Association. This meeting was addressed by Prof. G. S. Wehrwein of the University of Wis- consin and Henry Tatter of Oak Park, II Allen Discusses Grants. Describing the influence of the Spanish land-grant system of Cali- fornia upon American history, R. H. Allen of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration told a general session yesterday: “Much of the best land in California which now produces crops of fruits, nuts and vegetables worth several hundred dollars per acre and some- think like $200,000,000 in the aggre- gate, was once freely granted to set- tlers in iracts frequently nearly 50,000 Less than a century from Mexico to settle on these grants still prevailed throughout the region. “However, the discovery first of gold and later of the even greater agri- | cultural wealth of the country stimu- lated a development which has lite: ally swept aside the leisurely Spanish life seemingly so firmly established. Ten societies interested in various phases of history met concurrently at the Mayflower with the American His- torical Association. 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