Evening Star Newspaper, August 13, 1933, Page 4

SACKING OF PALACE MERELY FIRES MO Starts a Series of Violent Acts Unequaled in His- tory of Cuba. EDITOR'S NOTE—dn Associated staff e riter wxznedlnd % blood] | S g e BY T. R. GILL. Oopyright, 1933, by the Assoclated Press.) HAVANA, August 12—Arriving at the presidential palace today amid scenes unequaled in Cuba's history, this correspondent saw the first acts of vio- lence by angry mobs. The crowd, yellng and cheering, ransacked the historic building from top to bottom. Pumniture prized by President Machado and his predecessors ‘was unceremoniously carried to the streets until soldiers and sailors arrived to clear the palace and restore order. Pig Brings Hilarity. The temper of the mob suddenly from anger to hilarity when several of the looters carried out a squealing pig, which they found in a crate in the building. “Machado! Machado!” they shouted, hoisting the pig high in the air and slamming it down on the pavement, killing it. Thunderous cheers filled the streets. Finally driven back by the soldiers, the mob remained orderly for a while and zhenrdrushedd mttai ;t”hs ,l:em.;t\!;xli ace len and strip) o I’;‘flowgr‘! plants and shrubs. They wanted them for souvenirs. Dashing across the street to the American embassy building I sought to telephone the news to our central office, but found the communication service disrupted. Outside, demonstrators were yelling wildly. Gangster is Riddled. Presently, some one shouted a sug- stion that the mob march to the adquarters of the secret police and “clean them out.” Hoisting the leaders 1o their shoulders, part of the demon- strators started off toward the head- quarters. The remainder proceeded in another direction. I followed the second group, but be- fore I proceeded far we ran into a gun battle between soldiers and gangsters— or “porrista,” as they say in Spanish. It was not much of a fight, for the battle between soldiers and a gangster— with high-powered rifle bullets and left him lying in the street. Immediately several of the mob lifted the soldiers aloft and carried them through the streets. Crowds on the sidewalks cheered. Some of those who remained by the body dipped their handkerchiefs in the slain man's blood and waved them in the air amid resounding shouts. A block farther down the street I was caught in the gunfire of another fusil- lade fired by soldiers at another gang- ster. Bullets whizzed by my ears as I ducked behind a post. Eight or 10 shots were fired at the fleeing man, but he escaped. He was one of the few sought by the troops who t away. The morgues tonight held others. PFrom then on throughout the day, one killing followed another in rapi succession. I personally counted 11 dead. The wounded numbered into the | origin: scores. One of the most brutal killings I saw ‘was when the mob caught and beat to death a policeman accused of recently having slain several oppositionists. The killing occurred in front of the | marble National Cagiwl Building. The mob beat the struggling policeman with fists and clubs and then finished him off with guns. Newspaper Is Wrecked. One of the most spectacular demon- strations of the day occurred when the mob smashed the office of the news- peper Heraldo de Cuba, strong support- er of Machado. Stepping into a door- way out of the way of the angry crowd 1 watched for two hours while every movable piece of equipment and furni- ture was hurled out of the upper story of the building and smashed. The greuel were.‘;bo wrecked and the set e. w‘m was little left in the stone that would burn and the blaze out. Debris was left in the streets %0 & d of 8 feet in some places. ‘The were fllled with so much noise and confusion it was diffi. éult for one to make one’s way about the city. Big and little groups paraded Iu-ou% streets carrying flags and palm leaves, yelling and cheering to the accompaniment of guns fired into the - e din was terrific. Only a heavy downfall of rain, ac- companied by thunder and lightning, ry damper on the temper of the mob. The crowds quickly sought shelter of bulldings and the tension was - SMALL HOME OWNERS ' PREY OF RACKETEERS Reports I New York Oamse Jn- vestigation by Federal Agents. By the Associated Press. NEW YORK, August 12—The Federal Government opened an inquiry todsay to determine whether racketeers are attempting to intimidate small home owners into paying high fees for loans corporations. through ‘The investigation was requested by Leo P. Dorsey, counsel for the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation, the organi- | zation designed by Ptesident Roosevelt to save small real estate owners from loss through foreclosure. o Dorsey conferred today with United States Attorney George Z. Medalie and Jacob J. Rosenblum, assistant assigned to the inquiry, and after the conference was over five subpoenas were put in the hands of United States Marshall Raymond J. Mulligan for service. Medalie said the names of those sub- poenaed would be withheld until their stories have been heard. Dorsey said the home owners’ loan act provides that any person, partnership, sssociation or corporation, who shall make any charge for obtaining loans, except as authorized by the corpora- tion, shall be punished by not more than five years' imprisonment, or not more than $10,000 fine or both. - . i $COTT-PAINE HOPEFUL British Boat Racer Admits Odds Over Here Are Against Him. England, August Hubes Empress of Britain t, Miss Britain, to for the Harms- said . “For the presen gought only for sea worthiness to meet the conditions of the international Gandhi Moves Quickly. POONA, India (£).—Mahatma Gandhi necessary on occasions. nent of President Machado and an exile in New York City, reading news of Machado's leave of absence yesterday. Standing behind his chair are COL. CARLOS MENDIETA. Nationalist party leader of Cuba, bitter oppo- Dr. Roberto Mendez Penate, president of the Union Naclonalista (left), and Dr. Ramon Zaydin, former speaker of the Cuban House of Repre- sentatives and former professor in the University of Havana. —A. P. Photo. Trouble in Cuban Paradise Island Has Been Scene of Dissension, Strife, Disorder and Violence Since Columbus Discovered It in 1492, “Trouble in Paradise” is s nphrase which may be applied with singular aptness to the beautiful Island of Cuba. From the day when Columbus and his companions first set eyes upon its loveliness, October 28, 1492, up to the| present moment, it has been a scene of dissension and strife, disorder and violence. Its mountains and vales, its| rich forests and fertile flelds, its towns and cities have been a scenic back- ground for one long tragi-comedy whose final denouement no individual yet may foretell In brief outline, the record runs as follows: 1508—Sebastian de Ocampo circum- navigated the island. The discoverer had supposed it to be part of the main- land of Asia. 151 l—DiegnI n‘gell;zquu began the eon- quest of the n al 1515—Santiago de Cubs and the al Havana founded. 1517-1520—The island drained d horses, money and men in aid of Cortes’| expedition to Mexico and De Soto’s ex- | pedition to Florida. Thousands of | Indians died in slavery. Slavery Introduced. 1523—Negro slaves from Africa in- troduced. ol 1544—Remnant of the Indian people’s proclaimed emancipated. A modern historian says: “The ad- ministration in the sixteenth eentury was loose and violent The local au- thorities were divided among themselves by bitter feuds; brigandage, mutinies and internal struggles disturbed the peace.” Buccaneers were the plague of the The “new” Havana was sacked o 1528 and | and burned by pirates in again in 1556. Sea rovers from England, France and Holland, the maritime gangsters of the period, continued to ravage the coasts for 150 years. Cuban e medieval settlemen enses only too often were taken without much difficulty. 1628—Dutch fleet attacked Ha 1669—The pirate Morgan took vana. 1762—Lord Albemarle, with and American Colonial troops, caj Havana. lish ured Restored to Spain. 1763—The island was restored to Spain under the treaty of Paris. 1790-1796—The Cuban people pros- pered under the benign leadership of Gov. Luis de las Casas. “But prosper- 1ty brought long years of suffering to the ‘ever faithful island.’ and the moth- er country as well.” “The result,” says Marrion Wilcox, “was inevitable. When the long-sought treasures of Ouba were at last brought forth, not from the gold mines, but from fertile soil, sought to make the treasure all her own, as she had monoplized the pre- cious metals three centuries fore. With a few exceptions, the high Span- ish officials sent to Cuba were simply belated conquistadores, lacking the per- sonal valor, but possessing the acquisi- tive talent of the adventurers who first exploited Mexico and Peru.” Another writer declares: “The sharp division between creoles and peninsulars, be- tween those born in Cuba and those born in Spain, the question of annexa- tion to the United States or possibly to some other power, the plotting for independence. all go back to the early years of he eighteenth century.” 1808—Cuba declared war on Napo- leon. 1820-1830—Conspiracies were rife. “The decree of 1825 placed the lives and fortunes of all Cubans at the dis- posal of the captains general. Plots insurrections, filibustering expeditions from the United States, called forth by op;;;esswe measures, n:g ng Jlum fur- nishing & poor justific: repres- sive measures, are the main incidents of the story.” 1829—Important but vain rising “A bloody against misrule. 1844—Negro insurrection. persecution of the slaves” followed. 1849-1851—Filibustering _ expeditions of Narcisso President . Taylor. leader was captured, tried and garroted at Havana, September 1, 1851. Many Americans shot after surrendering. 1855—Another revoit. The Encyclo- pedia Britannica says: “Domest| discontent had become acute by 1850, and from then on to 1868 there was conflict between liberal and reaction- ary sentiment, centering about the as- serted connivance of the captains gen- eral in the illegal slave trade * * ¢ the notorious and prodigal wasteful- ness of the government and the selfish exploitation of the colony by Spaniards and the Spanish government.” Three thousand persons tortured, imprisoned, exiled or executed, 1848-1855. War Costs $300,000,000. 1868-1878—Ten Years’ War. “Spain sent 257,000 men against the insurgents and lost 208,000 of them, according to official reports. The cost of the war, excluding the value of property de- stroyed, was $300,000,000.” 1871—Reign of terrer. Massacres, January to November. 1873—Virginius, American steamer, captured by Spanish gunboat Tornsdo. 8ix British and thirty American mem- bers of expedition shot without eivil trial. 1878—Treay of Zanjon “restored the old oppressive conditions.” Cuba “a desert.” Cost of decade of strife as- to & confer- of his automobile was 50 miles an India’s highways. A — = sessed against the population, rich and T, mloa'ls—New insurrection. Rebels de- feated at Placeta. 1895-1898—"The flame of insurrection again was kindled and in the course of three years the whole island was again laid waste.” 3 1896—"Reconcentrados” policy of Capt. Gen. Weyler. “Thousands of Cuban families were pent in towns or zones under surveillance of a Spanish garrison, and as time went on they died of starvation and fever.” 1897—Spanish Prime Minister Cano- vas del Castillo assassinated. 1888—U. S. Battleship Maine sent to Havana Harbor, January 25; destroyed by explosion February 15, with 260 lost. Spain declared war on the United States, April 24. Admiral Dewey de- stroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay, Philippine Islands. May 1. Battles of San Juan and El Caney, July 1-3. Bat- tle of Santiago de Cuba, July 3, Admiral Cervera’s fleet destroyed. Peace proto- g romed. August 12; treaty, Decem- 1899—Spanish authority ceased, Janu- ary 1. American “military rule” until February 21, 1901, when the Cuban con- stitution was adopted with the Platt amendment as an appendix. Period of Prosperity. 1902—First Cuban congress met, Tomas Estrada Palma (1835-1908) first President. “Material prosperity from 1902 to 1906 was very great; but various mfltfiul. social and economic conditions once more to revolution.” 1906—Rebel manifesto issued, July 28. “This insurrection rapidly assumed large proportions. The government was weak and lacked moral support in the whole island.” American commission- ers sent to act as mediators. Palma resigned. September 28. Provisional government declared under American | auspices. 1909—Republic again inaugurated, January 28; Jose Miguel Presi- dent until May 20, 1913. was marked by a return to the tradi- tlonal ~political of the former Spanish S war” in 1912, o8 B2 o s oe.DE CESPEDES; NEW CUBAN RULER, maladministratiqn and dictatorial policles repeated] brought against him. Won re-election, 1916 “by the employment of violence and other improper methods.” “A serious civil war” in February, 1917, 1917—Cuba declared war on Ger- many. April 7. 1918—Gen. Enoch H. Crowder invited to draw up new election law. 1921—Alfredo Zayas, President. PFi- a:cml panic and economic depres- 1924—Revolution, April-Mag. 1925—Gerardo Macthado, President. Re-elected in 1928. it visiting Cube in months invariably have returfied inevitabifity Spain | convinced of the past has confirmed their impressions. There i5 trouble again in the Cuban paradise. T OFFICER OF HOWARD U. REPORTS $1,300 THEFT Home Entered During Absence. Loot Includes Jewelry, Oloth- ing and Home Furnishings. Dr. Emmet J. Scott, secretary-treas- urer of Howard University, reported to police last night his home at 1711 S street was entered during the past week and $1.300 in jewelry, clotgmg and home furnishings stolen. Included in the loot were several diamond nfingxw% of %n;orth “Mé an expensive ‘wal luggage anc & quantity of woman’s clothing. . _Scott discovered the after returning from New York yester- day. He told police the thieves entered the house by breaking & basement door. Revolt in Brief By the Associated Press. August 3—Havana street car workers Join the strike of omnibus and taxi drivers in protest against the Govern- ment, vm;;nym tuy:u up vehicular transportat Wi part of the island. August 4—President Machado brands the transportation strike as “seditious” and threatens to declare martial law and & state of war to end it. August 7—Political parties, under sponsorship of United States Ambassa- dar Sumner Welles, unite in demanding that Machado resign. The President replies by ordering the army to occupy the capital and wild disorders ensue. with the killing nf 21 and wounding of about 150 persons. August 8—Amoassador Welles tells Machado he must take leave of absence in the interests of Cuban peace, , and President Roose- velt interests himself in the Cuban situ- ation, warning the island to abandon political warfare. August 10—Leaders of Machado’s Lib- eray party condemn Ambassador Welles’ eflxm at nl:edhman. T ugust 11—Cuban army re - out violence and demands that Machado get out. August 12—Machado requests s “leave of absence,” opening the way for es- gbanmm of & new regime scceptable ¢ L | distinctio DISSOLVED CUBAN | DERN SAYS OFFICER | JUNTA GAINS GOAL| LOSS HURTS ARMY|_ Three of Exiles in New York Credited With Big Roles in Machado Overthrow. By the Associated Press. NEW YORK, August 12.—The ob- Jjective of the short-lived Cuban revolu- tionary junta—the overthrow of the government of President Machado—was accomplished today, less than two months after the group had dissolved. Unrelenting in its fight to unseat the President, the junta, representing the six powerful anti-Machado parties in the island republic, volyntarily broke up when Ambassador Wel undertook mediation of the Cuban difficulties, Three of the junta leaders, who had been-exiled from their homeland, re- mained in New York. They were silent tonight, awaiting private advices from their colleagues in Havana before ex- pressing their opinion of the selection of Manuel de Cespedes as provisional President. These leaders, Dr. Carlos de la Torre, octogenerian president of the junta, and Col. Carlos Mendieta and Col. Roberto Mendez Penate, heads of the Nationalist party, were credited with having played an important part—be- hind the scenes—in developments that led to Machado's withdrawal. Join in Statement. \ A few hours before De Cespedes be- | came provisional President, Mendieta | and Penate joined in the following statement : “The opposition will accept as a sub- | stitute to Machado any outstanding | civilian who has not shared any re- sponstbility of the Machado govern- ment or any complicity in its misrule, and who would be capable of guaran- | teeing equally the rights of all Cubans.” Associates of Mendieta, defeated by Machado in 1924 and mentioned as a possible candidate in the 1934 general elections, said he would probably leave for Cuba within a few days. Soft spoken, even-tempered, Mendieta is 59, a veteran of the wars of in- dependence and, until he turned to politics, was a practicing physician. He was elected to the Cuban Congress in the early days of the republic and was an unsuccessful candidate for Vice President in 1916. De La Torre’s plans were not known It was De La Torre who four days ago said that there were but two solutions of the Cuban situation in the offing— the removal of Machado or revolt of the army. The latter prediction came true Organized in April. The Junta organized in April, with the six most powerful anti-Machado parties joining. The parties banding to- gether were the ABC, the Natioalists, the Conservatives, the Students, the Professors and the anti-Machado Liberals | Dr. Mario Garcia Menocal, former President, and Dr. Miguel Mariano Gomez, former mayor of Havana, e thusiastic supporters of Machado dur- ing his first administration, joined with the Junta. Not only was the Junta's plan to overthrow Machado successful, but it realized its desire—selection of a Provi- sional President. who will serve until the 1934 elections. The 800 Cuban exiles in New York were elated when they learned the Machado regime was ended. Many be- gan preparations at once to rciurn to their homeland as soon as possible Dr. De La Torre spoke of De Cespedes as “an excellent man, a fine man, a splendid choice” for the provisional | presidency. He began to talk of reor-| ganizing the University of Havana, which he once headed and which now | is closed | “Probably we shall be able to reopen it in the Fall, this October,” he said. 2 = B Seriously Hurt in Fall. i John Moran, 34. of the 1000 block of | Twenty-sixth street, was treated at Emergency Hospital last night for severe scalp cuts and a possible skull fracture, received when he fell in Greens court. He later was transferred to Gallinger Hospital. | ments down to one or two officers per | paper _stories, | their D. C.. AUvuisd Detail of 3,000 Men to For- est Camp Shows Need for Full Staff, He Holds. Crippling of the regular Army by de- tailing approximately 3,000 officers for duty at reforestation camps with the Civilian Conservation Corps, in the opinion of Secretary of War Dern, has demonstrated conclusively the danger to the national defense structure in any material decrease in officer personnel. While Dern voiced his own personal pride in the successful job the Army has accomplished on this unique peace-time assignment in frequent speeches he made on his recent Western trip, he- nevertheless is concerned over the disruption of Army organization that has resulted. It has been occupy- ing much of his attention since his re- turn to_Washington last week. “Our regular Army garrisons are scattered over the United States,” hel said. “The withdrawal of so many offi- cers and non-commissioned officers from these posts has badly disrupted their efficiency as organizations. With only an officer or two per battalion and with many key non-commissioned offi- cers gone, training is at a standstill and their effectiveness if called on for an emergency, foreign or domestic, is greatly reduced.” General staff officers in Washington pointed to the crisis in Cuba, which threatened for a while to force Ameri- can armed occupation, as a problem of grave concern to the Army in its pres- ent situation. With some 3,000 officers detailed to distant forest camps and regiments and battalions having only skeletonized staffs, a sudden demand for American troops would have resulted in a considerable embarrassment to the Army, at least. It probably would have resulted, an officer explained, in the Marines adding another notch to their gun. For the reason that the C.C. C. details | have so crippled the service, Secretary Dern has been compelled to take steps | to order the return on September 1 of approximately 1,000 officers for duty as instructors and students at the various service schools of the different branches of the Army. Otherwise, it was pointed out at the War Department. the service schools, highly important in the mat- ter]o( training, could not reopen in the Fall. Chairman Collins of the House Ap- propriations Subcommittee for the War Department has consistently cam- paigned in recent yeasr to reduce.the established strength of the commis- sioned personnel by 2.000 to 4.000 o cers. Army officials declare the si ation created by the demands of the C. C. C. on Army personnel should fur- nish conclusive evidence that the Army structure, as constituted, needs every officer. They anticipate, however, re- newed attacks on the national defense structure when Congress reconvenes. Secretary Dern was emphatic in re- ferring to the disastrous effect the| withdrawal of 3,000 officers has had on Army training. “The withdrawal was only possible.” Dern sald, “by suspending our essential | military school system, stripping regi- battalion ‘and greatly reducing the offi- cer personnel with our civilian com- ponents—the National Guard: Organ- ized Reserves. Reserve Officers’ Train- ing Corps and Citizens' Military Train- ing Camps. The furnishing of these ! officers, trained in the essentials leadership. supply. sanitation and ad- ministration of units. made the differ-| ence between success and failure | “The mobilization and establishment | of the C. C. C. camps was done with such lack of fuss that, except for news- the country would not| have been conscious of its taking place. “The absence of these officers from | regular peacetime duties has | demonstrated to me that the commis- | sioned personnel cannot be further re- duced if the Army is to properly carr: out its mission under the national de- fense act.” As near as possible, Reserve officers will replace the 1,000 commissicred of- ficers to be withdrawn from the forest camps on September 1, but with the duration of the C. C. C. drawing to a | close sufficiently trained C. C. C. men! will assist. of PRAISED HIGH The tumult in Cuba echoed but faintly in the embassy on Sixteenth street last night. Hours which made history for the island republic were ticked off in all tranquility by the wall clock under a life-size portrait of the great Cuban patriot and liberator, Carlos Manuel de Qnly the clock and an electric fan droning faintly broke the silence in a rBom still dominsted by the ality of the liberator’s son, rer Carlos Msanuel de Cespedes, who has come to the defense of Cuban liberty. the embassy here, while Minister from Cuba in 1914, a post which he held until 1922. The portrait of the father of Cuba's new provisional President, like that of | the President himself, reveals a dark and handsome aristocrat of dominating personality. Cuba’s George Washington. ‘The first Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, revered by Cubans as the Washington” of his country, is pictured in the formal evening dress of his day, clasping gloves and cane in slender, tapering fingers. His black mustache and goatee, coupled with aristocratic features, mark n. On the opposite wall, ranged with pictures of Cuban Presidents, including that of Gerardo Machado, is a large framed photograph of Carlos Manuel g: Cespedes, the new Provisional Presi- nt. Jose T. Baron, charge d'affaires of the embassy, indicated the pictures of him as a man of great | . | probably, but strongly reminiscent of LY AT EMBASSY his countrymen against the Spanich oppressors during the “10 vears’ revo- lution” which began in 1868 As for the son. the charge d'affaires spoke from an association of many years while De Cespedes was Minister here. Descendant of Great Line. “A man of commanding personality, as you see” Senor Baron said with a wave of his cigar—"also a man of great eloguence and sagacity, as I well know. “He comes from a great line of Cubans. His father was a Sugar planter, master of hundreds of slaves. Yet he freed them all when he led the patriots against the Spanish. “The liberator’s son was only 3 years old when the death of his father obliged his mother, also of a long line of Cuban aristocrats, to flee to Paris. “He later came to the United States and spent his early manhood in America. “Carlos Manuel de Cespedes is a great linguist. Spanish. French, Italian and English he speaks with all the fluency of a native.” The big embassy at 2630 Sixteenth street seemed strangely quiet. The present Ambassador. Don Oscar B. | Cintas. has gone to Cuba, leaving Friday | by train for Miami and flying across| the water. | Only a butler and Senor Baron were in evidence. The charge d'affaires him- | self, he said, knew nothing of the progress of events in Cuba last night except what he had learned frcm the radio and newspapers. Meanwhile, faint reports as of distant guns echoed within the high-ceilinged room, the back-firing of passing motors, the tumult even then sweeping revolu- The BANK for the INDIVIDUAL e INDIVIDUAL the facilities of a SAVINGS BANK with the borrow. tionary Cuba. Loans are pass- ed within a day or two after filing i | party in 1920 and was succeeded by Ma- application— with few excep- tions. MORRIS PLAN notes are usually made for 1 year, though they may be given for any period of from 3 to 12 months. MORRIS PLAN BANK Under Supervision U. S. Treasury 1408 H Street N. W.; Washington, D. C. «Character and Earning Power Are the Basis of Credie® Machado Goes Down Fighting; In Constant Trouble Since 1931 egarded as Strongest Personality at Helm in Cuba Since “Butcher” Weyler, Last Spanish Governor, Ruled. By ‘he Associated Press. Even his bitter2s. enemies credit Gen. Gerardo Machado with making a strong fight to hold the presidency of Cuba. He found the presidential seat a powder keg, but made drastic use of his military resources to prevent his foes from setting it off. There have been battles and bombings all around him almost continuously since the Au- gust, 1931, rebellion. There have been several attempts to assassinate him since he became President for his first term on March 20, 1925. But an impregnable wall of defense was set up around his presi- dential palace and he was under close guard whenever he sought a change of scenery in the country or on a fish- ing trip at sea. Gen. Machado boasted that he would never quit Cuba, for whose mflend ence he had fought, and declared that he was determined to die in the land where he lived his turbulent life. He gained control of all political parties and had the old constitution, be- queathed to Cuba by the United States, so amended as to insure him of the presidency until May 20, 1935. Ran Again Despite Pledge. Machado was elected in 1925 for a four-year term and under a pledge not to stand for re-election the Cuban Con- gress in 1928 adopted an amendment making the term six years. Machado stood for the new term. He was in control of the Popular and Conserva- tive parties as well as his own Liberals and, therefore, was unanimously elected. That Machado was able to achieve this extension of power was in no small way due to his training and influence as a military man. He was ly a soldier. He was cited for exploits of valor in the revolution of 1895, when as a youth of 24, he fought under Gen. Juan Bruno Zayas, and was promoted gruxdmuy to the rank of brigadier gen- era After the independence of Cuba was achieved, Machado served on a commis- sion which organized the rural guards, later to become a powerful weapon in his term as President. He was appoint- ed lieutenant colonel of the organiza- tion with headquarters in his native city of Santa Clara. Helped Settle Rebellion. When Gen. Jose Miguel Gomez be- came President in 1908, he appointed Machado as chief of the Cuban army Later the President created the office of inspector general of all armed forces of the republic and this post went to Ma- chado. Machado was Secretary of In- | terior also under Gomez and took a | leading part in settling the Negro re- | bellion. In politics Machado had met with re- versals. He had been defeated by a narrow vote for Governor of Santa | Clara when Gomez became President on | the same Liberal ticket. Because of the | racial issue raised by the Negro rebel- lion. he helped organize the Liberal- Union party and, though it elected many officials in 1912, he was defeated | for Governor of Havana. Four years lav.e‘rn the Liberal forces became united again. Gen. Gomez quit as leader of the chado. This paved the way for his suc- cessful campaign for the presidency in 1925. when he defeated the Conservative candidate. Gen. Mario Menocal, who became a leader of the powerful Cuban revolutionary forces in the United States. | Then Machado, reaping the harvest | of his military prestige, began estahlish- | ing himself so firmly in the presidency that it is generally conceded no stronger personality ever dominated the Cuban | scene since the last Spanish Governor, Butcher” Weyler. Unrest Plagues Regime. Cuba's severe economic depressicn. | 1sed by overstocks of sugar and low | ces during 1930 and 1931, caused the | itical unrest which continued to c 'and continuous bombings. lague the Machado e. Students of Havana University staged | 2 demonstration against the government in September. 1920, and the university now. persisted as a center of bloody disorders. Many bomb explosions indicated a well organized Finally, through the of United States Ambassador Sumn Welles, a continuous two-year military guard at the university was withdrawn. President Machado obtained direct authority over the national army of 15,000 and about half as many more rural guards and national police forces. When the attack against him progressed beyond the verbal stage and the oppo- sition flared into open rebellion, the old cam T personally made the rounds of the army posts. The oppasi- tion had little chance of victory in open conftict. Constitutional tees were sus- pended for sev periods and he rig- orously appHed the weapon of censor- ship of the press. Menocal was leader of the August, 1931, rebellion and Pres- | ident Machado in person went to the front. e Expedition Wiped Out. ocal and Col. Carlos Mendieta, &l:recmdmhg ‘l: ;fil: in New York, v captur r ‘Del Rio; an expedition that landed at Jibara, Ori- ente Province, was wiped out; and the last opposition leader, Dr. Mendgz Penate, surrendered in Santa Clara. Although amnesty was granted all those involved in that revolt, disturb- | ances continued with occasional out- breaks in various parts of the country President Machado created a national militia composed of all members of the na- tional police and additional voiunteers. The opposition continued their cry of lllegality in demanding the rescinding of the 1928 amendment, and many Cu- bans held that Machado ceased to be President earlier in 1933 when his sec- ond four About that time revolt broke out in Camaguey and Santa Clara Provinces, but the revolutionary junta in the | United States disclaimed this develop- ment as the “real revorution.” quickly stamped out. General Strike Breaks Out. Then suddenly came the new form of attack—the general strike. It has been debated whether it was aimed at Ma- | chado’s overthrow, but it served the purpose of embarrasing him as did none of the open fighting of past years. Machado struggled to get the thou- sands of Cubans‘in various lines of work to return to their jobs and the | Cubans, facing starvation as a result of a tie-up of food supplies, grimly carried on their campaign. Employes of the government, who had received no pay for months, joined the movement. Then came the strike demonstrations, the first real outbreaks resulting in casualties, and, finally, the firing by soldiers on a crowd before the presi- dential palace. A state of war had been declared—Machado’s ace in the hole—in his last desperate effort to break the back of the strike. years in office were completed. | It was | oy SKALINE HIGHWAY SOON TOBE OPEN Shenandoah Park Ceremony Likely August 20, After President’s Visit. By the Associated Press. HARRISONBURG, Va., August 12— The opening of the beautiful Skyline Drive in the Shenandoah National Park |area by August 20 appeared & DOSSi- bility today following the visit of Presi- dent Rooseveit to this scenically beauti- ful section of the Old Deminion. ‘The President. impressed with the magnificence of the Blue Ridge Moun- | tain scenery, told Senator Harry F. Byrd and Representative Willis Rooert- son that he will approve the opening |of the Skyline Drive as scon as Got. | Pollard and William E. Carson, chair- |man of the Virginia Conservation and | Development Commission, give their approval. ‘ 8ecretary of the Interior Ickes and National Park Director A. B. Cammerer later.told Senatcr Byrd and Mr. Robert- | son that they would authorize the oden- ing of the Skyline trail to the public next Sunday if the approval comes im- mediately from the Governor and Mr. | Carson. 40 Miles on Crest. The scenic Skyline Drive follows 41 miles alorg the crest of the Blue Rid Mountains from Thornton’s Gap 1 Swift Run Gap. It was constructe. during the Hoover administration whe funés were authcrized by Congress fo relief w-rk. Representative Robertson and Sena- tor Byrd tcnight sent telegrams to Go Pollard at White Sulph: v Va, and to Noriolk, whe is in the hospita! that they for the pu ? After riding over the Skyline the Chief Executive said he hope mountain highway would be constructs: from New York to Georgia through the National Parks of the Shenandoah and the Great Smokies he national forests in Pennsylv: irginia, Ten- nessee and Georgia. Plan for Financing. He said such a highw could bz | financed by the charging of a small fee to every motor car that travels 20 miles on it. Mr. Roosevelt arrived in Harrison- burg this morning and was applauded |by a large crowd which had gathered at the station. As he stepped from the | platform of his train he saw Senator | Byrd, and, turning his head, said: “Harry, I am glad you are here. Come on and go With us to the camps.” Then | he greeted Representative Robertsor who introduced Mayor Ward Swank, | who welcomed the Chief Executive to | the city. $275 Wedding Ring Stolen. Mrs. Selina Freeman last night | ported to police the theft of platinum wedding ring, diamonds, from the secon: home at 4817 Ninth street T 32 SPEEDY MARINE PLANES WILL CONTEST AT FAIR 19, Piloted by Veterans, to Be Sent to International Races at Chicago. By the Associated Press. Nineteen fast Marine planes manned by veteran airmen will represent the naval services in the international air races at Chicago September 1 to 4. The Navy Department, in announc- ing this yesterday, said the Navy proper would not enter any heavier-than-air craft because of scheduled training ex- ercises on the West Coast but that Lieut. Comdr. T. G. W. Settle, 1932 winner of the Gordon Bennett balloon race. will represent the bluejackets in the international balloon races. The Marines will send two squadrons from Quantico, Va., under Lieut. Col. Ross E. Rowell. & veteran of aviation of and the other of The Chim Before Buying Any Oil Burner or Boiler seethe YORK Unsurpassed—Scldom Equaled Quietness, Simplicity, D urability served owners for limited time only! For full information, call York Automatic Heating Co. 227 9th St. NE., Lincoln 0272 331 Penna. Ave. S.E., LI. 4808 ney is the, LUNGS of your heating System. Shall we see if it is in good condition? And clean the Boiler, put ting it in shape for next Win- We can install an “Air- Sealed Attachment” to your Present Hot-Water Sy s- tem that will give 25 more heat for the same amount of fuel you are now burning. Oil-Burning and Gas-Fired Boilers should be so equip- ped. %o later ad we will tell you how to save flel and main- us and we will help you solve it. 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