Evening Star Newspaper, January 19, 1932, Page 24

I | I I by boamoney husgamen Repemnns hsmun ¥Georgetown University Medical School, " B-8 RATTLER'S POISON | LIKE HONEY BEES Venom of Plant Essentially the Same, Experiments by Scientists Reveal. The poisons of the rattlesnake, the corpion, the honey bee and the nettle are essentially the same. The rattle- snake just has more of it. This is the conclusion from experi- ments with these toxic substances conducted jointly by Dr. J. Markowitz, present professor of _physiclogy at and Drs. Hiram E. Essex and Frank C. Mann of the Mayo Foundation. When this work was done Dr. Markowitz Was with the Mayo Foundation The secretion of this poison is charac- terized as “a general means of offense and defense among lower animals and plants” In such cases the toxin has essentially the same physiological re- action, although there are obviously minute differences in the chemical com- position secreted by different animals, since injections with one substance will not confer immunity against the others. The experimenters injected into dogs amounts of the bee poison roughly equivalent to the amount an animal might receive if bitten by a rattler. The physiological effect was precisely the same. Then they used rattlesnake toxin on themselves in the same minute amounts that would come from bee stings. ‘This resulted in typical bee stings. Evolve Nothing New. The rattlesnake and his cousin, the copperhead, it was explained by Dr. Markowitz, simply have evolved along the line of more coplous and efficient toxin secretion. But they have not evolved anything new in the line of poisons. The outstanding effect of & rattle- snake bite, said Dr. Markowitz, is a quick and enormous fall in the blood pressure, which, in turn, has far-reach- ing secondary effects on the system, causing death in extreme instances. The bite is extremely painful and has a great local destructive action, which is also true for similar quantities of bee venom locally injected. “This, he points out, is quite different from the effects of the toxins of other deadly snakes which have -evolved along other lines. The poison of the cobra and its relatives, for example, does not act on the blood vessels, but directly on the breathing control center near the base of the brain, often making arti- ficial respiration necessary to save the life of the victim. A third snake poison, and the most deadly of all, Dr. Markowitz explained, 4s that of certain Australian water snakes which coagulates the blood. The victim's blood becomes a thick jelly in & few minutes after being bitten, and he is beyond all human aid, because no decoaguiating agent is known to scl'- ence. Only 10 per cent of the rattler's victims die, while 80 per cent of the cobra’s bites are fatal. Bites from the Australian water snake are fatal in 90 per cent of cases. Some Bee Stings Fatal. e bee, Dr. Markowitz explained, in- Jects only an extremely minute amount of the venom. But there are several cases on record of persons killed by the | sting of & single bumblebee. The prob- able explanation, he said, is that the venom was injected directly into the blood stream. It is well known that a great many bee stings received at one time constitute a serious danger be- cause of the resulting fall in blood pressure. Markowitz and Essex obtained their bee venom in the dead of Winter in Minn , taking advantage of the fact that e bee is incapable of stinging in extreme cold. Once out of the warm hive the insect survives only as long as it keeps flying. At 20 below zero, Dr. Markowitz said, the bees driven out of the hive froze solid almost instan- taneously when they alighted before they had a chance to sting. By pulling out the stingers and at- | tached venom sacks of 500 chloroform- | ed bees, they obtained about two cubic centimeters of the toxin with which to experiment. | Other samples of venom Were ob- | tained from tarantulas, They came to | the conclusion that the same toxic principle was at work, if not precisely the same toxin, in all those cases where the bite or sting is followed by pain- ful “whealing.” The effect appears al- most at once. This is the case with the nettle and peveral other poisonous plants. Pol- son ivy, whose toxin required a latent period of one or more days before its effects appear, apparently works on & different principle. Common Among Worms. Defense and offense by means of pol- #on, the experimenters concluded, is more widely distributed among the Jower animals than is generally sup- | posed, but in many cases the amount | of the toxin is so slight that it is un- | noticed, except among the creatures’ specific enemies. A similar type of toxin, they found, % quite common among worms, where it is needed. The common earthworm, ‘whose way of life makes it unnecessary, does not show the slightest trace of it. The toxin, in its various forms, prob- ably hes played a prominent part in the general mechanism of evolution. They found, by chemical analysis, that the venom of the rattlesnake con- | tains a single toxic principle and is not, &s sometimes has been maintained, s combination of several poisons. This mingle substance, an albumin, can be obtained in relatively pure form and produces the characteristic effects of the whole venom. The remainder of the toxin has no such effects. The rattlesnake toxin, at least, sets| up its own immunity on repeated in- | jection. The same probably holds for the similar substa from the other creatures. Bee keepers, for instance become immune to bee stings. Each | bite of a rattlesnake probably would be | less serious than the preceding bite | —_————— | [ DANDRUFF Ends Overnight! ‘Chere is one sure way that never fails to remove dandruff completely, and that is to dissolve it. This de- stroys it entirely To do this, just get about four ounces of plain, ordi- nary liquid arvon; apply it at night when retiring; use enough to moisten the scalp and rub it in gently with the finger tips. 1 By morning, most if not all, of your dandruff will be gone, and two or three more applications will com- pletely dissolve and entirely destroy every single sign and trace of it, no matter how much dandruff you may have. You will find, too, that all itching and digging of the scalp will stop instantly, and your hair will be fluffy, lustrous, glossy, silky and soft, and look and feel a hundred times better. | You can get liquid arvon at any drug store and four ounces is all you | will need. This simple remedy never falls.—Advertisement. Regular Delivery Over 100,000 familles read The Star every day. The great ma- Jority have the paper delivered regularly every evening and Sun- day morning at a cost of 13 cents dally and 5 cents Sunday If you are not taking advantage of this regular rervice at this low rate, telephone National 5000 now and service will start tomorrow. - and a man who ha#l been bitten eight or ten times probably would not suffer any ill effects at all. Develop Slowly. Injection of dogs, they found, sets up antibodies in the blood. At first these develop very slowly. If the in- jections are discontinued for 90 days the demonstrable immunity is lost alto- gether, but when the injections are started again the development of anti- bodies proceeds much more rapidly than at first. Incidentally, Dr. Markowitz says, the studies confirm the fact that whisky is about the worst possible remedy for a rattlesnake bite. Crotalin (rattlesnakc venom) acts directly on the blood and blood vessels. The problem, then, is to keep it out of the blood stream so far as possible. Whisky speeds up the cir- culation and hence the toxin is carried more quickly through the system. It warms up the victim and makes him feel better for a few minutes, so he thinks that it is doing good. Probably the best emergency treat- ment, says Dr. Markowitz, is to suek the wound immediately after putting] on a tourniquet. Crotalin has no in- jurious effect when swallowed. Ap- parently it can work only through its effect on the blood stream. ‘The experimenters used large amounts rattlesnake venom in their work and, incidentally, acquired a high re- spect for the intelligence and funda- mental decency of the rattlesnake. Snakes Become Calm. They obtained it by pressure on the salivary glands of the reptiles, treating them as gently as possible. At first the snakes became greatly excited when attendants approached them to obtain the toxin, but in a few ¢s they seemed to realize that they were not going to be hurt and submitted 1o the operation without the least re- sistance. They did not even sound their rattlers. “They appeared to have grasped the fact that if they didn't fight they would not be hurt. One great secret of handling a rattle- snake, says Dr. Markowitz, is to stay behind him. So long as this position is maintained he cannot hurt anybody, no matter how mad he is. The snake can strike like nightning, straight ahead. ‘When he tries to turn around, however, he is very slow and clumsy, so it is easy to keep ahead of him. It is perfectly safe to pull a rattlesnake's tail, if you don’t wait around too lon; ot WoopwarDp & LoTHROP Tomorrow—Save 25¢ to $1.55 on each pair of hose— en’s Hose Reduced The Savings Average 4 Every pair bought for this season’s stocks —only a limited quantity in each group. 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