Evening Star Newspaper, November 2, 1930, Page 41

GERMAN REPUBLIC SEEN NEEDING OUTSIDE HELP Question of Scaling Involves United States as Well as Other BY FRANK H. SIMONDS. HILE the success of the Ger- man chancellor in the open- ing session of the Reichstag can count only as victory in a preliminary skirmish, it does certainly gain time at a point whete time is wellnigh invaluable. ‘What the Bruening cabinet faces is a combination of utterly irreconcilable groups—Communists, Fascists and Na- “onalists—capable of acting together against a government at a given mo- ment, but just as likely to engage in battle against each other. That such an {ll-assorted combination can hold to- gether permanently is almost out of the question. In addition to time, the Bruening government has also gained a certain position in the world. Even in Prance, where the recent election produced something like an earthquake, there is & recognition now that Fascism is only one side of the German picture; that Hitler is not to have it all his own way. Above all, the French radicals have found an excuse for sticking fast to their thesis of Franco-German friendship in the face of a new explo- slon of French nationalism. Yet it is essential to perceive that the Bruening success was predicated upon @ very definite program. The Chancel-' lor cannot undertake a revision of the treaties, he cannot even force a union of Austria and Germany, but he can and must do something in the matter of reparations. And the very life of the present cabinet will now depend upon success or failure in obtaining for Ger- many not merely the moratorium, which it is within her power to demand under the terms of the Young plan, but beyond that the assurance of a further reduction of the totals themselves. Made Clear in Speech. Bruening made that very clear in his opening speech. Paris and London have very promptly appreciated its sig- nificance. And while Dr. Schacht, for- mer president of the Reichsbank, has been busily engaged in fixing in the American mind the impossibility of German fulfillment under the Young plan, many French and British voices have been raised in eager support of an American consent to a proportionate reduction of war debts. For the moment it is clear that the ‘German government and the Reichstag understand that no German claim can * be accepted as well founded while Ger- man finances are in their present shape and an unbalanced budget and a waste- ful and indefensible level of appropria- tions is maintained. Bruening has thus obtained preliminary assent to his financial program, which amounts to enabling Germany to come with clean hands to the court of world opinion, before which she means presently to Justify her resort to a moratorium. In a sense Bruening's position con- sists in a deliberate and double appeal. To his fellow countrymen he says, in substance: “I can only get a mora- torium without arousing general hostil- ity and perhaps provoking reprisals if you let me get the home situation in order.” But just as plainly he is say- ing to the outside world: be- tween Hitler and me. If you want Fascist Germany, stick to the repara- tions terms, but if you want a parlia- mentary and republican Germany, for- tify my position by making the neces- Loan Will Aid Germany. ‘The loan of $125,000,000 by the Inter- npational Bank at Basel will tide the Germans over the bad year end. It will probably enable Germany to make at least one more payment under the! Young plan, completing the year. majority of the Bruening government | in the first session suggests that the upon appeal. Thus, fairly early year, wefl‘m going to have to a moratorium in debts paral- | tional isolation will have plain conse- DAY STAR, WASHI Down of War Debts Note—Recent dispatches from Europe have told of a “reign of terror’ that as broken out in the southeastern cor- ner of Poland where some 3.000.000 Ukrainians are massed in the Province of East Galicia, Several months ago a Ukrainian society whose directors aspire to liberate East Galicia from Polish rule and link it up with the Soviet Ukraine in @ Ukrainian empire, are reported to have launched a svstematic campaion ggainst Polish_ private property. Nearly 200 cases of incendiarism were reported, houses and crops being destroyed. When civil authorities failed to meet the situation four squadrons of Polish cavalry were sent into the district. But their “pacification™ program is said to have resulted in a virtual reion of ter- ror. Two hundred thousand Ukrainians. . have been thrown priests and peasants flogoed. unroofed, _co-operative _stores d ruinous requisitions for food- vied on the villages. In the following article Count Sforza paints the backoround of this and other Phases of Poland’s problems, 'evaluates he “dictatorship” of Marshal Pilsudski and discusses the mational elections Creditors. establishing a link between debts and reparations. To be sure, the debtors can have a partial moratorium on noti- fication, but all are looking for some- thing far more decisive. European expectation is based upon various calculations. On the German side there is the belief that there will presently be a clash between the interests of the American Gov- ernment and private investors; that by a situation in which further insist- ence upon reparations payments will produce an economic collapse and 8. political upset in Germany which will wipe out not merely reparations but pri- vate debts. Thus they believe thaty bankers and investors will urge upon President Hoover and Congress an ac- ceptance of a far-reaching reduction in allied debts which will automatically scale down reparations obligations. Count on U. S. Loss. The British and the French. on the other hand, count upon the rapid shrinkage of American foreign trade. They argue that the American indus- trial and financial interests confronted by the fact that our exports are shrink- ing, and satisfied that Europe cannot both buy our goods and pay allied debts, will approach Washington urging the reduction, the very far-reaching re- duction, of the war debts. Moreover, for some reason hard to explain on this side of the Atlantic, British and French opinion is already convinced that American policy is changing rapidly. The danger that Germany may go off in a Fascist explosion, while not im- mediately pressing, is always present. It will remain present just as long as the economic condition in_ the country continues bad. The phychological ef- fect of bad times coupled with relatively eriormous foreign payments on account of a lost war cannot be mistaken. In the end the nations which defeated Germany in the war may be forced to consider the choice between agreeing to let Germany off from further repara- tions payments and running all the risks which will be incident either to a political upheaval and a Fascist dicta- torship or a general condition of an- archy and civil strife. In the end, too, the decision will have to be made in Washington and London. ! Little help will come from France, be- cause the French are only ready to co- operate in any German salvage enter- prise provided on the one hand the British and Americans are ready to scrap their claims upon France, and on the other the Germans are prepared to accept as final the territorial terms of the peace treaties. Stabilizing Effort Needed. A nationalist France would not be too deeply troubled by a financial crash in Germany or by a political upheaval, provided the result were the crippling of Germany for another generation. Radical PFrance, on the other hand, ‘would like co-operation with a republic- an Germgny. But at the moment the balance between nationalist and radical in the French chamber is very even and the followers of Briand are in no posi- :.san to go very far with the old Locarno ea. If Germany is to be saved for democ- racy it must be done by London and ‘Washington—in fact, by Washington, for London is facing a combination of domestic and imperial troubles that are staggering. But American leadership presupposes agreement between Con- gress and the President upon a broad and general policy of debts and repara- tions, a policy envisaging immediate moratorium and eventual scaling down if not cancellation. The alternative of continued non-intervention, of tradi- stuffs le which will be held in Poland next month. Jorauis ¢ the second article dealing with atability throughows Farags, PO Hicel in- - BY COUNT CARLO SFORZA, ormer Italian Minist SRl o Foigr Anwes NCE more events in Europe are Pproving that everything is con- nected in this most united and most divided of all continents. | Yesterday we witenessed in Germany the unexpected triumph of the Hitlerlans, with their program, which is nothtng more than a new and | cheap edition of the old tribal selfish- ness and nationalistic vanity. What do we see today? Poland, which is on the eve of a general election as Germany ‘was ves- teraay, appears as disturbed as Ger- many herself by the result of the Ge: man elections. All the Polish new: papers, all the speakers at the election | campaign meetings, are fiercely point- | ing out that Germany some day is go- inilo attack Poland and that the Po- lish nation must be ready to resort to arms in defense of her territory. The French and reparations “bogy” swayed the German elections; and now the German “bogy” will résult in a Polish Diet next month in which the air probably will be inflamed with end- less “last drop of blood” speeches. Such are the fruits of nationalistic hatreds. Once hatreds and passions were the business of kings, statesmen and generals; today political passions are standardized and broadcast. The result is this: The German election has become a trump card in the hands of Marshal Pilsudski and his supporters. Without it, Pilsudski prob- ably would have been obliged to secure victory by a system of violence such as | has not been seen in Europe since the | last Fasc.st “elections” in Italy. Now his worst enemies and haters, the Ger- man Nationalists, have probably offered the means of creating around him a sort of patriotic unanimity of the Poles. One must realize, if one wants to understand anything of the Polish situ- ation, that of course, Pilsudski, being the dictator, is hated by many; but he is| not hated in the way other European dictators are hated and loathed. The reason Is essentially Polish. During | their generaticns of enslavement, the of the government as they. and to hat- BY HENRY W. BUNN. HE following is & brief summary of the most important news of the world for the seven days ended November 1: quences. b Bl What is happening now is simple. Paris, London and Berlin are ‘experi- menting in American opinion. They are at one time trying to convince us that it is to our interest to save Ger- many and endeavoring to assure Bruen- ing that he will have outside support to meet his home dangers. If, however, it should become clear that no help will be | {’.:fl.lfiom:‘nz from mmwddsmes. uation would cl e rapidly, and I do not believe the Bruening cabinet would last long. It is a cabinet that can survive only as it is able to get done legally and pleasantly what Ger- many, means to do in any event—name- Iy, get rid of reparations. It is a cabi- net to eliminate reparations by, the moratorfum route. The Hitler method would be shorter and uglier. BRITISH COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS.—The Westminster Parlia- | ment reopened on October 28. The speech from the throne promised legislative proposals by the government as follows: For the promotion of in- creased settlement and employment on the land and of large-scale farming operations, for the acquisition and im- provement of agricultural land, and for the organization of agricultural pro- ducers for marketing purposes; “to se- cure for the community its share in the site value of land” (very imporiant); to raise the age of compulsory school attendance; to amend the trades dis- putes act (extremely important): to create & consumers’ council, and for electoral reform. It is also proposed to set up at once “a commission to t in reparations, and thus Inventions—Boon or Curse? (Continued From First Page.) an idea, or rather a vision of telepho- | phy. I thought a t deal about and also television, but in all prob- ability I should never have found the solution of the problem had not a Ger- man inventor come to Paris and at- tracted attention by what was said about him in the newspapers. Inspiration Comes Any Time. I This man, whose name was Korn, | had found a rather superficial way of approaching the question, and a weekly | paper which claimed to be scientific published an article in which telepho- (Copyright. 1930.) inquire into the entire question of un- employment insurance,” particularly with reference to “allegations of abuse of its provisions.” If indicated, amenda- tory legislative proposals are to be made. Meantime Parliament must be asked for a further grant for maintenance of this | Polish gentry. NGTON. MARSHAL JOSEPH PILSUDSKI. ing them. Now they speak of Pilsudski as he; but there is this difference—were they to hate him too much they would be hating themselves, for Pilsudski is the most typical personification of the In him, as in a mirror, the Poles see themselves. All of their qualities and shortcomings are reflected in the irritable, erratic go of their pres- ent master. Refused Explanation in 1905. As he is now, so he was when he was a leader of the Polish Socialist party | its origin in a sentimental spell of hero under the Russian rule before the war. During the 1905 revolutionary moy ment he led the terroristic forces of his party in a way so opposed to any possi- | D. C., NOVEMBER 2, 1930—PART TWO. Poland’s Strong Dictator Marshal Pilsudski’s Accomplishments and Errors in Handling Difficult Situation Are Set Forth. that, le;‘l!ly, he had the right to be elected King. No use, then, imputing to Pilsudski facts and wroi that were probably fatal; Pilsudski is Poland. And with | him, with his manias and errors and fits, Poland simply pays the penalty for a crime of which she has been the vic- tim—the partitioning of the old Polish | State among robber neighbors, Austria, | Prussia and Russia, with the oconse- quence that Polamd regained her inde- pendence and unity generations .after Italy and Germany: regained it only |after long years of “war, invasions, famine, revolution. | Truth to tell, when prosperous coun- | tries like the Unit States are some- | times tempted to sweeping jud, | ments on all the disorders and injus- | tices so patent today in Polish admin- | istrative life, they ought to remember |that the United States and similar countries are spared the sense of in- security given by open-land frontiers, | that, they have a common political ori- gin, while in Poland the political and intellectual is Russian in Warsaw, Ger- | man in Poznan and Austrian in Galicia. Pilsudski’s heaviest errors he probably breathed in Russian Poland, where he spent all his life—when he was not in | Russian prisons. His immediate enemy was the Och- rana, the secret Czarist police, which evolved in Soviet Russia into the Tcheska. Surrounded by international \dln[ern of all sorts, Pilsudski has not | dared to rely on liberty, but has copied | the very things he formerly most loath- | ed. The Ochrana, which he fought, has become in Poland the Defensive. It spies everywhere, it pries into the most intimate personal matters, and, with its system of blackmailing and terrorizing, it achieves the same results that anal- ogous systems achieve in another great European nation—an appalling lower- ing of the moral character of the citizens. One may ask: “But why, with all his power, does Pilsudski insist on keeping a Parliament, and why does the elec- toral campaign of October and Novem- ber, 1930, seem so important to him? Retains His Prudence. ‘The only possible answer proves t Pilsudski—for all his nu!burgu lndu;:- ries and, during the last few months, his speeches crammed with unprintable obscenities—has remained more prudent than certain other overrated dictators. The existence of a Parliament (a Pa liament with an opposition, of course) allows him to make the Sejm (such is the Polish name for the Chamber) the scapegoat for all the failures people complain of in Poland. But all that, deplorable as it is, was probably fatal. What, in my opinion, seems Pilsud- —Drawing by Boleslaw Kuminski. Of one thing only is he careful—that he constantly keep, through his knowledge of the stage effects, the impressionabil- ity of the Poles under his spell, and | even that is not done out of personal vanity, but as a political necessity. Just as he has never been a revolu- tionary in the common sense of the word, so now he is not a dictator like the others. All the European dictators have their origin in the interests of a cast, or of a class, or at least of a group. Pilsudski’s is a dictatorship which had worship. He spent his life striving for the liberation of Poland: he gave her an army when the World War offered Po- land the great opportunity: he declared | Central Committee called him up for an | that it was the best way to fight Czarist ble aim of a labor organization that nis | himself a Socialist when he thought explanation; he gave none—instead he | ia. . In reality, he has always been, simply asked, and got, absolute com- |at%heart, the tradition-made man of the mand over the mobilized forces of the | Polish gentry—that turbulent class of secret organization. | belted warriors, sometimes self-sacri- As he was, so he is now. Strong, and | ficing and active, sometimes lazy and even great (o have made Poland a |dreamy, but always unpractical because great power in 10 years is a stupendous | their dreams were—or are?—too lofty Poles had got accustomed to speaking | w chievement), he is at the same time himsical and neuropathic, going in and out of power according to his fits. ment would become a sinkhole of cor-| population on a higher standard of liv- ruption. The members would go there not to represent national interest, but pledged to support the selfish interests of particular industries.” Edward S. Harkness, who not long ago gave $10,000,000 to the Pilgrim Trust “for the benefit of Britain,” an- nounces the intention of making charities.” On November 12 King George himself will open the Round Table Conference on India in the royal gallery of the House of Lords, The subsequent meetings will be held in Queen Anne’s drawing room in St. James’ Palace, and literally a round table will be used. The list of British delegates to the Round Table Conference has been pub- lished, as follows: The government—Premier MacDon- | chancellor; | ald, Lord Sankey, lord Wedgwood Benn, secretary of state for India; Arthur Henderson, foreign sec- retary, and J. H. Thomas, secretary of state for the dominions. Conservatives—Ear]l Peel, formerly secretary of state for India; Sir Samuel Hoare, formerly air minister; the Mar- quess of Zetland, who as Earl Ronald- shay made a famous record as governor of Bengal, and the Hon. Oliver Stanley, son of Lord Derby. sl further gift of $25,000,000 for “British | tcount, I feel a certain sense of guilt, are used every year, and if you pro- duce an emulsion which will enable the | width of film to be reduced by half an inch, you will see what a saving in dol- lars it means every year” T did not take Edison’s advice, as I| am not out for dollars. I kept to my own sphere of telephotography and | television. I talk to all the inventors who come to see me, and do my best to encourage them if I can see any- | thing hopeful in their ideas. While I 80 on trying to invent on my own ac- for it seems to me that the sum of hap- piness in the world decreases in pro- portion to the increase in inventions. (Copyright. 1930.) tography and television were hopelessly mixed up. It made me very angry. Up to that time I had been working chief. 1y on television—that is to say, view. ing happenings at a :Lsunele. - telephotography is the telegraphic tranamission of records of events which bave already taken place. I felt that Korn's system was useless and that tele- | photography was not such a complicat- | ed affair after all. I did not realize the difficulties of the problem, or, I dare say, I should never have begun | the work. Anyway, I went home in a state of frritation, retired to bed and fell asleep. At 11 o'clock I awoke, turned on the light, and on the bottom of a candy box I made a drawing of the telephotographic apparatus which became a reality 10 years later. <his is an example of the spon- taneous inspiration of the@inventor. What he does belongs more to art than to science. No one can be trained for this kind of thing: there are no schools for inventors. I greatly doubt whether young man who was picked out as Edison’s successor will answer expecta- tions. Technical training is one thing, and inspiration, the essence of inven- tion, is another. Some years ago I went to see Edison. the most famous of all inventors. I had long desired to meet him, and, of course, I looked forward to the visit with great interest. Edison had heard of me, and staged a reception for me with all his staff round him, not to mention many newspaper reporters, amid all the splendor of his magnificent plant. Edison Sees Huge Field. In the course of our conversation I asked: “Mr. Edison, if I were not M. Belin, the inventor of telephotography, but simply & young man who wanted to be | an inventor and came to ask your ad- vice, whatwould you say?” He answered without hesitation: “That is quite simple. about 10,000 things waiting to be in- vented. Pick out the one that will bring the largest number of dollars, and set to work on it. I would suggest, a new emulsion for nega- kind of emulsion now t of a smaller . a pencil and Seckon how many miles of nege‘ive film while | Japan Plans College To Train Entertainers The Shimbashi Geisha Association, which controls the highest class group of geisha entertainers in Tokio, has decided to establish a sort of geisha university, at which the entertainers will be trained in entertainment a bit more modern than that which their | profession has speclalized in for the |last few centuries. Three hundred | members of the association, autharities |of the metropolitan police board and | others interested attended the meeting at which the new course of training | was discussed. Plans for the school include training in foreign dances, the singing of modern foreign songs and a certain_amount of English conversa- tion. This acceptance of the modern, | even in a small way, by the leading geisha of the capital is little short of revolutionary in the profession, which | has always confined its entertainment |to formal, classic dances, songs and | Instrumental music of the same kind (and snappy conversation within nar- row, formal limits. | Unemployment i“ails To Bother Chileans | Chile has the distinction of being one |of a few nations in the world which | cannot be bothered with unemployment, & pressing economic problem that is nnoying the governments of many strong and rich nations the world over. In Chile there is no unemployment problem, declares the Central Bank of Chile its current bulletin. “An analysis of our indices,” says the bank, “of production of manufactured articles disc! that the more important lines, | discounting seasonal variation, show a continual upward trend. - The agricul- tural situation has become more normal, | and is good reason to believe that' the present crisis will not be felt as severely as others through which the ! rountry has passed.” . service. The proposal of “a measure of elec- toral reform” is generally regarded as a sop to do the Liberals. While his majesty was reading his speech (not his composition, of course, but the government’s) the Marquess of Crewe on his left held aloft the sword of stdke in jeweled scabbard, while on his right the Marquess of Londonderry flourished the crimson velvet cap of maintenance. Prior to the proceedings, in memory of Guy Fawkes and the gun- powder plot, the yeomen of the guard had searched the souterrians of the Parliament buildings against the possi- bility of bombs, etc. As Big Ben struck 12, an artillery salute of 41 guns was fired, and then the royal procession set out from Buckingham Palace, and pro- ceeded down the Mall, across the Horse Guards Parade and through White Hall. ‘The King and Queen in their gilded coach were preceded by the heralds of Somerset, Lancaster, York and Windsor, the blue mantle pursuivant, the rouge croix pursuivant, the rouge dragon pursuivant, the portcullis pursuivant, the keeper of the privy purse, the gar- ter king at arms, the clarencieux king | at arms and others. Their majesties were followed by grooms in walting, pages of honor, the mistress of the robes, the ladies of the | bed chamber, the gold stick in waiting, the silver stick in waiting, etc. ‘They were recetved by the lords tem- poral in scarlet robes, by the lords spiri- tual in canonicals, by the judges in wig and black and gold robes and by the real rulers, namely, the representa- tives of the Commons, summoned to the House of Lords by the gentleman usher of thé black rod, in ordinary garb. As usual, the American Ambassador in evening dress served as foil to the multicolored gorgeousness of his diplo- matic colleagues. The fresh kick-up respecting Palestine (to which the King's speech made no reference) is a | new embarrassment to the government. | As the able and interesting Susan Law- | rence, M. P., remarked the other day, “The Labor government’s life is just going from one hairbreadth escape to another.” of the present British government is that equal solicitude should be shown for the 900,000 Arabs in Palestine as for the 200,000 Jews and that order should be taken accordingly. Here are some remarks by the uncom- | promising free-t:ader Philip Snowden, chancellor of the exchequer, in a speech at Manchester, on the proposals made in the imperial conference by Premier Bennett of Canada and backed by the Tepresentatives of the other dominions and of India, proposals contemplating a very great extension in application of the principle of imperial preference. the which would involve protection on the grand scale for Great Britain: “No government in which I am in charge of the national finances will ever give serious consideration to a proposal like that. A more criminal proposal never was made. The intro- duction of a tariff system into this country would strike at the purity of the political life of the nation. Parlia- ! formerly Viceroy of India; the Marquess of Lothian, well known as Philip Kerr; Sir Robert Hamilton, M. P., and Isaac Foot, M. P. ‘The British government’s statement of policy on Palestine, which has had so terrific a resound, is based (more or less) on the report made by Sir John Hope Simpson after a painstaking in- vestigation. In this report Sir John states his conclusion that “under pres- | ent conditions there is not enough land { in Palestine for a single additional set- tler from outside.” But he adds: “It is my personal belief, founded on inquirtes I have made on my in- spections, that with thorough develop- ment of the country there will be room not only for the present agricultural | | WENT to see Frank Cra- ven's play, “That’s Grati- tude.” After the show Mrs. Craven and Grantland Rice took me up to Frank’s apart- ment. Other friends dropped in, and presently Frank him- eld arrived—genuine, whim- Roughly stated, the attitude | sical, modest, totally unspoiled. | Seeing him in his own home | | made it easier to understand | | nis success. Everything was | | simple and old-fashioned and | |sincere. When he writes a | | play he just picks a situation out of an ordimary American home, and then he walks on | | the stage and is himself. | On the way home another thought struck me. | He is the author of the play, | | and his name is printed on the program and written in front | | of the theater in electric lights. | Yet it is a play without a star. | At least five other characters | [are just as important as he is. He is on the stage no more than they are, and they are given just as many good lines. He might have written the piece so as to monopolize the spotlight, and it might' have been a success or it might have been a flop. But being the sort of chap he is, he is con- tent to be in the background a good share of the time. His royalties will reward his good sense. Years ago Cameron Mc- Kenzie wrote a short story en- Liberals—The Marquess of Reading, | 'SPOTLIGHT BY BRUCE BARTON. | and too distant, too exclusively imbued | with the traditions of old Poland, where the shabblest among the nobles knew @ng than it at present enjoys, but for |"no less than 20,000 familles of settlers | | from the outside.” Twenty thousand families means about a hundred thousand persons (ob- serve, for agricultural settlement only). * x % % ITALY —On October 28 the Fascist government entered on its ninth year. During the past year the vast litter of unsightly parasitic structures which ob- scured and rendered hideous the famous Capitolinus Mons has been cleared away. Presumably, however, the Palazzo Caf- | farelli. continues to occupy the site of " the Capitolium, the Temple of Jupiter , Optimus Maximus, and the Church of | Aracoeli the northern summit, former- ly the Arx. As rebuilt by Domitiam the capitol contained three cells under one roof, the middle being the Temple of Juplter, with the cells of Juno and | Minerva on either side. It was in the | form of a square, 200 feet on each side, |and was approached by a flight of & |hundred steps. The gates were of | bronze. Thither the triumphing general | proceeded In his car to render thanks. There were kept the Sibylline books. | Today a broad flight of steps, built by Michaelangelo, gives access to the sum- mit of the rock. It is pleasant to note that the Tar- pelan Yock, part of the capitoline, has been surely identified and cleared. On the eve of the anniversary Pre- mier Mussolini made a speech evidently intended for Yhm"ry consumption, of which I shall only remark that it is very Mussolinistic and that those will lgc‘e it very much who like that sort of thing. | . Another earthquake in Italy, this time {the area smitten being the Adriatic coast zone, east of the Roman Ap- penines, from and including Pesaro on the north to and including Macerata on the south. Of the towns, Senigallia was hardest hit, being almost completely razed, according to report. Early dis- patches show for casualties between 15 and 40 killed and several hundred in- jured. Fortunately the quake was most | titled “The Man Who Was It.” The story told about a business that had been making good profits for many years. The president took life very easy. He played golf, traveled in Europe, and let the boys as- sume responsibility. After his death a young and very efficient executive was brought in, who decided that everything needed tightening up. When the purchasing agent was about to sign a big con- tract. the new Boss jumped into the negotiations himself. When the sales manager had a large order to close, the Boss said: *T'll pack my bag and go with you.” When the produc- tion manager made plans for rearranging the plant, the Boss revised the plans He worked about 20 hours a day, and was always criticizin, his pre- decessor who had seemed to work so little. The result was that his as- sociates, being robbed of both responsibility and credit, lay back and let him do it. He worked himself into a nervous breakdown, and the business went on the rocks. I am told that the Jesuits had this motto: “A great deal of good can be done in the world if one is not too careful who gets the credit.” Wise leaders recognize this golden principle and profit by it. The foolish hog the spot- ski's greatest and most personal error is one which contains the possibility of external conflicts; I mean the essential part he played in shaping the rash new eastern frontiers of Poland. He has no special responsibilities for the Corridor which divides Eastern Prussia from the rest of Germany. But the frontiers toward Russia have been his own idea. A partial application of his old roman- tic dreams about White and Little Rus- ISOUTH TYROL RESENTFUL OVER MUSSO BY EMIL LENGYEL. 1 EN Johann Schober, a short | time before he resigned as chancellor of Austria, re- turned to Vienna from a visit | to Rome, he brought back | the assurance that Signor Muasounl} would amnesty the South Tyroleans | who had been sentenced to jail or | ordered to leave the country for alleged | disloyalty toward the Fascist state. Now | that the Italian dictator, more in re- | sentment against the French than in| genuine attachment for the Germans, | has adopted a pro-Reich policy, a rad- | ical change in the treatment of South | ol has become a diplomatic expe- ency. Not so_long ago Mussolini threatened with Italy's cannons every time a German statesman referred to the oppression of the South Tyroleans at the hands of Fasclsmo. Today all this is different, and South Tyrol, for | vears under the rule of an iron hand, | is hoping for a brighter future. | The question remains open, however, | whether Fascist Italy's change of heart | has not come too late to undo the mis- takes of the past. On the Tyrolean side of the Brenner Pass, especially in Innsbruck, the capital, Mussolini’s ges- ture is deprecate 1t is equivalent, a newspaper sald other day, to trans- ferring the body of an innocently exe- cuted man from the potter’s field into a more honorable grave. Besides, peo- | ple there are asking, if France and Italy | come to an agreement, what will be- | come of South Tyrol? Military Zones at Borders, Crossing the Brenner Pass, Italy's| new frontier, from the north, one enters a military zone which is under strict surveillance. Whereas one can enter or leave Italy at any other point without great difficulty, along the Brenner Pass the old restrictions still prevail. The so-called “fortress zone,” which runs parallel with the boundary line in a width of a hundred miles, is under a special ime. Any tourist caught there, 3specially if he happens to carry an “Alpenstock” and a knapsack, is lia- ble to be treated as a spy or a prospec- tive fugitive from justice. The sus- icion of guilt increases if a camera is found in one’s possession, and no mat- ter how beautiful the surrounding coun- try is, one should never\fall into the temptation of making a sketch of it. The region is bristling with signs of “prohibitate,” and if the tourist should overlook them a couple of carabineers are always close to hand to see that they are obeyed. Such irritants for the tourist are con- stant sources of governmental interfer- ence for the natives. In this zone no buildings can be erected, demolished or altered, no cellars can be excavated or trees felled without a special permit of the Fascist authorities. Such requests may be rejected without any assigned reason. Experience has taught the na- tives that an appeal to higher authori- tles is of little use. Groups Usarp Rights. | | (Continued on Fifth Page.) The Story the Week Has Told s vere in a rather sparsely settled agri- cultural region, where most of the peo- ple were at work in the fields. * Kk X LATIN AMERICA.—On October 31 Dr. Getulio Vargas, President of the state of Rio Grande do Sul and head | of the revolutionary forces of that state, arriving in Rio de Janeiro, assumed the resident of Brazil. ich had instituted office of provisional the military junta wi itself there assenting. for President at the last elections, and, of course, it is claimed, that had those elections been honestly conducted he would have been returned winner. Most of the states have provisional military governments. Dr. Vargas was accompanied to the federal capital by a considerable con- tingent of the revolutionary troops of the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Geraes, whereof others have been gl:“oledmnrmonlnthgnuuotsw o. The economic slump in Chile grows worse. Not only does nitrate export drop hideously, but copper, wheat, wool and all products are affected. * k% % UNITED STATES.—As the result of the seventh quinquennial election of the college of electors of the Hall of Fame (comprising 106 men and women, representing all the States of the Union), 4 names have been added to the Hall of Fame—those, namely, of James A. McNeill Whistler, James Monroe, Matthew Fontaine Maury and Walt Whitman. The list of “candi- dates” included J. Willard Gibbs, our greatest man of science, indeed among the supremely shining lights of science; ‘Thoreau, one of the half dozen greatest American names in literature and con- s “nature writers”; Willlam Penn; Stone- wall Jackson, perhaps the greatest corps commander the world has seen, and Nathaniel Greene, whom some not too foolishly consider the ablest soldier of the Revolution, not excepting Washing- ton. n places might have been filled, but only 4 “candidates” received the required 64 votes. It may seem a little strange that Maury was preferred to the persons just named. He was, however, of course, a hydrographer and meteorologist of a very great distinc- tion. He was the “first to give a com- plete description of the Gulf Stream and to mark out specific routes to be followed in crossing the Atlantic,” his chief work being “Physical Geography of the Sea” (1855). He went far to promote the development of adequate oceanic weather charts and to facilitate the laying of oceanic cables. There are 69 of the authentic famous, including 7 women. The grand feature of our exhibit at the French colonial exhibition of next year near Paris will be & faithful repro- duction of the Mount Vernon Mansion 1t will occupy a slope on Lake Dumesnil in the Bois De Vincennes, so that the landscape setting (with, no doubt, abo- real and horticultural approximations) shall resemble that of the Potomac site. The “reproduction” will include every detail of interior fitting and furniture. You will even see a perfect copy of the rug which Louis XVI had woven to order for a present to Washington; one of the weathercock Lafayette gave him; one of the bronze key to the Bastille, also a present from Lafayette to his former chief; and one of the chair which the gallant marquis gave to Martha Wi ington. A charming idea. The decline in volume of cargo move- T‘;nz through the Panama Canal con- ues. h- * k% % NOTES.—What of that new French party under the leadership of Pierre Taittinger, called “The Republican, Na- tional and Social Party” (the French seem to me curiously awkward at politi- g‘lcnomencllturt). which aims to at- t within itself all the groups of na- tionalist bouquet, opposed to the Briand policies, to treaty revision, to the pro- posal of a European federation? A Greco-Turkish “pact of friendshi) and neutrality” and a Greco-Turl treaty of commerce and navigation have Jjust beery signed. light, and frequently go to smash. g (Copyrirht, 1930.) § Exceptol good crops are reported ‘m!'?mlz the party of German scien e tists engaged in nuzyinx the- conditions, Dr. Vargas was the Liberal candidate TIrresponsible private organizations ex- ercising sovereign rights are not un- known in South Tyrol. The Valley of the Adige is under the rule of such a private organization, the “Opera Na- zionale del Combattent! the Italian ‘War Veterans’ League, which has been entrusted with the task of draining this region and of settling it. The league has done good work, although not far- the benefit of the native population. It is settling Italian farmers in this Ger- man valley so as to dilute the racial compactness of the section. The league is omnipotent and its decision is law. South Tyrol was outraged by a Fascist decree biting the use of German inscriptions on tombstones after the Autumn of 1927. The object of the de- cree was to have German inscriptions replaced by Italian ones, 0 as to give & wrong impression to coming genera- tions about the racial structure of South Tyrol. A visit to the cemeteries of sev- eral South Tyrolean cities is convinc- ing proof that not even the mailed fist can make an absurd law obeyed. The Tyroleans now simply put the names of their dead ones on the gravestones, with no other inscription, in emulation of the simplicity of the Christian ceme- terles of pagan Rome. Resent Forced Name Changes. Nor have the street scenes changed much since the introduction of the j ordinance which told the Tyrolean Karl | and Franz that in reality they were Francesco and that the 'hi” had robbed them of their Italian names to make them appear as| if they were Germans, Karl and Franz | do ngt want to part with their names. Since” German Christian names must not appear on any signboards, they are using now only their family names. For some time, until this practice was forbidden, shopkeepers put up symbol signs instead of their names, remini- scent of medieval times when people were illiterate and found the “Red Shield” more readily than they would have found the name of Anshelm the Banker, who became known the world over as a Rothschild of Frankfurt. Since the Tyroleans must not refer to their country as South Tyrol, but as Alto Adige, they prefer to mention it in public as the “forbidden name.” South Tyrol has an argot of its own. created for the purpose of hiding her thoughts from the intruders and of keeping herselef amused so as not to cry. Italy is often referred to ng the Tyroleans in Goethe’s wor Land wo die Zitronen blueh'n,” a nocent enough designation which is con- sideredl in certain extremist quarters as | tantamount to lese majeste. German Legertls Removed. ‘The South Tyroleans, if they are| not afraid to speak, will not admit ufl’ much change in their treatment by | Rome. They will admit, however, that | certain excesses which previously were frequent_occurrences no longer take place. It has not been recorded for some_time, for example, that carabine- ers have invaded native houses in | which & death has occurred, to tear off ribbons with German legends from the coffins. This practice may have been discontinued because the ribbons for the dead no longer bear any German | inseriptions. SR In the roadside inns, restaurants and hotels traces of the former German names have remained only on the crockery, glassware and linen. The ex- ample of the hotelkeeper who had for- | gotten to remove the German words | “heisses wasser” from his bathtubs and | who was heavily fined for this dereliction has served its purpose as a deterrent. In the cafes of Bozen and Meran, which are purely German towns, there are as many Italian newspapers as German ones—because it is the law. In the public libraries there are as many Itallan books as German ones—because it is the law. Editors Are Disciplined. ‘The German language press has had a hard time of it in South Tyrol. By confiscations, censorship and the jail- ing of editors many of them were forced to discontinue publication. South Tyrol for some time was without any im- portant German paper, and had to rely for news on papers smuggled through the frontier. This was an absurd and uncomfort- ) especially meteorological, of the Green- land inland ice cap (with an especial to a supra-Arctic air route), were on their way for the fourth time to their central station with Winter supplies aboard dog sudden change in the weather . % temperature thudding and heavy snow, falling, nine of the Greenlanders with turned back 8 panic fear of the inland ice. LINI'S POLICY Latest Pro-Reich Deal May Come Too Late to Help Undo Mistakes Made Since War. able situation even for Mussolini the time came to sell his Lictor loan the country. People had to be about the loan and what would pen if they did not subscribe to it. Fascist regime was placed in a position where it had to permit the publication of a few German language papers. permission was granted on the tion, however, that, in order to prevent mischief, the local police chiefs would be placed on the :)?.w‘l‘;‘r.!:l staffs of '2: papers. The Sou lean press today does not dare to speak frankly to its readers. Since this applies to the Italian press, as well, the Tyr have no cause for complaint. Ttalian Language Is Forced. It is not easy to £=2 . “catacomb school” except when the visitor knows how to ingratiate himself with a few of the village elders. These schools are still in existence, and they meet as & rule in peasant houses to learn the German word, which has been out- Jawed in South Tyrol Signor Mussolinl has been true to his , which every child in these parts knows by heart: “South Tyrol was entirely German when we took over the reign. Everye where nothing but Germans and Ger= man speech...I havé set this right... The Italian language is now obligal throughout the country. The land m become Italian.” Before the establishment of the catacomb schools, German teachers, mostly young women, were arrested, kept in jail, fined or expelled from the country.” Even religious instruction in Germany was forbidden. Catholie priests, who in South Tyrol have ale ways been identified with the Nationale ist cause, have been put out of thelr churches or forced to leave the country for violating this ordinance. Display Pictures of Tl Duce. What strikes the visitor most in South Tyrol is the profusion of Musso= lini pictures. In this Tyrol is more Roman than Rome is. But Rome never had a Prefect Ricci—in whom the German inhabitants see a Fascist Po- temkin—to give strict orders that the dictator's picture must be displayed in all public places, in council chami as well as in barrooms, so that the Duce himself would visit the re< glon he should know of the affectionate esteem in which he is held in South Tyrol—a tribute not only to his own greatness but also to that of Fascismo, On the surface very little has re- mained of what had given South Tyrol its particular aroma. The steam roller of standardization is working inces~ santly. The picturesque voluntary fire- men’s brigades, as ‘olean as the edel- weiss, have been pit out of existence. It was their efficiency that spelled their doom. One day, so_the Fyroleans tell you, the podesta of Bozen noticed with what speed the local fire speed, x brigade at a burning building. Such podesta thought, must be the weal of the land. What if these swift moving brigades were used as rallying points of Tyrolean malcone tents? As a result of such reneeumfi South Tyrol is now protected brydm firemen, less efficlent but more than their predecessors. Alpine Club Disbanded. ‘The Tyrolean Alpine Club, & m native product, has been dis| replaced by the Club Alpino Itallano, The Tyrolean “Bauerbund” fared wise. This peasant league fame as an unusually successful venture of farmers to take their their own ht:ndl and to help themselveg to comparative p on & co-opers ative basis. It did excellent work im buying seed and fertilizers for its meme bers and selling their agricultural prode ucts. It has built up & uvu:gflhn. system with branches scattered ughe out the land. The “Bund” also was recognized as a potential center of dise content. Its resources were turned ovey to a Fascist organization which does not enjoy the confidence of the pease ants. What makes life particulasly for the South Tyrolese is the h‘: contact with the Italians. This is & liberty-loving nation living in & come pact German settlement, some 230,000 T strong. ‘would ike to claim the South Tyrolese for themselves, as the descendents of Ro= man settlers. On the pre-war maps of the Italian Instituto Geographico descendants of Teutonic tribes. Some time in the sixth century of the present era, when the Gothic kingdom of I was broken up, a large number of took refuge in the mountain passes the Dolomites and have perpetua their racial characteristics while Jjusting themselves to the the surrounding German tribes. South Tyrolese are on a very high cule tural level. Illiteracy is unknown among them. They are a strong and stui race which has successfully weat many a storm. Arraign Guards as Taskmasters. South Tyrolese complain tha$ militia and c-nbfnem ‘who came predominantly from the southern part of Italy, where the cultural level of the population has not yet reached Tyrolean standards. These taskmase ters, according to the native population, are trying to hide their lack of culture under a brutal assertion of their rights as_conquerors. tory which the Germans South Tyrol and which at the end the World War was turned over to Italy, is situated between Brenner Pass in_the north and the gorge of the Salurn in the south. Its main cities are Meran, Bozen and Brixen, old Gers man towns in both appearance and in spirit, as any one who has visited them can testify. This part of the German-~ speaking world has always played an important part culturally. It was here that Walter von der Vogelweide, Fred- erich von Sonneburg and Oswald von ‘Wolkenstein worked. The Niebel Lied, according to some scholars, o nated in the valleys of South Tyrol. Mussolini Known Here. To the south of this section lies the so-called Trentino,. which, like South Tyvol, was under Hapsburg rule unti] the end of the World War. The moun« tains of Trentino run precipitously the northern Italian plainland. chief city of this section is Trient. Apard from two insignificant conclaves, Tren= The population of Trenf although forced to fight on the side the Austrians during the war, against them whenever they could. muhuon of South Tyrol, on the d, furnished the most valorous for icy toward the South Tyrolese, a policy was a sort of gentlemen'’s agree- ment entered into by the allied powers and Austria. 'n':“som Tyroleans struggled des~